Form 485BPOS GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROW
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019
Securities Act File No. 33-79994
Investment Company Act File No. 811-08560
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
| REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 |
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| Pre-Effective Amendment No. |
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| Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 |
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| and/or | ||||
| REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 |
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| Amendment No. 40 |
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GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Registrants Telephone Number, including Area Code: 1-800-422-3554
Bruce N. Alpert
Gabelli Funds, LLC
One Corporate Center
Rye, New York 10580-1422
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
| Copies to: | ||||
| Andrea R. Mango, Esq. |
Michael R. Rosella, Esq. | |||
| GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc. |
Paul Hastings LLP | |||
| One Corporate Center |
200 Park Avenue | |||
| Rye, New York 10580-1422 |
New York, New York 10166 | |||
It is proposed that this filing will become effective:
| ☒ | immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b); or | |||
| ☐ | on pursuant to paragraph (b); or | |||
| ☐ | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1); or | |||
| ☐ | on pursuant to paragraph (a)(1); or | |||
| ☐ | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2); or | |||
| ☐ | on [ ] pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. |
If appropriate, check the following box:
| ☐ | This post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment. |
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide investors with long term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund:
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Class A shares of the Fund. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in the section entitled, Classes of Shares on page 14 of the prospectus and in Appendix A, Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers Available through Certain Intermediaries, attached to the Funds prospectus.
| Class AAA Shares |
Class A Shares |
Class C Shares |
Class I Shares |
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| Shareholder Fees |
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| (fees paid directly from your investment): |
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| Maximum Sales Charge (Load) on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) |
None | 5.75% | None | None | ||||||||||||
| Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of redemption or offering price, whichever is lower) |
None | None | 1.00% | None | ||||||||||||
| Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends (as a percentage of amount invested) |
None | None | None | None | ||||||||||||
| Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed for shares held 7 days or less) |
2.00% | 2.00% | 2.00% | 2.00% | ||||||||||||
| Exchange Fee |
None | None | None | None | ||||||||||||
| Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
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| (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment): |
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| Management Fees |
1.00% | 1.00% | 1.00% | 1.00% | ||||||||||||
| Distribution and Service (Rule 12b-1) Fees |
0.25% | 0.25% | 1.00% | None | ||||||||||||
| Other Expenses |
1.13% | 1.13% | 1.13% | 1.13% | ||||||||||||
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| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses(1) |
2.38% | 2.38% | 3.13% | 2.13% | ||||||||||||
| Less Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement(1) |
(1.13)% | None | None | (1.13)% | ||||||||||||
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| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement(1) |
1.25% | 2.38% | 3.13% | 1.00% | ||||||||||||
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| (1) | Other Expenses are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive its investment advisory fees and/or to reimburse expenses of the International Growth Fund to the extent necessary to maintain the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and Expense Reimbursement (excluding brokerage costs, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than an annual rate of 1.25% and 1.00% for Class AAA and Class I shares, respectively. Under this same arrangement, the International Growth Fund has also agreed, during the three year period following the year of any such waiver or reimbursement by the Adviser, to repay such amount, but only to the extent the International Growth Funds adjusted Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses would not exceed an annual rate of 1.25% and 1.00% for Class AAA and Class I shares, respectively, after giving effect to the repayments. This arrangement is in effect through April 30, 2020, and may be terminated only by the Board of Directors of the Fund (the Board) before such time. The Fund will carry forward any fees and expenses in excess of the expense limitation and repay the Adviser such amount provided the Fund is able to do so without exceeding the lesser of (1) the expense limit in effect at the time of the waiver or reimbursement, as applicable, or (2) the expense limit in effect at the time of recoupment after giving effect to the repayment. |
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Expense Example
This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The example assumes a waiver of expenses through the date of the expiration of the waiver, and reflects Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses following the date of the expiration of the waiver. The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and the Funds operating expenses remain the same (taking into account the expense limitation agreement until April 30, 2020 with respect to Class AAA and Class I shares). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
| Class AAA Shares |
$ | 127 | $ | 634 | $ | 1,168 | $ | 2,630 | ||||||||
| Class A Shares |
$ | 802 | $ | 1,275 | $ | 1,772 | $ | 3,135 | ||||||||
| Class C Shares |
$ | 416 | $ | 966 | $ | 1,640 | $ | 3,439 | ||||||||
| Class I Shares |
$ | 102 | $ | 558 | $ | 1,040 | $ | 2,373 | ||||||||
You would pay the following expenses if you did not redeem your shares of the Fund:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
| Class AAA Shares |
$ | 127 | $ | 634 | $ | 1,168 | $ | 2,630 | ||||||||
| Class A Shares |
$ | 802 | $ | 1,275 | $ | 1,772 | $ | 3,135 | ||||||||
| Class C Shares |
$ | 316 | $ | 966 | $ | 1,640 | $ | 3,439 | ||||||||
| Class I Shares |
$ | 102 | $ | 558 | $ | 1,040 | $ | 2,373 | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or turns over its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in the annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Funds performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Funds portfolio turnover rate was 5% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 65% of its total assets in equity securities of foreign issuers located in at least three countries outside the United States that Gabelli Funds, LLC (the Adviser) believes are likely to have rapid growth in revenues and earnings and potential for above-average capital appreciation. Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, securities convertible into common stocks and securities such as rights and warrants that have common stock characteristics. The Fund seeks to invest in companies that have the potential to grow faster than other companies in their respective equity markets and are priced at attractive valuation levels.
The Fund intends to diversify its investments across different countries. The percentage of Fund assets invested in particular countries or regions will change from time to time based on the Advisers judgment. The Fund intends to invest in the securities of companies located in developed countries and, to a lesser extent, those located in emerging markets.
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The Adviser may sell a holding if its fundamentals deteriorate or change in a way, as determined by the Adviser, that the investment case for the holding is no longer appropriate for the Fund.
Principal Risks
You may want to invest in the Fund if:
| | you are a long term investor |
| | you seek growth of capital |
| | you seek to diversify domestic investments with investments in foreign securities |
The Funds share price will fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Funds portfolio securities. An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. When you sell Fund shares, they may be worth more or less than what you paid for them.
The principal risks presented by the Fund are:
| | Consumer Discretionary Sector Risk. The consumer discretionary sector may be affected by changes in domestic and international economies, exchange and interest rates, competition, consumers disposable income, consumer preferences and tastes, social trends, marketing campaigns and introduction of new consumer products. |
| | Consumer Staples Sector Risk. The consumer staples sector may be affected by, among other things, marketing campaigns and introduction of new products, changes in consumer demands and preferences, government regulations and changes in commodity prices. |
| | Convertible Securities Risk. Convertible securities provide higher yields than the underlying common stock, but generally offer lower yields than nonconvertible securities of similar quality. The value of convertible securities fluctuates in relation to changes in interest rates and, in addition, fluctuates in relation to the underlying common stock. |
| | Equity Market Risk. The price of equity securities may rise or fall because of changes in the broad market or changes in a companys financial condition, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. These price movements may result from factors affecting individual companies, sectors or industries selected for the Funds portfolio or the securities market as a whole, such as changes in economic or political conditions. When the value of the Funds securities goes down, your investment in the Fund decreases in value. |
| | Risk of Investing in Europe. The Fund is more exposed to the economic and political risks of Europe and of the European countries in which it invests than funds whose investments are more geographically diversified. Adverse economic and political events in Europe may cause the Funds investments to decline in value. The economies and markets of European countries are often closely connected and interdependent, and events in one country in Europe can have an adverse impact on other European countries. The Fund makes investments in securities of issuers that are domiciled in, or have significant operations in, member states of the European Union (the EU) that are subject to economic and monetary controls that can adversely affect the Funds investments. The European financial markets have experienced volatility and adverse trends in recent years and these events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro |
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| and may continue to significantly affect other European countries. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the U.K. resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the U.K. negotiates its exit from the EU. |
| | Foreign Securities Risk. Investments in foreign securities involve risks relating to political, social, and economic developments abroad, as well as risks resulting from the differences between the regulations to which U.S. and foreign issuers and markets are subject. These risks include expropriation, differing accounting and disclosure standards, currency exchange risks, settlement difficulties, market illiquidity, difficulties enforcing legal rights, and greater transaction costs. These risks are more pronounced in the securities of companies located in emerging markets. |
| | Issuer-Specific Risk. The value of an individual security or particular type of security can be more volatile than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the market as a whole. The Fund could lose all of its investment in a companys securities. |
| | Risk of Investing in Japan. The Japanese economy may be subject to considerable degrees of economic, political and social instability, which could have a negative impact on the companies in which the Fund invests. Since 2000, Japans economic growth rate has generally remained low relative to other advanced economies, and it may remain low in the future. In addition, Japan is subject to the risk of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and tsunamis, which could negatively affect the Fund and its investments. Japans relations with its bordering countries have at times been strained, and strained relations may cause uncertainty in the Japanese markets and adversely affect the overall Japanese economy. |
| | Large-Capitalization Risk. Larger, more established companies may be unable to respond quickly to new competitive challenges such as changes in technology and consumer tastes. Many larger companies also may not be able to attain the high growth rate of successful smaller companies, especially during extended periods of economic expansion. |
| | Management Risk. If the portfolio manager is incorrect in his assessment of the growth prospects of the securities the Fund holds, then the value of the Funds shares may decline. |
| | Market Risk. The risk that the securities markets will move down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably based on overall economic conditions and other factors. |
| | Sector Risk. Although the Fund does not employ a sector focus, its exposure, from time to time, to specific sectors will increase based on the Advisers perception of available investment opportunities. If the Fund focuses on a particular sector, the Fund may face an increased risk that the value of its portfolio will decrease because of events disproportionately affecting that sector. Furthermore, investments in particular sectors may be more volatile than the broader market as a whole. |
| | Risk of Investing in the U.K. Investments in U.K. companies may subject the Fund and its shareholders to regulatory, political, currency, security, and economic risks specific to the U.K. The U.K. has one of the largest economies in Europe, and the U.S. and other European countries are substantial trading partners of the U.K. As a result, the U.K.s economy may be impacted by changes to the economic condition of the U.S. and other European countries. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain and the independence movement in Scotland, may have an adverse effect on the U.K. economy. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the U.K. resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the U.K. negotiates its exit from the EU. |
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Performance
The bar chart and table that follow provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing changes in the Funds performance from year to year, and by showing how the Funds average annual returns for one year, five years, and ten years compared with those of a broad based securities market index and an additional style specific index. As with all mutual funds, the Funds past performance (before and after taxes) does not predict how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated information on the Funds results can be obtained by visiting www.gabelli.com.
GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC.
(Total Returns for Class AAA Shares for the Years Ended December 31)
During the calendar years shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a quarter was 21.20% (quarter ended June 30, 2009) and the lowest return for a quarter was (13.18)% (quarter ended June 30, 2010).
| Average Annual Total Returns (for the years ended December 31, 2018, with maximum sales charge, if applicable) |
Past One Year |
Past Five Years |
Past Ten Years |
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| GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc. Class AAA Shares |
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| Return Before Taxes |
(11.01)% | 0.60% | 7.21% | |||||||||
| Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(12.67)% | (0.15)% | 6.55% | |||||||||
| Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(5.13)% | 0.59% | 6.07% | |||||||||
| Class A Shares |
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| Return Before Taxes |
(16.79)% | (0.73)% | 6.51% | |||||||||
| Class C Shares |
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| Return Before Taxes |
(13.22)% | (0.30)% | 6.34% | |||||||||
| Class I Shares |
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| Return Before Taxes |
(10.49)% | 1.51% | 7.85% | |||||||||
| Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Europe, Australia, and the Far East (EAFE) Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(13.79)% | 0.53% | 6.32% | |||||||||
| Lipper International Multi-Cap Growth Fund Classification |
(15.36)% | 0.58% | 6.77% | |||||||||
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After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. In some instances, the Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares may be greater than Return Before Taxes because the investor is assumed to be able to use the capital loss from the sale of Fund shares to offset other taxable gains. Actual after-tax returns depend on the investors tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts, including Roth IRAs and SEP IRAs (collectively, IRAs). After-tax returns are shown only for Class AAA shares. After-tax returns for other classes will vary due to the differences in expenses.
Management
The Adviser. Gabelli Funds, LLC
The Portfolio Manager. Mr. Caesar M.P. Bryan, Senior Vice President of GAMCO Investors, Inc., has served as portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception in 1995.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares is $1,000 ($250 for IRAs or Coverdell Education Savings Plans). There is no minimum initial investment for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares in an automatic monthly investment plan. Class I shares are available to investors with a minimum investment of $500,000 when purchasing the shares directly through G.distributors, LLC, the Funds distributor (G.distributors or the Distributor), or investors purchasing Class I shares through brokers or financial intermediaries that have entered into selling agreements with the Distributor specifically with respect to Class I shares, and which have different minimum investment amounts. If you transact in Class I shares through a broker or financial intermediary, you may be required to pay a commission and/or other forms of compensation to the broker or financial intermediary. The Distributor reserves the right to waive or change minimum investment amounts. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
You can purchase or redeem shares of the Fund on any day the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open for trading (a Business Day). You may purchase or redeem Fund shares by written request via mail (The Gabelli Funds, P.O. Box 219204, Kansas City, MO 64121-9204), personal or overnight delivery (The Gabelli Funds, c/o DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc., 430 W 7th Street, STE 219204, Kansas City, MO 64105-1407), Internet, bank wire, or Automated Clearing House (ACH) system. You may also purchase or redeem Fund shares by telephone at 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554), if you have an existing account with banking instructions on file.
Fund shares can also be purchased or sold through registered broker-dealers or financial intermediaries that have entered into appropriate selling agreements with the Distributor. The broker-dealer or other financial intermediary will transmit these transaction orders to the Fund on your behalf and send you confirmation of your transactions and periodic account statements showing your investments in the Fund.
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Tax Information
The Fund expects that distributions will generally be taxable as ordinary income or long term capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediarys website for more information.
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE, INVESTMENT STRATEGIES, AND RELATED RISKS
The Fund seeks to provide long term capital appreciation. The production of any current income is incidental. To achieve its investment objective, the Fund invests primarily in the equity securities of foreign issuers. The investment objective of the Fund is fundamental and may not be changed without shareholder approval.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 65% of its total assets in the equity securities of foreign issuers located in at least three countries outside the United States that the Adviser believes are likely to have rapid growth in revenues and earnings and potential for above-average capital appreciation.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser considers a number of factors, including:
| | a companys potential to grow faster than other companies in its respective equity market, |
| | valuation levels, |
| | the political stability and economic outlook of countries and regions, and |
| | the prudent allocation among countries and regions to reduce volatility in the Funds portfolio. |
The Fund intends to diversify its investments across different countries, but the percentage of Fund assets invested in particular countries or regions will change from time to time based on the Advisers judgment. The Fund intends to invest in the securities of companies located in developed countries and, to a lesser extent, those located in emerging markets.
An important function of the Advisers investment process is to establish through the Advisers research a value at which a particular stock may be sold, provided there are no other fundamental changes in the business. The Adviser constantly monitors the Funds holdings to determine if such holdings continue to act in accordance with the factors described above and the Funds investment objective. The Adviser may sell a holding if its fundamentals deteriorate or change in a way, as determined by the Adviser, that the investment case for the holding is no longer appropriate for the Fund.
The Fund may also use the following investment technique:
| | Defensive Investments. When adverse market or economic conditions exist, the Fund may temporarily invest all or a portion of its assets in defensive investments. Such investments include fixed income securities or money market instruments. When following a defensive strategy, the Fund will be less likely to achieve its investment objective. |
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The Fund may also engage in other investment practices in order to achieve its investment objective. These are discussed in the Statement of Additional Information (SAI), which may be obtained by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554), your financial intermediary, or free of charge through the Funds website at www.gabelli.com.
Investing in the Fund involves the following risks:
| | Consumer Discretionary Sector Risk. The success of consumer product manufacturers and retailers is tied closely to the performance of domestic and international economies, interest rates, exchange rates, competition, consumer confidence, changes in demographics and consumer preferences and tastes. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector depend heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending, and may be strongly affected by social trends, marketing campaigns and introduction of new consumer products. These companies may be subject to severe competition, which may have an adverse impact on their profitability. |
| | Consumer Staples Sector Risk. Companies in the consumer staples sector may be affected by the regulation of various product components and production methods, marketing campaigns and changes in the global economy, consumer spending and consumer demand. Tobacco companies, in particular, may be adversely affected by new laws, regulations and litigation. Household and personal products are particularly sensitive to increased competition, decreased demand due to changes in consumer preferences and brand diminution. Food products are subject to the risk that raw materials are accidentally or maliciously contaminated or that products are contaminated through the supply chain due to human error or equipment failure. Such incidents may result in loss of market share and loss of revenue for companies in the consumer staples sector. Companies in the consumer staples sector may also be adversely affected by changes or trends in commodity prices, which may be influenced by unpredictable factors. These companies may be subject to severe competition, which may have an adverse impact on their profitability. |
| | Convertible Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in convertible securities which may include both convertible debt and convertible preferred stock. Such securities may be converted into shares of the underlying common stock at either a stated price or stated rate. Therefore, convertible securities enable the holder to benefit from increases in the market price of the underlying common stock. Convertible securities provide higher yields than the underlying common stock, but generally offer lower yields than nonconvertible securities of similar quality. The value of convertible securities fluctuates in relation to changes in interest rates and, in addition, fluctuates in relation to the underlying common stock. While no securities investment is without some risk, investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than the issuers common stock; however, the extent to which such risk is reduced depends in large measure upon the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible securitys governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. Investments by the Fund in convertible debt securities are not subject to any ratings restrictions, although the |
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| Adviser will consider such ratings, and any changes in such ratings, in its determination of whether the Fund should invest and/or continue to hold the securities. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may have an effect on a convertible securitys investment value. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporations capital structure, but are usually subordinated to comparable non-convertible securities. Convertible securities are subject to interest rate risk and credit risk and are often lower quality securities. The Fund generally will not invest more than 5% of its net assets in convertible securities that are below investment grade. |
| | Risk of Investing in Europe. The Fund is more exposed to the economic and political risks of Europe and of the European countries in which it invests than are funds whose investments are more geographically diversified. Adverse economic and political events in Europe may cause the Funds investments to decline in value. The economies and markets of European countries are often closely connected and interdependent, and events in one country in Europe can have an adverse impact on other European countries. The Fund makes investments in securities of issuers that are domiciled in, or have significant operations in, member states of the EU. The EU requires compliance by member states with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe, including those countries that are not members of the EU. Changes in imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member state on its sovereign debt, or an economic recession in an EU member state may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member states and their trading partners. The European financial markets have experienced volatility and adverse trends in recent years due to concerns about economic downturns or rising government debt levels in several European countries, including, but not limited to, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ukraine. These events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect other European countries. Responses to the financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest and may limit future growth and economic recovery or have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. |
One or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. The impact of these actions, especially if they occur in a disorderly fashion, is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the U.K. resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the U.K. negotiates its exit from the EU. Although the precise timeframe for the U.K.s withdrawal is uncertain, on March 29, 2017, the U.K. initiated the withdrawal process by sending a formal notice of the countrys intention to withdraw from the EU. An agreement has been reached between the U.K. and the EU to continue negotiations on the U.K.s exit from the EU, which was scheduled for March 29, 2019, but recently, the exit deadline has been subject to political scrutiny and, recently was extended to October 31, 2019. The outcome of negotiations remains uncertain.
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Certain European countries have developed increasingly strained relationships with the U.S., and if these relations were to worsen, they could adversely affect European companies that rely on the U.S. for trade. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain and the independence movement in Scotland, as well as governmental or other responses to such movements, may also create instability and uncertainty in Europe. The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets and companies in which the Fund invests. The impact of these events is not clear but could be material and far reaching and could adversely affect the value of the Fund.
| | Equity Market Risk. The price of equity securities may rise or fall because of changes in the broad market or changes in a companys financial condition, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. These price movements may result from factors affecting individual companies, sectors or industries selected for the Funds portfolio or the securities market as a whole, such as changes in economic or political conditions. Equity securities are subject to stock market risk meaning that stock prices in general (or in particular, the prices of the types of securities in which the Fund invests) may decline over short or extended periods of time. When the value of the Funds securities goes down, your investment in the Fund decreases in value. |
| | Foreign Securities Risk. Risks of investing in foreign securities include currency risks, future political and economic developments, and possible imposition of foreign withholding taxes on income payable on the securities. In addition, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign issuer than about a domestic issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial recordkeeping standards and requirements as domestic issuers. |
| | Issuer-Specific Risk. The value of an individual security or particular type of security can be more volatile than the market as a whole and can perform differently from the market as a whole. The Fund could lose all of its investment in a companys securities. |
| | Risk of Investing in Japan. Japan may be subject to political, economic, nuclear, and labor risks, among others. Any of these risks, individually or in the aggregate, can impact an investment made in Japan. |
| | Economic Risk The growth of Japans economy has recently lagged that of its Asian neighbors and other major developed economies. Since 2000, Japans economic growth rate has generally remained low relative to other advanced economies, and it may remain low in the future. |
| | Political Risk Historically, Japan has had unpredictable national politics and may experience frequent political turnover. Future political developments may lead to changes in policy that might adversely affect the Funds investments. In addition, China has become an important trading partner with Japan. Japans political relationship with China, however, is strained and delicate. Should political tension increase, it could adversely affect the Japanese economy and destabilize the region as a whole. |
| | Currency Risk The Japanese yen has fluctuated widely at times, and any increase in its value may cause a decline in exports that could weaken the Japanese economy. The Japanese government has, in the past, intervened in the currency markets to attempt to |
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| maintain or reduce the value of the yen. Japanese intervention in the currency markets could cause the value of the yen to fluctuate sharply and unpredictably and could cause losses to investors. |
| | Nuclear Energy Risk The nuclear power plant catastrophe in Japan in March 2011 may have long-term effects on the Japanese economy and its nuclear energy industry, the extent of which are currently unknown. Similar catastrophes in the future may have negative consequences in the companies in which the Fund invests. |
| | Geographic Risk Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and tsunamis, could occur in Japan or surrounding areas and could negatively affect the Japanese economy, and, in turn, could negatively affect the Fund and its shareholders. |
| | Large-Capitalization Risk. Larger, more established companies may be unable to respond quickly to new competitive challenges such as changes in technology and consumer tastes. Many larger companies also may not be able to attain the high growth rate of successful smaller companies, especially during extended periods of economic expansion. |
| | Management Risk. If the portfolio manager is incorrect in his assessment of the growth prospects of the securities the Fund holds, then the value of the Funds shares may decline. In addition, the portfolio managers strategy may produce returns that are different from other mutual funds that invest in similar securities. |
| | Market Risk. The risk that the securities markets will move down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably based on overall economic conditions and other factors. |
| | Sector Risk. Although the Fund does not employ a sector focus, the percentage of a Funds assets invested in a particular sector can increase from time to time based on the Advisers perception of available investment opportunities. If the Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in a particular sector, the Fund will be subject to the risk that companies in the same sector are likely to react similarly to legislative or regulatory changes, adverse market conditions, increased competition, or other factors affecting that market segment. In such cases, the Fund would be exposed to an increased risk that the value of its overall portfolio will decrease because of events that disproportionately and negatively affect that sector. In addition, investments in a particular sector may be more volatile than the broader market as a whole, and the Funds investments in such a sector may be disproportionately susceptible to losses. |
| | Risk of Investing in the U.K. Investment in U.K. companies may subject the Fund to regulatory, political, currency, security, and economic risks specific to the U.K. The U.K.s economy relies heavily on the export of financial services to the U.S. and other European countries. A prolonged slowdown in the financial services sector may have a negative impact on the U.K.s economy. In the past, the U.K. has been a target of terrorism. Acts of terrorism in the U.K. or against U.K. interests may cause uncertainty in the U.K.s financial markets and adversely affect the performance of the companies in which the Fund invests. |
Portfolio Holdings. A description of the Funds policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the Funds portfolio securities is available in the SAI which may be obtained by calling 800-Gabelli (800-422-3554), your financial intermediary, or free of charge through the Funds website at www.gabelli.com.
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The Adviser. Gabelli Funds, LLC, with its principal offices located at One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422, is a New York limited liability company that serves as investment adviser to the Fund. The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews and administers the Funds investment program and manages the Funds operations under the general supervision of the Funds Board of Directors (the Board). The Adviser also manages several other open-end and closed-end investment companies in the Gabelli/GAMCO family of funds (Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex or Fund Complex). The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of GAMCO Investors, Inc. (GBL), a publicly held company listed on the NYSE.
As compensation for its services and the related expenses borne by the Adviser for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser a fee computed daily and payable monthly in an amount equal on an annualized basis to 1.00% of the value of the Funds average daily net assets. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive its investment advisory fees and/or reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to maintain Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 1.25% and 1.00% for the Funds Class AAA and Class I shares, respectively. The fee waiver and expense reimbursement agreement will continue until at least April 30, 2020, and may not be terminated by the Adviser before such date. In addition, the Fund will carry forward, for a period not to exceed three years from the date that an amount is waived, any fees in excess of the expense limitation and repay the Adviser such amount provided the Fund is able to do so without exceeding the lesser of (1) the expense limit in effect at the time of the waiver or reimbursement, as applicable, or (2) the expense limit in effect at the time of recoupment.
The Funds semiannual report to shareholders for the period ended June 30, 2018, contains a discussion of the basis of the Boards determination to continue the investment advisory agreement.
The Portfolio Manager. Mr. Caesar M.P. Bryan has been primarily responsible for the day to day investment management of the Fund since June 1995. Mr. Bryan joined GBL in 1994. He is currently a Senior Vice President of GBL and serves as a portfolio manager for the Adviser managing several funds in the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex, GAMCO Asset Management, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of GBL, and Gabelli & Partners LLC, an affiliate of the Adviser.
The SAI provides additional information about Mr. Bryans compensation, other accounts managed by him, and his ownership of securities in the funds he manages.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International EAFE Index (MSCI EAFE Index) is a widely recognized unmanaged index composed of common stocks from Europe, Australia, Asia, and the Far East. The index figures do not reflect any deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes. You cannot invest directly in the MSCI EAFE Index.
The Lipper International Multi-Cap Growth Fund Classification represents the average performance of international equity mutual funds as tracked by Lipper Inc. The classification reflects fees and expenses but does not reflect taxes. You cannot invest directly in the Lipper International Multi-Cap Growth Fund Classification.
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Four classes of the Funds shares are offered in this prospectus Class AAA shares, Class A shares, Class C shares, and Class I shares. The Fund is not designed for market-timers; see the section entitled Redemption of Shares. Each class of shares has different costs associated with buying, selling, and holding Fund shares. Your broker or other financial professional can assist you in selecting which class of shares best meets your needs based on such factors as the size of your investments and the length of time you intend to hold your shares.
The minimum initial investment for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares is $1,000.
The Funds Class AAA shares are offered only to (1) clients of financial intermediaries (i) that charge such clients an ongoing fee for advisory, investment, consulting, or similar service, or (ii) where the Distributor has entered into an agreement permitting the financial intermediary to offer Class AAA shares through its mutual fund supermarket network or platform, and (2) customers of the Distributor.
Class I shares are available to investors with a minimum investment of $500,000 and purchasing shares directly through the Distributor, or investors purchasing Class I shares through brokers or financial intermediaries that have entered into selling agreements with the Distributor specifically with respect to Class I shares. Such brokers or financial intermediaries may have different requirements as to the investment minimum. If you transact in Class I shares through a broker or financial intermediary, you may be required to pay a commission and/or other forms of compensation to the broker or financial intermediary. The Distributor or its affiliates may, in their discretion, accept investments from purchasers that do not meet the qualification requirements.
There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
The table that follows summarizes the differences among the classes of shares.
| | A front-end sales load or sales charge, is a one time fee that may be charged at the time of purchase of shares. |
| | A contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) is a one time fee that may be charged at the time of redemption. |
| | Rule 12b-1 fee is a recurring annual fee for distributing shares and servicing shareholder accounts based on the Funds average daily net assets attributable to the particular class of shares. |
In selecting a class of shares in which to invest, you should consider:
| | the length of time you plan to hold the shares; |
| | the amount of sales charge and Rule 12b-1 fees, recognizing that your share of Rule 12b-1 fees as a percentage of your investment increases if the Funds assets increase in value and decreases if the Funds assets decrease in value; |
| | whether you qualify for a reduction or waiver of the Class A sales charge; and |
| | whether you qualify to purchase Class AAA or Class I shares. |
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| Class AAA Shares | Class A Shares | Class C Shares | Class I Shares | |||||
| Front-End Sales Load? |
No. | Yes. The percentage declines as the amount invested increases. The offering price of a Class A share includes the front-end sales load. | No. | No. | ||||
| Contingent Deferred Sales Charge? |
No. | No, except for shares redeemed up to and including the last day of the eighteenth month after purchase as part of an investment greater than $1 million if no front-end sales charge was paid at the time of purchase. | Yes, for shares redeemed up to and including the last day of the twelfth month after purchase. | No. | ||||
|
Rule 12b-1 Fee |
0.25% | 0.25% | 1.00% | None. | ||||
| Convertible to Another Class? |
Yes, may be converted to Class I shares provided certain conditions are met. | Yes. May be converted to Class I shares provided certain conditions are met. | Yes. May be converted to Class I shares provided certain conditions are met. Conversion to Class A shares after approximately ten years. | No. | ||||
| Fund Expense Levels |
Lower annual expenses than Class C shares. Higher annual expenses than Class I shares. Same as Class A shares. | Lower annual expenses than Class C shares. Higher annual expenses than Class I shares. Same as Class AAA shares. | Higher annual expenses than Class AAA, Class A, and Class I shares. | Lower annual expenses than Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares. |
The following sections and Appendix A to this prospectus include important information about sales charges and sales charge reductions and waivers and describe information or records you may need to provide to the Fund or your broker in order to be eligible for sales charge reductions and waivers. Intermediaries may have different policies and procedures regarding the availability of sales charge reductions and waivers. Please refer to Appendix A to this prospectus, which describes all such intermediaries. Information about sales charges and sales charge reductions and waivers to the various classes of the Funds shares is also available free of charge and in a clear and prominent format on our website at www.gabelli.com. You should consider the information below as a guide only, as the decision on which share class is best for you depends on your individual needs and circumstances.
| If you... | then you should consider... | |||
| | qualify for a reduced or waived front-end sales load | purchasing Class A shares instead of Class C shares | ||
| | do not qualify for a reduced or waived front-end sales load and intend to hold your shares for only a few years | purchasing Class C shares instead of Class A shares | ||
| | do not qualify for a reduced or waived front-end sales load and intend to hold your shares indefinitely | purchasing Class A shares instead of Class C shares | ||
| | are eligible and wish to purchase at least $500,000 worth of shares | purchasing Class I shares | ||
| | qualify for no load | purchasing Class AAA shares |
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Sales Charge Class A Shares. Unless you are eligible for a sales charge reduction or a waiver as set forth in Appendix A to this prospectus, the sales charge is imposed on Class A shares at the time of purchase in accordance with the following schedule. It is the purchasers responsibility to notify the Fund, the Distributor, or the purchasers financial intermediary at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying the purchaser for sales charge reductions or waivers.
| Amount of Investment |
Sales Charge as % of the Offering Price* |
Sales Charge as % of Amount Invested |
Reallowance to Broker-Dealers |
||||||||||||
| Under $50,000 |
5.75 | % | 6.10 | % | 5.00 | % | |||||||||
| $50,000 but under $100,000 |
4.75 | % | 4.99 | % | 4.00 | % | |||||||||
| $100,000 but under $250,000 |
3.75 | % | 3.90 | % | 3.00 | % | |||||||||
| $250,000 but under $500,000 |
2.75 | % | 2.83 | % | 2.25 | % | |||||||||
| $500,000 but under $1 million |
2.00 | % | 2.04 | % | 1.75 | % | |||||||||
| $1 million but under $2 million |
0.00 | %** | 0.00 | % | 1.00 | % | |||||||||
| $2 million but under $5 million |
0.00 | %** | 0.00 | % | 0.50 | % | |||||||||
| $5 million or more |
0.00 | %** | 0.00 | % | 0.25 | % | |||||||||
| * | Front-end sales load. The term offering price includes the front-end sales load. |
| ** | Subject to a CDSC equivalent to the corresponding amount listed under the column Reallowance to Broker-Dealers for redemptions up to and including the last day of the eighteenth month after purchase. |
No sales charge is imposed on reinvestment of dividends and distributions if you select that option in advance of the distribution.
Breakpoints or Volume Discounts
The Fund offers you the benefit of discounts on the sales charges that apply to purchases of Class A shares in certain circumstances. These discounts, which are also known as breakpoints, can reduce or, in some instances, eliminate the initial sales charges that would otherwise apply to your Class A shares investment. Mutual funds are not required to offer breakpoints and different mutual fund groups may offer different types of breakpoints.
Breakpoints or Volume Discounts allow larger investments in Class A shares to be charged lower sales charges. If you invest $50,000 or more in Class A shares of the Fund, then you are eligible for a reduced sales charge. Initial sales charges are eliminated completely for purchases of $1,000,000 or more, although a 1% CDSC may apply if shares are redeemed up to and including the last day of the eighteenth month after purchase.
Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers Class A Shares
Reduced sales charges are available to (1) investors who are eligible to combine their purchases of Class A shares to receive volume discounts and (2) investors who sign a Letter of Intent (Letter) agreeing to make purchases over time. Certain types of investors, as set forth below, are eligible for sales charge waivers.
Class A shares may be available for purchase by clients of certain financial intermediaries without the application of a front-end sales load, as described in Appendix A to the prospectus.
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You may qualify for a reduced sales charge, or a waiver of sales charges, on purchases of Class A shares. The requirements are described in the following paragraphs. To receive a reduction that you qualify for, you may have to provide additional information to your broker or other service agent. For more information about sales charge discounts and waivers, consult with your broker or other service provider.
Volume Discounts/Rights of Accumulation. In order to determine whether you qualify for a volume discount under the foregoing sales charge schedule, you may combine your new investment and your existing investments in Class A shares with those of your immediate family (spouse and children under age 21), your and their IRAs, and other employee benefit plans and trusts and other fiduciary accounts for your and their benefit. You may also include Class A shares of any other open-end investment company managed by the Adviser or its affiliates that are held in any of the foregoing accounts. The Fund uses the current net asset value per share (NAV) of these holdings when combining them with your new and existing investments for purposes of determining whether you qualify for a volume discount.
Letter of Intent. If you initially invest at least $1,000 in Class A shares of the Fund and submit a Letter to your financial intermediary or the Distributor, you may make purchases of Class A shares of the Fund during a thirteen month period at the reduced sales charge rates applicable to the aggregate amount of the intended purchases stated in the Letter. The Letter may apply to purchases made up to ninety days before the date of the Letter. If you fail to invest the total amount stated in the Letter, the Fund will retroactively collect the sales charge otherwise applicable by redeeming shares in your account at their then current NAV. For more information on the Letter, call your broker.
Required Shareholder Information and Records. In order for you to take advantage of sales charge reductions, you or your broker must notify the Fund that you qualify for a reduction. Without notification, the Fund is unable to ensure that the reduction is applied to your account. You may have to provide information or records to your broker or the Fund to verify eligibility for breakpoint privileges or other sales charge waivers. This may include information or records, including account statements, regarding shares of the Fund or shares of any other open-end investment company managed by the Adviser or its affiliates held in:
| | all of your accounts at the Fund or a financial intermediary; |
| | any account of yours at another financial intermediary; and |
| | accounts of related parties of yours, such as members of the same family, at any financial intermediary. |
You should therefore keep copies of these types of records.
Investors Eligible for Sales Charge Waivers. Class A shares of the Fund may be offered without a sales charge to: (1) employees of the Distributor and its affiliates, The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc. (DST or the Transfer Agent), State Street Bank and Trust Company, (State Street), BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc., and Soliciting Broker-Dealers, employee benefit plans for those employees and their spouses and minor children of such employees when orders on their behalf are placed by such employees (the minimum initial investment for such purchases is $500); (2) the Adviser, its affiliates and their officers, directors, trustees, general partners, and employees of other investment companies managed by the Adviser, employee benefit plans for such persons and their immediate family when orders on their behalf are placed by such persons (with no required minimum initial investment) the term immediate family for this purpose refers to a
17
persons spouse, children and grandchildren (adopted or natural), parents, grandparents, siblings, a spouses siblings, a siblings spouse, and a siblings children; (3) any other investment company in connection with the combination of such company with the Fund by merger, acquisition of assets, or otherwise; (4) shareholders who have redeemed shares in the Fund and who wish to reinvest in the Fund, provided the reinvestment is made within ninety days of the redemption; (5) employee benefit plans; (6) any unit investment trusts registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, which have shares of the Fund as a principal investment; (7) Investment Advisory clients of GAMCO Asset Management, Inc. and their immediate families; (8) financial institutions purchasing Class A shares of the Fund for clients participating in a fee based asset allocation program or wrap fee program; and (9) investment advisers or financial planners who place trades for their own accounts or the accounts of their clients and who charge a management, consulting, or other fee for their services; and clients of such investment advisers or financial planners who place trades for their own accounts if the accounts are linked to the master account of such investment adviser or financial planner on the books and records of a broker or financial intermediary.
Additional categories of sales charge reductions and waivers are also set out in Appendix A to this prospectus. Investors who qualify under any of the categories described above or those set out in Appendix A to this prospectus should contact their financial intermediary. Some of these investors may also qualify to invest in Class I shares.
Contingent Deferred Sales Charges
You will pay a CDSC when you redeem:
| | Class A shares up to and including the last day of the eighteenth month from when they were purchased as part of an investment greater than $1 million if no front-end sales charge was paid at the time of purchase; or |
| | Class C shares for up to and including the last day of the twelfth month from when they were purchased. |
The CDSCs payable upon redemption of Class A shares in the circumstances described above are 1.00% for investments of $1 million but less than $2 million, 0.50% for investments of $2 million but less than $5 million, and 0.25% for investments of $5 million or more. The CDSC payable upon redemption of Class C shares in the circumstances described above is 1.00%. In each case, the CDSC is based on the NAV at the time of your investment or the NAV at the time of redemption, whichever is lower.
The Distributor pays sales commissions of up to 1.00% of the purchase price of Class C shares of the Fund at the time of sale to brokers and financial intermediaries that initiate and are responsible for purchases of such Class C shares of the Fund.
You will not pay a CDSC to the extent that the value of the redeemed shares represents reinvestment of distributions or capital appreciation of shares redeemed. When you redeem shares, we will assume that you are first redeeming shares representing reinvestment of distributions, then any appreciation on shares redeemed, and then any remaining shares held by you for the longest period of time. We will calculate the holding period of shares acquired through an exchange of shares of another fund from the date you acquired the original shares of the other fund. The time you hold shares in the Gabelli money market fund, however, will not count for purposes of calculating the applicable CDSC.
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We will waive the CDSC payable upon redemptions of shares for:
| | redemptions and distributions from retirement plans made after the death or disability of a shareholder; |
| | minimum required distributions made from an IRA or other retirement plan account after you reach age 701/2; |
| | involuntary redemptions made by the Fund; |
| | a distribution from a tax deferred retirement plan after your retirement; and |
| | returns of excess contributions to retirement plans following the shareholders death or disability. |
The CDSC may be waived if you purchase your shares through intermediaries identified in Appendix A to this prospectus.
Rule 12b-1 Plan. The Fund has adopted distribution plans under Rule 12b-1 for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares of the Fund (Plans or each, a Plan). Under these Plans, the Fund may use its assets to finance activities relating to the sale of its Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares and the provision of certain shareholder services. To the extent any activity is one that the Fund may finance without a distribution plan, the Fund may also make payments to compensate such activities outside of the Plan and not be subject to its limitations.
The Class AAA and Class A Plans authorize payments by the Fund at an annual rate of 0.25% of its average daily net assets attributable to Class AAA and Class A shares to finance distribution of its Class AAA and Class A shares or pay shareholder service fees. The Class C Plan authorizes payments at an annual rate of 0.75% of its average daily net assets attributable to Class C shares to finance distribution of its Class C shares and 0.25% for shareholder service fees.
Because the Rule 12b-1 fees are higher for Class C shares than for Class AAA or Class A shares, Class C shares will have higher annual expenses. Because Rule 12b-1 fees are paid out of the Funds assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. Due to the payment of Rule 12b-1 fees, long term shareholders may indirectly pay more than the equivalent of the maximum permitted front-end sales charge.
Redemption Fee. Generally, if you sell or exchange your shares within seven days or less after the purchase date, you will be charged a redemption fee of 2.00% of the total redemption amount which is payable to the Fund. See Redemption of Shares herein.
You can purchase the Funds shares on any Business Day.
| | By Mail or In Person. You may open an account by mailing a completed subscription order form with a check or money order payable to GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc. to: |
| By Mail |
By Personal or Overnight Delivery | |
| The Gabelli Funds |
The Gabelli Funds | |
| P.O. Box 219204 |
c/o DST | |
| Kansas City, MO 64121-9204 |
430 W 7th Street STE 219204 | |
| Kansas City, MO 64105-1407 |
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You can obtain a subscription order form by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554). Checks made payable to a third party and endorsed by the shareholder are not acceptable. For additional investments, send a check to the above address with a note stating your exact name and account number, the name of the fund(s), and class of shares you wish to purchase.
| | By Internet. You may open an account over the Internet at www.gabelli.com. |
| | By Bank Wire or by ACH System. To open an account using the bank wire transfer system or ACH system, first telephone the Fund at 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) to obtain a new account number. Then instruct your bank to wire the funds to: |
State Street Bank and Trust Company
225 Franklin Street, Boston, MA 02110
ABA #011-0000-28 REF DDA #99046187
Re: GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc.
Account #
Account of [Registered Owners]
| | By Telephone. You may make purchases for an existing account with banking instructions on file by telephone at 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554). |
If you are making an initial purchase, you should also complete and mail a subscription order form to the address shown under By Mail. Note that banks may charge fees for wiring funds, although the Funds transfer agent, DST, will not charge you for receiving wire transfers.
You may purchase shares directly through registered broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries that have entered into appropriate selling agreements with the Distributor.
Your broker-dealer or other financial intermediary can obtain a subscription order form by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554). The broker-dealer or other financial intermediary will transmit a purchase order and payment to DST on your behalf. Broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries may send you confirmations of your transactions and periodic account statements showing your investments in the Fund.
Share Price. The Fund sells its shares based on the NAV next determined after the time as of which the Fund receives your completed subscription order form but does not issue the shares to you until it receives full payment, subject to a front-end sales charge in the case of Class A shares. See Pricing of Fund Shares herein for a description of the calculation of the NAV.
Minimum Investments. The minimum initial investment for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares is $1,000 ($250 for IRAs or Coverdell Education Savings Plans). The minimum initial investment for Class I shares is $500,000 for investors purchasing Class I shares directly through the Distributor. Investors who wish to purchase Class I shares through brokers or financial intermediaries that have entered into selling agreements with the Distributor specifically with respect to Class I shares should consult their broker or financial intermediary with respect to any minimum investment amount required for their account. The Distributor or its affiliates may, in their discretion, waive the minimum investment requirement under certain circumstances. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. Broker-dealers and financial intermediaries may have different minimum investment requirements.
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General. DST will not issue share certificates unless you request them. The Fund reserves the right to (i) reject any purchase order if, in the opinion of the Funds management, it is in the Funds best interest to do so, (ii) suspend the offering of shares for any period of time, and (iii) waive the Funds minimum purchase requirements. Except for differences attributable to these arrangements, the shares of all classes are substantially the same.
Customer Identification Program. Federal law requires the Fund to obtain, verify, and record identifying information, which may include the name, residential or business address, date of birth (for an individual), social security or taxpayer identification number, or other identifying information, for each investor who opens or reopens an account with the Fund. Applications without the required information may be rejected or placed on hold until the Fund verifies the account holders identity.
Third Party Arrangements. In addition to, or in lieu of amounts received by broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries as reallowances of a portion of sales commissions, the Adviser and its affiliates utilize a portion of their assets, which may include revenues received under the Plans, to pay all or a portion of the charges of various programs that make shares of the Fund available to their customers. These payments, sometimes referred to as revenue sharing, do not change the price paid by investors to purchase the Funds shares or the amount the Fund receives as proceeds from such sales. Revenue sharing payments may be made to broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries that provide services to the Fund or to shareholders in the Fund, including (without limitation) the following programs: shareholder servicing to Fund shareholders, transaction processing, sub-accounting services, marketing support, access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries. Revenue sharing payments may also be made to broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries for inclusion of the Fund on a sales list, including a preferred or select sales list, and in other sales programs. These payments may take a variety of forms, including (without limitation) compensation for sales, trail fees for shareholder servicing and maintenance of shareholder accounts, and finders fees that vary depending on the share class and the dollar amount of shares sold. Revenue sharing payments may be structured: (i) as a percentage of sales; (ii) as a percentage of net assets; and/or (iii) as a fixed dollar amount.
The Adviser may also provide non-cash compensation to broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries in accordance with applicable rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA), such as the reimbursement of travel, lodging, and meal expenses incurred in connection with attendance at educational and due diligence meetings or seminars by qualified registered representatives of those firms and, in certain cases, their families; meeting fees; certain entertainment; advertising or other promotional expenses; or other permitted expenses as determined in accordance with applicable FINRA rules. In certain cases these other payments could be significant.
Subject to tax limitations and approval by the Board, the Fund may also make payments to third parties out of its own assets (other than Rule 12b-1 payments) for a portion of the charges for those programs that generally represent savings of expenses experienced by the Fund resulting from shareholders investing in the Fund through such programs rather than investing directly in the Fund.
The Adviser negotiates the level of payments described above to any particular broker-dealer or financial intermediary. Currently, such payments (expressed as a percentage of net assets) range from 0.10% to 0.40% per year of the average daily net assets of the Fund attributable to the particular firm depending on
21
the nature and level of services and other factors. In the case of Class I shares, the Fund may not make any payments for distribution related services.
In addition, in certain cases, broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries, may have agreements pursuant to which shares of the Fund owned by their clients are held of record on the books of the Fund in omnibus accounts maintained by each intermediary, and the intermediaries provide those Fund shareholders with sub-administration and sub-transfer agency services. Pursuant to the Funds transfer agency agreement, the Fund pays the transfer agent a fee for each shareholder account. As a result, the use of one omnibus account for multiple beneficial shareholders can create a cost savings to the Fund. The Board may, from time to time, authorize the Fund to pay a portion of the fees charged by these intermediaries if (i) a cost savings to the Fund can be demonstrated and (ii) the omnibus account of the intermediary has net assets in the Fund in excess of $10 million. In these cases, the Board may authorize the Fund to pay a portion of the fees to the intermediary in an amount no greater than the lower of the transfer agency cost savings relating to the particular omnibus account or 0.10% of the average daily net assets of that omnibus account. These payments compensate these intermediaries for the provision of sub-administration and sub-transfer agency services associated with their clients whose shares are held of record in this manner.
Additional Purchase Information
Retirement Plans/Education Savings Plans. The Fund makes available IRAs and Coverdell Education Savings Plans for investment in Fund shares. Applications may be obtained from the Distributor by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554). Self-employed investors may purchase shares of the Fund through tax-deductible contributions to existing retirement plans for self-employed persons, known as Keogh or H.R.-10 plans. The Fund does not currently act as a sponsor to such plans. Fund shares may also be a suitable investment for other types of qualified pension or profit sharing plans which are employer sponsored, including deferred compensation or salary reduction plans known as 401(k) Plans. For Class AAA, A, and C shares, the minimum initial investment in all such retirement and education savings plans is $250. There is no minimum subsequent investment for retirement or education savings plans.
Automatic Investment Plan. The Fund offers an automatic monthly investment plan. For Class AAA, A, and C shares, there is no minimum initial investment for accounts establishing an automatic investment plan. Call your financial intermediary or the Distributor at 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) for more details about the plan.
Telephone or Internet Investment Plan. You may purchase additional shares of the Fund by telephone and/or over the Internet if your bank is a member of the ACH system. You must have a completed and approved Account Options Form on file with the Transfer Agent. There is a minimum of $100 for each telephone or Internet investment. However, you may split the $100 minimum between two funds. To initiate an ACH purchase, please call your financial intermediary or 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or 800-872-5365, or visit our website at www.gabelli.com.
Voluntary Conversion. Shareholders may be able to convert shares to Class I shares of the Fund, which have a lower expense ratio, provided certain conditions are met. For Class A and Class C shares, this conversion feature is intended for shares held through a financial intermediary offering a fee-based or wrap fee program that has an agreement with the Adviser or the Distributor specific for this purpose. Shareholders who currently hold Class AAA shares and are eligible to purchase Class I shares may
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convert existing Class AAA shares of the same Fund through their financial intermediary if their financial intermediary has a specific agreement with the Distributor. In such instances, Class AAA, Class A, or Class C shares may be converted under certain circumstances. Generally, Class C shares are not eligible for conversion until the applicable CDSC period has expired. Under current interpretations of applicable federal income tax law by the Internal Revenue Service, this voluntary conversion to Class I shares generally should not be treated as a taxable event. Please contact your financial intermediary for additional information. Not all share classes are available through all financial intermediaries.
If shares of the Fund are converted to a different share class of the Fund, the transaction will be based on the respective NAV of each class as of the trade date of the conversion. Consequently, a shareholder may receive fewer shares or more shares than originally owned, depending on that days NAVs. Please contact your tax adviser regarding the tax consequences of any conversion.
Conversion of Class C shares to Class A shares. Effective May 1, 2019, investors whose accounts are held at the Funds transfer agent are eligible to hold Class C shares of the Fund only until the 10-year anniversary of the purchase date. In the month of the 10-year anniversary of the purchase date, the Fund will convert such an investors Class C shares into Class A shares. This conversion will not be subject to any sales charge, fee, or other charge and will be based on the relative net asset value of the two classes in question. The Internal Revenue Service currently takes the position that such conversions are not taxable. Should its position change, the conversion feature may be suspended. If this were to happen, you would have the option of instructing the Fund to continue to convert your Class C shares of the Fund to Class A shares of the Fund at the anniversary date described above. This conversion would also be based on the relative net asset values of the two classes in question, without the imposition of a sales charge or fee, but you might face certain tax consequences as a result. Shareholders should consult with their tax advisor regarding the state and local tax consequences of such conversions.
Investors holding Class C shares of the Fund through a financial intermediary in street name may be subject to different eligibility requirements regarding the holding of Class C shares of the Fund. In this regard, a financial intermediary may sponsor and/or control accounts, programs or platforms that impose a different conversion schedule or different eligibility requirements for the conversion of Class C shares into Class A shares. In these cases, Class C shareholders may convert to Class A shares under the policies of the financial intermediary and the conversion may be structured as an exchange of Class C shares for Class A shares of the Fund. Financial intermediaries will be responsible for making such exchanges in those circumstances. Please consult with your financial intermediary if you have any questions regarding your shares conversion from Class C shares to Class A shares. To the extent a financial intermediarys policies provide for no such conversion, or for a conversion schedule that extends beyond the month of the 10-year anniversary of the purchase date, investors holding Class C shares through such financial intermediary may be disadvantaged relative to investors holding Class C shares either at the Funds transfer agent or through another financial intermediary. Because Class C shares pay higher ongoing asset-based distribution and shareholder servicing fees than Class A shares, financial intermediaries may have a conflict of interest in establishing their relevant conversion schedules and eligibility requirements. Additional information can also be found in Appendix A, Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers Available Through Certain Intermediaries, attached to the Funds Prospectus.
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You can redeem shares of the Fund on any Business Day. The Fund may temporarily stop redeeming its shares beyond seven (7) days when the NYSE is closed, when trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC), or when an emergency exists (as determined by the SEC), and the Fund cannot sell its portfolio securities or accurately determine the value of its assets, or if the SEC orders the Fund to suspend redemptions.
The Fund redeems its shares based on the NAV per share next determined after the time as of which the Fund or, if applicable, its authorized designee, receives your redemption request in proper form, subject in some cases to a redemption fee or a CDSC, as described under Classes of Shares Contingent Deferred Sales Charges or a redemption fee as described. See Pricing of Fund Shares herein for a description of the calculation of NAV. A redemption is a taxable event to you on which you would realize gain or loss (subject to certain limitations on the deductibility of losses). In instances where a redemption fee is triggered, a CDSC may also apply, as described in greater detail in other parts of this prospectus.
You may redeem shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary that has entered into a selling agreement with the Distributor. The broker-dealer or financial intermediary will transmit a redemption order to DST on your behalf. The redemption request will be effected at the NAV next determined (less any applicable CDSC) after the Fund or, if applicable, its authorized designee, receives the request in proper form. If you hold share certificates, you must present the certificates endorsed for transfer.
The Fund is intended for long term investors and not for those who wish to trade frequently in Fund shares. The Fund believes that excessive short term trading of Fund shares creates risks for the Fund and its long term shareholders, including interference with efficient portfolio management, increased administrative and brokerage costs, and potential dilution in the value of Fund shares.
In addition, because the Fund may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, frequent trading by some shareholders may, in certain circumstances, dilute the value of Fund shares held by other shareholders. This may occur when an event that affects the value of the foreign securities takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV. Certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (referred to as price arbitrage). If this occurs, frequent traders who attempt this type of price arbitrage may dilute the value of the Funds shares to the extent they receive shares or proceeds based upon NAVs that have been calculated using the closing market prices for foreign securities, if those prices have not been adjusted to reflect a change in the fair value of the foreign securities. In an effort to prevent price arbitrage, the Fund has procedures designed to adjust closing market prices of foreign securities before it calculates its NAV when it believes such an event has occurred that will have more than the minimal effect on the NAV. Prices are adjusted to reflect what the Fund believes are the fair values of these foreign securities at the time the Fund determines its NAV (called fair value pricing). Fair value pricing, however, involves judgments that are inherently subjective and inexact since it is not always possible to be sure when an event will affect a market price and to what extent. As a result, there can be no assurance that fair value pricing will always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
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In order to discourage frequent short term trading in Fund shares, the Fund has adopted policies and procedures that impose a 2.00% redemption fee (short term trading fee) on Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares that are redeemed or exchanged within seven days of a purchase. This fee is calculated based on the shares aggregate NAV on the date of redemption and deducted from the redemption proceeds. The redemption fee is not a sales charge; it is retained by the Fund and does not benefit the Funds Adviser, the Distributor, or any other third party. For purposes of computing the redemption fee, shares will be redeemed in reverse order of purchase (the latest shares acquired will be treated as being redeemed first). Redemptions to which the fee applies include redemption of shares resulting from an exchange made pursuant to the Funds exchange privilege. The redemption fee will not apply to redemptions of shares where (i) the shares were purchased through automatic reinvestment of dividends or other distributions, (ii) the redemption is initiated by the Fund, (iii) the shares were purchased through programs that collect the redemption fees at the program level and remit them to the Fund, or (iv) the shares were purchased through programs that the Adviser determines to have appropriate anti-short term trading policies in place or as to which the Adviser has received assurances that look through redemption fee procedures or effective anti-short term trading policies and procedures are in place.
While the Fund has entered into information sharing agreements with financial intermediaries which contractually require such financial intermediaries to provide the Fund with information relating to their customers investing in the Fund through non-disclosed or omnibus accounts, the Fund cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information provided to it from financial intermediaries and may not always be able to track short term trading effected through these financial intermediaries. In addition, because the Fund is required to rely on information provided by the financial intermediary as to the applicable redemption fee, the Fund cannot guarantee that the financial intermediary is always imposing such fee on the underlying shareholder in accordance with the Funds policies. Subject to the exclusions discussed above, the Fund seeks to apply these policies uniformly.
Certain financial intermediaries may have procedures which differ from those of the Fund to collect the redemption fees or that prevent or restrict frequent trading. Investors should refer to their intermediarys policies on frequent trading restrictions.
The Fund continues to reserve all rights, including the right to refuse any purchase request (including requests to purchase by exchange) from any person or group who, in the Funds view, is likely to engage in excessive trading or if such purchase is not in the best interest of the Fund and to limit, delay, or impose other conditions on exchanges or purchases. The Fund has adopted a policy of seeking to minimize short term trading in its shares and monitors purchase and redemption activities to assist in minimizing short term trading.
If you hold shares directly through the Distributor, you may redeem shares:
| | By Letter. You may mail a letter requesting the redemption of shares to: The Gabelli Funds, P.O. Box 219204, Kansas City, MO 64121-9204. Your letter should state the name of the fund(s) and the share class, the dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem, and your account number. You must sign the letter in exactly the same way the account is registered and if there is more than one owner of shares, all owners must sign. A medallion signature guarantee is required for each signature on your redemption letter. You can obtain a medallion signature guarantee from financial institutions such as commercial banks, broker-dealers, savings banks, and credit unions. A notary public cannot provide a medallion signature guarantee. |
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| | By Telephone or the Internet. Unless you have requested that telephone or Internet redemptions from your account not be permitted, you may redeem your shares in an account (excluding an IRA) directly registered with DST by calling either 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or 800-872-5365 (617-328-5000 from outside the United States), or by visiting our website at www.gabelli.com. You may not redeem Fund shares held through an IRA through the Internet. IRA holders should consult a tax adviser concerning the current tax rules applicable to IRAs. If DST properly acts on telephone or Internet instructions after following reasonable procedures to protect against unauthorized transactions, neither DST nor the Fund will be responsible for any losses due to unauthorized telephone or Internet transactions and instead you would be responsible. You may request that proceeds from telephone or Internet redemptions be mailed to you by check (if your address has not changed in the prior thirty days), forwarded to you by bank wire, or invested in another mutual fund advised by the Adviser (see Exchange of Shares). Among the procedures that DST may use are passwords or verification of personal information. The Fund may impose limitations from time to time on telephone or Internet redemptions. |
| 1. | Telephone or Internet Redemption By Check. The Fund will make checks payable to the name in which the account is registered and will normally mail the check to the address of record within seven days. |
| 2. | Telephone or Internet Redemption By Bank Wire or ACH system. The Fund accepts telephone or Internet requests for wire or ACH system redemptions in amounts of at least $1,000. The Fund will send a wire or ACH system credit to either a bank designated on your subscription order form or on a subsequent letter with a medallion signature guarantee. The proceeds are normally wired on the next Business Day. |
If you redeem shares through your broker or other financial intermediary, the broker or financial intermediary will transmit a redemption order to DST on your behalf. The redemption request will be effected at the NAV per share next determined (less any applicable CDSC and redemption fee, if applicable) after a Fund receives the request in proper form. If you hold share certificates, you must present the certificates endorsed for transfer.
Automatic Cash Withdrawal Plan. You may automatically redeem shares on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis if you have at least $10,000 in your account and if your account is directly registered with DST. Please call 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) for more information about this plan.
Involuntary Redemption. The Fund may redeem all shares in your account (other than an IRA or Coverdell education savings account) if the value falls below $1,000 as a result of redemptions (but not as a result of a decline in NAV). You will be notified in writing before the Fund initiates such action and you will be allowed thirty days to increase the value of your account to at least $1,000.
Reinstatement Privilege. A shareholder in the Fund who has redeemed Class A shares may reinvest, without a sales charge, up to the full amount of such redemption at the NAV determined at the time of the reinvestment within ninety days of the original redemption. A redemption is a taxable transaction and a gain or loss may be recognized for federal income tax purposes even if the reinstatement privilege is exercised. However, any loss realized upon the redemption will not be recognized as to the number of shares acquired by reinstatement, except through an adjustment in the tax basis of the shares so acquired if those shares are acquired within thirty days of the redemption.
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Redemption Proceeds. The Fund expects to meet redemption requests typically by selling portfolio assets, with holdings of cash and cash equivalents, or by drawing on its line of credit. In certain circumstances, the Fund may meet a redemption request in-kind, as described under Redemption In Kind. These methods of meeting redemption requests are expected to be used in both normal and stressed market conditions. A redemption request received by the Fund will be effected based on the NAV per share next determined after the time as of which the Fund or, if applicable, its authorized designee, receives the request. If you request redemption proceeds by wire, the Fund will normally wire the funds according to the wire instructions you provide, within three business days after receipt of your redemption request. If you request redemption proceeds by check, the Fund will normally mail the check to you within seven days after receipt of your redemption request. If you purchased your Fund shares by check or through the Automatic Investment Plan you may not receive proceeds from your redemption until the check clears or ten days following the purchase, whichever is earlier. While the Fund will delay the processing of the redemption payment until the check clears, your shares will be valued at the next determined NAV after receipt of your redemption request. Typically, the Fund receives redemption requests through the National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC) system, which is utilized by financial intermediaries to submit requests on behalf of their clients or customers who hold shares of the Fund in street name. In such circumstances, the Fund expects redemption proceeds to be delivered via the NSCC system within three business days after receipt of a redemption request. The NSCC system is not used for shareholders whose accounts are held at the Funds transfer agent (as opposed to shareholders whose accounts are held in street name at a broker or other financial intermediary).
Redemption In Kind. The Fund may pay your redemption proceeds wholly or partially in portfolio securities. Specifically, the Fund may pay your redemption proceeds in portfolio securities if you redeem more than $250,000 over the preceding three months, and the Adviser believes that economic conditions exist which would make payments in cash detrimental to the best interests of the Fund. In such an instance, the Fund would communicate to you its intention to meet your redemption request in portfolio securities. Securities received in kind will remain subject to the risk of market fluctuations until sold; however, the Fund would distribute to you from its portfolio of investments only securities that the Adviser determines are readily marketable. The specific security or securities to be distributed will be selected at the discretion of the Board or its designee(s), subject to any applicable laws or regulations, and could be individual securities, a representative basket of securities or a pro-rata slice of the Funds portfolio. Any additional remainder in value owed to you between such securities and Fund shares that you submitted for redemption would be paid to you in cash. Payments would be made in portfolio securities only in instances where the Funds Board (or its delegate) believes that it would be in the Funds best interest not to pay the redemption proceeds in cash. A redemption in kind would be a taxable event to you on which you would realize a capital gain or capital loss on your shares redeemed. Additionally, you may incur brokerage costs in converting any of the securities received to cash. The foregoing considerations apply in both normal and stressed market considerations. Please see Redemption of Shares in the SAI for additional information.
You can exchange shares of the Fund for shares of the same class of certain other funds managed by the Adviser or its affiliates based on their relative NAVs at the time of exchange. To obtain a list of the funds whose shares you may acquire through an exchange, call 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554), or contact
27
your broker. Class C shares will continue to age from the date of the original purchase of such shares and will assume the CDSC rate such shares had at the time of exchange. You may also exchange your shares for shares of the same class of a money market fund managed by the Adviser or its affiliates without imposition of any CDSC at the time of exchange. Upon subsequent redemption from such money market fund or the Fund (after re-exchange into the Fund), such shares will be subject to the CDSC calculated by excluding the time such shares were held in a Gabelli money market fund. The Fund may impose limitations on, or terminate, the exchange privilege with respect to any investor at any time. You will be given notice at least sixty days prior to any material change in the exchange privilege. An exchange of shares is a taxable event to you on which you would realize capital gain or loss (subject to possible limitations of deductibility).
In effecting an exchange:
| | you must meet the minimum investment requirements for the fund whose shares you wish to purchase through exchange; |
| | if you are exchanging into a fund with a higher sales charge, you must pay the difference at the time of the exchange; |
| | if you are exchanging from a fund with a redemption fee applicable to the redemption involved in your exchange, you must pay the redemption fee at the time of exchange; |
| | you will realize a taxable gain or loss (subject to certain loss limitation rules) because the exchange is treated as a sale for federal income tax purposes; |
| | you should read the prospectus of the fund whose shares you are purchasing through exchange. Call 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or visit our website at www.gabelli.com to obtain the prospectus; and |
| | you should be aware that a financial intermediary may charge a fee for handling an exchange for you. |
You may exchange shares through the Distributor, directly through the Transfer Agent, or through your financial intermediary that has entered into the appropriate selling agreement with the Distributor.
| | Exchange by Telephone. You may give exchange instructions by telephone by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554). You may not exchange shares by telephone if you hold share certificates. |
| | Exchange by Mail. You may send a written request for exchanges to: The Gabelli Funds, P.O. Box 219204, Kansas City, MO 64121-9204. Your letter should state your name, your account number, the dollar amount or number of shares you wish to exchange, the name and class of the fund(s) whose shares you wish to exchange, and the name of the fund(s) whose shares you wish to acquire. |
| | Exchange through the Internet. You may also give exchange instructions via the Internet at www.gabelli.com. The Fund may impose limitations from time to time on Internet exchanges. |
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Your financial intermediary may charge you a processing fee for assisting you in purchasing or redeeming shares of the Fund. This charge is set by your financial intermediary and does not benefit the Fund, the Distributor, or the Adviser in any way. It would be in addition to the sales charges and other costs, if any, described in this prospectus and must be disclosed to you by your broker dealer or other financial intermediary.
The Funds NAV is calculated separately for each class of shares on each Business Day. The NYSE is open Monday through Friday, but currently is scheduled to be closed on New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day and on the preceding Friday or subsequent Monday when a holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, respectively.
The Funds NAV is determined as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time. The NAV of each class is computed by dividing the value of the Funds net assets, i.e., the value of its securities and other assets less its liabilities, including expenses payable or accrued but excluding capital stock and surplus attributable to the applicable class of shares by the total number of shares of such class outstanding at the time the determination is made. The price of Fund shares for the purpose of purchase and redemption orders will be based upon the calculation of the NAV of each class next made after the time as of which the purchase or redemption order is received in proper form. Because the Fund may invest in foreign securities that are primarily listed on foreign exchanges that trade on weekends or other days when the Fund does not price its shares, the NAV of the Funds shares may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem the Funds shares.
Equity securities listed or traded on a nationally recognized securities exchange or traded in the U.S. over-the-counter market where trades are reported contemporaneously and for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last quoted sale or a markets official closing price at the close of the exchanges or other markets regular trading hours, as of or prior to the time and day as of which such value is being determined. Portfolio securities traded on more than one national securities exchange or market are valued according to the broadest and most representative market as determined by the Adviser. If there has been no sale on the day the valuation is made, the securities are valued at the mean of the closing bid and ask prices on the principal market for such security on such day. If no ask prices are quoted on such day, then the security is valued at the closing bid price on the principal market for such security on such day. If no bid or ask prices are quoted on such day, the Funds accounting agent will notify the Adviser and the security will be valued based on written or standing instructions from the Adviser and/or the Pricing Committee.
Equity Securities which are primarily traded on foreign markets, except for those that trade primarily in Latin America or South America, are generally valued at the preceding closing values of such securities on their respective exchanges. Equity securities which are primarily traded in Latin American or South American markets are valued each day approximately at the time of the close of regular trading on the NYSE as though such time were the close of trading on such Latin American or South American market and such Latin American or South American market were a U.S. market. When the NYSE is open, but the foreign market on which an equity security primarily trades is closed, such as for a foreign national holiday, the security will generally be valued at the last available closing value (subject to the Fair Value
29
Procedures adopted by the Board) using the prevailing exchange rate as described below. If some event occurs affecting or likely to affect the price of an equity security or group of equity securities to a significant extent including but not limited to material market movement, changes in market conditions after a foreign market closes, but prior to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, or a company development, such as a material business development, dividend declaration, stock split or rights offering, and if adequate and timely information relating to the event is not available or is not taken into account by the pricing service, the Adviser should review the pricing furnished by the pricing service to determine whether it is appropriate in the circumstances. In such case, the Adviser will obtain market quotations from another source or will make a fair value determination of such securities using other appropriate value measurements and such information will be presented to the Board for ratification at its next scheduled meeting. If the primary market for such an equity security suspends or limits trading or price movements, whether for the market as a whole or the particular security, and trading also occurs on a secondary market which has not suspended or limited trading or price movement, valuation will be based on information from the secondary market provided by the Adviser. If all markets on which such an equity security have suspended trading, the Adviser will fair value such security as provided above. Information that becomes known after the close of the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time, on any business day may be assessed in determining net asset value per share after the time of receipt of the information, but will not be used to retroactively adjust the price of the security determined earlier or on a prior day.
Initial public offering securities are initially valued at cost. Upon commencement of trading, these securities are valued like any other equity security.
Debt obligations (including convertible debt) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the average of the latest bid and ask prices. If there were no ask prices quoted on such day, the security is valued using the closing bid price. Such debt obligations are valued through prices provided by a pricing service approved by the Board.
Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies will be translated into U.S. dollars at the prevailing exchange rates as provided by an appropriate pricing service. Forward currency exchange contracts will be valued using interpolated forward exchange rates. Prevailing foreign exchange rates and forward currency foreign exchange rates may generally be obtained on a consistent basis at approximately 11:00 a.m. Eastern time, which approximates the close of the London Exchange. As available and as provided by an appropriate pricing service, translation of foreign security and currency market values will also occur with the use of foreign exchange rates obtained at the close of the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time.
Certain securities are valued principally using dealer quotations. Futures contracts are valued at the closing settlement price of the exchange or board of trade on which the applicable contract is traded.
OTC futures and options on futures for which market quotations are readily available will be valued by quotations received from a pricing service or, if no quotations are available from a pricing service, by quotations obtained from one or more dealers in the instrument in question by the Adviser.
Securities and other assets for which market quotations are not readily available are fair valued as determined by the Board. Fair valuation methodologies and procedures may include, but are not limited to: analysis and review of available financial and non-financial information about the company; comparisons with the valuation and changes in valuation of similar securities, including a comparison of
30
foreign securities with the equivalent U.S. dollar value American Depositary Receipt securities at the close of the U.S. exchange; and evaluation of any other information that could be indicative of the value of the security.
The Fund intends to pay dividends and capital gain distributions, if any, on an annual basis. You may have dividends and/or capital gain distributions that are declared by the Fund reinvested automatically at NAV in additional shares of the Fund. You will make an election to receive dividends and distributions in cash or Fund shares at the time you first purchase your shares. You may change this election by notifying the Fund or your financial intermediary in writing at any time prior to the record date for a particular dividend or distribution. There are no sales or other charges by the Fund in connection with the reinvestment of dividends and capital gain distributions. Shares purchased through dividend reinvestment will receive a price without sales charge based on the NAV on the reinvestment date, which is typically the date dividends are paid to shareholders. There is no fixed dividend rate, and there can be no assurance that the Fund will realize any capital gains or other income with which to pay dividends and distributions. Distributions are taxable to you whether received in cash or additional shares. A dividend or capital gain distribution paid on shares purchased shortly before the record date for that dividend or distribution was declared will be subject to income taxes. Dividends and distributions may be different for different classes of shares of the Fund.
The Fund expects that distributions will consist primarily of investment company taxable income and net capital gain. Capital gains may be taxed at different rates depending on the length of time the Fund holds the securities giving rise to such capital gains. Dividends out of investment company taxable income (including distributions of net short term capital gains, i.e., gains from securities held by the Fund for one year or less) are taxable to you as ordinary income, except, as discussed below, that qualified dividends of individual taxpayers may be eligible for a reduced federal income tax rate. Properly reported distributions of net capital gain, i.e., net long term capital gains minus net short term capital loss (Capital Gains Distributions), are taxable to you at long term capital gain rates no matter how long you have owned your shares. The Funds dividends and distributions, whether you receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of the Fund, generally will be subject to federal and, if applicable, state and local taxes. Although dividends (including dividends from short term capital gains) are generally taxable as ordinary income, individual shareholders who satisfy certain holding periods and other requirements are taxed on such dividends at long term capital gain rates to the extent the dividends are attributable to qualified dividend income received by the Fund. Qualified dividend income generally consists of dividends received from U.S. corporations (other than dividends from tax-exempt organizations and certain dividends from real estate investment trusts and regulated investment companies) and certain foreign corporations (generally those eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty with the United States and those whose stock is traded on an established securities market in the United States). The amount of qualified dividend income distributed by the Fund in any year depends on its investments and cannot be predicted. Corporations may be able to take a dividends received deduction for a portion of the income
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dividends they receive. A redemption of Fund shares or an exchange of Fund shares for shares of another fund will be treated for tax purposes as a sale of Fund shares, and any gain you realize on such a transaction generally will be taxable.
The Fund may be required to withhold as backup withholding, currently at a rate of 24%, a portion of the dividends, distributions, and redemption proceeds payable to shareholders who fail to provide the Fund with their correct taxpayer identification number or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that they are subject to backup withholding. Additionally, the Fund will withhold when the IRS notifies the Fund that backup withholding is required. Also, dividends, distributions, and redemption proceeds payable to foreign shareholders may be subject to a federal withholding tax.
Dividends declared by the Fund in October, November, or December to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and paid in January of the following year will be treated as paid in December for tax purposes.
The Fund may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes. The Fund expects to be eligible to elect for U.S. federal income tax purposes to treat any foreign income taxes paid by it as paid by its shareholders. If the Fund makes the election, the amount of foreign income taxes paid by the Fund would be included in the income of its shareholders and the shareholders may elect, subject to certain limitations, to credit such amount included against their U.S. tax due, if any, or to deduct such amount from their U.S. taxable income, if any.
After the end of each year, the Fund will provide you with information regarding any shares you redeemed and the federal tax status of any dividends or distributions you received during the previous year.
If you sell, exchange, or have your Funds shares redeemed, it is considered a taxable event for you. Depending on the purchase price and the sale price of the shares you sell, you may have a gain or a loss on the transaction. You are responsible for any tax liabilities generated by your transaction.
Dividends, net capital gains distributions, and gains on the sale or disposition of your shares in the Fund are generally subject to a 3.8% federal tax on net investment income for shareholders whose adjusted gross income exceeds $200,000 for single filers and $250,000 for married joint filers.
This summary of tax consequences is intended for general information only and is subject to change by legislative, judicial, or administrative action, and any such change may be retroactive. It is applicable only to shareholders who are U.S. persons. The Fund may make taxable distributions during periods in which the share price has declined. A more complete discussion of the tax rules applicable to you and the Fund can be found in the SAI that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should consult a tax adviser concerning the tax consequences of your investment in the Fund.
MAILINGS AND E-DELIVERY TO SHAREHOLDERS
In our continuing effort to reduce duplicative mail and Fund expenses, we currently send a single copy of prospectuses and shareholder reports to your household even if more than one member in your household owns the same fund or funds described in the prospectus or report. Additional copies of our prospectuses and reports may be obtained by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554). If you do not want us to continue to consolidate your fund mailings and would prefer to receive separate mailings at any time
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in the future, please call us at the telephone number above and we shall resume separate mailings, in accordance with your instructions, within thirty days of your request. The Fund offers electronic delivery of Fund documents. Direct shareholders of the Fund can elect to receive the Funds annual, semiannual, and quarterly reports, as well as manager commentaries and prospectuses via e-delivery. For more information or to sign up for e-delivery, please visit the Funds website at www.gabelli.com. Shareholders who purchased shares of the Fund through a financial intermediary should contact their financial intermediary to sign up for e-delivery of Fund documents, if available.
The Financial Highlights table is intended to help you understand the financial performance of the Fund for the past five fiscal years. The total returns in the table represent the percentage amount that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the Funds Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the Funds financial statements and related notes, is included in the Funds annual report, which is available upon request.
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GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc.
Financial Highlights
Selected data for a share of capital stock outstanding throughout each year:
| Income
(Loss) from Investment Operations |
Distributions | Ratios to Average Net Assets/ Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31 |
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
Net Investment Income (Loss)(a) |
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments |
Total from Investment Operations |
Net Investment Income |
Net Realized Gain on Investments |
Total Distributions |
Redemption Fees(a)(b) |
Net Value, End of Year |
Total Return |
Net End of (in |
Net Investment Income (Loss) |
Operating Expenses Before Reimburse- ments(c) |
Operating Expenses Net of Reimbrse- ments |
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class AAA |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
$ | 24.15 | $ | 0.11 | $ | (2.79 | ) | $ | (2.68 | ) | $ | (0.09 | ) | $ | (1.71 | ) | $ | (1.80 | ) | | $ | 19.67 | (11.0 | )% | $ | 14,223 | 0.47 | % | 2.39 | % | 1.63 | %(c)(d)(e) | 5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
19.57 | (0.05 | ) | 5.78 | 5.73 | (0.03 | ) | (1.12 | ) | (1.15 | ) | $ | 0.00 | 24.15 | 29.3 | 17,556 | (0.20 | ) | 2.14 | 2.14 | (f) | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 |
20.43 | 0.29 | (0.79 | ) | (0.50 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.36 | ) | 0.00 | 19.57 | (2.4 | ) | 16,112 | 1.44 | 2.07 | 2.07 | (f) | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 |
21.07 | 0.00 | (b) | (0.62 | ) | (0.62 | ) | (0.00 | )(b) | (0.02 | ) | (0.02 | ) | 0.00 | 20.43 | (2.9 | ) | 18,762 | 0.01 | 2.12 | 2.12 | (d)(g) | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 |
23.08 | 0.02 | (1.27 | ) | (1.25 | ) | | (0.76 | ) | (0.76 | ) | | 21.07 | (5.5 | ) | 22,155 | 0.10 | 2.19 | 2.19 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class A |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
$ | 24.65 | $ | (0.09 | ) | $ | (2.82 | ) | $ | (2.91 | ) | | $ | (1.71 | ) | $ | (1.71 | ) | | $ | 20.03 | (11.7 | )% | $ | 482 | (0.39 | )% | 2.39 | % | 2.39 | %(c)(d) | 5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
19.95 | (0.05 | ) | 5.90 | 5.85 | $ | (0.03 | ) | (1.12 | ) | (1.15 | ) | $ | 0.00 | 24.65 | 29.3 | 594 | (0.20 | ) | 2.14 | 2.14 | (f) | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 |
20.81 | 0.33 | (0.84 | ) | (0.51 | ) | (0.32 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.35 | ) | 0.00 | 19.95 | (2.4 | ) | 603 | 1.60 | 2.07 | 2.07 | (f) | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 |
21.47 | (0.02 | ) | (0.61 | ) | (0.63 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.03 | ) | 0.00 | 20.81 | (2.9 | ) | 761 | (0.08 | ) | 2.12 | 2.12 | (d)(g) | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 |
23.50 | 0.03 | (1.30 | ) | (1.27 | ) | | (0.76 | ) | (0.76 | ) | | 21.47 | (5.4 | ) | 530 | 0.12 | 2.19 | 2.19 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class C |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
$ | 21.92 | $ | (0.25 | ) | $ | (2.48 | ) | $ | (2.73 | ) | | $ | (1.71 | ) | $ | (1.71 | ) | | $ | 17.48 | (12.4 | )% | $ | 429 | (1.21 | )% | 3.14 | % | 3.14 | %(c)(d) | 5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
17.95 | (0.21 | ) | 5.30 | 5.09 | | (1.12 | ) | (1.12 | ) | $ | 0.00 | 21.92 | 28.4 | 279 | (0.99 | ) | 2.89 | 2.89 | (f) | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 |
18.73 | 0.12 | (0.71 | ) | (0.59 | ) | $ | (0.16 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.19 | ) | 0.00 | 17.95 | (3.1 | ) | 226 | 0.64 | 2.82 | 2.82 | (f) | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 |
19.47 | (0.16 | ) | (0.56 | ) | (0.72 | ) | (0.00 | )(b) | (0.02 | ) | (0.02 | ) | 0.00 | 18.73 | (3.7 | ) | 366 | (0.80 | ) | 2.87 | 2.87 | (d)(g) | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 |
21.55 | (0.14 | ) | (1.18 | ) | (1.32 | ) | | (0.76 | ) | (0.76 | ) | | 19.47 | (6.2 | ) | 487 | (0.65 | ) | 2.94 | 2.94 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class I |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 |
$ | 24.45 | $ | 0.27 | $ | (2.86 | ) | $ | (2.59 | ) | $ | (0.26 | ) | $ | (1.71 | ) | $ | (1.97 | ) | | $ | 19.89 | (10.5 | )% | $ | 4,326 | 1.11 | % | 2.14 | % | 1.01 | %(c)(d)(e) | 5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 |
19.81 | 0.24 | 5.85 | 6.09 | (0.33 | ) | (1.12 | ) | (1.45 | ) | $ | 0.00 | 24.45 | 30.8 | 6,842 | 1.03 | 1.89 | 1.00 | (f) | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 |
20.69 | 0.53 | (0.82 | ) | (0.29 | ) | (0.56 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.59 | ) | 0.00 | 19.81 | (1.4 | ) | 7,183 | 2.58 | 1.82 | 1.00 | (e)(f) | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 |
21.31 | 0.18 | (0.57 | ) | (0.39 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.23 | ) | 0.00 | 20.69 | (1.9 | ) | 7,410 | 0.83 | 1.87 | 1.01 | (d)(g) | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 |
23.20 | 0.16 | (1.29 | ) | (1.13 | ) | | (0.76 | ) | (0.76 | ) | | 21.31 | (4.9 | ) | 2,565 | 0.69 | 1.94 | 1.63 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Total return represents aggregate total return of a hypothetical $1,000 investment at the beginning of the year and sold at the end of the year including reinvestment of distributions and does not reflect the applicable sales charges. |
| (a) | Per share amounts have been calculated using the average shares outstanding method. |
| (b) | Amount represents less than $0.005 per share. |
| (c) | The Fund incurred interest expense during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, and 2014. For the year ended December 31, 2018, if interest expense had not been incurred, the ratios of operating expenses to average net assets would have been 1.62% (Class AAA), 2.38% (Class A), 3.13% (Class C), and 1.00% (Class I). For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, and 2014, there was no impact on the expense ratios. |
| (d) | The Fund received credits from a designated broker who agreed to pay certain Fund operating expenses. Had such payments not been made, the expense ratios for the year ended December 31, 2015 would have been 2.11% (Class AAA and Class A), 2.86% (Class C), and 1.01% (Class I). The 2018 reimbursement has no impact on the expense ratio. |
| (e) | Under an expense reimbursement agreement with the Adviser, for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Adviser reimbursed $131,548 in certain Class AAA expenses and $62,410 in certain Class I expenses to the Fund. For the years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016, the Fund reimbursed Class I expenses to the Fund of $63,160, and $64,752, respectively. |
| (f) | During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Fund received reimbursements of custody expenses paid in prior years. Had such reimbursement (allocated by relative net asset values of the Funds share classes) been included in the 2016 calculation, the annualized expense ratios would have been 0.79% (Class AAA), 0.63% (Class A), 1.61% (Class C), and (0.31)% (Class I), respectively. The 2017 reimbursement had no effect on the expense ratio. |
| (g) | The Fund incurred tax expense during the year ended December 31, 2015. If the tax expense had not incurred, the ratios of operating expenses to average net assets would have been 2.11% (Class AAA and Class A), 2.86% (Class C), and 1.00% (Class I). |
34
Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers Available through Certain Intermediaries
Specific intermediaries may have different policies and procedures regarding the availability of front-end sales load waivers or CDSC waivers, which are discussed below. In all instances, it is the purchasers responsibility to notify the Fund or the purchasers financial intermediary at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying the purchaser for sales charge reductions or waivers. Not all intermediaries will offer the same reductions and waivers to persons purchasing shares of the Fund. In order to receive these reductions or waivers shareholders will have to purchase Fund shares through an intermediary offering such reductions or waivers or directly from the Fund if the Fund offers such reductions or waivers. Please see the section entitled Classes of Shares for more information on sales charge reductions and waivers available for different classes of shares that are available for purchase directly from the Fund. The specific sales charge waivers and/or discounts for the intermediaries below are implemented and solely administered by the particular intermediary. Please contact that intermediary to ensure that you understand the steps that you must take to qualify for available waivers and discounts.
The information in this Appendix A is part of, and incorporated into, the Funds prospectus.
Morgan Stanley Wealth Management
Shareholders purchasing Fund shares through a Morgan Stanley Wealth Management transactional brokerage account will be eligible only for the following front-end sales charge waivers with respect to Class A shares, which may differ from and may be more limited than those disclosed elsewhere in this Funds Prospectus or SAI.
| | Employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans |
| | Morgan Stanley employee and employee-related accounts according to Morgan Stanleys account linking rules |
| | Shares purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions when purchasing shares of the same fund |
| | Shares purchased through a Morgan Stanley self-directed brokerage account |
| | Class C (i.e., level-load) shares that are no longer subject to a contingent deferred sales charge and are converted to Class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Morgan Stanley Wealth Managements share class conversion program |
| | Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the same fund family, provided (i) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (ii) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (iii) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end or deferred sales charge. |
35
GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc.
Class AAA, A, C, and I Shares
For More Information:
For more information about the Fund, the following documents are available free upon request:
Annual/Semiannual Reports:
The Funds semiannual and audited annual reports to shareholders contain additional information on the Funds investments. In the Funds annual report, you will find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the Funds performance during its last fiscal year.
Statement of Additional Information (SAI):
The SAI provides more detailed information about the Fund, including its operations and investment policies. It is incorporated by reference, and is legally considered a part of this prospectus.
Appendix A:
Appendix A to this prospectus, Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers Available through Certain Intermediaries is a separate document that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus and contains information on sales charge reductions and waivers that differ from the sales charge reductions and waivers disclosed in this prospectus and the related SAI.
You can obtain free copies of these documents and prospectuses of other funds in the Gabelli/GAMCO family, or request other information and discuss your questions about the Fund by mail, toll free telephone, or the internet as follows:
The GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc.
One Corporate Center
Rye, NY 10580-1422
Telephone: 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554)
www.gabelli.com
You can also review and/or copy the Funds prospectus, annual and semiannual reports, and SAI at the Public Reference Room of the SEC in Washington, DC. You can obtain text-only copies:
| | Free from the Funds website at www.gabelli.com. |
| | For a fee, by electronic request at [email protected], by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC, Washington, DC 20549-1520, or by calling 202-551-8090. |
| | Free from the EDGAR Database on the SECs website at www.sec.gov. |
(Investment Company Act File No. 811-08560)
GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
April 30, 2019
This Statement of Additional Information (SAI), which is not a prospectus, describes the GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the Fund). This SAI should be read in conjunction with the Funds prospectus for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares dated April 30, 2019. This SAI is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the Funds prospectus. Portions of the Funds annual report to shareholders are incorporated by reference into this SAI. For a free copy of the Funds prospectus or the Funds annual report to shareholders, please contact the Fund at the address, telephone number, or Internet website printed below.
One Corporate Center
Rye, New York 10580-1422
Telephone 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554)
www.gabelli.com
| CLASS |
TICKER SYMBOL | |
| AAA | GIGRX | |
| A | GAIGX | |
| C | GCIGX | |
| I | GIIGX |
| PAGE | ||
| 2 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 13 | ||
| 14 | ||
| 16 | ||
| 22 | ||
| 24 | ||
| 29 | ||
| 30 | ||
| 32 | ||
| 32 | ||
| 33 | ||
| 39 | ||
| 39 | ||
| A-1 |
1
The Fund is a diversified, open-end management investment company organized under the laws of the State of Maryland on May 25, 1994. The Fund commenced operations on June 30, 1995. The Funds principal office is located at One Corporate Center, Rye New York 10580-1422. The Fund is advised by Gabelli Funds, LLC (the Adviser).
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISKS
The Funds prospectus discusses the investment objective of the Fund and the principal strategies to be employed to achieve that objective. This SAI contains supplemental information concerning certain types of securities and other instruments in which the Fund may invest, additional strategies that the Fund may utilize in seeking to achieve its investment objective, and certain risks associated with such investments and strategies. Subject to the investment policies and restrictions contained in the prospectus and herein, the Fund may invest in any of the securities described below.
Equity Securities
Because the Fund, in seeking to achieve its investment objective, may invest in the common stocks of both foreign and domestic issuers, an investment in the Fund should be made with an understanding of the risks inherent in any investment in common stocks, including the risk that the financial condition of the issuers of the Funds portfolio securities may become impaired or that the general condition of the stock market may worsen (both of which may contribute directly to a decrease in the value of the securities and thus in the value of the Funds shares). Additional risks include risks associated with the right to receive payments from the issuer which is generally inferior to the rights of creditors of, or holders of, debt obligations or preferred stock issued by the issuer. The Fund does not expect to invest in excess of 5% of its assets in securities of unseasoned issuers (companies that have operated less than three years), which, due to their short operating history, may have less information available and may not be as liquid as other securities.
Moreover, common stocks do not represent an obligation of the issuer and therefore do not offer any assurance of income or provide the degree of protection of debt securities. The issuance of debt securities or preferred stock by an issuer will create higher priority claims for payment of principal, interest, and dividends, which could adversely affect the ability and inclination of the issuer to declare or pay dividends on its common stock. In addition, such issuances would reduce the economic interest of holders of common stock with respect to assets of the issuer upon liquidation or bankruptcy. Further, unlike debt securities, which typically have a stated principal amount payable at maturity (which value will be subject to market fluctuations prior thereto), common stocks have neither a fixed principal amount nor a maturity and have values that are subject to market fluctuations for as long as the common stocks remain outstanding. Common stocks are especially susceptible to general stock market movements and to volatile increases and decreases in value as market confidence in and perceptions of the issuers change. These perceptions are based on unpredictable factors, including expectations regarding government, economic, monetary, and fiscal policies, inflation and interest rates, economic expansion or contraction, and global or regional political, economic, or banking crises. The value of the common stocks in the Funds portfolio thus may be expected to fluctuate. Preferred stocks are usually entitled to rights on liquidation which are senior to those of common stocks. For these reasons, preferred stocks generally entail less risk than common stocks. Such securities may pay cumulative dividends. Because the dividend rate and liquidation or redemption value is usually pre-established, such securities tend to have less possibility of capital appreciation.
Foreign Securities
The Fund may invest directly in both sponsored and unsponsored U.S. dollar- or foreign currency-denominated corporate debt securities, certificates of deposit, and bankers acceptances issued by foreign banks, and obligations of foreign governments or their subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities, international agencies and supranational entities. The Fund may invest directly in foreign equity securities and in securities represented by European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) or American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). ADRs are dollar-denominated receipts generally issued by domestic banks, which represent the deposit of a security of a foreign issuer with a bank, and which are publicly traded on exchanges or over-the-counter in the United States. EDRs are receipts similar to ADRs and are issued and traded in Europe.
Investing in the securities of foreign issuers involves special risks and considerations not typically associated with investing in U.S. companies. These risks are intensified with respect to investments in emerging market countries. These include differences in accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, generally higher commission rates on foreign transactions, the possibility of expropriation, nationalization, or confiscatory taxation, adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations, trade restrictions, political instability (which can affect U.S. investments in foreign countries), the impact of economic sanctions, and potential restrictions on the flow of international capital. It may be more difficult to obtain and enforce judgments against foreign entities. If the United States imposes economic sanctions against a foreign government or issuers, the Funds investments in issuers subject to such sanctions may be frozen, prohibiting the Fund from selling or otherwise transacting in these instruments, and the Fund may be prohibited
2
from investing in such issuers. Additionally, income (including dividends and interest) and capital gains from foreign securities may be subject to foreign taxes, including foreign withholding taxes, and other foreign taxes may apply with respect to securities transactions. Transactions on foreign exchanges or over-the-counter markets may involve greater time from the trade date until settlement than for domestic securities transactions and, if the securities are held abroad, may involve the risk of possible losses through the holding of securities in custodians and depositories in foreign countries. Foreign securities often trade with less frequency and volume than domestic securities and therefore may exhibit greater price volatility. Changes in foreign exchange rates will affect the value of those securities which are denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Investing in depositary receipts may involve many of the same special risks associated with investing in securities of foreign issuers. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies comparable to reports and ratings that are published about companies in the United States. Foreign companies are also generally not subject to uniform accounting and auditing and financial reporting standards, practices, and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies.
With respect to certain foreign countries, there is the possibility of adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations, nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, limitations on the removal of funds or other assets of a Fund, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments which could affect United States investments in those countries. Moreover, individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the United States economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, and balance of payments position.
The dividends and interest payable on certain of the Funds foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes, thus reducing the net amount of income available for distribution.
Investment in foreign securities also involves the risk of possible losses through the holding of securities in custodian banks and securities depositories in foreign countries. No assurance can be given that expropriation, nationalization, freezes, or confiscation of assets, which would impact assets of the Fund, will not occur, and shareholders bear the risk of losses arising from these or other events. There are frequently additional expenses associated with maintaining the custody of foreign investments. Expenses of maintaining custody of Fund investments are paid by the Fund. This may lead to higher expenses for funds that have foreign investments.
There are certain risks associated with investments in unsponsored ADR programs. Because the non-U.S. company does not actively participate in the creation of the ADR program, the underlying agreement for service and payment will be between the depository and the shareholder. The company issuing the stock underlying the ADRs pays nothing to establish the unsponsored facility, as fees for ADR issuance and cancellation are paid by brokers. Investors directly bear the expenses associated with certificate transfer, custody, and dividend payment.
In an unsponsored ADR program, there also may be several depositories with no defined legal obligations to the non U.S. company. The duplicate depositories may lead to marketplace confusion because there would be no central source of information to buyers, sellers, and intermediaries. The efficiency of centralization gained in a sponsored program can greatly reduce the delays in delivery of dividends and annual reports.
Emerging Market Securities
The Fund may invest in emerging market securities. Such investments involve special risks. The economies, markets and political structures of a number of the emerging market countries in which the Fund may invest do not compare favorably with the U.S. and other mature economies in terms of wealth and stability. Therefore, investments in these countries may be riskier, and will be subject to erratic and abrupt price movements. Some economies are less well developed and less diverse (for example, Latin America, Eastern Europe and certain Asian countries) and more vulnerable to the ebb and flow of international trade, trade barriers and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Similarly, many of these countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, are grappling with severe inflation or recession, high levels of national debt, currency exchange problems and government instability. Investments in countries that have recently begun moving away from central planning and state-owned industries toward free markets, such as the Eastern European or Chinese economies, should be regarded as speculative.
Certain emerging market countries have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate fluctuations, large amounts of external debt, balance of payments and trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. The issuer or governmental authority that controls the repayment of an emerging market countrys debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A debtors willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, and, in the case of a government debtor, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole and the political constraints to which a government debtor may be subject.
3
Government debtors may default on their debt and may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. Holders of government debt may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to government debtors.
If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign government fixed income securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of commercial bank debt will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign government debt obligations in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements.
The economies of individual emerging market countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Further, the economies of developing countries generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. These economies also have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade.
Investing in emerging market countries may entail purchasing securities issued by or on behalf of entities that are insolvent, bankrupt, in default or otherwise engaged in an attempt to reorganize or reschedule their obligations, and in entities that have little or no proven credit rating or credit history. In any such case, the issuers poor or deteriorating financial condition may increase the likelihood that the investing fund will experience losses or diminution in available gains due to bankruptcy, insolvency or fraud.
Sovereign Debt Securities
Sovereign debt securities include fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by governments, their agencies and instrumentalities, and securities issued by supranational entities such as the World Bank or the European Union. Investment in sovereign debt can involve a high degree of risk, including the risk that the governmental entity that controls the repayment of sovereign debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A governmental entitys willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entitys policy towards international lenders or agencies and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Although some sovereign debt, such as Brady Bonds, is collateralized by U.S. government securities, repayment of principal and interest is not guaranteed by the U.S. government. Governmental entities may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and other entities to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on the implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtors obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve specified levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtors ability or willingness to timely service its debts. Consequently, governmental entities may default on their sovereign debt.
Holders of sovereign debt may be requested to participate in the rescheduling or restructuring of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental entities. Restructuring arrangements have included, among other things, reducing and rescheduling interest and principal payments by negotiation, new or amended credit agreements or converting outstanding principal and unpaid interest to Brady Bonds, and obtaining new credit for finance interest payments. There can be no assurance that foreign sovereign debt securities will not be subject to similar restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit which may have adverse consequences for holders of such debt. Furthermore, certain participants in the secondary market for such debt may be directly involved in negotiating the terms of these arrangements and may therefore have access to information not available to other market participants. In the event of a default by a governmental entity, there may be limited or no effective legal remedies for collecting on such debt. A restructuring or default of sovereign debt may also cause additional impacts to the financial markets, such as downgrades to credit ratings, a flight to quality debt instruments, disruptions in common trading markets or unions, reduced liquidity, increased volatility, and heightened financial sector, foreign securities and currency risk, among others.
Debt securities issued by certain supra-national entities include entities designated or supported by governments to promote economic reconstruction or development, international banking organizations and related government agencies. Examples are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (commonly called the World Bank), the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. A supra-national entitys lending activities may be limited to a percentage of its total capital, reserves and net income. The governmental members of those supra-national entities are stockholders that typically make capital contributions and may be committed to make additional capital contributions if the entity is unable to repay its borrowings. There can be no assurance that the constituent governments will continue to be able or willing to honor their capitalization commitments. The Fund will not invest more than 25% of its assets in the securities of such supra-national entities.
4
Non-convertible Fixed Income Securities
The category of fixed income securities which are not convertible or exchangeable for common stock includes preferred stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, and money market instruments such as commercial paper and bankers acceptances.
Up to 25% of the Funds total assets may be invested in lower quality debt securities, including defaulted securities, although the Fund currently does not expect to invest more than 5% of its assets in such securities. The market values of lower quality (junk) fixed income securities tend to be less sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates than higher quality securities but more sensitive to individual corporate developments than higher quality securities. Such lower quality securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher quality securities. Accordingly, these lower quality securities are considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation and will generally involve more credit risk than securities in the higher quality categories. Even securities rated Baa or BBB by Moodys Investors Service, Inc. (Moodys) and Standard and Poors Ratings Services (S&P), a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., respectively, which ratings are considered investment grade, possess some speculative characteristics, and changes in economic conditions or other circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to make principal and interest payments than is the case with higher grade bonds. See Appendix Description of Ratings. There are risks involved in applying credit ratings as a method of evaluating high yield obligations in that credit ratings evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments, not market value risk. In addition, credit rating agencies may not change credit ratings on a timely basis to reflect changes in economic or company conditions that affect a securitys market value. The Fund will rely on the judgment, analysis, and experience of the Adviser in evaluating the creditworthiness of an issuer. In this evaluation, the Adviser will take into consideration, among other things, the issuers financial resources and ability to cover its interest and fixed charges, factors relating to the issuers industry and its sensitivity to economic conditions and trends, its operating history, the quality of the issuers management, and regulatory matters.
The risk of loss due to default by the issuer is significantly greater for the holders of lower quality securities because such securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other obligations of the issuer. During an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers of lower quality securities may experience financial stress and may not have sufficient revenues to meet their interest payment obligations. An issuers ability to service its debt obligations may also be adversely affected by specific corporate developments, its inability to meet specific projected business forecasts, or the unavailability of additional financing. Factors adversely affecting the market value of high yield and other fixed income securities will adversely affect the Funds net asset value per share (NAV). In addition, the Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent that it is required to seek recovery upon a default in the payment of principal of or interest on its portfolio holdings. At times, adverse publicity regarding lower quality securities has depressed prices for such securities to some extent.
From time to time, proposals have been discussed regarding new legislation designed to limit the use of certain high yield debt securities by issuers in connection with leveraged buy-outs, mergers and acquisitions, or to limit the deductibility of interest payments on such securities. Such proposals, if enacted into law, could reduce the market for such debt securities generally, could negatively affect the financial condition of issuers of high yield securities by removing or reducing a source of future financing, and could negatively affect the value of specific high yield issues and the high yield market in general. For example, under a provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), enacted in 1989, a corporate issuer may be limited from deducting all of the original issue discount on high yield discount obligations, i.e., certain types of debt securities issued at a significant discount to their face amount. The likelihood of passage of any additional legislation or the effect thereof is uncertain.
The secondary trading market for lower quality fixed income securities is generally not as liquid as the secondary market for higher quality securities and is very thin for some securities. The relative lack of an active secondary market may have an adverse impact on market price and the Funds ability to dispose of particular issues when necessary to meet liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The relative lack of an active secondary market for certain securities may also make it more difficult for the Fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing its portfolio. Market quotations are generally available on many high yield issues only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent firm bids of such dealers or prices for actual sales. During such times, the responsibility of the Board of Directors (the Board) to value the securities becomes more difficult and judgment plays a greater role in valuation because there is less reliable, objective data available.
Convertible Securities
Convertible securities are preferred stocks or debt obligations that are convertible at a stated exchange rate or formula into common stock or other equity securities. Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible securities of similar quality. Convertible securities rank senior to common stocks in an issuer capital structure and consequently may be of higher quality and entail less risk than the issuers common stock. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest that is generally paid or accrued until the convertible security matures, or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities have both equity and fixed-income risk characteristics. Like all fixed-income securities, the value of convertible securities is susceptible to the risk of market losses attributable to changes in interest rates. Generally, the market value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. However, when the market price of the common stock underlying a convertible security approaches or exceeds the conversion price of the convertible security, the convertible security tends to reflect the market price of the underlying common stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the convertible
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security, like a fixed-income security, tends to trade increasingly on a yield basis, and thus, may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. The markets for convertible securities may be less liquid than markets for common stocks or bonds. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
The Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in convertible securities rated, at the time of investment, less than BBB by S&P, Baa by Moodys, or unrated but of equivalent credit quality in the judgment of the portfolio manager, although the Fund currently does not expect to invest in excess of 5% of its assets in such securities.
Some of the convertible securities in the Funds portfolio may be Pay-in-Kind securities. During a designated period from original issuance, the issuer of such a security may pay dividends or interest to the holder by issuing additional fully paid and nonassessable shares or units of the same or another specified security. While no securities investment is completely without risk, investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than common stock, although the extent to which such risk is reduced depends in large measure upon the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security.
Corporate Reorganizations
In general, securities of companies that have announced reorganization transactions sell at a premium to their historic market price immediately prior to the announcement of the tender offer or reorganization proposal. However, the increased market price of such securities may reflect a discount to what the stated or appraised value of the security would be if the contemplated transaction is approved and consummated. Such investments may be particularly advantageous when the discount significantly overstates the risk of the contingencies involved; significantly undervalues the securities, assets, or cash to be received by shareholders of the prospective acquiring portfolio company as a result of the contemplated transaction; or fails adequately to recognize the possibility that the offer or proposal may be replaced or superseded by an offer or proposal of greater value. The evaluation of such contingencies requires unusually broad knowledge and experience on the part of the Adviser which must appraise not only the value of the issuer and its component businesses as well as the assets or securities to be received as a result of the contemplated transaction, but also the financial resources and business motivation of the offeror as well as the dynamics of the business climate when the offer or proposal is in progress.
The Funds investments in a single corporate reorganization transaction may be limited by its fundamental policies regarding diversification among issuers and industry concentration (see below, Investment Restrictions). Because such investments are ordinarily short term in nature, they may increase the Funds portfolio turnover ratio, thereby increasing its brokerage and other transaction expenses. The Funds portfolio manager intends to select investments of the type described which, in its view, have a reasonable prospect of significant capital appreciation in relation to both the risks involved and the potential of available alternate investments.
Options
The Fund may purchase or sell options on individual securities as well as on indices of securities as a means of achieving additional return or for hedging the value of its portfolio.
A call option is a contract that gives the holder of the option the right, in return for a premium paid, to buy from the seller the security underlying the option at a specified exercise price at any time during the term of the option or, in some cases, only at the end of the term of the option. The seller of the call option has the obligation upon exercise of the option to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price. A put option is a contract that gives the holder of the option the right in return for a premium to sell to the seller the underlying security at a specified price. The seller of the put option, on the other hand, has the obligation to buy the underlying security upon exercise at the exercise price. The Funds transactions in options may be subject to specific segregation requirements. See Hedging Transactions.
If the Fund has sold an option, it may terminate its obligation by effecting a closing purchase transaction. This is accomplished by purchasing an option of the same series as the option previously sold. There can be no assurance that a closing purchase transaction can be effected when the Fund so desires.
The purchaser of an option risks a total loss of the premium paid for the option if the price of the underlying security does not increase or decrease sufficiently to justify exercise. The seller of an option, on the other hand, will recognize the premium as income if the option expires unrecognized but forgoes any capital appreciation in excess of the exercise price in the case of a call option, and may be required to pay a price in excess of current market
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value in the case of a put option. Options purchased and sold other than on an exchange in private transactions also impose on the Fund the credit risk that the counterparty will fail to honor its obligations. The Fund will not purchase options if, as a result, the aggregate cost of all outstanding options exceeds 5% of the Funds assets.
Warrants and Rights
The Fund may invest up to 5% of its total assets in warrants or rights (other than those acquired in units or attached to other securities) which entitle the holder to buy equity securities at a specific price for or at the end of a specific period of time. The Fund will do so only if the underlying equity securities are deemed appropriate by the Adviser for inclusion in the Funds portfolio.
Investing in rights and warrants can provide a greater potential for profit or loss than an equivalent investment in the underlying security, and, thus, can be a speculative investment. The value of a right or warrant may decline because of a decline in the value of the underlying security, the passage of time, changes in interest rates or in the dividend, or other policies of the company whose equity underlies the warrant or a change in the perception as to the future price of the underlying security, or any combination thereof. Rights and warrants generally pay no dividends and confer no voting or other rights other than to purchase the underlying security.
Investments in Investment Company Securities
The Fund may invest in investment company securities. Investment company securities are securities of other open-end or closed-end investment companies. Except for so-called fund-of-funds, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act) generally prohibits a fund from acquiring more than 3% of the outstanding voting shares of an investment company and limits such investments to no more than 5% of the Funds total assets in any one investment company and no more than 10% in any combination of investment companies. The 1940 Act further prohibits a fund from acquiring in the aggregate more than 10% of the outstanding voting shares of any registered closed-end investment company. Investing in other investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but the total return on such investments at the investment company level may be reduced by the operating expenses and fees of such other investment companies, including advisory fees.
Exchange Traded Funds. Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are a type of investment company security bought and sold on a securities exchange. An ETF generally represents a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market index. The Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. or a foreign market while awaiting purchase of underlying securities. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities they are designed to track, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile, and ETFs have management fees which increase their costs.
When Issued, Delayed Delivery Securities, and Forward Commitments
The Fund may enter into forward commitments for the purchase or sale of securities, including on a when issued or delayed delivery basis. In such transactions, instruments are bought with payment and delivery taking place in the future in order to secure what is considered to be an advantageous yield or price at the time of the transaction. In some cases, a forward commitment may be conditioned upon the occurrence of a subsequent event, such as approval and consummation of a merger, corporate reorganization, or debt restructuring, i.e., a when, as, and if issued security. When such transactions are negotiated, the price is fixed at the time of the commitment, with payment and delivery taking place in the future, generally a month or more after the date of the commitment. While the Fund will only enter into a forward commitment with the intention of actually acquiring the security, the Fund may sell the security before the settlement date if it is deemed advisable.
Securities purchased under a forward commitment are subject to market fluctuation, and no interest (or dividend) accrues to the Fund prior to the settlement date. The Fund will earmark on the Advisers records or place in a segregated account with its custodian, cash or liquid securities in an aggregate amount at least equal to the amount of its outstanding forward commitments on a daily basis. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed delivery, or forward commitment transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the trade. Failure of the other party to do so may result in the Fund incurring a loss or missing an opportunity to obtain a price considered to be advantageous.
Short Sales
The Fund may from time to time make short sales of securities, including short sales against the box. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. A short sale against the box occurs when contemporaneously the Fund owns, or has the right to obtain at no additional cost, securities identical to those being sold short. The Fund expects to make short sales both to obtain capital gains from anticipated declines in securities and as a form of hedging to offset potential declines in long positions in the same or similar securities. The short sale of a security is considered a speculative investment technique. Short sales against the box may be subject to special tax rules, one of the effects of which may be to accelerate income to the Fund.
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When the Fund makes a short sale, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale in order to satisfy its obligation to deliver the security upon conclusion of the sale. In connection with such short sales, the Fund may pay a fee to borrow securities or maintain an arrangement with a broker to borrow securities, and is often obligated to pay over any accrued interest and dividends on such borrowed securities. In a short sale, the Fund does not immediately deliver the securities sold or receive the proceeds from the sale. The Fund closes out a short position by purchasing and delivering an equal amount of the securities sold short.
To the extent that the Fund engages in short sales, it will provide collateral to the broker-dealer and (except in the case of short sales against the box) will maintain additional asset coverage in the form of segregated or earmarked assets on the records of the Adviser or with the Funds Custodian, consisting of cash, U.S. government securities or other liquid securities that are equal to the current market value of the securities sold short, or (in the case of short sales against the box) will ensure that such positions are covered by offsetting positions, until the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment over of any payments received by the Fund on such security, the Fund may not receive any payments (including interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. Although the Funds gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is theoretically unlimited. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the security sold short and the securities being hedged.
The market value of the securities sold short of any one issuer will not exceed either 5% of the Funds total assets or 5% of such issuers voting securities. The Fund will not make a short sale, if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold short exceeds 5% of the value of its assets or the Funds aggregate short sales of a particular class of securities exceeds 5% of the outstanding securities of that class. The Fund may also make short sales against the box without respect to such limitations.
Restricted and Illiquid Securities
The Fund may invest up to a total of 15% of its net assets in securities the markets for which are illiquid, including repurchase agreements with more than seven days to maturity. Within this 15% limitation, the Fund may invest up to 5% of its net assets in the securities of unseasoned issuers. Illiquid investment is any investment that may not reasonably be expected to be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Illiquid securities include securities the disposition of which is subject to substantial legal or contractual restrictions. The sale of illiquid securities often requires more time and results in higher brokerage charges or dealer discounts and other selling expenses than does the sale of securities eligible for trading on national securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter markets. Restricted securities may sell at a price lower than similar securities that are not subject to restrictions on resale. Unseasoned issuers are companies (including predecessors) that have operated for less than three years. The continued liquidity of such securities is not as well assured as that of publicly traded securities, and accordingly the Board will monitor their liquidity. The Board will review pertinent factors such as trading activity, reliability of price information and trading patterns of comparable securities in determining whether to treat any such security as liquid for purposes of the foregoing 15% test. To the extent the Board treats such securities as liquid, temporary impairments to trading patterns of such securities may adversely affect the Funds liquidity.
To the extent it can do so consistent with the foregoing limitations, the Fund may invest in non-publicly traded securities, including securities that are not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the 1933 Act) but that can be offered and sold to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A under that Act. The Board has adopted guidelines and delegated to the Adviser, subject to the supervision of the Board, the daily function of determining and monitoring the liquidity of Rule 144A securities. Rule 144A securities may become illiquid if qualified institutional buyers are not interested in acquiring the securities.
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with banks and non-bank dealers of U.S. government securities which are listed as reporting dealers of the Federal Reserve Bank and which furnish collateral at least equal in value or market price to the amount of their repurchase obligation. In a repurchase agreement, the Fund purchases a debt security from a seller which undertakes to repurchase the security at a specified resale price on an agreed future date. The resale price generally exceeds the purchase price by an amount which reflects an agreed-upon market interest rate for the term of the repurchase agreement.
The Funds primary risk is that if the seller defaults, the proceeds from the disposition of underlying securities and other collateral for the sellers obligation would be less than the repurchase price. If the seller becomes bankrupt, the Fund might be delayed in selling the collateral. Under the 1940 Act, repurchase agreements are considered loans. Repurchase agreements usually are for short periods, such as one week or less, but could be longer.
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The Fund will not enter into repurchase agreements of a duration of more than seven days if, taken together with restricted securities and other securities for which there are no readily available quotations, more than 15% of its net assets would be so invested.
Lending Portfolio Securities
To a limited extent, the Fund may lend its portfolio securities to brokers, dealers, and other financial institutions, provided it receives cash collateral which at all times is maintained in an amount equal to at least 102% and 105%, respectively, of the current market value of domestic and international securities loaned. By lending its portfolio securities, the Fund can increase its income through the investment of the cash collateral. For the purposes of this policy, the Fund considers collateral consisting of U.S. government or agency securities or irrevocable letters of credit issued by banks whose securities meet the standards for investment by the Fund to be the equivalent of cash. Such loans may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Funds total assets. From time to time, the Fund may return to the borrower and/or a third party which is unaffiliated with the Fund, and which is acting as a placing broker, a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral received for securities loaned.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) currently requires that the following conditions must be met whenever the Funds portfolio securities are loaned: (1) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral from the borrower; (2) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (3) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan at any time; (4) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities, and any increase in market value; (5) the Fund may pay only reasonable custodian fees approved by the Funds Board of Directors (Board) in connection with the loan; (6) while voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the Board must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, and (7) the Fund may not loan its portfolio securities so that the value of the loaned securities is more than one third of its total asset value, including collateral received from such loans. These conditions may be subject to future modification.
Such loans will be terminable at any time upon specified notice. The Fund might experience the risk of loss if the institution with which it has engaged in a portfolio loan transaction breaches its agreement with the Fund.
Borrowing
The Fund may not borrow money except for (1) short term credits from banks as may be necessary for the clearance of portfolio transactions, and (2) borrowings from banks for temporary or emergency purposes, including the meeting of redemption requests, that would otherwise require the untimely disposition of its portfolio securities. Borrowing may not, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of the Funds total assets after giving effect to the borrowing, and borrowing for purposes other than meeting redemptions may not exceed 5% of the Funds assets after giving effect to the borrowing. The Fund will not make additional investments when borrowings exceed 5% of assets. The Fund may mortgage, pledge, or hypothecate assets to secure such borrowings.
Hedging Transactions
Futures and Forward Contracts. The Fund may enter into futures and forward contracts only for certain bona fide hedging and risk management purposes. The Fund may enter into futures and forward contracts for the purchase or sale of debt securities, debt instruments, or indices of prices thereof, stock index futures, other financial indices, and U.S. Government Securities.
A sale of a futures contract (or a short futures position) means the assumption of a contractual obligation to deliver the securities underlying the contract at a specified price at a specified future time. A purchase of a futures contract (or a long futures position) means the assumption of a contractual obligation to acquire the securities underlying the contract at a specified price at a specified future time.
Certain futures contracts are settled on a net cash payment basis rather than by the sale and delivery of the securities underlying the futures contracts. U.S. futures contracts have been designed by exchanges that have been designated as contract markets by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), an agency of the U.S. Government, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant i.e., a brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant contract market. Futures contracts trade on these contract markets and the exchanges affiliated clearing organization guarantees performance of the contracts between the clearing members of the exchange.
The Fund, however, continues to have policies with respect to futures and options thereon as set forth above. The current view of the staff of the SEC is that a Funds long and short positions in futures contracts, as well as put and call options on futures written by it, must be collateralized with cash or other liquid securities and segregated with the Funds custodian or a designated sub-custodian or covered in a manner similar to that for covered options on securities and designed to eliminate any potential leveraging (See Asset Coverage for Forward Contracts, Options, Futures, and Options on Futures below).
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These contracts entail certain risks, including but not limited to the following: no assurance that futures contracts transactions can be offset at favorable prices, possible reduction of the Funds return due to the use of hedging, possible reduction in value of both the securities hedged and the hedging instrument, possible lack of liquidity due to daily limits on price fluctuation, imperfect correlation between the contracts and the securities being hedged, and potential losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contracts themselves.
Limitations on the Purchase and Sale of Futures Contracts, Certain Options and Swaps
Subject to the guidelines of the Board, the Fund may engage in commodity interest transactions (generally, transactions in futures, certain options, certain currency transactions, and certain types of swaps) only for bona fide hedging or other permissible transactions in accordance with the rules and regulations of the CFTC. Pursuant to Rule 4.5 under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), the Adviser has filed a notice of exemption from registration as a commodity pool operator with respect to the Fund. The Fund and the Adviser are therefore not subject to registration or regulation as a commodity pool operator under the CEA and pursuant to Rule 4.5 under the CEA, certain trading restrictions are applicable to the Fund. These trading restrictions permit the Fund to engage in commodity interest transactions that include (i) bona fide hedging transactions, as that term is defined and interpreted by the CFTC and its staff, without regard to the percentage of the Funds assets committed to margin and options premiums and (ii) non-bona fide hedging transactions, provided that the Fund does not enter into such non-bona fide hedging transactions if, immediately thereafter, either (a) the sum of the amount of initial margin deposits on the Funds existing futures or swaps positions and option or swaption premiums would exceed 5% of the market value of the Funds liquidating value, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such transactions, or (b) the aggregate net notional value of the Funds commodity interest transactions would exceed 100% of the market value of the Funds liquidating value, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such transactions. Therefore, in order to claim the Rule 4.5 exemption, the Fund is limited in its ability to invest in commodity futures, options and certain types of swaps (including securities futures, broad-based stock index futures and financial futures contracts). As a result, in the future, the Fund will be more limited in its ability to use these instruments than in the past and these limitations may have a negative impact on the ability of the Adviser to manage the Fund, and on the Funds performance.
Asset Coverage for Forward Contracts, Options, Futures, and Options on Futures
The Fund will comply with guidelines established by the SEC with respect to coverage of forward currency contracts; options written by the Fund on currencies, securities and indexes; and currency, interest rate, and index futures contracts and options on these futures contracts. These guidelines may, in certain instances, require segregation by the Fund of cash or liquid securities with its custodian or on the accounting records of the Fund or a designated sub-custodian or earmarked on the records of the Adviser to the extent the Funds obligations with respect to these strategies are not otherwise covered through ownership of the underlying security, financial instrument or currency or by other portfolio positions or by other means consistent with applicable regulatory policies. Segregated assets cannot be sold or transferred unless equivalent assets are substituted in their place or it is no longer necessary to segregate them. As a result, there is a possibility that segregation of a large percentage of the Funds assets could impede portfolio management or the Funds ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations. For example, a call option written by the Fund on securities may require the Fund to hold the securities subject to the call (or securities convertible into the securities without additional consideration) or to segregate assets (as described above) sufficient to purchase and deliver the securities if the call is exercised. A call option written by the Fund on an index may require the Fund to own portfolio securities that correlate with the index or to segregate assets (as described above) equal to the excess of the index value over the exercise price on a current basis. A put option written by the Fund may require the Fund to segregate assets (as described above) equal to the exercise price. The Fund could purchase a put option if the strike price of that option is the same or higher than the strike price of a put option sold by the Fund. If the Fund holds a futures or forward contract, the Fund could purchase a put option on the same futures or forward contract with a strike price as high or higher than the price of the contract held. The Fund may enter into fully or partially offsetting transactions so that its net position, coupled with any segregated assets (equal to any remaining obligation), equals its net obligation. Asset coverage may be achieved by other means when consistent with applicable regulatory policies.
Currency Transactions
The Fund may enter into various currency transactions, including forward foreign currency contracts, currency swaps, foreign currency or currency index futures contracts, and put and call options on such contracts or on currencies. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency for a set price at a future date. A currency swap is an arrangement whereby each party exchanges one currency for another on a particular day and agrees to reverse the exchange on a later date at a specific exchange rate. Forward foreign currency contracts and currency swaps are established in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks or other financial institutions) on behalf of their customers. Certain types of forward foreign currency contracts are now regulated as swaps by the CFTC and, although they may still be established in the interbank market by currency traders on behalf of their customers, such instruments must be executed in accordance with applicable federal regulations. The regulation of such forward foreign currency contracts as swaps is a recent development and there can be no assurance that the additional regulation of these types of derivatives will not have an adverse effect on a fund that utilizes these instruments. The Fund
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expects to enter into these currency contracts and swaps in primarily the following circumstances: to lock in the U.S. dollar equivalent price of a security the Fund is contemplating to buy or sell that is denominated in a non-U.S. currency; or to protect against a decline against the U.S. dollar of the currency of a particular country to which the Funds portfolio has exposure. The Fund anticipates seeking to achieve the same economic result by utilizing from time to time for such hedging a currency different from the one of the given portfolio security as long as, in the view of the Adviser, such currency is essentially correlated to the currency of the relevant portfolio security based on historic and expected exchange rate patterns.
The Adviser may choose to use such instruments on behalf of the Fund depending upon market conditions prevailing and the perceived investment needs of the Fund. The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As a result, the swap market has become relatively broad and deep as compared to the markets for similar instruments which are established in the interbank market. In accordance with the current position of the staff of the SEC, the Fund will treat swap transactions as illiquid for purposes of the Funds policy regarding illiquid securities. Futures contracts, interest rate swaps, and options on securities, indices and futures contracts and certain currency contracts sold by the Fund are generally subject to segregation and coverage requirements with the result that, if the Fund does not hold the security or futures contract underlying the instrument, the Fund will be required to segregate on an ongoing basis with its custodian, cash, U.S. government securities, or other liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the Funds obligations with respect to such instruments. Such amounts fluctuate as the obligations increase or decrease in value. The segregation requirement can result in the Fund maintaining securities positions it would otherwise liquidate or segregating assets at a time when it might be disadvantageous to do so.
The Fund expects that its investments in these currency transactions and the futures and forward contracts described above will be less than 5% of its net assets.
Regulation of Certain Options, Currency Transactions, and Other Derivative Transactions as Swaps or Security-Based Swaps
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, the Derivatives Title, includes provisions that comprehensively regulate the over-the-counter (i.e., not exchange-traded) derivatives markets for the first time. This regulation requires that certain of the options, currency transactions and other derivative transactions entered into by the Fund are regulated as swaps by the CFTC or regulated as security-based swaps by the SEC (collectively, swaps).
The SEC, other U.S. regulators, and to a lesser extent the CFTC (the Regulators) still are in the process of adopting regulations to implement the Derivatives Title, though certain aspects of the new regulatory structure are substantially complete. Until the Regulators complete their rulemaking efforts, the full extent to which the Derivatives Title and the rules adopted thereunder will impact the Fund is unclear. It is possible that the continued development of this new regulatory structure for swaps may jeopardize certain trades and/or trading strategies that may be employed by the Adviser, or at least make them more costly.
Current regulations require the mandatory central clearing and mandatory exchange trading of particular types of interest rate swaps and index credit default swaps (together, Covered Swaps). Together, these regulatory requirements change the Funds trading of Covered Swaps. With respect to mandatory central clearing, the Fund is now required to clear its Covered Swaps through a clearing broker, which requires, among other things, posting initial margin and variation margin to the Funds clearing broker in order to enter into and maintain positions in Covered Swaps. With respect to mandatory exchange trading, the Adviser may be required to become a participant of a new type of execution platform called a swap execution facility (SEF) or may be required to access the SEF through an intermediary (such as an executing broker) in order to be able to trade Covered Swaps for the Fund. In either scenario, the Adviser and/or the Fund may incur additional legal and compliance costs and transaction fees. Just as with the other regulatory changes imposed as a result of the implementation of the Derivatives Title, the increased costs and fees associated with trading Covered Swaps may jeopardize certain trades and/or trading strategies that may be employed by the Adviser, or at least make them more costly.
Additionally, the Regulators have finalized regulations with a phased implementation that may require swap dealers to collect from the Funds initial margin and variation margin for uncleared derivatives transactions in certain circumstances. The Regulators also plan to finalize proposed regulations that would impose upon swap dealers certain new capital requirements. These requirements, when finalized and implemented, may make certain types of trades and/or trading strategies more costly or impermissible. The Derivatives Title also requires swap dealers and major swap participants to register with the SEC and/or the CFTC, as appropriate. Swap dealers and major swap participants are subject to a panoply of new regulations, including among others, capital and margin requirements and business conduct standards. Additionally, it is expected that swap dealers will transfer at least some of their compliance costs to counterparties in the form of higher fees or less favorable marks on swap transactions. This means that the Fund could face increased transaction costs when entering into swaps with a swap dealer.
These requirements of the Derivatives Title may also increase the cost of certain hedging and other derivatives transactions. Until the Regulators complete the rulemaking process for the Derivatives Title, it is unknown the extent to which such risks may materialize. There can be no assurance that these developments will not adversely affect the business and investment activities of the Adviser and the Fund.
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Economic Events and Market Risk
Periods of market volatility remain, and may continue to occur in the future, in response to various political, social and economic events both within and outside of the United States. These conditions have resulted in, and in many cases continue to result in, greater price volatility, less liquidity, widening credit spreads and a lack of price transparency, with many securities remaining illiquid and of uncertain value. Such market conditions may adversely affect the Fund, including by making valuation of some of the Funds securities uncertain and/or result in sudden and significant valuation increases or declines in the Funds holdings.
Risks resulting from any future debt or other economic crisis could also have a detrimental impact on the global economy, the financial condition of financial institutions and our business, financial condition, and results of operation. Market and economic disruptions have affected, and may in the future affect, consumer confidence levels and spending, personal bankruptcy rates, levels of incurrence and default on consumer debt and home prices, among other factors. To the extent uncertainty regarding the U.S. or global economy negatively impacts consumer confidence and consumer credit factors, the Funds business, financial condition, and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected. Downgrades to the credit ratings of major banks could result in increased borrowing costs for such banks and negatively affect the broader economy. Moreover, Federal Reserve policy, including with respect to certain interest rates and the decision to end its quantitative easing policy, may also adversely affect the value, volatility and liquidity of dividend- and interest-paying securities. Market volatility, tariffs, rising interest rates, and/or a return to unfavorable economic conditions could impair the Funds ability to achieve its investment objective.
Portfolio Turnover
The investment policies of the Fund may lead to frequent changes in investments, particularly in periods of rapidly fluctuating interest or currency exchange rates. The portfolio turnover may be higher than that of other investment companies. While it is impossible to predict with certainty the portfolio turnover, the Adviser expects that the annual turnover rate of the Fund will not exceed 75%. Portfolio turnover generally involves some expense to the Fund, including brokerage commissions or dealer mark-ups and other transaction costs on the sale of securities and reinvestment in other securities. The portfolio turnover rate is computed by dividing the lesser of the amount of the securities purchased or securities sold by the average monthly value of securities owned during the year (excluding securities whose maturities at acquisition were one year or less). Portfolio turnover may vary from year to year, as well as within a year. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates were 4% and 5%, respectively.
Government Intervention in Financial Markets
Global economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, which increases the possibility that conditions in one country or region may adversely affect companies in a different country or region. In the past, instability in the financial markets has led governments and regulators around the world to take a number of unprecedented actions designed to support certain financial institutions and segments of the financial markets that have experienced extreme volatility, and in some cases a lack of liquidity. Governments, their regulatory agencies, or self-regulatory organizations may take actions that affect the regulation of the instruments in which the Fund invests, or the issuers of such instruments, in ways that are unforeseeable. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which the Fund itself is regulated. Such legislation or regulation could limit or preclude the Funds ability to achieve its investment objective.
Governments or their agencies may also acquire distressed assets from financial institutions and acquire ownership interests in those institutions. The implications of government ownership and disposition of these assets are unclear, and such a program may have positive or negative effects on the liquidity, valuation and performance of the Funds portfolio holdings. Furthermore, volatile financial markets can expose the Fund to greater market and liquidity risk and potential difficulty in valuing portfolio instruments held by the Fund.
The SEC and its staff are reportedly engaged in various initiatives and reviews that seek to improve and modernize the regulatory structure governing investment companies. These efforts appear to be focused on risk identification and controls in various areas, including imbedded leverage through the use of derivatives and other trading practices, cybersecurity, liquidity, enhanced regulatory and public reporting requirements and the evaluation of systemic risks. Any new rules, guidance or regulatory initiatives resulting from these efforts could increase the Funds expenses and impact its returns to shareholders or, in the extreme case, impact or limit its use of various portfolio management strategies or techniques and adversely impact the Fund.
In particular, in October 2016, the SEC adopted a new liquidity risk management rule requiring open-end funds, such as the Fund to establish a liquidity risk management program and enhance disclosures regarding fund liquidity. Certain aspects of the rule went into effect on December 1, 2018, while implementation of other aspects of the rule has been delayed until June 1, 2019. Additionally, the SEC adopted new monthly portfolio holdings reporting requirements that would be applicable to the Fund. The Fund will currently be required to begin reporting this information to the SEC no later than April 30, 2019. The effect these new rules will have on the Fund is not yet known, but may impact the Funds performance and ability to achieve its investment objective.
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The Trump administration has called for substantial changes to U.S. fiscal and tax policies, including comprehensive corporate and individual tax reform. In addition, the Trump administration has called for significant changes to U.S. trade, healthcare, immigration, foreign, and government regulatory policy. In this regard, there is significant uncertainty with respect to legislation, continued operation of the U.S. government, regulation and government policy at the federal level, as well as the state and local levels. Recent events have created a climate of heightened uncertainty and introduced new and difficult-to-quantify macroeconomic and political risks with potentially far-reaching implications. There has been a corresponding meaningful increase in the uncertainty surrounding interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, trade volumes and fiscal and monetary policy. To the extent the U.S. Congress or Trump administration implements changes to U.S. policy, those changes may impact, among other things, the U.S. and global economy, international trade and relations, unemployment, immigration, corporate taxes, healthcare, the U.S. regulatory environment, inflation and other areas. Some particular areas identified as subject to potential change, amendment or repeal include the Dodd-Frank Act, including the Volcker Rule and various swaps and derivatives regulations, credit risk retention requirements and the authorities of the Federal Reserve, the Financial Stability Oversight Council and the SEC. Although it is impossible to predict the impact, if any, of these changes to the Funds business, they may adversely affect the Funds business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
In addition, the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) makes substantial changes to the Code. Among those changes are a significant permanent reduction in the generally applicable corporate tax rate, changes in the taxation of individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers that generally but not universally reduce their taxes on a temporary basis subject to sunset provisions, the elimination or modification of various previously allowed deductions (including substantial limitations on the deductibility of interest and, in the case of individuals, the deduction for personal state and local taxes), certain additional limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, certain preferential rates of taxation on certain dividends and certain business income derived by non-corporate taxpayers in comparison to other ordinary income recognized by such taxpayers, and significant changes to the international tax rules. The effect of these, and the many other changes made in the Act is highly uncertain, both in terms of their direct effect on the taxation of an investment in the Funds shares and their indirect effect on the value of its assets, Funds shares or market conditions generally. Furthermore, many of the provisions of the Act will require guidance through the issuance of Treasury regulations in order to assess their effect. There may be a substantial delay before such regulations are promulgated, increasing the uncertainty as to the ultimate effect of the statutory amendments on the Fund. It is also likely that there will be technical corrections legislation proposed with respect to the Act, the effect of which cannot be predicted and may be adverse to the Fund or Fund shareholders.
Special Risks Related to Cyber Security
The Fund and its service providers are susceptible to cyber security risks that include, among other things, theft, unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential and highly restricted data; denial of service attacks; unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Funds operations; or operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers. Cyber attacks against or security breakdowns of the Fund or its service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses; the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business and the Fund to process transactions; inability to calculate the Funds NAV; violations of applicable privacy and other laws; regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement, or other compensation costs; and/or additional compliance costs. The Fund may incur additional costs for cyber security risk management and remediation purposes. In addition, cyber security risks may also impact issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, which may cause the Funds investment in such issuers to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund or its service providers will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
The Funds investment objective and the following investment restrictions are fundamental and cannot be changed without the approval of a majority of the Funds outstanding voting securities as defined in the 1940 Act as the lesser of (1) 67% of the Funds voting securities present at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities are represented in person or by proxy, or (2) more than 50% of the Funds outstanding voting securities. All other investment policies or practices are considered not to be fundamental and accordingly may be changed without shareholder approval. If a percentage restriction on investment or use of assets set forth below is adhered to at the time a transaction is effected, later changes in percentage holdings resulting from changing market values or total assets of the Fund will not be considered a deviation from policy. Under such restrictions, the Fund may not:
| 1. | Invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in any particular industry (this restriction does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities); |
| 2. | Issue senior securities, except that the Fund may borrow money from a bank, including on margin if margin securities are owned, in an amount up to 331⁄3% of its total assets (including the amount of such enumerated senior securities issued but excluding any liabilities and indebtedness |
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| not constituting senior securities) and except that the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes; or pledge its assets other than to secure such issuances or in connection with hedging transactions, short sales, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, and similar investment strategies; |
| 3. | Make loans of money or property to any person, except through loans of portfolio securities, the purchase of fixed income securities, or the acquisition of securities subject to repurchase agreements; |
| 4. | Underwrite the securities of other issuers, except to the extent that in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities or the sale of its own shares the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter; |
| 5. | Invest for the purpose of exercising control over management of any company; |
| 6. | Purchase real estate or interests therein including limited partnerships that invest primarily in real estate equity interests, other than publicly traded real estate investment trusts and publicly traded master limited partnership interests; or |
| 7. | Purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts except for certain bona fide hedging, yield enhancement, and risk management purposes or invest in any oil, gas, or mineral leases. |
In addition, as a diversified investment company, the Fund is subject to the following limitations as to 75% of its total assets: (a) the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one issuer, except obligations of the U.S. Government and its agencies and instrumentalities, and (b) the Fund may not own more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer.
PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS INFORMATION
Employees of the Adviser and its affiliates will often have access to information concerning the portfolio holdings of the Fund. The Fund and the Adviser have adopted policies and procedures that require all employees to safeguard proprietary information of the Fund, which includes information relating to the Funds portfolio holdings as well as portfolio trading activity of the Adviser with respect to the Fund (collectively, Portfolio Holdings Information). In addition, the Fund and the Adviser have adopted policies and procedures providing that Portfolio Holdings Information may not be disclosed except to the extent that it is (a) made available to the general public by posting on the Funds website or filed as a part of a required filing on Form N-PORT or N-CSR or (b) provided to a third party for legitimate business purposes or regulatory purposes, which has agreed to keep such information confidential under terms approved by the Advisers legal department or outside counsel, as described below. The Adviser will examine each situation under (b) with a view to determine that release of the information is in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders and, if a potential conflict between the Advisers interests and the Funds interests arises, to have such conflict resolved by the Chief Compliance Officer or those Directors who are not considered to be interested persons, as defined in the 1940 Act (the Independent Directors). These policies further provide that no officer of the Fund or employee of the Adviser shall communicate with the media about the Fund without obtaining the advance consent of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, or General Counsel of the Adviser.
Under the foregoing policies, the Fund may disclose Portfolio Holdings Information in the circumstances outlined below. Disclosure generally may be either on a monthly or quarterly basis with no time lag in some cases and with a time lag of up to sixty days in other cases (with the exception of proxy voting services which require a regular download of data):
| 1. | To regulatory authorities in response to requests for such information and with the approval of the Chief Compliance Officer of the Fund; |
| 2. | To mutual fund rating and statistical agencies and to persons performing similar functions where there is a legitimate business purpose for such disclosure and such entity has agreed to keep such data confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser; |
| 3. | To service providers of the Fund, as necessary for the performance of their services to the Fund and to the Board, where such entity has agreed to keep such data confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser. The Funds current service providers that may receive such information are its administrator, sub-administrator, custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel, and financial printers; |
| 4. | To firms providing proxy voting or other proxy services provided such entity has agreed to keep such data confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser; |
| 5. | To certain brokers, dealers, investment advisers, and other financial intermediaries for purposes of their performing due diligence on the Fund and not for dissemination of this information to their clients or use of this information to conduct trading for their clients. Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings Information in these circumstances requires the broker, dealer, investment adviser, or financial intermediary to agree to keep such information confidential until at least it has been made public by the Adviser and is further subject to prior approval of the Chief Compliance Officer of the Fund and shall be reported to the Board at the next quarterly meeting; and |
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| 6. | To consultants for purposes of performing analysis of the Fund, which analysis may be used by the consultant with its clients or disseminated to the public, provided that such entity shall have agreed to keep such information confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser. |
As of the date of this SAI, the Fund makes information about its portfolio securities available to its administrator, sub-administrator, custodian, and proxy voting services on a daily basis, with no time lag, to its typesetter on a semiannual basis with a ten day time lag, to its financial printers on a quarterly basis with a forty five day time lag, and to its independent registered public accounting firm and legal counsel on an as needed basis with no time lag. The names of the Funds administrator, custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, and legal counsel are set forth is this SAI. The Funds proxy voting service is Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc., Donnelley Financial Solutions, and Appatura provide typesetting services for the Fund, and the Fund selects from a number of financial printers who have agreed to keep such information confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser.
Other than these arrangements with the Funds service providers and proxy voting service, the Fund has no ongoing arrangements to make available information about the Funds portfolio securities prior to such information being disclosed in a publicly available filing with the SEC that is required to include the information.
Disclosures made pursuant to a confidentiality agreement are subject to periodic confirmation by the Chief Compliance Officer of the Fund that the recipient has utilized such information solely in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Neither the Fund, nor the Adviser, nor any of the Advisers affiliates will accept on behalf of itself, its affiliates, or the Fund any compensation or other consideration in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings of the Fund. The Board will review such arrangements annually with the Funds Chief Compliance Officer.
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Under Maryland law, the Funds Board is responsible for establishing the Funds policies and for overseeing the management of the Fund. The Board also elects the Funds officers who conduct the daily business of the Fund. Information pertaining to the Directors and Officers of the Fund is set forth below:
| Name, Position(s), Address(1) And Age |
Term of |
Number of |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years |
Other Directorships | ||||
| INTERESTED DIRECTOR(4): | ||||||||
| Mario J. Gabelli Chairman Age: 76 |
Since 1994 | 33 | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Investment Officer Value Portfolios of GAMCO Investors, Inc. and Chief Investment Officer Value Portfolios of Gabelli Funds, LLC and GAMCO Asset Management Inc.; Director/Trustee or Chief Investment Officer of other registered investment companies within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex; Chief Executive Officer of GGCP, Inc.; Executive Chairman of Associated Capital Group, Inc. | Director of Morgan Group Holdings, Inc. (holding company); Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of LICT Corp. (multimedia and communication services company); Director of CIBL, Inc. (broadcasting and wireless communications); Director of ICTC Group Inc. (communications) | ||||
|
INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS(5): |
||||||||
| Anthony J. Colavita(6) Director Age: 83 |
Since 1994 | 20 | President of the law firm of Anthony J. Colavita, P.C. | | ||||
| Werner J. Roeder Director Age: 78 |
Since 1994 | 22 | Retired physician; Former Vice President of Medical Affairs (Medical Director) of New York Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital (1999-2014) | | ||||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris(6) Director Age: 84 |
Since 1994 | 23 | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BALMAC International, Inc. (global import/export company) | | ||||
| Salvatore J. Zizza(6)(7) Director Age: 73 |
Since 2004 | 31 | President of Zizza & Associates Corp. (private holding company); President of Bergen Cove Realty Inc.; Chairman of Harbor Diversified, Inc. (pharmaceuticals) (2009-2018); Chairman of BAM (semiconductor and aerospace manufacturing) (2000-2018); Chairman of Metropolitan Paper Recycling Inc. (recycling) (2005-2014) | Director and Chairman of Trans-Lux Corporation (business services); Director and Chairman of Harbor Diversified Inc. (pharmaceuticals) (2009-2018) | ||||
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| Name, Position(s), Address(1) And Age |
Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | ||
| OFFICERS: | ||||
| Bruce N. Alpert President Age: 67 |
Since 1994 | Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Gabelli Funds, LLC since 1988; Officer of registered investment companies within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex; Senior Vice President of GAMCO Investors, Inc. since 2008 | ||
| John C. Ball Treasurer Age: 43 |
Since 2017 | Treasurer of funds within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex since 2017; Vice President and Assistant Treasurer of AMG Funds, 2014-2017; Vice President of State Street Corporation, 2007-2014 | ||
| Agnes Mullady Vice President Age: 60 |
Since 2006 | Officer of registered investment companies within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex since 2006; President and Chief Operating Officer of the Fund Division of Gabelli Funds, LLC since 2015; Chief Executive Officer of G.distributors, LLC since 2010; Senior Vice President of GAMCO Investors, Inc. since 2009; Vice President of Gabelli Funds, LLC since 2007; Executive Vice President of Associated Capital Group, Inc. since 2016 | ||
| Andrea R. Mango Secretary Age: 47 |
Since 2013 | Vice President of GAMCO Investors, Inc. since 2016; Counsel of Gabelli Funds, LLC since 2013; Secretary of registered investment companies within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex since 2013; Vice President of closed-end funds within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex since 2014 | ||
| Richard J. Walz Chief Compliance Officer Age: 60 |
Since 2013 | Chief Compliance Officer of registered investment companies within the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex since 2013 | ||
| 1 | Address: One Corporate Center, Rye, NY 10580-1422, unless otherwise noted. |
| 2 | Each Director will hold office for an indefinite term until the earliest of (i) the next meeting of shareholders if any, called for the purpose of considering the election or re-election of such Director and until the election and qualification of his or her successor, if any, elected at such meeting, or (ii) the date a Director resigns or retires, or a Director is removed by the Board or shareholders, in accordance with the Funds By Laws and Articles of Incorporation. For officers, includes time served in prior officer positions with the Fund. Each officer will hold office for an indefinite term until the date he or she resigns or retires or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified. |
| 3 | The Fund Complex or the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex includes all the U.S. registered investment companies that are considered part of the same fund complex as the Fund because they have common or affiliated investment advisers. |
| 4 | Interested person of the Fund as defined in the 1940 Act. Mr. Gabelli is considered to be an interested person of the Fund because of his affiliation with the Adviser. |
| 5 | Directors who are not considered to be interested persons of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act, are considered to be Independent Directors. |
| 6 | Mr. Colavitas son, Anthony S. Colavita, serves as a director of other funds in the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex. Mr. van Ekris is an independent director of Gabelli International Ltd., Gabelli Fund, LDC, GAMA Capital Opportunities Master, Ltd., and GAMCO International SICAV, and Mr. Zizza is an independent director of Gabelli International Ltd., all of which may be deemed to be controlled by Mario J. Gabelli and/or affiliates and in that event would be deemed to be under common control with the Adviser. |
| 7 | On September 9, 2015, Mr. Zizza entered into a settlement with the SEC to resolve an inquiry relating to an alleged violation regarding the making of false statements or omissions to the accountants of a company concerning a related party transaction. The company in question is not an affiliate of, nor has any connection to, the Fund. Under the terms of the settlement, Mr. Zizza, without admitting or denying the SECs findings and allegation, paid $150,000 and agreed to cease and desist committing or causing any future violations of Rule 13b2-2 of the 1934 Act. |
The Board believes that each Directors experience, qualifications, attributes, and skills on an individual basis and in combination with those of other Directors lead to the conclusion that each Director should serve in such capacity. Among the attributes or skills common to all Directors are their ability to review critically and to evaluate, question, and discuss information provided to them, to interact effectively with the other Directors, the Adviser, the sub-administrator, other service providers, counsel, and the Funds independent registered public accounting firm, and to exercise effective and independent business judgment in the performance of their duties as Directors. Each Directors ability to perform his duties effectively has been attained in large part through the Directors business, consulting, or public service positions, and through experience from service as a member of the Board and
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one or more of the other funds in the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex, public companies, non-profit entities, or other organizations as set forth above and below. Each Directors ability to perform his duties effectively also has been enhanced by education, professional training, and other experience.
Interested Director:
Mario J. Gabelli, CFA. Mr. Gabelli is Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Fund. Mr. Gabelli is Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Investment Officer - Value Portfolios of GAMCO Investors, Inc. (GBL), a New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)-listed asset manager and financial services company. He is the Chief Investment Officer of Value Portfolios of Gabelli Funds, LLC and GAMCO Asset Management Inc., each of which are asset management subsidiaries of GBL. In addition, Mr. Gabelli is Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer, a director and the controlling shareholder of GGCP, Inc. (GGCP), a private company that holds a majority interest in GBL, and the Chairman of MJG Associates, Inc., which acts as an investment manager of various investment funds and other accounts. He is Executive Chairman of Associated Capital Group, Inc., a public company that provides alternative management and institutional research services, and is a majority-owned subsidiary of GGCP. Mr. Gabelli serves as Overseer of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business and as a trustee of Boston College and Roger Williams University. He serves as a director of the Winston Churchill Foundation, The E.L. Wiegand Foundation, The American-Italian Cancer Foundation, and The Foundation for Italian Art and Culture. He is Chairman of the Gabelli Foundation, Inc., a Nevada private charitable trust. Mr. Gabelli serves as Co-President of Field Point Park Association, Inc. Mr. Gabelli received his Bachelors degree from Fordham University, M.B.A. from Columbia Business School, and honorary Doctorates from Fordham University and Roger Williams University.
Independent Directors:
Anthony J. Colavita, Esq. Mr. Colavita is a practicing attorney with over fifty-five years of experience. He is Chairman of the Funds Audit and Nominating Committees and a member of the Funds ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. Mr. Colavita serves on comparable or other board committees with respect to other funds in the Fund Complex on whose boards he sits. He served as a Commissioner of the New York State Thruway Authority and as a Commissioner of the New York State Bridge Authority, where his duties included reviewing financial documents of these agencies. He served for eleven years as the elected Supervisor of the Town of Eastchester, New York, responsible for ten annual municipal budgets. Mr. Colavita also served as Special Counsel to the New York State Assembly for five years and as a Senior Attorney with the New York State Insurance Department. He is the former Chairman of the New York State Republican Party, the Westchester County Republican Party, and the Eastchester Republican Town Committee. Mr. Colavita received his Bachelors degree from Fairfield University and his Juris Doctor from Fordham University School of Law.
Werner J. Roeder, M.D. Dr. Roeder is a retired physician with over forty-five years of experience and former Vice President of Medical Affairs (Medical Director) at New York Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital Center in Bronxville, New York. As Vice President of Medical Affairs at New York Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital, he was actively involved in personnel and financial matters concerning the hospitals $140 million budget. Dr. Roeder is Chairman of the Funds ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee, a member of the Funds Audit and Nominating Committees, and a member of both multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committees. Dr. Roeder serves on comparable or other board committees with respect to other funds in the Fund Complex on whose boards he sits. Dr. Roeder is board certified as a surgeon by The American Board of Surgery and previously served in a consulting capacity to Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield. He obtained his Doctorate in Medicine from New York Medical College.
Anthonie C. van Ekris. Mr. van Ekris has been the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BALMAC International, Inc., a global import/export company, for over twenty years. Mr. van Ekris is a member of the Funds ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. He serves on the boards of other funds in the Fund Complex and as a director and the Chairman of the GAMCO International SICAV. Mr. van Ekris has over fifty-five years of experience as Chairman and/or Chief Executive Officer of public and private companies involved in international trading or commodity trading, and served in both of these capacities for nearly twenty years for a large public jewelry chain. Mr. van Ekris is a former director of an oil and gas operations company. He served on the boards of a number of public companies and for more than ten years on the Advisory Board of the Salvation Army of Greater New York.
Salvatore J. Zizza. He serves as Lead Independent Director of the Fund. He is a member of the Funds Audit and Nominating Committees, and serves on both multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committees. Mr. Zizza serves on comparable or other board committees with respect to other funds in the Fund Complex on whose boards he sits. Mr. Zizza is the President of Zizza & Associates Corp., a private holding company that invests in various industries. He serves or has served as Chairman to other companies involved in manufacturing, recycling, real estate, technology, and pharmaceuticals. In addition to serving on the boards of other funds in the Fund Complex, he is currently and has previously been a director of other public companies. He was also the President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer of a large NYSE-listed construction company. Mr. Zizza received his Bachelors degree and M.B.A. in Finance from St. Johns University, which awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Commercial Sciences.
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Directors Leadership Structure and Oversight Responsibilities
Overall responsibility for general oversight of the Fund rests with the Board. The Board has appointed Mr. Zizza as the Lead Independent Director. The Lead Independent Director presides over executive sessions of the Directors and also serves between meetings of the Board as a liaison with service providers, officers, counsel, and other Directors on a wide variety of matters including scheduling agenda items for Board meetings. Designation as such does not impose on the Lead Independent Director any obligations or standards greater than or different from other Directors. More than 75% of the members of the Board are Independent Directors and each of the Nominating, Audit and ad hoc Proxy Voting Committees are comprised entirely of Independent Directors. The Board has established a Nominating Committee and an Audit Committee to assist the Board in the oversight of the management and affairs of the Fund. The Board also has an ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. From time to time, the Board establishes additional committees or informal working groups, to deal with specific matters or assigns one of its members to work with directors or trustees of other funds in the Fund Complex on special committees or working groups that deal with complex-wide matters, such as the multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committee relating to compensation of the Chief Compliance Officer for all the funds in the Fund Complex. The Fund Complex also has a separate multi-fund Compensation Committee relating to certain officers of the closed-end funds, and some of the Funds trustees may from time to time also serve on this separate committee.
All of the Funds Directors, other than Mr. Mario J. Gabelli, are Independent Directors and the Board believes they are able to provide effective oversight of the Funds service providers. In addition to providing feedback and direction during Board meetings, the Directors meet regularly in executive session and chair all committees of the Board.
The Funds operations entail a variety of risks including investment, administration, valuation, and a range of compliance matters. Although the Adviser, the sub-administrator, and the officers of the Fund are responsible for managing these risks on a day to day basis within the framework of their established risk management functions, the Board also addresses risk management of the Fund through its meetings and those of the committees and working groups. In particular, as part of its general oversight, the Board reviews with the Adviser at Board meetings the levels and types of risks being undertaken by the Fund, and the Audit Committee discusses the Funds risk management and controls with the independent registered public accounting firm engaged by the Fund. The Board reviews valuation policies and procedures and the valuations of specific illiquid securities. The Board also receives periodic reports from the Funds Chief Compliance Officer regarding compliance matters relating to the Fund and its major service providers, including results of the implementation and testing of the Funds and such providers compliance programs. The Boards oversight function is facilitated by management reporting processes that are designed to provide information to the Board about the identification, assessment, and management of critical risks and the controls and policies and procedures used to mitigate those risks. The Board reviews its role in supervising the Funds risk management from time to time and may make changes in its discretion at any time.
The Board has determined that its leadership structure is appropriate for the Fund because it enables the Board to exercise informed and independent judgment over matters under its purview, allocates responsibility among committees in a manner that fosters effective oversight, and allows the Board to devote appropriate resources to specific issues in a flexible manner as they arise. The Board periodically reviews its leadership structure as well as its overall structure, composition, and functioning and may make changes in its discretion at any time.
Board Committees
The Board has established two standing committees in connection with its governance of the Fund: the Audit and Nominating Committees, and has also established an ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. The Fund does not have a standing Compensation Committee (although some of the individuals who are Directors of the Fund participate in the multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committee described above).
The Funds Audit Committee consists of three members: Messrs. Colavita (Chairman) and Zizza, and Dr. Roeder, who are Independent Directors of the Fund. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a Charter that was most recently reviewed and approved by the Board of the Fund on February 20, 2019. As set forth in the Charter, the function of the Audit Committee is oversight; it is managements responsibility to maintain appropriate systems for accounting and internal control and it is the independent registered public accounting firms responsibility to plan and carry out a proper audit. The Audit Committee is generally responsible for reviewing and evaluating issues related to the accounting and financial reporting policies and practices of the Fund, its internal controls, and, as appropriate, the internal controls of certain service providers, overseeing the quality and objectivity of the Funds financial statements and the audit thereof and to act as a liaison between the Board and the Funds independent registered public accounting firm. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Audit Committee met twice.
The Funds Nominating Committee consists of three members: Messrs. Colavita (Chairman) and Zizza, and Dr. Roeder, who are Independent Directors of the Fund. The Nominating Committee is responsible for selecting and recommending qualified candidates to the full Board in the event that a position is vacated or created. The Nominating Committee would consider, under procedures adopted by the Board, recommendations by shareholders if a vacancy were to exist. Such recommendations should be forwarded to the Secretary of the Fund. The Nominating Committee did not meet during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
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The Funds ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee consists of three members: Dr. Roeder (Chairman), and Messrs. Colavita and van Ekris, who are Independent Directors of the Fund. Under certain circumstances and pursuant to specific procedures and guidelines, the ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee will, in place of the Funds Adviser, exercise complete control and discretion over the exercise of all rights to vote or consent with respect to certain securities owned by the Fund and may also determine to exercise complete control and discretion over the disposition of such securities. The ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee meets periodically on an as needed basis to consider such matters and did not meet during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Director Ownership of Fund Shares
Set forth in the table below is the dollar range of equity securities in the Fund beneficially owned by each Director and the aggregate dollar range of equity securities in the Fund Complex beneficially owned by each Director as of December 31, 2018.
| Name of Director | Dollar Range of Equity Securities Held in the Fund* |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities Held in Fund Complex* | ||
| INTERESTED DIRECTORS: | ||||
| Mario J. Gabelli |
E | E | ||
| INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS: |
||||
| Anthony J. Colavita |
D | E | ||
| Werner J. Roeder |
D | E | ||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
B | E | ||
| Salvatore J. Zizza |
A | E | ||
| * | Key to Dollar Ranges Information as of December 31, 2018 |
| A. | None |
| B. | $1 $10,000 |
| C. | $10,001 $50,000 |
| D. | $50,001 $100,000 |
| E. | Over $100,000 |
Set forth in the table below is the amount of interests beneficially owned, as of December 31, 2018, by each Independent Director or his or her immediate family member, as applicable, in a holding that may be deemed to be controlled by Mario J. Gabelli and/or affiliates and in that event would be deemed to be under common control with the Funds Adviser.
| Name of Independent Director |
Name of Owner Director |
Company |
Title of Class |
Value of |
Percent of Class | |||||||
| Anthony J. Colavita |
Same | The LGL Group, Inc. | Common Stock | $ | 14,238 | * | ||||||
| Anthony J. Colavita |
Family | Gabelli Associates Fund | Membership Interests | $ | 1,004,858 | * | ||||||
| Werner J. Roeder |
Same | Gabelli Associates Fund II | Membership Interests | $ | 607,341 | * | ||||||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
Same | LICT Corp. | Common Stock | $ | 345,600 | * | ||||||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
Same | The LGL Group, Inc. | Common Stock | $ | 13,420 | * | ||||||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
Same | CIBL, Inc | Common Stock | $ | 40,560 | * | ||||||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
Same | Morgan Group Holdings, Inc | Common Stock | $ | 240 | * | ||||||
| Salvatore J. Zizza |
Same | Gabelli Associates Fund | Membership Interests | $ | 2,407,180 | 1.18% | ||||||
| Salvatore J. Zizza |
Same | Gabelli Performance Partnership L.P. | Limited Partner Interests | $ | 302,307 | * | ||||||
| * | An asterisk indicates that the ownership amount constitutes less than 1% of the total interests outstanding. |
Director and Officer Compensation
The Fund pays each Director who is not considered to be an affiliated person an annual retainer of $1,000 plus $500 for each Board meeting attended and they are reimbursed for any out of pocket expenses incurred in attending meetings. All Board committee members receive $500 per meeting attended. The Chairman of the Audit Committee and the Lead Director each receives an annual fee of $1,000. A Director may receive a single meeting fee, allocated among the participating funds in the Fund Complex, for attending certain meetings held on behalf of multiple funds. Directors who are directors or employees of the Adviser, or an affiliated company receive no compensation or expense reimbursement from the Fund.
20
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the compensation of the Funds Directors. No Officer or person affiliated with the Fund received compensation in excess of $60,000 from the Fund for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Compensation Table
Aggregate Compensation from Fund (Fiscal Year)
| Name of Person and Position |
Aggregate Compensation from the Fund* |
Total Compensation | ||||
| Interested Directors: | ||||||
| Mario J. Gabelli |
$ | 0 | $ 0 (0) | |||
| Independent Directors: |
||||||
| Anthony J. Colavita |
$ | 5,000 | $ 271,124 (30) | |||
| Werner J. Roeder |
$ | 4,000 | $ 184,250 (24) | |||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
$ | 3,000 | $ 215,250 (24) | |||
| Salvatore J. Zizza |
$ | 5,000 | $ 325,000 (32) | |||
| * | Represents the total compensation paid to such persons for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. |
| ** | Represents the total compensation paid to such persons for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, by investment companies (including the Fund) or portfolios that are considered part of the same fund complex as the Fund because they have common or affiliated investment advisers. The parenthetical number represents the number of such investment companies and portfolios. |
Code of Ethics
The Fund, the Adviser, and the Distributor have each adopted a code of ethics (the Code of Ethics) under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act. The Code of Ethics permits personnel, subject to the Code of Ethics and its provisions, to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund.
Proxy Voting Policies
The Fund has delegated the voting of its portfolio securities to the Adviser in its capacity as the Funds investment adviser. The Adviser has adopted proxy voting policies and procedures (the Proxy Voting Policy) for the voting of proxies on behalf of client accounts for which the Adviser has voting discretion, including the Fund. Under the Proxy Voting Policy, portfolio securities held by the Fund are to be voted in the best interests of the Fund.
Normally, the Adviser exercises proxy voting discretion on particular types of proposals in accordance with guidelines (the Proxy Voting Guidelines) set forth in the Proxy Voting Policy. The Proxy Voting Guidelines address, for example, proposals to elect the board of directors, to classify the board of directors, to select the independent registered public accounting firm, to issue blank check preferred stock, to use confidential ballots, to eliminate cumulative voting, to require shareholder ratification of poison pills, to support fair price provisions, to require a supermajority shareholder vote for charter or by-law amendments, to provide for director and officer indemnification and liability protection, to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock, to allow greenmail, to limit shareholders rights to call special meetings, to consider the non-financial effects of a merger, to limit shareholders rights to act by written consent, to approve executive and director compensation plans (including golden parachutes), to limit executive and director pay, to approve stock option plans, to opt in or out of state takeover statutes, and to approve mergers, acquisitions, corporate restructuring, spin-offs, buyouts, asset sales, or liquidations.
A Proxy Voting Committee comprised of senior representatives of the Adviser and its affiliated investment advisers has the responsibility for the content, interpretation and application of the Proxy Voting Guidelines. In general, the Director of Proxy Voting Services, using the Proxy Voting Guidelines, recommendations of Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc. (ISS), Glass Lewis & Co LLC, (Glass Lewis), other third party services, and the analysts of G.research, LLC (G.research) will determine how to vote on each issue. For non-controversial matters, the Director of Proxy Voting Services may vote the proxy if the vote is (1) consistent with the recommendations of the issuers board of directors and not contrary to the Proxy Voting Guidelines; (2) consistent with the recommendations of the issuers board of directors and is a non-controversial issue not covered by
21
the Proxy Voting Guidelines; or (3) the vote is contrary to the recommendations of the issuers board of directors but is consistent with the Proxy Voting Guidelines. In these instances, the Director of Proxy Voting Services or the Chairman of the Committee may sign and date the proxy statement indicating how each issue will be voted.
All matters identified by the Chairman of the Proxy Voting Committee, the Director of Proxy Voting Services, or the Advisers General Counsel as controversial, taking into account the recommendations of ISS, Glass Lewis, or other third party services and the analysts of G.research, will be presented to the Proxy Voting Committee. If the Chairman of the Proxy Voting Committee, the Director of Proxy Voting Services, or the Advisers General Counsel has identified the matter as one that (1) is controversial; (2) would benefit from deliberation by the Proxy Voting Committee; or (3) may give rise to a conflict of interest between the Adviser and its clients, the Chairman of the Proxy Voting Committee will initially determine what vote to recommend that the Adviser should cast and the matter will go before the Proxy Voting Committee.
For matters submitted to the Proxy Voting Committee, each member of the Proxy Voting Committee will receive, prior to the meeting, a copy of the proxy statement, any relevant third party research, a summary of any views provided by the portfolio manager and any recommendations by G.researchs analysts. The portfolio manager, any member of Senior Management, or G.researchs analysts may be invited to present their viewpoints. If the Director of Proxy Voting Services or the Advisers General Counsel believes that the matter before the Proxy Voting Committee is one with respect to which a conflict of interest may exist between the Adviser and its clients, legal counsel will provide an opinion to the Proxy Voting Committee concerning the conflict. If the matter is one in which the interests of the clients of the Adviser may diverge, General Counsel will so advise and the Proxy Voting Committee may make different recommendations as to different clients. For any matters where the recommendation may trigger appraisal rights, counsel will provide an opinion concerning the likely risks and merits of such an appraisal action.
Each matter submitted to the Proxy Voting Committee will be determined by the vote of a majority of the members present at the meeting. Should the vote concerning one or more recommendations be tied in a vote of the Proxy Voting Committee, the Chairman of the Proxy Voting Committee will cast the deciding vote. The Proxy Voting Committee will notify the Proxy Department of its decisions and the proxies will be voted accordingly.
Where a proxy proposal raises a material conflict between the interests of the Funds shareholders on the one hand, and those of the Funds Adviser and/or the principal underwriters on the other hand, the conflict will be brought to the ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee of the Fund to determine a resolution.
The Fund files Form N-PX with its complete proxy voting record for the twelve months ended June 30, no later than August 31 of each year. This filing for the Fund is available without charge, upon request, by calling toll-free (800) 422-3554 and on the SECs website at www.sec.gov.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
As of March 31, 2019, the following persons were known to own of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding voting securities of any class of the Fund:
|
Name and Address |
% of Class |
Nature of Ownership | ||||||
| CLASS AAA |
||||||||
| Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC |
19.87 | % | Record* | |||||
| Special Custody Acct FBO |
||||||||
| Exclusive Benefit Of Customer |
||||||||
| St. Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
||||||||
| National Financial Services LLC |
10.32 | % | Record* | |||||
| For Exclusive Benefit of |
||||||||
| Our Customers |
||||||||
| Attn: Mutual Funds Dept 4th Fl |
||||||||
| Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995 |
||||||||
| Charles Schwab & Co Inc. |
5.02 | % | Record* | |||||
| Special Custody Acct |
||||||||
| FBO Ben Of Custs |
||||||||
| Attn: Mutual Funds |
||||||||
| San Francisco, CA 94105-1905 |
||||||||
22
|
Name and Address |
% of Class |
Nature of Ownership | ||||||
| CLASS A |
||||||||
| LPL Financial |
27.18 | % | Record* | |||||
| San Diego, CA 92121-3091 |
||||||||
| Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC |
23.85 | % | Record* | |||||
| Special Custody Acct FBO |
||||||||
| Exclusive Benefit Of Customer |
||||||||
| St. Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
||||||||
| Pershing LLC |
8.92 | % | Record* | |||||
| Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001 |
||||||||
| Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Inc. |
8.17 | % | Record* | |||||
| For The Sole Benefit of Its Customers |
||||||||
| Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 |
||||||||
| Morgan Stanley Smith Barney |
8.16 | % | Record* | |||||
| New York, NY 10004-1965 |
||||||||
| American Enterprise Inv Svcs |
5.79 | % | Record* | |||||
| Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405 |
||||||||
| Kuppusamy Ragupathi Cust |
5.45 | % | Beneficial | |||||
| Madhu Ragupathi |
||||||||
| UGMA - TX |
||||||||
| Dallas, TX 75204-1064 |
||||||||
23
|
Name and Address |
% of Class |
Nature of Ownership | ||||||
| CLASS C |
||||||||
| Pershing LLC |
52.31 | % | Record* | |||||
| Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001 |
||||||||
| Janney Montgomery Scott LLC |
23.86 | % | Record* | |||||
| Patricia A. Gallagher |
||||||||
| Philadelphia, PA 19103-2713 |
||||||||
| Raymond James |
8.72 | % | Record* | |||||
| Omnibus for Mutual Funds |
||||||||
| House Acct Firm 92500015 |
||||||||
| Attn: Courtney Waller |
||||||||
| St Petersburg, FL 33716-1100 |
||||||||
| Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC |
7.20 | % | Record* | |||||
| Special Custody Acct FBO |
||||||||
| Exclusive Benefit of Customer |
||||||||
| St. Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
||||||||
| CLASS I |
||||||||
| Ascensus Trust Company FBO |
49.61 | % | Record* | |||||
| Gabelli Funds 401(k) Profit Sharing |
||||||||
| Fargo, ND 58106-0758 |
||||||||
| Associated Capital Group Inc. |
32.72 | % | Beneficial | |||||
| Rye, NY 10680-1422 |
||||||||
| GGCP Inc. |
5.29 | % | Beneficial | |||||
| Attn: Vice President |
||||||||
| Greenwich, CT 06830-6556 |
||||||||
| * | Beneficial ownership is disclaimed. |
| + | Beneficial ownership of shares representing 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund may be deemed to represent control, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. As of March 31, 2019, the Fund does not know of any person who owns 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund. |
As of March 31, 2019, Mario J. Gabelli directly or indirectly beneficially owned 17.56% of the outstanding shares (aggregating all classes) of the Fund, including shares of the Fund held by discretionary client accounts for which he disclaims beneficial ownership.
As of March 31, 2019, as a group, the Directors and Officers of the Fund excluding Mario J. Gabelli and affiliates owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares (aggregating all classes) of the Fund.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser
The Adviser is a New York limited liability company which serves as an investment adviser to registered investment companies with combined aggregate net assets of approximately $20.3 billion as of December 31, 2018. The Adviser is a registered adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of GAMCO Investors, Inc. (GBL). Mr. Mario J. Gabelli owns a majority of the stock of GGCP, Inc. (GGCP) which holds a majority of the capital stock and voting power of GBL. The Adviser has several affiliates that provide investment advisory services: GAMCO Asset Management Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of GBL, acts as investment adviser for individuals, pension trusts, profit sharing trusts, endowments, and as a sub-adviser to certain third party investment funds, which include registered investment companies, having assets under management of approximately of $14.1 billion as of December 31, 2018; Teton Advisors, Inc., and its wholly owned investment adviser, Keeley Teton Advisers, LLC, with assets under management of approximately $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2018, acts as investment adviser to The TETON Westwood Funds, the KEELEY Funds, and separately managed accounts; Gabelli & Company Investment Advisers, Inc. (formerly, Gabelli Securities, Inc.), a majority-owned subsidiary of Associated Capital Group, Inc. (Associated Capital), acts as investment adviser for certain alternative
24
investment products, consisting primarily of risk arbitrage and merchant banking limited partnerships and offshore companies, with assets under management of approximately $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2018; and Gabelli Fixed Income, LLC, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of GBL, acts as investment adviser for separate accounts having assets under management of approximately $26 million as of December 31, 2018. Teton Advisors, Inc. was spun off by GBL in March 2009 and is an affiliate of GBL by virtue of Mr. Gabellis ownership of GGCP, the principal shareholder of Teton Advisors, Inc., as of December 31, 2018. Associated Capital was spun off from GBL on November 30, 2015, and is an affiliate of GBL by virtue of Mr. Gabellis ownership of GGCP, the principal shareholder of Associated Capital.
Affiliates of the Adviser may, in the ordinary course of their business, acquire for their own account or for the accounts of their advisory clients, significant (and possibly controlling) positions in the securities of companies that may also be suitable for investment by the Fund.
The securities in which the Fund might invest may thereby be limited to some extent. For instance, many companies in the past several years have adopted so-called poison pill or other defensive measures designed to discourage or prevent the completion of non-negotiated offers for control of the company. Such defensive measures may have the effect of limiting the shares of the company which might otherwise be acquired by the Fund if the affiliates of the Adviser or their advisory accounts have or acquire a significant position in the same securities. However, the Adviser does not believe that the investment activities of its affiliates will have a material adverse effect upon the Fund in seeking to achieve its investment objectives. Securities purchased or sold pursuant to contemporaneous orders entered on behalf of the investment company accounts of the Adviser or the advisory accounts managed by its affiliates for their unaffiliated clients are allocated pursuant to principles believed to be fair and not disadvantageous to any such accounts. In addition, all such orders are accorded priority of execution over orders entered on behalf of accounts in which the Adviser or its affiliates have a substantial pecuniary interest. The Adviser may on occasion give advice or take action with respect to other clients that differs from the actions taken with respect to the Fund. The Fund may invest in the securities of companies which are investment management clients of GAMCO Asset Management Inc. In addition, portfolio companies or their officers or directors may be minority shareholders of the Adviser or its affiliates.
The Adviser currently serves as an investment adviser to the Fund pursuant to an Investment Advisory Contract (the Contract), which was initially approved by the Funds sole shareholder on June 28, 1995. Pursuant to the Contract, the Adviser furnishes a continuous investment program for the Funds portfolio, makes the day to day investment decisions for the Fund, arranges the portfolio transactions of the Fund, and generally manages the Funds investments in accordance with the stated policies of the Fund, subject to the general supervision of the Board.
Under the Contract, the Adviser also (i) provides the Fund with the services of persons competent to perform such supervisory, administrative, and clerical functions as are necessary to provide effective administration of the Fund, including maintaining certain books and records and overseeing the activities of the Funds Custodian and Transfer Agent; (ii) oversees the performance of administrative and professional services to the Fund by others, including BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. the Funds Sub-Administrator, (BNY Mellon or the Sub-Administrator), Custodian, Transfer Agent, and Dividend Disbursing Agent, as well as accounting, auditing, and other services performed for the Fund; (iii) provides the Fund with adequate office space and facilities; (iv) supervises the preparation of, but does not pay for, the periodic updating of the Funds registration statement, prospectus and SAI, including the printing of such documents for the purpose of filings with the SEC and state securities administrators, the Funds tax returns, and reports to the Funds shareholders and the SEC; (v) supervises, but does not pay for, the calculation of the NAV of each class of shares of the Fund; (vi) supervises the preparation of, but does not pay for, all filings under the securities or Blue Sky laws of such states or countries as are designated by the Distributor, which may be required to register or qualify, or continue the registration or qualification, of the Fund and/or its shares under such laws; and (vii) prepares notices and agendas for meetings of the Funds Board and minutes of such meetings in all matters required by applicable law to be acted upon by the Board.
The cost of calculating the Funds NAV is an expense payable by the Fund pursuant to the Contract. To the extent that a portion of the sub-administration fee is used to pay for personnel and equipment related to calculating the NAV, the Fund will reimburse the Adviser for such expense up to $45,000. The Adviser will not seek reimbursement if assets are less than $50 million. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Fund did not reimburse the Adviser in connection with the cost of computing the Funds NAV.
The Contract provides that absent willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duty, the Adviser and its employees, officers, directors, and controlling persons are not liable to the Fund or any of its investors for any act or omission by the Adviser or for any error of judgment or for losses sustained by the Fund. However, the Contract provides that the Fund is not waiving any rights it may have with respect to any violation of law which cannot be waived. The Contract also provides indemnification for the Adviser and each of these persons for any conduct for which they are not liable to the Fund. The Contract in no way restricts the Adviser from acting as adviser to others. The Fund has agreed by the terms of the Contract that the word Gabelli is derived from the name of the Adviser which in turn is derived from the name of Mario J. Gabelli; that such name is the property of the Adviser for copyright and/or other purposes; and that, therefore, such name may freely be used by the Adviser for other investment companies, entities, or products. The Fund has further agreed that in the event that for any reason, the Adviser ceases to be its investment adviser, the Fund will, unless the Adviser otherwise consents in writing, promptly take all steps necessary to change its name to one which does not include Gabelli.
25
By its terms, the Contract will remain in effect from year to year, provided each such annual continuance is specifically approved by the Funds Board or by a majority (as defined in the 1940 Act) vote of its shareholders and, in either case, by a majority vote of the Independent Directors, cast in person at a meeting called specifically for the purpose of voting on the continuance of the Contract. The Contract is terminable without penalty by the Fund on sixty days written notice when authorized either by a majority vote of its outstanding voting shares or by a vote of a majority of its Board, or by the Adviser on sixty days written notice, and will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment as defined by the 1940 Act.
As compensation for its services and the related expenses borne by the Adviser, the Fund pays the adviser a fee, computed daily and payable monthly, equal, on a annual basis, to 1.00% of the Funds average daily net assets, payable out of the Funds net assets and allocable to each class on the basis of the assets attributable to such class.
| Advisory Fees Paid to Adviser by the Fund (Fiscal Years ended December 31) |
||||
| 2018 |
$ | 237,639 | ||
| 2017 |
$ | 255,697 | ||
| 2016 |
$ | 264,298 | ||
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive its fees and reimburse to the extent necessary to maintain certain expense ratio caps (excluding brokerage, interest, tax, and extraordinary expenses) until at least April 30, 2019, with respect to the Funds Class I shares expenses, and will not terminate the agreement before such date. In addition, the Fund will carry forward, for a period not to exceed three years from the date that an amount is waived, any fees in excess of the expense limitation and repay the Adviser such amount provided the Fund is able to do so without exceeding the lesser of (1) the expense limit in effect at the time of the waiver or reimbursement, as applicable, or (2) the expense limit in effect at the time of recoupment.
Portfolio Manager Information
Other Accounts Managed
The table below provides summary information regarding other accounts for which the portfolio manager was primarily responsible for the day to day management during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
| Name of Portfolio Manager |
Type of Accounts |
Total |
Total Assets |
Number of |
Total Assets |
|||||||||
| Caesar M.P. Bryan |
Registered Investment Companies: |
5 | $ | 1.1 billion | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||
| Other Pooled Investment Vehicles: |
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||
| Other Accounts: |
20 | $ | 108.9 million | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when the portfolio manager also has day to day management responsibilities with respect to one or more other accounts. These potential conflicts include:
Allocation of Limited Time and Attention. Because the portfolio manager manages more than one account, he may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment opportunities for each of those accounts as if he were to devote substantially more attention to the management of only the Fund.
Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities. If the portfolio manager identifies an investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple accounts, the Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity because the opportunity may need to be allocated among these accounts or other accounts managed primarily by other portfolio managers of the Adviser and its affiliates.
Pursuit of Differing Strategies. At times, the portfolio manager may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the accounts for which he exercises investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of these accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the portfolio manager may execute differing or opposite transactions for one or more accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment of the Fund or other accounts.
26
Selection of Broker-Dealers. The portfolio manager may be able to select or influence the selection of the brokers and dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for the funds or accounts that he supervises. In addition to providing execution of trades, some brokers and dealers provide the Adviser with brokerage and research services which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might otherwise be available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts of the Adviser and its affiliates than to others. Although the payment of brokerage commissions is subject to the requirement that the Advisers determine in good faith that the commissions are reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided to the Fund, a portfolio managers decision as to the selection of brokers and dealers could yield disproportionate costs and benefits among the funds or other accounts that the Adviser and its affiliates manage. In addition, with respect to certain types of accounts (such as pooled investment vehicles and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals) the Adviser may be limited by the client concerning the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades to particular brokers. In these cases, the Adviser or its affiliates may place separate, non-simultaneous transactions in the same security for a Fund and another account that may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment of the Fund or the other account.
Variation in Compensation. A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to the portfolio manager differ among the accounts that he manages. If the structure of the Advisers management fee or the portfolio managers compensation differs among accounts (such as where certain accounts pay higher management fees or performance based management fees), the portfolio manager may be motivated to favor certain accounts over others. The portfolio manager also may be motivated to favor accounts in which he has an investment interest, or in which the Adviser or its affiliates have investment interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain assets under management or to enhance a portfolio managers performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the portfolio manager in affording preferential treatment to those accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.
The Adviser and the Fund have adopted compliance policies and procedures that are designed to address the various conflicts of interest that may arise for the Adviser and its staff members. However, there is no guarantee that such policies and procedures will be able to detect and address every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may arise.
Compensation Structure
The compensation of portfolio managers in the Gabelli organization is structured to enable it to attract and retain highly qualified professionals in a competitive environment. Mr. Bryan receives a compensation package that includes a minimum draw or base salary, equity based incentive compensation via awards of stock options and restricted stock, and incentive based variable compensation based on a percentage of net revenues received by the Adviser for managing the Fund to the extent that the amount exceeds a minimum level of compensation. Net revenues are determined by deducting from gross investment management fees certain of the Firms expenses (other than Mr. Bryans compensation) allocable to the Fund.
Mr. Bryan receives similar incentive based variable compensation for managing other accounts for GAMCO Asset Management Inc. based on gross revenue. He also receives compensation for managing other accounts for Gabelli & Partners LLC, an affiliate of the Adviser, based on a percentage of net revenues received for managing the account. Compensation for managing accounts that have a performance based fee will have two components. One component is based on a percentage of net revenues received by the adviser for managing the account. The second component is based on absolute performance of the account, with respect to which a percentage of the net performance fee is paid to the portfolio manager.
These methods of compensation are based on the premise that superior long term performance in managing a portfolio should be rewarded with higher compensation as a result of growth of assets through appreciation and net investment activity. The level of equity-based incentive and incentive-based variable compensation is based on an evaluation by the Advisers parent, GBL, of quantitative and qualitative performance evaluation criteria.
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Ownership of Shares in the Fund
Set forth in the table below is the dollar range of equity securities in the Fund beneficially owned by the Funds portfolio manager:
| Name |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities Held in the Fund* | |
| Caesar M.P. Bryan |
E |
| * | Key to Dollar Ranges Information as of December 31, 2018 |
| A. | None |
| B. | $1 $10,000 |
| C. | $10,001 $50,000 |
| D. | $50,001 $100,000 |
| E. | $100,001 $500,000 |
| F. | $500,001 $1,000,000 |
| G. | Over $1,000,000 |
Sub-Administrator
The Adviser has entered into an agreement (the Sub-Administration Agreement) with BNY Mellon, which is located at 301 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, Delaware 19809. Under the Sub-Administration Agreement, the Sub-Administrator (a) assists in supervising all aspects of the Funds operations except those performed by the Adviser under its advisory agreement with the Fund; (b) supplies the Fund with office facilities (which may be in the Sub-Administrators own offices), statistical and research data, data processing services, clerical, accounting and bookkeeping services, including, but not limited to, the calculation of the NAV of each class of the Fund, internal auditing and regulatory administration services, internal executive and administrative services, and stationery and office supplies; (c) prepares and distributes materials for all Fund Board meetings including the mailing of all Board materials, and collates the same materials into the Board books, and assists in the drafting of minutes of the Board meetings; (d) prepares reports to Fund shareholders, tax returns, and reports to and filings with the SEC and state Blue Sky authorities; (e) provides any equipment or services necessary for the purpose of pricing shares or valuing the Funds investment portfolio; (f) provides compliance testing of all Fund activities against applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder, the Code, and the Funds investment restrictions; (g) furnishes to the Adviser such statistical and other factual information and information regarding economic factors and trends as the Adviser from time to time may require; and (h) generally provides all administrative services that may be required for the ongoing operation of the Fund in a manner consistent with the requirements of the 1940 Act.
For the services it provides, the Adviser pays the Sub-Administrator an annual fee based on the value of the aggregate average daily net assets of all funds under its administration managed by the Adviser as follows: up to $10 billion - 0.0275%; $10 billion to $15 billion - 0.0125%; $15 billion to $20 billion - 0.01%; and over $20 billion - 0.008%. The Sub-Administrators fee is paid by the Adviser and will result in no additional expense to the Fund.
Counsel
Paul Hastings LLP, 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166, serves as the Funds legal counsel.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Ernst & Young LLP, 2005 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, independent registered public accounting firm, has been selected to audit the Funds annual financial statements.
Custodian, Transfer Agent, and Dividend Disbursing Agent
State Street Bank and Trust Company (State Street), 225 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, is the Custodian for the Funds cash and securities. DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc. (DST or the Transfer Agent), located at 430 W 7th Street STE 219204, Kansas City, Missouri 64105-1407, performs the shareholder services and acts as the Funds Transfer Agent and Dividend Disbursing Agent. Neither DST nor State Street assists in or is responsible for investment decisions involving assets of the Fund.
Distributor
To implement the Funds Rule 12b-1 Plans, the Fund has entered into a Distribution Agreement with G.distributors, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of GBL, having principal offices located at One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422. The Distributor acts as agent of the Fund for the continuous offering of its shares on a best efforts basis. Purchases of Class A shares of the Fund may pay a front-end sales charge. Of such sales charges, certain portions are retained by the Distributor.
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Set forth in the table below are the amounts of sales charges paid on the purchases of Class A shares and contingent deferred sales charges (CDSC) for Class A and Class C shares received and retained by the Distributor for the past three fiscal years.
Sales Commissions for the Years Ended December 31:
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share Class |
Commissions |
Retained by |
Commissions |
Retained by |
Commissions |
Retained by |
||||||||||||||||||
| Class A Sales Commissions |
$ | 869 | $ | 114 | $ | 2,941 | $ | 441 | $ | 1,082 | $ | 150 | ||||||||||||
| Class A CDSCs |
$ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Class C CDSCs |
$ | 91 | $ | 91 | $ | 20 | $ | 20 | $ | 174 | $ | 174 | ||||||||||||
Set forth in the table below are the amounts of brokerage commissions and other compensation received by the Distributor during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018:
| Net Underwriting Discounts and Commissions |
Compensation on Redemptions and Repurchases |
Brokerage |
Other |
|||||||||||
| $ 150 | $ | 174 | $ | 6 | $ | 0 | ||||||||
| * | Amounts of brokerage commissions were received and retained by G.research, an affiliate of the Adviser and Distributor. |
The Fund has adopted separate distribution and service plans (each a Plan and collectively the Plans) pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act on behalf of each of the Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares. Payments may be made by the Fund under each Plan for the purpose of financing any activity primarily intended to result in the sales of shares of the class to which such Plan relates as determined by the Board. Such activities typically include advertising; compensation for sales and marketing activities of the Distributor and other banks, broker-dealers, and service providers; shareholder account servicing; production and dissemination of prospectuses and sales and marketing materials; and capital or other expenses of associated equipment, rent, salaries, bonuses, interest, and other overhead. To the extent any activity is one which the Fund may finance without a distribution plan, the Fund may also make payments to finance such activity outside of the Plans and not be subject to its limitations. Payments under the plans are not dependent on distribution expenses actually incurred by the Distributor. The Plans compensate the Distributor regardless of expense, and accordingly, a portion of the payments by the Fund may be used indirectly to finance distribution activities on behalf of other funds in the Fund Complex and a portion of the payments by such other funds may be used to finance distribution activities on behalf of the Fund. The Plans are intended to benefit the Fund, among other things, by supporting the Funds distribution, which may increase its assets and thereby reduce the Funds expense ratio.
Under its terms, the Plan remains in effect so long as its continuance is specifically approved at least annually by vote of the Funds Board, including a majority of the Independent Directors. No Plan may be amended to increase materially the amount to be spent for services provided by the Distributor thereunder without shareholder approval, and all material amendments of any Plan must also be approved by the Board in the manner described above. Each Plan may be terminated at any time, without penalty, by vote of a majority of the Independent Directors, or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act). Under each Plan, the Distributor will provide the Directors with periodic reports of amounts expended under such Plan and the purpose for which such expenditures were made.
Pursuant to the Plans, the Fund pays the Distributor 0.25% of its average daily net assets of Class AAA shares and Class A shares and 1.00% of its average daily net assets of Class C shares. Due to the possible continuing nature of Rule 12b-1 payments, long term investors may pay more than the economic equivalent of the maximum front end sales charge permitted by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA). Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement, the Fund appoints the Distributor as its general distributor and exclusive agent for the sale of the Funds shares. The Fund has agreed to indemnify the Distributor to the extent permitted by applicable law against certain liabilities under federal securities laws. The Distribution Agreement shall remain in effect from year to year provided that continuance of such agreement shall be approved at least annually by the Funds Board, including a vote of majority of Independent Directors cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement may be terminated by either party thereto upon sixty days written notice.
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Pursuant to each Plan, the Board will review at least quarterly a written report of the distribution expenses incurred on behalf of each class of shares of the Fund by the Distributor. The report includes an itemization of the distribution expenses and the purposes of such expenditures. In addition, as long as the Plans remain in effect, the selection and nomination of Independent Directors shall be limited to the Independent Directors.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Fund made payments for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares of $48,327 payable to the Distributor. The Plans compensate the Distributor regardless of its expense.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Distributor identified expenditures for the Fund of approximately $1,800 for advertising and promotion, $300 for printing, postage, and stationery, $1,100 for overhead support expenses, $8,900 for salaries of personnel of the Distributor, and $27,900 for third party servicing fees. Pursuant to the Plans, the Fund paid the Distributor 0.25% of its average daily net assets of Class AAA shares and Class A shares and 1.00% of its average daily net assets of Class C shares.
The amounts included in a prior paragraph as third-party servicing fees include amounts paid to the providers of various programs that make shares available to their customers. Subject to tax limitations and approvals by the Board, the Fund also makes payments to the providers of these programs, out of its assets other than Rule 12b-1 payments, in amounts not greater than the savings of expenses the Fund would otherwise incur in maintaining shareholder accounts for those who invest in the Fund directly rather than through these programs. The Adviser and its affiliates may also pay for all or a portion of these programs charges out of their financial resources other than Rule 12b-1 fees.
Class AAA shares were first offered to the public on June 30, 1995. Class A and Class C shares were first offered to the public on March 1, 2000. Class I shares were first offered to the public on January 11, 2008.
Shares of the Fund may also be purchased through shareholder agents that are not affiliated with the Fund or the Distributor. There is no sales or service charge imposed by the Fund other than as described in the Funds prospectus under the Classes of Shares section, but agents who do not receive distribution payments or sales charges may impose a charge to the investor for their services. Such fees may vary among agents, and such agents may impose higher initial or subsequent investment requirements than those established by the Fund. Services provided by broker-dealers may include allowing the investor to establish a margin account and to borrow on the value of the Funds shares in that account. It is the responsibility of the shareholders agent to establish procedures which would assure that upon receipt of an order to purchase shares of the Fund the order will be transmitted so that it will be received by the Distributor before the time when the price applicable to the buy order expires.
No Independent Director of the Fund had a direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of any Plan or related agreements. Those interested persons who beneficially own stock in affiliates of the Adviser or the Distributor or are employed by one of the Gabelli companies may be deemed to have an indirect financial interest.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
The Adviser and its affiliates currently serve as investment adviser to a number of investment companies and private account clients and may in the future act as adviser to others. It is the policy of the Adviser and its affiliates to allocate investments suitable and appropriate for each such client in a manner believed by the Adviser to be equitable to each client. In making such allocations among the Fund and other client accounts, the main factors considered are the respective investment objectives, the relative size of portfolio holdings of the same or comparable securities, the availability of cash for investment, the size of investment commitments generally held, and the opinions of the persons responsible for managing the portfolios of the Fund and other client accounts.
Under the Contract, the Adviser is authorized on behalf of the Fund to employ brokers to effect the purchase or sale of portfolio securities with the objective of obtaining prompt, efficient, and reliable execution and clearance of such transactions at the most favorable price obtainable (best execution) at a reasonable expense. The Adviser is permitted to (1) direct Fund portfolio brokerage to G.research, a broker-dealer member of FINRA and an affiliate of the Adviser; and (2) pay commissions to brokers other than the G.research which are higher than what might be charged by another qualified broker to obtain brokerage and/or research services considered by the Adviser to be useful or desirable for its investment management of the Fund and/or other advisory accounts under the management of the Adviser and any investment adviser affiliated with it. The Adviser does not consider the sales of shares of the Fund or other investment funds managed by the Adviser and its affiliates by brokers, including the G.research, as a factor in its selection of brokers or dealers for the Funds portfolio transactions and has adopted compliance policies and procedures for itself and its affiliates to prevent any such transactions on that basis.
Transactions on U.S. stock exchanges involve the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions, which may vary among brokers. Transactions in securities other than those for which a securities exchange is the principal market are generally executed through a principal market maker. However, such transactions may be effected through a brokerage firm and a commission is paid whenever it appears that the broker can obtain a price that is at
30
least as favorable taking into account its commissions. In general, there may be no stated commission on principal transactions in OTC securities, but the prices of such securities usually may include undisclosed commissions or markups. Option transactions will usually be effected through a broker and a commission will be charged. The Fund also expects that securities will be purchased at times in underwritten offerings where the price includes a fixed amount of compensation generally referred to as a concession or discount.
The policy of the Fund regarding purchases and sales of securities and options for its portfolio is that primary consideration will be given to obtaining the most favorable prices and efficient execution of transactions. In seeking to implement the Funds policies, the Adviser effects transactions with those brokers and dealers who the Adviser believes can obtain the most favorable prices and are capable of providing efficient executions. If the Adviser believes such price and execution are obtainable from more than one broker or dealer, it may give consideration to placing portfolio transactions with those brokers or dealers who also furnish research and other services to the Fund or the Adviser of the type described in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In doing so, the Fund may also pay higher commission rates than the lowest available when the Adviser believes it is reasonable to do so in light of the value of the brokerage and research services provided by the broker effecting the transaction. Such services may include, but are not limited to, any one or more of the following: (i) information as to the availability of securities for purchase or sale; (ii) statistical or factual information or opinions pertaining to investments; (iii) wire services; and (iv) appraisals or evaluations of potential and existing investments.
Research services furnished by brokers or dealers through which the Fund effects securities transactions are used by the Adviser and its advisory affiliates in carrying out their responsibilities with respect to all of their accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. Such investment information may be useful only to one or more of such other accounts. The purpose of this sharing of research information is to avoid duplicative charges for research provided by brokers and dealers. Neither the Fund nor the Adviser has any agreement or legally binding understanding with any broker or dealer regarding any specific amount of brokerage commissions which will be paid in recognition of such services. However, in determining the amount of portfolio commissions directed to such brokers or dealers, the Adviser considers the level of services provided, and based on such determinations the Adviser allocated brokerage commissions of $7,905 on portfolio transactions in the principal amount of $4,326,045 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, to broker-dealers who provided research services to the Adviser. The average commission on these transactions was $0.02786 per share.
Investment research obtained by allocations of Fund brokerage is used to augment the scope and supplement the internal research and investment strategy capabilities of the Adviser but does not reduce the overall expenses of the Adviser to any material extent. Such investment research may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and includes information on particular companies and industries as well as market, economic, or institutional activity areas. Research services furnished by brokers through which the Fund effects securities transactions are used by the Adviser and its advisory affiliates in carrying out their responsibilities with respect to all of their accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. Such investment information may be useful only to one or more of the other accounts of the Adviser and its advisory affiliates, and research information received for the commissions of those particular accounts may be useful both to the Fund and one or more of such other accounts.
The Adviser may also place orders for the purchase or sale of portfolio securities with G.research when it appears that, as an introducing broker or otherwise, G.research can obtain a price, execution, and commission, which is at least as favorable as that obtainable by other qualified brokers and at a commission rate at least as favorable as it provides to its best customers for similar transactions. As required by Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act, the Board has adopted procedures which provide that the commissions paid to G.research on brokerage transactions must not exceed those which would have been charged by another qualified broker or member firm able to effect the same or a comparable transaction at an equally favorable price or is what G.research charges its most favored customers on similar transactions. Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act and the Funds procedures contain requirements that the Board, including the Independent Directors, review such commissions and transactions quarterly and procedures at least annually to determine their continuing appropriateness. The Adviser is also required to furnish reports and maintain records in connection with the reviews.
To obtain the best execution of portfolio trades on the NYSE, G.research controls and monitors the execution of such transactions on the floor of the NYSE through independent floor brokers or the Designated Order Turnaround System of the NYSE. Such transactions are then cleared, confirmed to the Fund for the account of G.research, and settled directly with the Custodian of the Fund by a clearing house member firm which remits the commission less its clearing charges to G.research. G.research may also effect the Funds portfolio transactions in the same manner and pursuant to the same arrangements on other national securities exchanges which adopt direct access rules similar to those of the NYSE. In addition, G.research may directly execute transactions for the Fund on the floor of any exchange, provided: (i) the Funds Board has expressly authorized G.research to effect such transactions; and (ii) G.research annually advises the Fund of the aggregate compensation it earned on such transactions.
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The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Funds payment of brokerage commissions for the fiscal years ended December 31 as indicated:
|
Year Ended |
Commissions Paid |
|||||
| Total Brokerage Commissions |
2016 | $ | 13,206 | |||
| 2017 | $ | 13,895 | ||||
| 2018 | $ | 8,497 | ||||
| Commission paid to G.research |
2016 | $ | 0 | |||
| 2017 | $ | 45 | ||||
| 2018 | $ | 6 | ||||
| % of Total Brokerage Commissions paid to G.research |
2018 | 0.07% | ||||
| % of Total Transactions involving Commissions paid to G.research |
2018 | 1.54% | ||||
During its fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, the Fund did not acquire securities of its regular broker-dealers, as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the 1940 Act, or their parents.
Payment of the redemption price for shares redeemed may be made either in cash or in portfolio securities (selected at the discretion of the Board of the Fund and taken at their value used in determining the Funds NAV as described under Determination of Net Asset Value), or partly in cash and partly in portfolio securities. However, payments will be made wholly in cash unless the shareholder has redeemed more than $250,000 over the preceding three months and the Adviser believes that economic conditions exist which would make payments in cash detrimental to the best interests of the Fund. If payment for shares redeemed is made wholly or partly in portfolio securities, brokerage costs may be incurred by the investor in converting the securities to cash. The Fund will not distribute in-kind portfolio securities that are not readily marketable.
Cancellation of purchase orders for Fund shares (as, for example, when checks submitted to purchase shares are returned unpaid) causes a loss to be incurred when the NAV of the Fund shares on the date of cancellation is less than on the original date of purchase. The investor is responsible for such loss, and the Fund may reimburse itself or the Distributor for such loss by automatically redeeming shares from any account registered at any time in that shareholders name, or by seeking other redress. If the Fund is unable to recover any loss to itself, it is the position of the SEC that the Distributor will be immediately obligated to make the Fund whole.
The Fund imposes a redemption fee of 2.00% of the total redemption amount if shareholders sell or exchange any of their shares within seven days of the date of a purchase. The fee, its manner of calculation and exceptions to its applicability are discussed in the Funds prospectus. The fee is not a sales charge (load) and is paid directly to the Fund and not the Adviser or Distributor.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
NAV is calculated separately for each class of the Fund. The NAV of Class C shares of the Fund, as applicable, will generally be lower than the NAV of Class AAA, Class A, or Class I shares, as applicable, as a result of the higher service and distribution related fees to which Class C shares are subject. It is expected, however, that the NAV of each class will tend to converge immediately after the recording of dividends, if any, which will differ by approximately the amount of the distribution and/or service fee expense accrual differential among the classes.
For purposes of determining the Funds NAV, portfolio securities listed or traded on a nationally recognized securities exchange or traded in the OTC market for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last quoted sale price or a markets official closing price as of the close of business on the day the securities are being valued. If there were no sales that day, the security is valued at the average of the closing bid and ask prices, or, if there were no ask prices quoted on such day, the security is valued at the most recently available bid price on that day. If no bid or ask prices are quoted on such day, the security is valued at the most recently available price, or, if the Board so determines, by such other method as the Board shall determine in good faith, to reflect its fair market value. Portfolio securities traded on more than one national securities exchange or market are valued according to the broadest and most representative market, as determined by the Adviser.
Portfolio securities primarily traded on a foreign market are generally valued at the preceding closing values of such securities on the relevant market, but may be fair valued pursuant to procedures established by the Board if market conditions change significantly after the close of the foreign market but prior to the close of business on the day the securities are being valued. Debt instruments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the average of the latest bid and ask prices. If there were no ask prices quoted on such day, the security is valued using the closing bid price, unless the Board determines such amount does not reflect the securities fair value, in which case these securities will be fair valued as determined by
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the Board. Certain securities are valued principally using dealer quotations. Futures contracts are valued at the closing settlement price of the exchange or board of trade on which the applicable contract is traded. OTC futures and options on futures for which market quotations are readily available will be valued by quotations received from a pricing service or, if no quotations are available from a pricing service, by quotations obtained by the Adviser from one or more dealers in the instrument.
Securities and assets for which market quotations are not readily available are valued at their fair value as determined in good faith under procedures established by and under the general supervision of the Board. Fair valuation methodologies and procedures may include, but are not limited to: analysis and review of available financial and non-financial information about the company, comparisons with the valuation and changes in valuation of similar securities, including a comparison of foreign securities with the equivalent U.S. dollar value American Depository Receipts securities at the close of the U.S. exchanges; and evaluation of any other information that could be indicative of the value of the security.
The Fund may obtain valuations on the basis of prices provided by a pricing service approved by the Board. All other investment assets, including restricted and not readily marketable securities, are valued in good faith at fair value under procedures established by and under the general supervision and responsibility of the Funds Board. Further information on fair valuation is provided in the Funds prospectus under Pricing of Fund Shares.
NYSE Closings. The holidays (as observed) on which the NYSE is closed, and therefore days upon which shareholders cannot redeem shares, currently are: New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day and on the preceding Friday or subsequent Monday when a holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, respectively.
DIVIDENDS, DISTRIBUTIONS, AND TAXES
The following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations regarding the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of the Fund by U.S. persons. This summary does not address all of the potential U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be applicable to the Fund or to all categories of investors, some of which may be subject to special tax rules. Current and prospective shareholders are urged to consult their own tax adviser with respect to the specific U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of investing in the Fund. The summary is based on the laws in effect on the date of this SAI and existing judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect.
General
The Fund has elected to qualify and intends to continue to qualify on an annual basis as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code and thereby eliminate or greatly reduce its income tax liability each year. To so qualify, the Fund must, among other things: (a) derive at least 90% of its gross income in each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock or securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including, but not limited to, gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from interests in qualified publicly traded partnerships, i.e., partnerships that are traded on an established securities market or tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), other than partnerships that derive 90% or more of their gross income from interest, dividends, capital gains, and other traditional permitted mutual fund income; and (b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the Funds taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the Funds assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables) securities of other regulated investment companies, U.S. government securities and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the Funds assets and not greater than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer, or of any two or more issuers of which 20% or more of the voting securities are held by the Fund and that are determined to be engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships. There can be no assurance that the Fund will meet all of the requirements for such qualification each year. Although in general the passive activity loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
Fund investments in partnerships, including in qualified publicly traded partnerships, may result in the Fund being subject to state, local, or foreign income, franchise, or withholding tax liabilities.
As a regulated investment company, the Fund will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of its taxable investment income and capital gains, if any, that it distributes to its shareholders, provided that the Fund distributes to its shareholders at least the sum of (i) 90% of its investment company taxable income, i.e., taxable income other than its net realized long term capital gain over its net realized short term capital loss, plus or
33
minus certain adjustments, and (ii) 90% of its net tax-exempt income for the taxable year. The Fund will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates on any taxable income or gains that it does not distribute to its shareholders.
The Fund may be able to cure a failure to derive 90% of its income from the sources specified above or a failure to diversify its holdings in the manner described above by paying a tax, by disposing of certain assets, or by paying a tax and disposing of assets. If, in any taxable year, the Fund fails one of these tests and does not timely cure the failure, the Fund will be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation and distributions to its shareholders will not be deductible by the Fund in computing its taxable income.
The Fund will determine either to distribute, or to retain for reinvestment, all or part of any net long term capital gains. If any such gains are retained, the Fund will be subject to a U.S. federal income tax (currently at a maximum rate of 21%) on the amount retained. In that event, the Fund expects to report the retained amount as undistributed capital gain in a notice to its shareholders, each of whom (1) will be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes as long term capital gain its share of the undistributed amount, (2) will be entitled to credit its proportionate share of the tax paid by the Fund against its own U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, and to claim a refund to the extent the credit exceeds such liability, and (3) will increase its basis in its shares of the Fund by an amount equal to 79% of the amount of undistributed capital gain included in such shareholders gross income. Organizations or persons not subject to U.S. federal income tax on such capital gain will be entitled to a refund of their pro rata share of such taxes paid by the Fund upon filing appropriate returns or claims for refund with the IRS.
A 3.8 percent federal tax is imposed on net investment income, including interest, dividends, and capital gain, of U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 (or $250,000 if married filing jointly), and of estates and trusts. Income received with respect to an investment in the Fund, including gain on the sale of shares of the Fund, generally will constitute investment income.
Under the Code, amounts not distributed by the Fund on a timely basis in accordance with a calendar-year distribution requirement are subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax. To avoid this excise tax, the Fund must distribute during each calendar year an amount equal to at least the sum of (1) 98% of its ordinary income (not taking into account any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of its capital gains in excess of its capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the twelve-month period generally ending on October 31 of the calendar year (unless an election is made by the Fund to use the Funds December fiscal year end) and (3) all ordinary income and net capital gains for previous years that were not previously distributed. For this purpose, however, any ordinary income or net capital gain retained by the Fund that is subject to corporate income tax will be considered to have been distributed by year end. The Fund anticipates that it will pay such dividends and will make such distributions as are necessary in order to avoid the application of this excise tax.
On December 31, 2018, the Fund had no capital loss carryforwards.
If, in any taxable year, the Fund fails to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code or fails to meet the distribution requirement, it will be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation and distributions to its shareholders will not be deductible by the Fund in computing its taxable income. In addition, in the event of a failure to qualify, the Funds distributions, to the extent derived from the Funds current or accumulated earnings and profits, including any distributions of net long term capital gains, will be taxable to shareholders as dividend income. Provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met, such dividends will be eligible (i) to be treated as qualified dividend income in the case of shareholders taxed as individuals and (ii) for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders. Moreover, if the Fund fails to qualify as a regulated investment company in any year, it must pay out its earnings and profits accumulated in that year in order to qualify again as a regulated investment company.
Gains or losses on sales of securities by the Fund will generally be long term capital gains or losses if the securities have been held by the Fund for more than one year. Gains or losses on sales of securities held by the Fund for one year or less will generally be short term capital gains or losses.
The Funds transactions in foreign currencies, forward contracts, options, and futures contracts (including options and futures contracts on foreign currencies) will be subject to special provisions of the Code (including provisions relating to hedging transactions and straddles) that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund, i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital, accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer Fund losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also (a) will require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of the positions in its portfolio, i.e., treat them as if they were closed out at the end of each year and (b) may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to pay dividends or make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements for avoiding income and excise taxes. The Fund will monitor its transactions, will make the appropriate tax elections and will make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency, forward contract, option, futures contract, or hedged investment in order to mitigate the effect of these rules and seek to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a regulated investment company.
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The Funds investment in so-called Section 1256 contracts, such as regulated futures contracts, most foreign currency forward contracts traded in the interbank market and options on most stock indices, are subject to special tax rules. All Section 1256 contracts held by the Fund at the end of its taxable year are required to be marked to their market value, and any unrealized gain or loss on those positions will be included in the Funds income as if each position had been sold for its fair market value at the end of the taxable year. The resulting gain or loss will be combined with any gain or loss realized by the Fund from positions in Section 1256 contracts closed during the taxable year. Provided such positions were held as capital assets and were not part of a hedging transaction nor part of a straddle, 60% of the resulting net gain or loss will be treated as long term capital gain or loss, and 40% of such net gain or loss will be treated as short term capital gain or loss, regardless of the period of time the positions were actually held by the Fund.
The diversification requirements applicable to the Funds assets may limit the extent to which the Fund will be able to engage in transactions in options, futures contracts and options on futures contracts.
As a result of entering into swap contracts, the Fund may make or receive periodic net payments. The Fund may also make or receive a payment when a swap is terminated prior to maturity through an assignment of the swap or other closing transaction. Periodic net payments will generally constitute ordinary income or deductions, while termination of a swap will generally result in capital gain or loss (which will be a long term capital gain or loss if the Fund has been a party to the swap for more than one year). The tax treatment of many types of credit default swaps is uncertain. The Fund may be required to treat amounts as taxable income or gain, subject to the distribution requirements referred to above, even though no corresponding amounts of cash are received concurrently, as a result of (1) mark-to-market rules, constructive sales, or rules applicable to PFICs (as defined below) or partnerships or trusts in which the fund invests or due to its investment in certain options, futures, forward contracts, or appreciated financial positions; (2) its inability to obtain cash distributions or other amounts due to currency controls or restrictions on repatriation imposed by a foreign country with respect to the Funds investments (including through depositary receipts) in issuers in such country; or (3) tax rules applicable to debt obligations acquired with original issue discount, including zero-coupon or deferred payment bonds and pay-in-kind debt obligations, or to market discount if an election is made with respect to such market discount. The Fund may therefore be required to obtain cash to be used to satisfy these distribution requirements by selling securities at times that it might not otherwise be desirable to do so or borrowing the necessary cash, thereby incurring interest expenses.
In general, gain or loss on a short sale is recognized when the Fund closes the sale by delivering the borrowed property to the lender, not when the borrowed property is sold. Gain or loss from a short sale is generally considered as capital gain or loss to the extent that the property used to close the short sale constitutes a capital asset in the Funds hands. Except with respect to certain situations where the property used by the Fund to close a short sale has a long term holding period on the date of the short sale, special rules would generally treat the gains on short sales as short term capital gains. These rules may also terminate the running of the holding period of substantially identical property held by the Fund. Moreover, a loss on a short sale will be treated as a long term capital loss if, on the date of the short sale, substantially identical property has been held by the Fund for more than one year. In general, the Fund will not be permitted to deduct payments made to reimburse the lender of securities for dividends paid on borrowed stock if the short sale is closed on or before the 45th day after the short sale is entered into.
Foreign Investments
Dividends or other income (including, in some cases, capital gains) received by the Fund from investments in foreign securities may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by foreign countries. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes in some cases. If more than 50% of the value of the Funds assets at the close of a taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may elect to treat those foreign income taxes paid by the Fund that can be treated as income taxes under U.S. federal income tax principles as paid by its shareholders subject to certain exceptions. If the Fund were to make an election, an amount equal to the foreign income taxes paid by the Fund would be included in the income of its shareholders and the shareholders would be entitled to credit their eligible portions of this amount against their U.S. income tax liability or to deduct those portions from their U.S. taxable income. Holding period requirements restrict the ability of the Fund to make, and the shareholders to enjoy the benefits of, such an election. No deduction for foreign taxes may be claimed by a shareholder who does not itemize deductions. Certain limitations may be imposed on the extent to which the credit (but not the deduction) for foreign taxes may be claimed.
Under Section 988 of the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time the Fund accrues income or receivables or expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time the Fund actually collects such income or pays such liabilities are generally treated as ordinary income or ordinary loss. In general, gains (and losses) realized on debt instruments will be treated as Section 988 gain (or loss) to the extent attributable to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which the instruments are denominated. Similarly, gains or losses on foreign currency, foreign currency forward contracts, certain foreign currency options or futures contracts and the disposition of debt securities denominated in foreign currency, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, are also treated as ordinary income or loss unless the Fund were to elect otherwise.
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Passive Foreign Investment Companies
If the Fund purchases shares in certain foreign investment entities, called passive foreign investment companies (PFICs), it may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of any excess distribution or gain from the disposition of such shares even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by the Fund to its shareholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may be imposed on the Fund in respect of deferred taxes arising from such distributions or gains. Generally, a non-U.S. corporation is treated as a PFIC if either 75% or more of its gross income is passive income or 50% of more of its assets produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income.
If the Fund were to invest in a PFIC and elect to treat the PFIC as a qualified electing fund under the Code, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, the Fund might be required to include in income each year a portion of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the qualified electing fund, even if not distributed to the Fund, and such amounts would be subject to the 90% and excise tax distribution requirements described above. In order to make this election, the Fund would be required to obtain certain annual information from the PFICs in which it invests, which may be difficult or impossible to obtain.
Alternatively, the Fund may make a mark-to-market election that will result in the Fund being treated as if it had sold and repurchased all of its PFIC stock at the end of each year. In such case, the Fund would report any such gains as ordinary income and would deduct any such losses as ordinary losses to the extent of previously recognized gains. The election must be made separately for each PFIC owned by the Fund and, once made, would be effective for all subsequent taxable years of the Fund, unless revoked with the consent of the Internal Revenue Service (the IRS). By making the election, the Fund could potentially ameliorate the potentially adverse tax consequences with respect to its ownership of shares in a PFIC, but in any particular year may be required to recognize income in excess of the distributions it receives from PFICs and its proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock. The Fund may have to distribute this phantom income and gain to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax.
The Fund will make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Distributions
Dividends and other distributions by the Fund are generally treated under the Code as received by the shareholders at the time the dividend or distribution is made. However, any dividend or distribution declared by the Fund in October, November, or December of any calendar year and payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month shall be deemed to have been made and received on December 31 of such calendar year, provided such dividend is actually paid by the Fund during January of the following calendar year.
Distributions of net realized long term capital gains, if any, that the Fund reports as capital gains dividends are taxable as long term capital gains, whether paid in cash or in shares and regardless of how long a shareholder has held shares of the Fund. All other dividends of the Fund (including dividends from short term capital gains) from its net investment company taxable income (regular dividends) are generally subject to tax as ordinary income.
Special rules apply, however, to regular dividends paid to individuals. Such a dividend may be subject to tax at the rates generally applicable to long term capital gains for individuals (currently at a maximum federal rate of 20%), provided that the individual receiving the dividend satisfies certain holding period and other requirements. Dividends subject to these special rules are not actually treated as capital gains, however, and thus are not included in the computation of an individuals net capital gain and generally cannot be used to offset capital losses. The long term capital gains rates will apply to: (i) 100% of the regular dividends paid by the Fund to an individual in a particular taxable year if 95% or more of the Funds gross income (ignoring gains attributable to the sale of stocks and securities except to the extent net short term capital gain from such sales exceeds net long term capital loss from such sales) in that taxable year is attributable to qualified dividend income received by the Fund; or (ii) the portion of the regular dividends paid by the Fund to an individual in a particular taxable year that is attributable to qualified dividend income received by the Fund in that taxable year if such qualified dividend income accounts for less than 95% of the Funds gross income (ignoring gains attributable to the sale of stocks and securities except to the extent net short term capital gain from such sales exceeds net long term capital loss from such sales) for that taxable year. For this purpose, qualified dividend income generally means income from dividends received by the Fund from U.S. corporations and qualified foreign corporations, provided that the Fund satisfies certain holding period requirements in respect of the stock of such corporations and has not hedged its position in the stock in certain ways. However, qualified dividend income does not include any dividends received from tax-exempt organizations. Also, dividends received by the Fund from a real estate investment trust or another regulated investment company generally are qualified dividend income only to the extent the dividend distributions are made out of qualified dividend income received by such real estate investment trust or other regulated investment company. In the case of securities lending transactions, payments in lieu of dividends are not qualified dividend income. If a shareholder elects to treat Fund dividends as investment income for purposes of the limitation on the deductibility of investment interest, such dividends would not be qualified dividend income. We will send you information after the end of each year setting forth the amount of dividends paid by the Fund that are eligible for the reduced rates.
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If an individual receives a regular dividend qualifying for the long term capital gains rates and such dividend constitutes an extraordinary dividend, and the individual subsequently recognizes a loss on the sale or exchange of stock in respect of which the extraordinary dividend was paid, then the loss will be long term capital loss to the extent of such extraordinary dividend. An extraordinary dividend on common stock for this purpose is generally a dividend (i) in an amount greater than or equal to 10% of the taxpayers tax basis (or trading value) in a share of stock, aggregating dividends with ex-dividend dates within an 85-day period or (ii) in an amount greater than 20% of the taxpayers tax basis (or trading value) in a share of stock, aggregating dividends with ex-dividend dates within a 365-day period.
Distributions in excess of the Funds current and accumulated earnings and profits will, as to each shareholder, be treated as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a shareholders basis in its shares of the Fund, and as a capital gain thereafter (if the shareholder holds its shares of the Fund as capital assets). Dividends paid by the Fund that are attributable to dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations may qualify for the federal dividends-received deduction for corporations, provided certain holding period requirements are met.
Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of shares should have a basis in such shares of the Fund equal to the amount of cash that the shareholders would have received had they elected to receive cash instead of shares. If the NAV of shares is reduced below a shareholders cost as a result of a distribution by the Fund, such distribution may be taxable even though it represents a return of invested capital. The price of shares purchased at any time may reflect the amount of a forthcoming distribution. Those purchasing shares just prior to a distribution will receive a distribution which will be taxable to them, even though the distribution represents, in an economic sense, a partial return of invested capital.
If the Fund is the holder of record of any stock on the record date for any dividends payable with respect to such stock, such dividends are included in the Funds gross income not as of the date received but as of the later of (a) the date such stock became ex-dividend with respect to such dividends, i.e., the date on which a buyer of the stock would not be entitled to receive the declared, but unpaid, dividends or (b) the date the Fund acquired such stock. Accordingly, in order to satisfy its income distribution requirements, the Fund may be required to pay dividends based on anticipated earnings, and shareholders may receive dividends in an earlier year than would otherwise be the case. Under current law, the Fund serves to block unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of its investment in the Fund if shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b). Certain types of income received by the Fund from real estate investment trusts, real estate mortgage investment conduits, taxable mortgage pools or other investments may cause the Fund to designate some or all of its distributions as excess inclusion income. To Fund shareholders such excess inclusion income may (1) constitute taxable income, as UBTI for those shareholders who would otherwise be tax-exempt such as individual retirement accounts, 401(k) accounts, Keogh plans, pension plans and certain charitable entities; (2) not be offset against net operating losses for tax purposes; (3) not be eligible for reduced US withholding for non-US shareholders even from tax treaty countries; and (4) cause the Fund to be subject to tax if certain disqualified organizations as defined by the Code are Fund shareholders.
Sales of Shares
Upon a sale or exchange of shares, a shareholder will realize a taxable gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and the shareholders basis in the shares. A redemption of shares by the Fund will be treated as a sale for this purpose. Such gain or loss will be a capital gain or loss if the shares are held as capital assets and will be long term capital gain or loss if the shares are held for more than one year and short term capital gain or loss if the shares are held for one year or less. Any loss realized on a sale or exchange will be disallowed to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced, including replacement through the reinvesting of dividends and capital gains distributions in the Fund, within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date the shares are disposed of. In such case, the basis of the shares acquired will be increased to reflect the disallowed loss. Any loss realized by a shareholder on the sale of Fund shares held by the shareholder for six months or less will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a long term capital loss to the extent of any distributions (or deemed distributions) of net long term capital gain received by the shareholder with respect to such shares.
An exchange from one share class within the Fund to another share class within the Fund generally is not a taxable transaction, provided that such classes have identical rights with respect to the Funds assets.
If a shareholder incurs a sales charge in acquiring shares of the Fund, disposes of those shares within 90 days and then acquires shares in a mutual fund within a certain period of time for which the otherwise applicable sales charge is reduced by reason of a reinvestment right (e.g., an exchange privilege), the original sales charge will not be taken into account in computing gain/loss on the original shares to the extent the subsequent sales charge is reduced. Instead, the disregarded portion of the original sales charge will be added to the tax basis of the newly acquired shares. Furthermore, the same rule also
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applies to a disposition of the newly acquired shares made within 90 days of the second acquisition. This provision prevents a shareholder from immediately deducting the sales charge by shifting his or her investment within a family of mutual funds.
Backup Withholding
The Fund may be required to withhold, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a portion (currently at a rate of 24%) of the dividends, distributions, and redemption proceeds payable to shareholders who fail to provide their correct taxpayer identification number or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the IRS that they are subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholders U.S. federal income tax liability if proper documentation is provided.
Notices
Shareholders will receive, if appropriate, various written notices after the close of the Funds taxable year regarding the U.S. federal income tax status of certain dividends, distributions, and deemed distributions that were paid (or that are treated as having been paid) by the Fund to its shareholders during the preceding taxable year.
Other Taxes
Dividends, distributions, and redemption proceeds may also be subject to additional state, local and foreign taxes depending on each shareholders particular situation. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding their investment in the Fund.
If a shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to the Funds shares of at least $2 million in any single taxable year or $4 million in any combination of taxable years for an individual shareholder, or at least $10 million in a single taxable year or $20 million in any combination of taxable years for a corporate shareholder (excluding S corporations), the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases exempted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not exempted.
Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders
Dividends paid by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders are generally subject to withholding tax at a 30% rate or a reduced rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty. In order to obtain a reduced rate of withholding, a non-U.S. shareholder will be required to provide an applicable IRS Form W-8 certifying its entitlement to benefits under a treaty. The withholding tax does not apply to regular dividends paid to a non-U.S. shareholder who provides a Form W-8ECI, certifying that the dividends are effectively connected with the non-U.S. shareholders conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Instead, the effectively connected dividends will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax as if the non-U.S. shareholder were a U.S. shareholder. A non-U.S. corporation receiving effectively connected dividends may also be subject to additional branch profits tax imposed at a rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate). A non-U.S. shareholder who fails to provide an applicable IRS Form W-8 or other applicable form may be subject to backup withholding at the appropriate rate.
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)
A 30% withholding tax on your Funds distributions, may apply, subject to the applicability of any intergovernmental agreements between the United States and the relevant foreign country, if paid to a foreign entity unless: (i) if the foreign entity is a foreign financial institution, it undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii) if the foreign entity is not a foreign financial institution, it identifies certain of its U.S. investors or (iii) the foreign entity is otherwise excepted under FATCA. Under proposed Treasury regulations, which may be relied upon by taxpayers until final Treasury regulations are published, there is no FATCA withholding on capital gains distributions and gross proceeds from a sale or disposition of Fund shares. If withholding is required under FATCA on a payment related to your shares, investors that otherwise would not be subject to withholding (or that otherwise would be entitled to a reduced rate of withholding) on such payment generally will be required to seek a refund or credit from the IRS to obtain the benefits of such exemption or reduction. The Fund will not pay any additional amounts in respect to amounts withheld under FATCA. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the effect of FATCA based on your individual circumstances.
The foregoing is only a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences affecting the Fund and its shareholders. The Fund may make taxable distributions even during periods in which the share price of the Fund has declined. Tax effects are not the primary consideration of the Fund in making investment decisions. The Fund does not expect to seek any tax rulings from the Internal Revenue Service or opinions from counsel with respect to tax issues. Current and prospective shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.
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Fund Matters
The Fund reserves the right to create and issue a number of portfolios, in which case the shares of each portfolio would participate equally in the earnings, dividends, and assets of the particular portfolio and would vote separately to approve management agreements or changes in investment policies, but shares of all portfolios would vote together in the election or selection of Directors, principal underwriters and auditors and, generally, on any proposed amendment to the Funds Articles of Incorporation.
Upon liquidation of the Fund or any portfolio, shareholders of the affected portfolio would be entitled to share pro rata in the net assets of their respective portfolio available for distribution to such shareholders.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNDS SHARES
Description of Shares, Voting Rights, and Liabilities
The Fund is an open-end management investment company that was organized as a Maryland corporation on May 25, 1994. Its authorized capital stock consists of one billion shares of stock having a par value of one tenth of one cent ($0.001) per share. The Fund is not required, and does not intend, to hold regular annual shareholder meetings, but may hold special meetings for consideration of proposals requiring shareholder approval, such as changing fundamental policies, or upon the written request of at least 10% of the Funds shares. The Funds Board is authorized to divide the unissued shares into separate portfolios of stock, each portfolio representing a separate, additional portfolio. There are no conversion or preemptive rights in connection with any shares of the Fund. All shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the offering, will be fully paid and nonassessable. Shares will be redeemed at NAV, at the option of the shareholder.
The Fund sends semiannual and audited annual reports to all shareholders which include lists of portfolio securities and the Funds financial statements, which shall be audited annually. Unless a shareholder otherwise specifically requests in writing, the Fund may send a single copy of the prospectus and reports to shareholders to all accounts at the same address.
The shares of the Fund have noncumulative voting rights which means that the holders of more than 50% of the shares can elect 100% of the directors if the holders choose to do so, and, in that event, the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to elect any person or persons to the Board. Unless specifically requested by an investor who is a shareholder of record, the Fund does not issue certificates evidencing Fund shares.
Shareholder Approval
Other than elections of Directors, which is by plurality, any matter for which shareholder approval is required by the 1940 Act requires the affirmative vote of at least a majority (as defined by the 1940 Act) of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund at a meeting called for the purpose of considering such approval. A majority of the Funds outstanding securities is the lesser of (1) 67% of the shares represented at a meeting at which more than 50% of the outstanding shares are present in person or by proxy or (2) more than 50% of the outstanding shares.
Information for Shareholders
All shareholder inquiries regarding administrative procedures including the purchase and redemption of shares should be directed to G.distributors, LLC, One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422. For assistance, call 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or through the internet at www.gabelli.com.
The Funds Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, including the Report of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, are incorporated herein by reference to the Funds Annual Report. The Funds Annual Report is available upon request and without charge by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or through the Internet at www.gabelli.com. Ernst & Young LLP provides audit services, tax return preparation and assistance and other assurance services in connection with certain SEC filings.
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DESCRIPTION OF CORPORATE DEBT RATINGS
MOODYS INVESTORS SERVICE, INC. (Moodys)
| Aaa: |
Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk. | |
| Aa: |
Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk. | |
| A: |
Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk. | |
| Baa: |
Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics. | |
| Ba: |
Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk. | |
| B: |
Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to very high credit risk. | |
| Caa: |
Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk. | |
| Ca: |
Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest. | |
| C: |
Obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest. | |
| NR: |
NR is assigned to an unrated issuer, obligation and/or program. | |
Should no rating be assigned, the reason may be one of the following:
| 1. |
An application for rating was not received or accepted. | |
| 2. |
The issue or issuer belongs to a group of securities that are not rated as a matter of policy. | |
| 3. |
There is a lack of essential data pertaining to the issue or issuer. | |
| 4. |
The issue was privately placed, in which case the rating is not published in Moodys publications. | |
Suspension or withdrawal may occur if new and material circumstances arise, the effects of which preclude satisfactory analysis; if there is no longer available reasonable up-to-date data to permit a judgment to be formed; if a bond is called for redemption; or for other reasons.
| Note: |
Moodys appends numerical modifiers, 1, 2, and 3 in each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the security ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of its generic rating category. Additionally, a (hyb) indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. |
STANDARD & POORS RATINGS SERVICES (S&P)
Investment Grade
| AAA: |
An obligation rated AAA has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong. | |
| AA: |
An obligation rated AA differs from the highest rated obligations only in small degree. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong. | |
| A: |
An obligation rated A is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rated categories. However, the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong. | |
| BBB: |
An obligation rated BBB exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. | |
Speculative Grade
Obligations rated BB, B, CCC, CC, and C are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. BB indicates the least degree of speculation and C the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
A-1
| BB: |
An obligation rated BB is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligors inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. | |
| B: |
An obligation rated B is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated BB, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligors capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. | |
| CCC: |
An obligation rated CCC is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. | |
| CC: |
An obligation rated CC is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The CC rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but Standard & Poors expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default. | |
| C: |
An obligation rated C is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher. | |
| D: |
An obligation rated D is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due unless Standard & Poors believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligations rating is lowered to D if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer. | |
| N |
This indicates that no rating has been requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poors does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy. | |
| * | The ratings from AA to CCC may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories. |
Description of S&P and Moodys commercial paper ratings:
The designation A-1 by S&P indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong. Capacity for timely payment on issues with an A-2 designation is satisfactory. However, the relative degree of safety is not as high as for issues designated A-1.
The rating Prime-1 (P-1) is the highest commercial paper rating assigned by Moodys. Issuers of P-1 paper must have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations, and ordinarily will be evidenced by leading market positions in well established industries, high rates of return of funds employed, conservative capitalization structures with moderate reliance on debt and ample asset protection, broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges and high internal cash generation, and well established access to a range of financial markets and assured sources of alternate liquidity.
A-2
PART C: OTHER INFORMATION
| Item 28. | Exhibits |
| (a)(1) |
Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, dated May 25, 1994, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on April 30, 1998 (Accession No. 0000950152-98-003814) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 4). | |
| (a)(2) |
Articles Supplementary to the Articles of Incorporation, dated February 28, 2000, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 8 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on March 9, 2000 (Accession No. 0000927405-00-000083) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 8). | |
| (a)(3) |
Articles Supplementary to the Articles of Incorporation, dated April 28, 2005, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 15 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on April 29, 2005 (Accession No. 0000935069-05-001035) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 15). | |
| (a)(4) |
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation, dated April 29, 1999, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 16 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on April 28, 2006 (Accession No. 0000935069-06-001206) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 16). | |
| (a)(5) |
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation, dated December 22, 2005, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 16. | |
| (b) |
Amended and Restated By-Laws, dated August 19, 2009, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 20 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on February 26, 2010 (Accession No. 0000950123-10-017786). | |
| (c) |
Not Applicable. | |
| (d)(1) |
Investment Advisory Agreement between the Registrant and Gabelli Funds, Inc., dated June 28, 1995, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4. | |
| (d)(2) |
Amendment No. 1 to the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Registrant and Gabelli Funds, Inc. (now known as Gabelli Funds, LLC), dated May 17, 2000, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 10 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on May 1, 2001 (Accession No. 0000935069-01-500088) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 10). | |
| (d)(3) |
Operating Expenses Limitation Agreement between the Registrant and Gabelli Funds, LLC (with respect to Class I Shares), dated August 25, 2014, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 30 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on April 30, 2015 (Accession No. 0001193125-15-161048). | |
| (d)(4) |
Amended and Restated Operating Expenses Limitation Agreement between the Registrant and Gabelli Funds, LLC (with respect to Class AAA Shares and Class I Shares), dated June 1, 2018, is filed herewith. | |
| (e) |
Distribution Agreement between the Registrant and G.distributors, LLC, dated August 1, 2011 is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on April 27, 2012 (Accession No. 0001193125-12-190920) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 24). | |
| (f) |
Not Applicable. | |
| (g) |
Amended and Restated Master Custody Agreement between the Registrant and State Street Bank & Trust Company (State Street), dated July 2, 2001, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 11 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via Edgar on May 1, 2002 (Accession No. 0000935069-02-000404). | |
| (h) |
Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between the Registrant and State Street, dated July 28, 1994, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 4. | |
| (i)(1) |
Consent of Paul Hastings LLP, Fund counsel, is filed herewith. | |
| (i)(2) |
Opinion of Venable, Baetjer and Howard is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 8. | |
| (j)(1) |
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, is filed herewith. | |
| (j)(2) |
Powers of Attorney for Mario J. Gabelli, Caesar M. P. Bryan, Anthony J. Colavita, Werner J. Roeder, and Anthonie C. van Ekris, dated November 1, 2000, are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 10. | |
| (j)(5) |
Power of Attorney for Salvatore J. Zizza, dated April 27, 2004, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 13 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via Edgar on April 30, 2004 (Accession No. 0000935069-04-000676). | |
| (k) |
Not Applicable. | |
| (l)(1) |
Subscription Agreement with initial shareholder is incorporated by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2. | |
| (l)(2) |
Purchase Agreement with respect to Class A Shares of the Fund, dated March 9, 2000, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 9 to the Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A, as filed with the SEC via EDGAR on May 1, 2000 (Accession No. 0000935069-00-000196) (Post-Effective Amendment No. 9). | |
| (l)(3) |
Purchase Agreement with respect to Class B Shares of the Fund, dated March 9, 2000, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 9. | |
| (l)(4) |
Purchase Agreement with respect to Class C Shares of the Fund, dated March 9, 2000, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 9. | |
| (m)(1) |
Amended and Restated Plan of Distribution pursuant to Rule 12b-1 relating to Class AAA Shares, dated August 1, 2011, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24. | |
| (m)(2) |
Amended and Restated Plan of Distribution pursuant to Rule 12b-1 relating to Class A Shares, dated August 1, 2011, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24. | |
| (m)(3) |
Amended and Restated Plan of Distribution pursuant to Rule 12b-1 relating to Class B Shares, dated August 1, 2011, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24. | |
| (m)(4) |
Amended and Restated Plan of Distribution pursuant to Rule 12b-1 relating to Class C Shares, dated August 1, 2011, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 24. | |
| (n) |
Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Multi-Class Plan, dated May 12, 2004, is incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 15. | |
| (o) |
Not Applicable. | |
| (p) |
Revised Code of Ethics for the Registrant, Gabelli Funds, LLC, GAMCO Asset Management, Inc., G.research, LLC, G.distributors, LLC, Teton Advisors, Inc., Gabelli & Partners, LLC, Gabelli Fixed Income LLC, and Gabelli & Company Investment Advisers, Inc., dated January 30, 2019, is filed herewith. | |
Item 29. Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with Registrant
None.
Item 30. Indemnification
Under Article VIII of the Registrants Articles of Incorporation and Article V, Section 1 of the Registrants By-Laws, any past or present director or officer of Registrant is indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and all expenses reasonably incurred in connection with any action, suit or proceeding to which the Registrant may be a party or otherwise involved by reason of being or having been a director or officer of Registrant. These provisions do not authorize indemnification when it is determined, in the manner specified in the Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws, that such director or officer would otherwise be liable to Registrant or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his duties. In addition, the Articles of Incorporation provide that to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time, no director or officer of the Fund shall be personally liable to the Fund or its stockholders for money damages, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended from time to time. Under Article V, Section 2, of the Registrants By-Laws, expenses may be paid by Registrant in advance of the final disposition of any action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by such director or officer to repay such expenses to Registrant in the event that it is ultimately determined that indemnification of the advanced expenses is not authorized under the By-Laws.
Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933 (the 1933 Act) may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Item 31. Business and Other Connections of the Investment Adviser
Gabelli Funds, LLC (the Adviser) is a registered investment adviser providing investment management and administrative services to the Registrant. The Adviser also provides similar services to other mutual funds.
The information required by this Item 31 with respect to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by directors and officers of the Adviser during the past two fiscal years is incorporated by reference to Form ADV filed by the Adviser pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (SEC File No. 801-37706).
Item 32. Principal Underwriter
| (a) |
G.distributors, LLC (G.distributors) currently acts as distributor for Gabelli 787 Fund, Inc., The Gabelli Asset Fund, Gabelli Capital Series Funds, Inc., Comstock Funds, Inc., The Gabelli Dividend Growth Fund, Gabelli Equity Series Funds, Inc., GAMCO Global Series Funds, Inc., Gabelli Gold Fund, Inc, The GAMCO Growth Fund, Gabelli Investor Funds, Inc., The Gabelli Money Market Funds, The Gabelli ESG Fund, Inc., The Gabelli Utilities Fund, The Gabelli Value 25 Fund Inc., The TETON Westwood Funds, Gabelli Innovations Trust, and the KEELEY Funds, Inc. |
| (b) |
The information required by this Item 32 with respect to each director, officer or partner of G.distributors is incorporated by reference to Schedule A of Form BD filed by G.distributors pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (SEC File No. 8-68697). | |
| (c) |
Not Applicable. | |
Item 33. Location of Accounts and Records
All accounts, books and other documents required by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and Rules 31a-1 through 31a-3 thereunder are maintained at the following offices:
| 1. | Gabelli Funds, LLC |
| One Corporate Center |
| Rye, New York 10580-1422 |
| 2. | The Bank of New York Mellon |
| One Boston Place |
| 201 Washington Street |
| Boston, Massachusetts 02108 |
| 3. | The Bank of New York Mellon |
| 301 Bellevue Parkway |
| Wilmington, Delaware 19809 |
| 4. | State Street Bank and Trust Company |
| One Heritage Drive |
| North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171 |
| 5. | DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc. |
| 430 W 7th Street Ste 219204 |
| Kansas City, MO 64105-1407 |
Item 34. Management Services
Not Applicable.
Item 35. Undertakings
Not Applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant, GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC., certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 to its Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized, in the City of Rye and State of New York, on the 30th day of April, 2019.
|
GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC. | ||||||
| By: |
/s/Bruce N. Alpert | |||||
| Bruce N. Alpert | ||||||
| President | ||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 to its Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signatures |
Title |
Date | ||
| Mario J. Gabelli* |
Chairman of the Board | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Mario J. Gabelli |
||||
| /s/ Bruce N. Alpert |
President | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Bruce N. Alpert |
(Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ John C. Ball |
Treasurer | April 30, 2019 | ||
| John C. Ball |
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||
| Anthony J. Colavita* |
Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Anthony J. Colavita |
||||
| Werner J. Roeder* |
Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Werner J. Roeder |
||||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris* |
Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Anthonie C. van Ekris |
||||
| Salvatore J. Zizza* |
Director | April 30, 2019 | ||
| Salvatore J. Zizza |
||||
| *By: |
/s/ Bruce N. Alpert | |
| Bruce N. Alpert | ||
|
Attorney-in-Fact |
EXHIBIT INDEX
| EXHIBIT NO. |
DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBIT | |
| 28(d)(4) | Amended and Restated Operating Expenses Limitation Agreement, dated June 1, 2018 | |
| 28(i)(1) | Consent of Paul Hastings LLP, Fund counsel | |
| 28(j)(1) | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | |
| 28(p) | Revised Code of Ethics for the Registrant, Gabelli Funds, LLC, GAMCO Asset Management, Inc., G.research, LLC, G.distributors, LLC, Teton Advisors, Inc., Gabelli & Partners, LLC, Gabelli Fixed Income LLC, and Gabelli & Company Investment Advisers, Inc., dated January 30, 2019 | |
Exhibit 28(d)(4)
GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC.
AMENDED AND RESTATED OPERATING EXPENSES LIMITATION AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDED AND RESTATED OPERATING EXPENSES LIMITATION AGREEMENT (the Agreement) is effective as of the 1st day of June, 2018, by and between GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the Fund), on behalf of each of the Funds classes of shares listed on Appendix A (each, a Class), and the Funds investment adviser, Gabelli Funds, LLC (the Adviser).
WITNESSETH:
WHEREAS, the Adviser renders advice and services to the Fund pursuant to the terms and provisions of an Investment Advisory Agreement between the Fund and the Adviser dated as of the 28th day of June, 1995 (the Investment Advisory Agreement); and
WHEREAS, the Fund is responsible for, and has assumed the obligation for, payment of certain expenses pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement that have not been assumed by the Adviser; and
WHEREAS, the Adviser desires to limit the Operating Expenses for each Class (as defined in paragraph 2 of this Agreement) pursuant to the terms and provisions of this Agreement, and the Fund desires to allow the Adviser to implement those limits on behalf of each Class;
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants and the mutual promises hereinafter set forth, the parties, intending to be legally bound hereby, mutually agree as follows:
1. LIMIT ON OPERATING EXPENSES. The Adviser hereby agrees to limit the Operating Expenses for each Class to an annual rate, expressed as a percentage of the average annual net assets of each respective Class to the amounts listed in Appendix A (the Annual Limit). In the event that the current Operating Expenses of a particular Class, as accrued each month, exceed its Annual Limit, the Adviser will pay to the Fund, on behalf of that Class, on a monthly basis, the excess expense within a reasonable time after being notified that an excess expense payment is due.
2. DEFINITION. For purposes of this Agreement, the term Operating Expenses with respect to a Class, is defined to include all expenses necessary or appropriate for the operation of that Class, including the Advisers investment advisory or management fee detailed in the Investment Advisory Agreement, any Rule 12b-1 fees and other expenses described in the Investment Advisory Agreement, but does not include any front-end or contingent deferred loads, taxes, leverage interest, brokerage commissions, expenses incurred in connection with any merger or reorganization, or extraordinary expenses such as litigation.
Exhibit 28(d)(4)
3. REIMBURSEMENT OF FEES AND EXPENSES. The Adviser retains its right to receive reimbursement of any excess expense payments paid by it pursuant to this Agreement made in the prior three fiscal years.
4. TERM. This Agreement shall become effective on the date specified herein and shall remain in effect indefinitely and at least until April 30, 2019, unless sooner terminated as provided in Paragraph 5 of this Agreement.
5. TERMINATION. This Agreement may be terminated without payment of any penalty by the Board of Directors of the Fund (the Board), on behalf of each Class, upon sixty (60) days written notice to the Adviser. This Agreement may not be terminated by the Adviser without the consent of the Board, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld. This Agreement will automatically terminate if the Investment Advisory Agreement is terminated, with such termination effective upon the effective date of the Investment Advisory Agreements termination.
6. ASSIGNMENT. This Agreement and all rights and obligations hereunder may not be assigned without the written consent of the other party.
7. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this Agreement shall be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute or rule, or shall be otherwise rendered invalid, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby.
8. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Maryland without giving effect to the conflict of laws principles thereof; provided that nothing herein shall be construed to preempt, or to be inconsistent with, any federal law, regulation or rule, including the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and any rules and regulation promulgated thereunder.
[Remainder of the page left intentionally blank]
Exhibit 28(d)(4)
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and attested by their duly authorized officers, all on the day and year first above written.
| GAMCO INTERNATIONAL GROWTH FUND, INC. | GABELLI FUNDS, LLC | |||||||
| on behalf of Classes listed on Appendix A |
||||||||
| By: | /s/ John C. Ball | By: | /s/ Andrea R. Mango | |||||
| Name: | John C. Ball | Name: | Andrea R. Mango | |||||
| Title: | Treasurer | Title: | Secretary | |||||
Exhibit 28(d)(4)
APPENDIX A
| Class |
Operating Expense Limit | |
| Class AAA | 1.25% | |
| Class I | 1.00% | |
Exhibit 28(i)(1)
CONSENT OF COUNSEL
We consent to the reference to our Firm under the heading Counsel in Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc. as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about April 30, 2019.
/s/ Paul Hastings LLP
PAUL HASTINGS LLP
New York, New York
April 30, 2019
Exhibit 28(j)(1)
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We consent to the references to our firm under the captions Financial Highlights in the Prospectus and Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Financial Statements in the Statement of Additional Information in Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 to the Registration Statement (Form N-1A, No. 33-79994), and to the incorporation by reference therein of our report dated February 28, 2019 on GAMCO International Growth Fund, Inc., included in the 2018 annual report to shareholders.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
April 30, 2019
Exhibit 28(p)
SECTION S
Code of Ethics
Gabelli Funds, LLC
GAMCO Asset Management Inc.
G.research, LLC.
G.distributors, LLC
Teton Advisors, Inc.
Gabelli & Partners, LLC
Gabelli Fixed Income LLC
Gabelli & Company Investment Advisers, Inc.
The Code of Ethics applies to each Registered Investment Company or Private Fund Client or series thereof (each of which is considered to be a Company for this purpose) for which any of the Companies listed above presently or hereafter provides investment advisory or principal underwriting services, other than a money market fund or a fund that does not invest in Securities.
INTRODUCTION
This Code of Ethics establishes rules of conduct for persons who are associated with the companies named above or with the registered investment companies for which such companies provide investment advisory or principal underwriter services. The Code governs their personal investment and other investment-related activities.
The basic rule is very simple: we all have a fiduciary duty to put the clients interests first. In particular, you are reminded that investment opportunities must be offered first to clients before the firms or staff may act on them. This is one of the important objectives that the procedures set forth in this Code are intended to accomplish. The rest of the rules elaborate this principle. Some of the rules are imposed specifically by law. For example, the laws that govern investment advisers specifically prohibit fraudulent activity, making statements that are not true or that are misleading or omit something that is significant in the context and engaging in manipulative practices. These are general words, of course, and over the years the courts, the regulators and investment advisers have interpreted these words and established codes of conduct for their employees and others who have access to their investment decisions and trading activities. Indeed, the rules obligate investment advisers to adopt written rules that are reasonably designed to prevent the illegal activities described above and must follow procedures that will enable them to prevent such activities.
The purpose of this Code is to reinforce and enhance the long-standing commitment of the firms to the highest standards of ethical business conduct. Our business depends on our reputation for integrity and principled business conduct, and this reputation, in turn, depends on the day-to-day actions of every staff member. Accordingly, we must avoid conflicts of interest, which may occur when your private interests interfere in any way, or
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-1 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
even appear to interfere, with the interests of the firms or its clients. A conflict situation can arise when you take actions or have interests that make it difficult for you to perform your work objectively and effectively. Your obligation to conduct the firms business in an ethical manner includes the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and business relationships, including full disclosure of such conflicts. Each staff member is responsible for conducting himself in a lawful, honest and ethical manner at all times, and in accordance with all laws, rules and regulations applicable to our business, including this Code and all other internal policies and procedures adopted by the firms.
This Code is intended to assist the companies in fulfilling their obligations under the law. The first part lays out who the Code applies to, the second part deals with personal investment activities, the third part deals with other sensitive business practices, and subsequent parts deal with reporting and administrative procedures.
The Code is very important to the Companies and their staff members. Violations can not only cause the Companies embarrassment, loss of business, legal restrictions, fines, and other punishments, but for staff members, can lead to demotion, suspension, firing, ejection from the securities business, and very large fines.
| I. | APPLICABILITY |
| A. | The Code applies to each of the following: |
| 1. | The Companies named or described at the top of page one of the Code and all entities that are under common management with these Companies or otherwise agree to be subject to the Code (Affiliates). A listing of the Affiliates, which is periodically updated, is attached as Exhibit A. |
| 2. | Any officer, director or employee of any Company, Affiliate or Fund Client (as defined below) whose job regularly involves him in the investment process. This includes the formulation and making of investment recommendations and decisions, the purchase and sale of securities for Clients and the utilization of information about investment recommendations, decisions and trades. Due to the manner in which the Companies and the Affiliates conduct their business, every employee should assume that he or she is subject to the Code unless the Compliance Officer specifies otherwise.1 |
1 Consultants, interns and part-time employees are subject to the restrictions and reporting requirements of personal investment activities promulgated under the Code.
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-2 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 3. | With respect to all of the Companies, Affiliates and Fund Clients, any natural person who Controls any of the Companies, Affiliates or Fund Clients and who obtains information regarding the Companies or the Affiliates investment recommendations or decisions. However, a person whose Control arises only as a result of his or her official position with such entity is excluded. Disinterested directors of Fund Clients and Independent Directors, for example, are excluded from coverage under this item. |
| 4. | As an exception, the Code does not apply to any director, officer or employee of any Fund Client (such as certain of The Teton Westwood Funds) with respect to which the Companies services do not involve the formulation or making of investment recommendations or decisions or the execution of portfolio transactions if that person is also a director, officer or employee of any entity that does perform such services (such as Westwood Management Corp.). These individuals are covered by codes of ethics adopted by such entities. |
| B. | Definitions |
| 1. | Access Persons. The (i) Companies, (ii) the persons described in items (A)2 and (A)3 above and (iii) such persons Immediate Family, other than those excluded by item (A)4 above. |
| 2. | Access Person Account. Other than Client Accounts, includes all advisory, brokerage, trust or other accounts over which one or more Access Persons has (i) a substantial proportionate economic interest or (ii) Control. Control is defined as having investment and/or trade discretion over the account. |
| A substantial proportionate economic interest will generally be 25% of the equity in the account in the case of any single Access Person or 25% of the equity in the account in the case of all Access Persons in the aggregate. Interests in Private Fund Clients and similar indirect means of ownership of underlying securities shall also be treated as Access Person Accounts for purposes of this Code.2 |
2 Affiliated Mutual Funds shall not be treated as Access Person Accounts for purposes of this Code. Because there are investment limitations imposed by the Investment Company Act over the investment activity of Affiliated Mutual Funds, the firms take the positions that the indirect benefit potentially gained by an Access Person through the trading activity of these Clients to the potential detriment of other Clients of the firms is sufficiently mitigated. In addition, the firms have determined that the risk to other investors in Affiliated Mutual Funds caused by subjecting these Clients to the trading restrictions imposed by this Code outweigh the risks to other Clients of the firms that the firms will seek to benefit the Access Person to the detriment of the firms other Clients. In addition, subject to the review of the Chief Compliance Officer, market making accounts controlled by G.research, LLC and error accounts of Access Persons shall not be deemed Access Person Accounts for purposes of this Code.
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-3 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| As an exception, accounts in which one or more Access Persons and/or their immediate family have a substantial proportionate interest which are managed by an investment adviser who has no affiliation with the Companies and with respect to which no Access Person has, in the judgment of the Compliance Officer after reviewing the terms and circumstances, any direct or indirect influence or control over the investment or portfolio execution process are not Access Person Accounts. |
| As a further exception, subject to the provisions of Article II(I)7, bona fide market making accounts of G.research, LLC are not Access Person Accounts. |
| As a further exception, subject to the provisions of Article II(I)7, bona fide error accounts of the Companies and the Affiliates are not Access Person Accounts. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-4 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 3. | Affiliated Mutual Funds. Registered open-end investment companies or series thereof advised or sub-advised by any of the Companies or their Affiliates. |
| 4. | Associate Portfolio Managers. Access Persons who are engaged in securities research and analysis for designated Clients or are responsible for investment recommendations for designated Clients but who are not principally responsible for investment decisions with respect to any Client Accounts. |
| 5. | Clients. Persons that have investment advisory accounts maintained with any of the Companies or Affiliates by any person, other than Access Person Accounts. However, Fund Clients covered by item (A)(4) above are considered Client Accounts only with respect to employees specifically identified by the Compliance Officer as having regular information regarding investment recommendations or decisions or portfolio transactions for such Fund Clients. |
| 6. | Client Accounts. Shall mean accounts of Clients (i) that are Controlled by an Access Person and (ii) in which no Access Person has a substantial proportionate economic interest; provided that, the Client pays a management, advisory or any other similar arms-length fee to the Access Person and the beneficiary of the Client Account is not an Immediate Family member of an Access Person. |
| 7. | Companies. The companies named or described at the top of page one of the Code. |
| 8. | Compliance Officer. The persons designated as the compliance officers of the Companies. |
| 9. | Covered Persons. The Companies, the Access Persons and the persons described in items A(3) and (A)4 above. |
| 10. | Fund Clients. Clients that are Affiliated Mutual Funds, Private Fund Clients or a series thereof. |
| 11. | Immediate Family. An Access Persons spouse and Minor Descendants; provided that, with respect to accounts for the benefit of Minor Descendants who are not also Minor Children, an Access Person Controls such account. |
| 12. | Independent Directors. A director of any of the Companies or Affiliates, other than an investment advisor to a Fund Client, who would not be an interested person of any of such entities under |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-5 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| Section 2(a)(19) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 but for the fact that he or she serves as such a director and may own beneficially securities of any such entity constituting less than 5% of the voting securities thereof and may be an associated person of or own securities in a broker-dealer or parent company thereof and who does not have any involvement in the day-to-day activities of any of the Companies or Fund Clients. |
| 13. | Minor Children. A child, whether natural or via adoption, of an Access Person, under the age of twenty-one years. |
| 14. | Minor Descendants. Direct descendants of an Access Person, whether natural or via adoption, under the age of twenty-one years. |
| 15. | Portfolio Managers. Access Persons who are principally responsible for investment decisions with respect to any Client Accounts. |
| 16. | Private Fund Client. Any Client the securities of which were offered or sold pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) or the 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. |
| 17. | Security. Any financial instrument treated as a security for investment purposes and any related instrument such as a futures, forward or swap contract entered into with respect to one or more securities, a basket of or an index of securities or components of securities. However, the term security does not include securities issued by the Government of the United States, bankers acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements, or shares of registered open-end investment companies. Shares of affiliated registered open-end investment companies are not securities but are subject to special rules under this Code. |
| II. | RESTRICTIONS ON PERSONAL INVESTING ACTIVITIES |
| A. | Basic Restriction on Investing Activities |
| If a purchase or sale order is pending or under active consideration for any Client Account by any Company or Affiliate, neither the same Security nor any related Security (such as an option, warrant, right, futures contract or convertible security) may be bought or sold for any Access Person Account. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-6 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| B. | Initial Public Offerings |
| No Security or related Security may be acquired in an initial public offering for any Access Person Account. |
| C. | Blackout Period |
| No Security may be bought or sold for the account of any Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager, including any of the firms proprietary accounts managed by a Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager, during the period commencing seven (7) calendar days prior to and ending seven (7) calendar days after the purchase or sale (or entry of an order for the purchase or sale) of that Security for any Client Account with respect to which such person has been designated a Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager, unless the Client Account receives at least as good a price as the account of the Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager by the transaction for the account of the Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager. |
| In the event that a Security is bought or sold for the account of any Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager within the Blackout Period at a price that is more advantageous than the price of the same Security bought or sold for any Client Account with respect to which such person has been designated a Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager, then the price difference advantage of the Portfolio Manager or Associate Portfolio Manager account over the Client Account will be disgorged, except where such price difference advantage is of a de minimis amount, in which case no violation will be deemed to have occurred. For purposes of the Blackout Period, a de minimis amount is defined as a price difference advantage in an amount of $250 or less per security. |
| D. | Short-term Trading and Affiliated Mutual Funds |
| No Security or related Security may, within a 30 calendar day holding period be bought and sold or sold and bought at a profit for any Access Person Account if the Security or related Security was held at any time during that period in any Client Account. |
| No Affiliated Mutual Fund, except the Gabelli U.S. Treasury Money Market Fund and the Gabelli ABC Fund, may be bought and sold within a 30 calendar day holding period (measured on a last-in first-out basis) for a single Access Person Account. The Gabelli U.S. Treasury Money Market Fund shall be exempt from the 30 calendar day holding period. The ABC Fund shall have a 7 calendar day holding period (measured on a last-in first-out basis). |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-7 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| Shares of Affiliated Mutual Funds purchased via automated investments or by reinvestment of dividends or capital gain distributions will not be subject to the holding period. Shares of Affiliated Mutual Funds held in 401(k) accounts administered by Ascensus (formerly BISYS) will not be subject to the holding period where the shares were purchased under the following circumstances: |
| ◾ | Shares purchased by reinvestment of dividends or capital gain distributions; |
| ◾ | Shares purchased in rollover transactions; |
| ◾ | Shares purchased for automatic contribution election; and |
| ◾ | Shares purchased for automated account rebalance. |
| Exchange Traded Managed Funds (ETMF) |
| Exchange Traded Managed Funds are neither subject to the holding period nor market capitalization criteria set forth in the Code for other exchange traded securities and related holding period restrictions. |
| E. | Derivative Securities |
| Securities that derive their value, at least in part, from an underlying asset (such as options, warrants, rights, swaps and futures contracts) may be bought and sold or sold and bought at a profit unless the underlying asset is subject to the restrictions set forth in paragraphs (A), (C), (D) and (I) or the exemptions set forth in paragraph (H). |
| However, rights that were received pro rata with other security holders are exempt from the 30 calendar day holding period set forth in paragraph (D). |
| F. | Spinoffs |
| Securities that are derived by the creation of an independent company through the sale or distribution of new shares of an existing company or division of a parent company is subject to the restrictions set forth in paragraphs (A), (C), (D) and (I), but exempt from the 30 calendar-day hold requirement set forth in paragraph (D) or the exemptions set forth in paragraph (H). |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-8 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| G. | Exempt Transactions |
| Participation on an ongoing basis in an issuers dividend reinvestment or stock purchase plan, participation in any transaction over which no Access Person had any direct or indirect influence or control and involuntary transactions (such as mergers, inheritances, gifts, etc.) are exempt from the restrictions set forth in paragraphs (A), (C) and (D) above with case by case pre-clearance under paragraph (I) below. |
| H. | Permitted Exceptions |
| Purchases and sales of the following Securities for Access Person Accounts are exempt from the restrictions set forth in paragraphs (A), (C) and the first sentence of paragraph (D) above if such purchases and sales comply with the pre-clearance requirements of paragraph (I) below: |
| 1. | Publicly traded non-convertible fixed income Securities rated at least A; |
| 2. | Publicly traded equity Securities having a market capitalization in excess of $1.0 billion; 3 |
| 3. | Publicly traded equity Securities having a market capitalization in excess of $500 million if the transaction in question and the aggregate amount of such Securities and any related Securities purchased and sold for the Access Person Account in question during the preceding 30 calendar days does not exceed 100 shares; |
| 4. | Municipal Securities; and |
| 5. | Securities transactions that the Compliance Officer concludes are being effected for federal, state or local income tax purposes. |
| 6. | The exercise of rights that were received pro rata with other security holders is exempt. |
| 7. | Securities issued by the United States Government, bankers acceptances, bank certificates of deposit and commercial paper. |
| 3 | Market capitalization includes all classes of public shares outstanding that are convertible to common shares. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-9 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| I. | Pre-Clearance of Personal Securities Transactions |
| No Security may be bought or sold for an Access Person Account unless: (i) the Access Person obtains prior approval from the Compliance Officer or, in the absence of the Compliance Officer, from the General Counsel or a designee; or via an automated Compliance pre-clearance system (ii) the approved transaction is completed on the same day approval is received; and (iii) the Compliance Officer or the General Counsel or designee does not rescind such approval prior to execution of the transaction (See paragraph K below for details of the Pre-Clearance Process.) |
| J. | Private Placements |
| The Compliance Officer will not approve purchases or sales of Securities that are not publicly traded, unless the Access Person provides full details of the proposed transaction (including written certification that the investment opportunity did not arise by virtue of such persons activities on behalf of any Client) and that the Companies would have no foreseeable interest in investing in such Security or any related Security for the account of any Client. |
| K. | Pre-Clearance Process |
| 1. | No Securities may be purchased or sold for any Access Person Account unless the particular transaction has been approved in writing by the Compliance Officer or, in his or her absence, the General Counsel of GAMCO Investors, Inc., Associated Capital Group, Inc. or their designees; or via an automated Compliance pre-clearance system. The Compliance Officer or a designee shall review reports from the trading desk (or, if applicable, confirmations from brokers) to assure that all transactions effected for Access Person Accounts are effected in compliance with this Code. |
| 2. | No Securities may be purchased or sold for any Access Person Account other than through the trading desk of G.research, LLC, unless express permission is granted by the Compliance Officer. Such permission may be granted only on the condition that the third party broker supply the Compliance Officer, on a timely basis, duplicate copies of confirmations of all personal Securities transactions for such Access Person in the accounts maintained with such third party broker and copies of periodic statements for all such accounts. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-10 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 3. | No Securities may be purchased or sold for any Access Person Account unless the particular transaction has been approved in writing by the Compliance Officer or, in his or her absence, the General Counsel of GAMCO Investors, Inc., Associated Capital Group, Inc. or their designees; or via an automated Compliance pre-clearance system. The Compliance Officer or a designee shall review reports from the trading desk (or, if applicable, confirmations from brokers) to assure that all transactions effected for Access Person Accounts are effected in compliance with this Code. A Trading Approval Form, attached as Exhibit B, must be completed and submitted to the Compliance Officer or a designee for approval prior to entry of an order. |
| 4. | After reviewing the proposed trade, the level of potential investment interest on behalf of Clients in the Security in question and the Companies restricted lists, the Compliance Officer shall approve (or disapprove) a trading order on behalf of an Access Person as expeditiously as possible. The Compliance Officer will generally approve transactions described in paragraph (G) above unless the Security in question or a related security is on the Restricted List or the Compliance Officer believes for any other reason that the Access Person Account should not trade in such Security at such time. |
| 5. | Once an Access Persons Trading Approval Form is approved, the form must be forwarded to the trading desk (or, if a third party broker is permitted, to the Compliance Officer) for execution on the same day. If the Access Persons trading order request is not approved, or is not executed on the same day it is approved, the clearance lapses although such trading order request may be resubmitted at a later date. |
| 6. | In the absence of the Compliance Officer, an Access Person may submit his or her Trading Approval Form to the General Counsel of GAMCO Investors, Inc., Associated Capital Group, Inc. or a designee; or via an automated Compliance pre-clearance system. Trading approval for the Compliance Officer must be obtained from the General Counsel, and trading approval for the General Counsel must be obtained from the Compliance Officer or a designee. In no case will the Trading Desk accept an order for an Access Person Account unless it is accompanied by a signed Trading Approval Form; or a Trading Approval Form generated by an automated Compliance pre-clearance system that approves the trade. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-11 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 7. | The Compliance Officer shall review all Trading Approval Forms, all initial, quarterly and annual disclosure certifications and the trading activities on behalf of all Client Accounts with a view to ensuring that all Covered Persons are complying with the spirit as well as the detailed requirements of this Code. The Compliance Officer will review all transactions in the market making accounts of G.research, LLC. and the error accounts of the Companies and the Affiliates in order to ensure that such transactions are bona fide market making or error transactions or are conducted in accordance with the requirements of this Article II. |
| III. | OTHER INVESTMENT-RELATED RESTRICTIONS |
| A. | Gifts |
| No Access Person shall accept any gift or other item of more than $100 in value from any person or entity that does business with or on behalf of any Client. |
| B. | Service As a Director |
| No Access Person shall commence service on the Board of Directors of a publicly traded company or any company in which any Client account has an interest without prior authorization from the Compliance Committee based upon a determination that the Board service would not be inconsistent with the interests of the Clients. The Compliance Committee shall include the senior Compliance Officer and the General Counsel of GAMCO Investors, Inc. and Associated Capital Group, Inc., and at least two of the senior executives from among the Companies. |
| IV. | REPORTS AND ADDITIONAL COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES |
| A. | Every Covered Person must submit a quarterly report (a form of which is appended as Exhibit C) containing the information set forth in paragraph (B) below with respect to transactions in any Security or Affiliated Mutual Fund in which such Covered Person has or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership (as defined in Exhibit D) in the Security, or Affiliated Mutual Fund and with respect to any account established by the Covered Person in which any Securities or Affiliated Mutual Funds were held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Covered Person; provided, however, that: |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-12 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 1. | a Covered Person who is required to make reports only because he or she is a director of one of the Fund Clients and who is a disinterested director thereof or who is an Independent Director need not make a report with respect to any transactions other than those where he or she knew or should have known in the course of his or her duties as a director that any Fund Client has made or makes a purchase or sale of the same or a related Security, or the investment adviser of any such Fund Client has considered causing any Fund Client to purchase or sell the same or a related Security, within 15 days before or after the purchase or sale of such Security or related Security by such director. |
| 2. | a Covered Person need not make a report with respect to any transaction effected for, and Securities and Affiliated Mutual Funds held in, any account over which such person does not have any direct or indirect influence or control; |
| 3. | A Covered Person need not make a report with respect to any transaction in securities issued by the United States Government, bankers acceptances, bank certificates of deposit and commercial paper. |
| 4. | a Covered Person will be deemed to have complied with the requirements of this Article IV insofar as the Compliance Officer receives in a timely fashion duplicate monthly or quarterly brokerage statements or transaction confirmations on which all transactions required to be reported hereunder are described. |
| B. | A Covered Person must submit the report required by this Article to the Compliance Officer no later than 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction or account to which the report relates was effected or established, and the report must contain the date that the report is submitted. |
| 1. | This report must contain the following information with respect to transactions: |
| a. | The date of the transaction, the title and number of shares and the principal amount of each Security and Affiliated Mutual Fund involved; |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-13 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| b. | The nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition); |
| c. | The price at which the transaction was effected; and |
| d. | The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through whom the transaction was effected. |
| 2. | This report must contain the following information with respect to accounts established: |
| The name of the broker, dealer or bank with whom the account was established; and |
| The date the account was established. |
| C. | Any report submitted to comply with the requirements of this Article IV may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person making such report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Security or Affiliated Mutual Fund to which the report relates. A person need not make any report under this Article IV with respect to transactions effected for, and Securities, and Affiliated Mutual Funds held in, any account over which the person has no direct or indirect influence or control. |
| D. | No later than 10 days after beginning employment with any of the Companies or Affiliates or otherwise becoming a Covered Person, each Covered Person (except for a disinterested director of the Fund Client or an Independent Director who is required to submit reports under this Article IV solely by reason of being such a director) must submit a report, which must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date of beginning employment, containing the following information: |
| 1. | The title, number of shares and principal amount of each Security and Affiliated Mutual Fund in which the Covered Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership when the person became a Covered Person; |
| 2. | The name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Covered Person maintained an account in which any Securities and Affiliated Mutual Fund were held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Covered Person as of the date the person became a Covered Person; and |
| 3. | The date that the report is submitted. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-14 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| The form of such report is attached as Exhibit E. |
| E. | Annually each Covered Person must certify that he or she has read and understood the Code and recognizes that he or she is subject to such Code. In addition, annually each Covered Person must certify that he or she has disclosed or reported all personal Securities and Affiliated Mutual Fund transactions required to be disclosed or reported under the Code. Furthermore, each Covered Person (except for a disinterested director of the Fund Client or an Independent Director who is required to submit reports under this Article IV solely by reason of being such a director) annually must submit a report containing the following information (which information must be current as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted): |
| 1. | The title, number of shares and principal amount of each Security and Affiliated Mutual Fund in which the Covered Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership held in an account not previously disclosed other than a G.research, affiliated funds or a firm-sponsored retirement plan account; |
| 2. | The name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Covered Person maintains an account in which any Securities and Affiliated Mutual Funds are held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Covered Person in an account other than a G.research, affiliated funds or a firm-sponsored retirement plan account; and |
| 3. | The date that the report is submitted. |
| The form of such certification and report is attached as Exhibit F. |
| F. | At least annually (or quarterly in the case of Items 4 and 5 below), each of the Companies that has a Fund Client or that provides principal underwriting services for a Fund Client shall, together with each Fund Client, furnish a written report to the Board of Directors of the Fund Client that: |
| 1. | Describes any issues arising under the Code since the last report. |
| 2. | Certifies that the Companies have developed procedures concerning Covered Persons personal trading activities and reporting requirements relevant to such Fund Clients that are reasonably necessary to prevent violations of the Code; |
| 3. | Recommends changes, if any, to the Fund Clients or the Companies Codes of Ethics or procedures; |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-15 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 4. | Provides a summary of any material or substantive violations of this Code by Covered Persons with respect to such Fund Clients which occurred during the past quarter and the nature of any remedial action taken; and |
| 5. | Describes any material or significant exceptions to any provisions of this Code of Ethics as determined under Article VI below. |
| G. | The Compliance Officer shall notify each employee of any of the Companies or Affiliates as to whether such person is considered to be an Access Person or Covered Person and shall notify each other person that is considered to be an Access Person or Covered Person. |
| V. | SANCTIONS |
| The Compliance Officer or his or her designee will review all Trading Approval Forms, all initial, quarterly and annual disclosure certifications and the trading activities on behalf of all Client Accounts with a view to ensuring that all Covered Persons are complying with the spirit as well as the detailed requirements of the Code. |
| All violations of the Code must be reported to the Chief Compliance Officer for the appropriate registered investment adviser. In addition, if a staff member becomes aware of or suspects a violation of the Code by any other staff member, the violation or suspected violation must be promptly reported to the Chief Compliance Officer or the General Counsel. Staff members may make such reports anonymously, and will not be retaliated against by any of the firms for reporting conduct that may constitute a violation of the Code. |
| Upon discovering that a Covered Person has not complied with the requirements of this Code, the Chief Compliance Officer or the General Counsel will advise the Board of Directors of the relevant Company or of the relevant Fund Client. whichever is most appropriate under the circumstances, which may impose on that person whatever sanctions the Board deems appropriate, including, among other things, disgorgement of profit, censure, suspension or termination of employment. Material violations of requirements of this Code by employees of Covered Persons and any sanctions imposed in connection therewith shall be reported not less frequently than quarterly to the Board of Directors of any relevant Company or Fund Client, as applicable. |
| The General Counsel will ensure that the Fund Clients and each Gabelli entity that has a Fund Client, furnish a written report to the Board of Directors of each Fund Client, annually or quarterly as required by the Code, containing the information set forth in Section IV(F) of the Code. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-16 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| VI. | EXCEPTIONS |
| The Compliance Committee of the Companies reserves the right to decide, on a case-by-case basis, exceptions to any provisions under this Code. Any exceptions made hereunder will be maintained in writing by the Compliance Committee and presented to the Board of Directors of any relevant Fund Client at its next scheduled meeting. |
| VII. | PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS |
| This Code, a copy of each report by a Covered Person, any written report made hereunder by the Companies or the Compliance Officer, lists of all persons required to make reports, a list of any exceptions, and the reasons therefore, with respect to Article II.B, and any records under Article II.G with respect to purchases pursuant to Article II.H above, shall be preserved with the records of the relevant Company and any relevant Fund Client for the period required by Rule 17j-1. |
| In accordance with the Investment Advisers Act, the following documents also will be preserved: |
| A. | Records of all violations of the Code and any action taken as a result of such violation; |
| B. | Records of all written acknowledgements of receipt of the Code for all Access Persons for a five-year period; |
| C. | A list of all staff members who are or have been Access Persons during the past five years; and |
| D. | Records of any decision and supporting reasons for approving the acquisition of securities by Access Persons in limited offerings. |
| VIII. | OTHER LAWS, RULES AND STATEMENTS OF POLICY |
| Nothing contained in this Code shall be interpreted as relieving any Covered Person from acting in accordance with the provision of any applicable law, rule or regulation or any other statement of policy or procedure governing the conduct of such person adopted by the Companies, the Affiliates or the Fund Clients. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-17 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| IX. | Further Information |
| If any person has any question with regard to the applicability of the provisions of this Code generally or with regard to any Securities transaction or transactions, he or she should consult the Compliance Officer. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-18 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
EXHIBIT A
LIST OF AFFILIATES OF THE COMPANIES
| ALCE Partners, LP Associated Capital Group, Inc. |
| Darien Associates LLC Distributors Holdings, Inc. |
| Gabelli & Partners GmbH |
| Gabelli & Partners Italia L.P. Gabelli & Partners Italia LLC Gabelli & Partners Italia S.R.L. |
| Gabelli & Partners Italia Management LLC |
| Gabelli Arbitrage Holdings LLC |
| Gabelli Associates Fund |
| Gabelli Associates Fund II, LP |
| Gabelli Associates Limited |
| Gabelli Associates Limited II E |
| Gabelli Capital Structure Arbitrage Master, Ltd. |
| Gabelli Capital Structure Arbitrage, Ltd. |
| Gabelli Capital Structure Arbitrage, LP Gabelli Direct, Inc. Gabelli Entertainment and Telecommunication Acquisition Corp. Gabelli Fixed Income Distributors, LLC |
| Gabelli Fixed Income, Inc. |
| Gabelli Fund, LDC |
| Gabelli Global Infrastructure and Development Partners LP |
| Gabelli Global Partners Ltd. |
| Gabelli Global Partners Master Fund, Ltd. |
| Gabelli Intermediate Credit Fund LP Gabelli Intermediate Credit Fund Ltd. |
| Gabelli International Limited Gabelli International Partners, LLC Gabelli Investment Partners International LLC Gabelli Japan K.K. |
| Gabelli Multimedia Partners, LP |
| Gabelli Performance Partnership LP Gabelli Principal Strategies Group, LLC Gabelli Principal Strategies Management, LLC |
| Gabelli Securities International, Ltd (Bermuda) |
| Gabelli Securities International Limited (U.K.) |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-19 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| Gabelli Securities International Ltd. |
| Gabelli Trading Holdings LLC GAMA Capital Opportunities Ltd. |
| GAMA Capital Opportunities Master Fund Ltd. |
| GAMA Capital Partners LP GAMA Funds LLC |
| GAMA Funds Holdings GmbH |
| GAMA Select Energy Plus, LP |
| GAMA Select Energy Plus Master Fund, Ltd. |
| GAMCO Acquisitions LLC |
| GAMCO Asset Management (UK) Ltd. |
| GAMCO International Partners LLC |
| GAMCO Investors, Inc. |
| GAMCO Medical Opportunities, LP |
| Gemini Capital Management LLC |
| Gemini Capital Management Partners, LP |
| Gemini Global Partners, LP Greenwich Acquisition LLC Greenwich PMV Acquisition Corp. |
| IB401, Inc. |
| IB402, Inc. |
| Institutional Services Holdings, LLC |
| MJG Associates, Inc. MJG IV Ltd. |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-20 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
EXHIBIT B
PRE-CLEARANCE TRADING APPROVAL FORM
I, (name), am an Access Person or authorized officer thereof and seek pre-clearance to engage in the transaction described below for the benefit of myself or another Access Person:
Acquisition or Disposition (circle one)
| Name of Account: |
|
Account Number: |
|
Date of Request: |
| Security: |
| Amount or # of Shares: |
|
Broker: |
If the transaction involves a Security that is not publicly traded, a description of proposed transaction, source of investment opportunity and any potential conflicts of interest:
I hereby certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the transaction described herein is not prohibited by the Code of Ethics and that the opportunity to engage in the transaction did not arise by virtue of my activities on behalf of any Client.
| Signature: |
Print Name: |
Approved or Disapproved (Circle One)
Date of Approval:
| Signature: |
Print Name: |
If approval is granted, please forward this form to the trading desk (or if a third party broker is permitted, to the Compliance Officer) for immediate execution.
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-21 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
EXHIBIT C
QUARTERLY TRANSACTION REPORT
| Report submitted by: |
Print Name
This transaction report (the Report) is submitted pursuant to Section IV (B) of the Code of Ethics of the Companies and supplies information with respect to transactions in any Security or Affiliated Mutual Fund in which you, or an Access Person, may be deemed to have, or by reason of such transaction acquire, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership interest, and with respect to accounts established by you, or an Access Person, in which any Securities or Affiliated Mutual Funds were held for your direct or indirect benefit, or for the benefit of an Access Person, for the period specified below.1 If you were not employed by or affiliated with us during this entire period, amend the dates specified below to cover your period of employment or affiliation.
Unless the context otherwise requires, all terms used in the Report shall have the same meaning as set forth in the Code of Ethics.
If you have no reportable transactions or new accounts, sign and return this page only. If you have reportable transactions or new accounts, complete, sign and return page two only and include any attachments.
1Every employee is considered an Access Person and is therefore subject to the Firms Code of Ethics. Access Person Accounts, which exclude Client Accounts, include all advisory, brokerage, trust or other accounts or forms of direct beneficial ownership in which one or more Access Persons and/or one or more members of an Access Persons immediate family have a substantial proportionate economic interest or control. Immediate family is defined as your spouse and minor descendants. With respect to accounts for the benefit of minor descendants who are not also minor children, any account that you control. Minor children is any child, whether natural or via adoption, of an Access Person, under the age of twenty-one years. A substantial proportionate economic interest will generally be 25% of the equity in the account in the case of any single Access Person or 25% of the equity in the account in the case of all Access Persons in the aggregate. Interests in investment partnerships and similar indirect means of ownership of underlying securities shall also be treated as Access Person Accounts for purposes of this Code.
I HAD NO REPORTABLE SECURITIES OR AFFILIATED MUTUAL FUND TRANSACTIONS OR ACCOUNTS ESTABLISHED DURING THE PREVIOUS CALENDAR QUARTER. I CERTIFY THAT I AM FULLY FAMILIAR WITH THE CODE OF ETHICS AND THAT, TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE, THE INFORMATION FURNISHED IN THIS REPORT IS TRUE AND CORRECT.
|
Signature |
Date | |
|
Position |
||
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-22 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
Page 2
QUARTERLY TRANSACTION REPORT
| Report submitted by: |
Print Name
The following tables supply the information required by Section IV (B) of the Code of Ethics for the period specified below. All transactions including transactions in Affiliated Mutual Funds and any new accounts established during the previous calendar quarter must be listed below.2 Transactions reported on brokerage statements or duplicate confirmations actually received by the Compliance Officer do not have to be listed although it is your responsibility to make sure that such statements or confirmations are complete and have been received in a timely fashion. If you had transactions of the kind described above, you may simply state, See statements.
Acknowledgement of the firms Privacy Policy and consent for the firms to receive trading information via electronic feed, duplicate statements and/or trade confirmations will be deemed to have been given for all approved accounts.
| TRANSACTIONS | ||||||||||||
| Securities |
Date of |
Whether Purchase, Sale, Acquisition |
Quantity of |
Price per Share or |
Name of Broker/Dealer was Effected |
Nature of | ||||||
| NEW ACCOUNTS ESTABLISHED | ||||
| Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank |
Account Number |
Date Account Established | ||
2 Outside accounts must be pre-cleared prior to being opened (See, Section T of the Compliance Manual).
Page 3
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-23 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
Managed Accounts:
When the personal account of an access person is managed by a third party, or in the case of a trust where an access person is the grantor or beneficiary that provides a trustee with management authority over the trust, the access person should not, in any way, directly or indirectly have influence or control over the personal account/trust.
Please certify to one of the following:
| ☐ | I do NOT have any accounts managed by a third party or trustee.3 |
| ☐ | I do have account(s) managed by a third party or trustee and I do NOT have trade or investment discretion over the account(s). I did not direct, suggest or consult a third party or trustee to make any purchases or sales of securities in the account(s) or trust during the previous calendar quarter.3 |
| ☐ | I do have account(s) managed by a third party or trustee and I have investment and/or trade discretion over at least one of the accounts or trusts and did direct, suggest or consult the manager to make purchases or sales of securities in the account(s) or trust(s) during the previous calendar quarter.3 |
3 Any outside account of an Access Person that is managed by a third party, or in the case of a trust where an access person is the grantor or beneficiary that provides a trustee with management authority over the trust, the access person should not, in any way, directly or indirectly have influence or control over the personal account/trust.
A hedge fund would be considered an account managed by a third party if it is managed as a separate account, but would not apply if you are one of other limited partners. An investment in a mutual fund managed by a third party would not apply because it is not solely for your benefit.
If you have an account or trust that was not previously disclosed, please list the details in the New Accounts Established section
above and contact the Legal/Compliance department immediately.
I CERTIFY THAT I AM FULLY FAMILIAR WITH THE CODE OF ETHICS AND THAT, TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE, THE INFORMATION IN THIS REPORT IS TRUE AND CORRECT FOR THE PREVIOUS CALENDAR QUARTER.
|
Signature |
Date | |||
|
Position |
||||
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-24 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
EXHIBIT D
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP
For purposes of the attached Code of Ethics, beneficial ownership shall be interpreted in the same manner as it would be in determining whether a person is subject to the provisions of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations thereunder, except the determination of direct or indirect beneficial ownership shall apply to all securities that a Covered Person has or acquires. The term beneficial ownership of securities would include not only ownership of securities held be a Covered Person for his or her own benefit, whether in bearer form or registered in his or her name or otherwise, but also ownership of securities held for his or her benefit by others (regardless of whether or how they are registered) such as custodians, brokers, executors, administrators, or trustees (including trusts in which he or she has only a remainder interest), and securities held for his or her account by pledges, securities owned by a partnership in which he or she is a member if he or she may exercise a controlling influence over the purchase, sale of voting of such securities, and securities owned by any corporation or similar entry in which he or she owns securities if the shareholder is a control-ling shareholder of the entity and has or shares investment control over the entitys portfolio.
Ordinarily, this term would not include securities held by executors or administrators in estates in which a Covered Person is a legatee or beneficiary unless there is a specified legacy to such person of such securities or such person is the sole legatee or beneficiary and there are other assets in the estate sufficient to pay debts ranking ahead of such legacy, or the securities are held in the estate more than a year after the decedents death.
Securities held in the name of another should be considered as beneficially owned by a Covered Person where such person enjoys financial benefits substantially equivalent to ownership. The Securities and Exchange Commission has said that, although the final determination of beneficial ownership is a question to be determined in the light of the facts of the particular case, generally a person is regarded as the beneficial owner of securities held in the name of his or her spouse and their minor children. Absent special circumstances such relationship ordinarily results in such person obtaining financial benefits substantially equivalent to ownership, e.g., application of the income derived from such securities to maintain a common home, or to meet expenses that such person otherwise would meet from other sources, or the ability to exercises a controlling influence over the purchase, sale or voting of such securities.
A Covered Person also may be regarded as the beneficial owner of securities held in the name of another person, if by reason of any contract, understanding, relationship, agreement, or other agreement, he or she obtains therefrom financial benefits substantially equivalent to those of ownership.
A Covered Person also is regarded as the beneficial owner of securities held in the name of a spouse, minor children or other person, even though he or she does not obtain therefrom the aforementioned benefits of ownership, if he or she can vest or re-vest title in himself at once or at some future time.
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-25 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
EXHIBIT E
INITIAL HOLDINGS REPORT
| Report submitted by: |
Print Name
This initial holdings report (the Report) is submitted pursuant to Section IV (D) of the Code of Ethics of the Companies and supplies information with respect to any Security and Affiliated Mutual Fund in which you, or an Access Person, may be deemed to have, or by reason of such transaction acquire, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership interest, and with respect to accounts established by you, or an Access Person, in which any Securities or Affiliated Mutual Funds were held for your direct or indirect benefit, or the benefit of an Access Person, as of a date not more than 45 days ago.1
Unless the context otherwise requires, all terms used in the Report shall have the same meaning as set forth in the Code of Ethics.
If you have no reportable Securities, Affiliated Mutual Funds, or accounts, sign and return this page only. If you have reportable Securities, Affiliated Mutual Funds, or accounts, complete, sign and return Page 2 and any attachments.
1 Every employee is considered an Access Person and is therefore subject to the Firms Code of Ethics. Access Person Accounts, which exclude Client Accounts, include all advisory, brokerage, trust or other accounts or forms of direct beneficial ownership in which one or more Access Persons and/or one or more members of an Access Persons immediate family have a substantial proportionate economic interest or control. Immediate family is defined as your spouse and minor descendants. With respect to accounts for the benefit of minor descendants who are not also minor children, any account that you control. Minor children is any child, whether natural or via adoption, of an Access Person, under the age of twenty-one years. A substantial proportionate economic interest will generally be 25% of the equity in the account in the case of any single Access Person or 25% of the equity in the account in the case of all Access Persons in the aggregate. Interests in investment partnerships and similar indirect means of ownership of underlying securities shall also be treated as Access Person Accounts for purposes of this Code.
I HAVE NO REPORTABLE SECURITIES OR AFFILIATED MUTUAL FUND ACCOUNTS AS OF . I CERTIFY THAT I AM FULLY FAMILIAR WITH THE CODE OF ETHICS AND THAT, TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE, THE INFORMATION FURNISHED IN THIS REPORT IS TRUE AND CORRECT.
|
Signature |
Date | |||
|
Position |
||||
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-26 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
Page 2
INITIAL HOLDINGS REPORT
| Report submitted by: |
Print Name
The following tables supply the information required by Section IV (D) of the Code of Ethics as of the date you became subject to the Code. Include all holdings of Affiliated Mutual Funds and attach your most recent statement(s).
Acknowledgement of the firms Privacy Policy and consent for the firms to receive trading information via electronic feed, duplicate statements and/or trade confirmations will be deemed to have been given for all approved accounts.2
| SECURITIES HOLDINGS | ||||||
| Securities (Name and Symbol) |
Quantity of Securities |
Name of Broker/Dealer Where |
Nature of
Ownership of | |||
| ACCOUNTS | ||
| Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank |
Account Number | |
2Outside accounts must be pre-cleared prior to being opened (See, Section T of the Compliance Manual).
Page 3
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-27 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
Managed Accounts:
When the personal account of an access person is managed by a third party, or in the case of a trust where an access person is the grantor or beneficiary that provides a trustee with management authority over the trust, the access person should not, in any way, directly or indirectly have influence or control over the personal account/trust.
Please certify to one of the following:
| ☐ | I do NOT have any accounts managed by a third party or trustee.3 |
| ☐ | I do have account(s) managed by a third party or trustee and I do NOT have trade or investment discretion over the account(s). I did not direct, suggest or consult a third party or trustee to make any purchases or sales of securities in the account(s) or trust during the previous calendar quarter.3 |
| ☐ | I do have account(s) managed by a third party or trustee and I have investment and/or trade discretion over at least one of the accounts or trusts and did direct, suggest or consult the manager to make purchases or sales of securities in the account(s) or trust(s) during the previous calendar quarter.3 |
3Any outside account of an Access Person that is managed by a third party, or in the case of a trust where an access person is the grantor or beneficiary that provides a trustee with management authority over the trust, the access person should not, in any way, directly or indirectly have influence or control over the personal account/trust.
A hedge fund would be considered an account managed by a third party if it is managed as a separate account, but would not be a separate account if you are a limited partner. An investment in a mutual fund managed by a third party would not be a separate account because it is not solely for your benefit.
If you have an account or trust that was not previously disclosed, please list the details in the New Accounts Established section
above and contact the Legal/Compliance department immediately.
I CERTIFY THAT I AM FULLY FAMILIAR WITH THE CODE OF ETHICS AND THAT, TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE, THE INFORMATION IN THIS REPORT IS TRUE AND CORRECT AS OF .
|
Signature |
Date | |||
|
Position |
||||
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-28 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
EXHIBIT F
ANNUAL CERTIFICATION OF CODE OF ETHICS
| A. | I (a Covered Person) hereby certify that I have read and understand the Code of Ethics, and recognize that I am subject to and I am in Compliance with its provisions. In addition, I hereby certify that I have disclosed or reported all personal transactions in Securities and Affiliated Mutual Funds required to be disclosed or reported under the Code of Ethics. In addition, I have read and understand the firms Compliance Policies & Procedures Manual, Supervisory Policies & Procedures Manual, Code of Business Conduct, IT Staff Awareness and Whistleblower Policy posted on the firms Intranet website, and recognize that I am subject to and I am in compliance with its provisions; |
| B. | Within the last ten years there have been no complaints or disciplinary actions filed against me by any regulated securities or commodities exchange, any self-regulatory securities or commodities organization, any attorney general, or any governmental office or agency regulating insurance, securities, commodities or financial transactions in the United States, in any state of the United States, or in any other country; |
| C. | I have not within the last ten years been convicted of or acknowledged commission of any felony or misdemeanor arising out of my conduct as an employee, salesperson, officer, director, insurance agent, broker, dealer, underwriter, investment manager or investment advisor; and |
| D. | I have not been denied permission or otherwise enjoined by order, judgment or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction, regulated securities or commodities exchange, self-regulatory securities or commodities organization or other federal or state regulatory authority from acting as an investment advisor, securities or commodities broker or dealer, commodity pool operator or trading advisor or as an affiliated person or employee of any investment company, bank, insurance company or commodity broker, dealer, pool operator or trading advisor, or from engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice in connection with any such activity or the purchase or sale of any security. |
| E. | Unless I am exempt from filing an Annual Holdings Report (as a disinterested director of a Fund Client or an Independent Director of an Affiliate), I have attached a completed Annual Outside Accounts/Holdings Report which is accurate as of a date no more than 45 days ago. |
| Print Name: |
| |
| Signature: |
| |
| Date: |
| |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-29 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
Annual Outside Accounts/Holdings Report
| Name: (Last name, First) |
Job Title/Department: | |
|
|
| ☐ | Neither I nor anyone in my immediate family has Reportable Securities Accounts.1 |
| ☐ | I have Reportable Securities Account(s)1 for my immediate family or myself outside the firm that was/were previously disclosed and approved by the Legal/Compliance department. The account(s) is/are listed below: |
| ☐ | In 20xx, the following Reportable Securities Account(s)1 listed below was/were opened for my immediate family or myself and not previously disclosed to and approved by the Legal/Compliance Department: |
1Reportable Securities Accounts include:
| | Advisory, brokerage, trust, mutual fund, or other accounts that you currently have open or are intending to open outside the firms, where you or your immediate family have a substantial proportionate economic interest or control. |
| ○ | Immediate family is defined as your spouse and minor descendants. With respect to accounts for the benefit of minor descendants who are not also minor children, any account that you control. |
Minor children is any child, whether natural or via adoption, of an Access Person, under the age of twenty-one years. Every employee is considered an Access Person and is therefore subject to the Code of Ethics.
Control is defined as having investment and/or trade discretion over the account.
| ○ | A substantial proportionate economic interest will generally be 25% of the equity in the account in the case of any single Access Person or 25% of the equity in the account in the case of all Access Persons in the aggregate. Interests in private fund clients and similar indirect means of ownership of underlying securities shall also be treated as Access Person Accounts. |
*Excluded from the definition of mutual fund accounts are non-brokerage accounts that can only hold a single family of mutual funds (i.e., direct investment mutual fund accounts).
| | Any outside account of an Access Person that is managed by a third party, or in the case of a trust where an access person is the grantor or beneficiary that provides a trustee with management authority over the trust, the access person should not, in any way, directly or indirectly have influence or control over the personal account/trust. [Note: a hedge fund would be considered an account managed by a third party if it is managed as a separate account, but would not be a separate account if you are a limited partner. An investment in a mutual fund managed by a third party would not be a separate account because it is not solely for your benefit]. |
Failure to disclose an account is a violation of the firms Code of Ethics. Along with this signed form, please enclose a copy of your most recent statement for each new Reportable Securities Account(s) listed below:
| Print Your Name: |
| Signature: |
|
Date: |
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-30 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
Exhibit 28(p)
| 1. Account Title:
|
||||
|
Account Number:
|
||||
|
Firm Name:
|
||||
|
Firm Address: |
||||
| For Internal Use Onlyi | ||||
| Receiving Statements & Confirms? | ||||
| 2. Account Title:
|
||||
|
Account Number:
|
||||
|
Firm Name:
|
||||
|
Firm Address: |
||||
| For Internal Use Onlyi | ||||
| Receiving Statements & Confirms? | ||||
| 3. Account Title:
|
||||
|
Account Number:
|
||||
|
Firm Name:
|
||||
|
Firm Address: |
||||
| For Internal Use Onlyi | ||||
| Receiving Statements & Confirms? | ||||
| 4. Account Title:
|
||||
|
Account Number:
|
||||
|
Firm Name:
|
||||
|
Firm Address: |
||||
| For Internal Use Onlyi | ||||
| Receiving Statements & Confirms? | ||||
For additional accounts, please make a copy of this page. Page 2 of 2
| Revised: January 30, 2019 | S-31 | INTERNAL USE ONLY |
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