Form 485BPOS FORUM FUNDS

 

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 23, 2025

 

File Nos. 002-67052 and 811-03023

 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549

 

FORM N-1A

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

Post-Effective Amendment No. 743

 

AND

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE
INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

 

Amendment No. 744

 

 

FORUM FUNDS
190 Middle Street, Suite 101
Portland, Maine 04101
207-347-2000

 

Stacy L. Fuller, Esq.
K&L Gates LLP
1601 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006

 

Copies to:
Zachary R. Tackett
Apex Fund Services
190 Middle Street, Suite 101
Portland, ME 04101

 

 

It is proposed that this filing will become effective:

[   ]	immediately upon filing pursuant to Rule 485, paragraph (b)(1)
[X]	on November 1, 2025, pursuant to Rule 485, paragraph (b)(1)
[   ]	60 days after filing pursuant to Rule 485, paragraph (a)(1)
[   ]	on                         , pursuant to Rule 485, paragraph (a)(1)
[   ]	75 days after filing pursuant to Rule 485, paragraph (a)(2)
[   ]	on                         , pursuant to Rule 485, paragraph (a)(2)
[   ]	this post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.

 

Title of series being registered: DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund, DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund

 

 

 

  

DF DENT PREMIER GROWTH FUND

(DFDPX)

 

DF DENT MIDCAP GROWTH FUND

Investor Shares (DFDMX)

Institutional Shares (DFMGX)

Institutional Plus Shares (DFMLX)

 

DF DENT SMALL CAP GROWTH FUND 

Investor Shares (DFDSX)

Institutional Shares (DFSGX)

Institutional Plus Shares (DFSLX)

 

PROSPECTUS

 

November 1, 2025

 

DF Dent Premier Growth Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.

 

DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.

 

DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.

 

The Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the disclosure in this Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

 

GROWTH FUNDS

  

Table of Contents

 

Summary Section	1
This important section summarizes each Fund’s objectives, strategies, fees, risks, past performance, portfolio turnover, portfolio managers, your account and other information.
DF Dent Premier Growth Fund	1
DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund	8
DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund	16
Details Regarding Investment Strategies	25
This section includes additional information about each Fund’s investment strategies.
DF Dent Premier Growth Fund	25
DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund	27
DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund	29
Cash Management	30
Details Regarding Investment Risks	32
This section includes additional information about each Fund’s investment risks.
Who May Want to Invest in the Funds	37
Management	38
Investment Adviser	38
Portfolio Managers	39
Other Service Providers	41
Fund Expenses	41
Your Account	42
General Information	42
How to Contact the Funds	42
Choosing a Share Class	45
Buying Shares	46
Selling Shares	51
Exchanging Shares	55
Retirement Accounts	56
Other Information	57
Financial Highlights	60

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Summary Section

 

DF Dent Premier Growth Fund

 

Investment Objective

 

The objective of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.

 

Fees and Expenses

 

This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the Fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below.

  

Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Management Fees	0.99%
Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees	None
Other Expenses	0.17%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses	1.16%
Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement(1)	(0.17)%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement	0.99%

 

(1)

D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive a portion of its fee and/or reimburse Fund expenses to limit Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) to 0.99% through October 31, 2026 (the “Expense Cap”). The Expense Cap may only be raised or eliminated with the consent of the Board of Trustees. The Adviser may recoup from the Fund fees waived and expenses reimbursed by the Adviser pursuant to the Expense Cap if such recoupment is made within three years of the fee waiver or expense reimbursement and does not cause the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement of the Fund (after the recoupment has been taken into account) to exceed the lesser of (i) the then-current expense cap, and (ii) the expense cap in place at the time the fees/expenses were waived or reimbursed.

 

Example. This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then hold or redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same, except that it reflects the Expense Cap through the time periods described above. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions, whether you do or do not redeem your shares at the end of each period described below, your costs would be: 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

1 Year	3 Years	5 Years	10 Years
$101	$352	$622	$1,394

 

Portfolio Turnover. The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 15% of the average value of its portfolio.

 

Principal Investment Strategies

 

The Fund invests primarily in equity securities, consisting of common stock, preferred stock, securities convertible into common stock of domestic companies, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that the Adviser believes possess superior long-term growth characteristics and have strong, sustainable earnings prospects and reasonably valued stock prices. The Fund may also invest in companies that do not have particularly strong earnings histories but do have other attributes that the Adviser believes may contribute to accelerated growth in the foreseeable future, including initial public offerings (“IPOs”). The Fund may invest in companies of any size.

 

The Adviser relies on selecting individual stocks and does not try to predict when the stock market may rise or fall. The Adviser uses in-house research and other sources to conduct analyses of prospective Fund investments. Under normal market conditions, the Fund will typically hold approximately 25-50 stocks.

 

In purchasing Fund investments, the Adviser’s process begins with an initial analysis of prospective Fund investments across a range of industries, including, but not limited to, investments in the information technology, industrial, healthcare, and financials sectors, in which the Fund currently invests a significant portion of its net assets. The Adviser then uses fundamental research to identify companies that it believes are well managed, are leaders in an industry niche, have a track record of success and/or exhibit sustainable growth.

 

The Adviser may sell a stock in the Fund’s portfolio if, for example, the Adviser believes it has become overvalued or its fundamentals have changed. The Adviser may also change the weighting in a stock if it becomes an excessively large position within the Fund due to appreciation. In addition, the Fund may strategically invest a significant portion of the Fund’s total assets in cash or cash equivalents if in certain market conditions other appropriate investments for the Fund are not available at prices the Adviser believes are favorable to the Fund.

 

Principal Investment Risks

 

The Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) and investment return will fluctuate based upon changes in the value of its portfolio securities. You could lose money on your investment in the Fund, and the Fund could underperform other investments. There is no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objective. An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

GROWTH FUNDS

  

It is important that you closely review and understand the risks of investing in the Fund prior to making an investment in the Fund.

 

Capital Gains Risk. The sale of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may generate capital gains if the value of a security sold has appreciated since the time of the Fund’s initial investment. There can be no guarantee that the Fund will not distribute such capital gains. Shareholders that are investing through a taxable account should consider the embedded gains or losses of the Fund, which are disclosed in the most recent annual and semi-annual report. A new shareholder could be subject to taxes on a distribution it receives from the Fund that was earned when it was not a shareholder.

 

Redemption Risk. The Fund could experience a loss when selling securities to meet redemption requests by shareholders. The risk of loss increases if the redemption requests are unusually large or frequent or occur in times of overall market turmoil or declining prices. Furthermore, the Fund currently has a large shareholder controlled by the Fund’s Adviser, which could redeem shares to the detriment of other shareholders.

 

Market Events Risk. Disruptive events with geopolitical consequences, including pandemics, may destabilize various countries’ economies and markets, which may experience increased volatility and reduced liquidity. Policy changes by the Federal Reserve and/or other government actors could similarly cause increased volatility in financial markets. Trade barriers and other protectionist trade policies (including those in the U.S.) may also result in market turbulence. Market volatility and reductions in market liquidity may negatively affect issuers worldwide, including issuers in which the Fund invests. Under such circumstances, the Fund may have difficulty liquidating portfolio holdings, particularly at favorable prices. To the extent that the Fund experiences higher levels of redemptions, the Fund may be required to sell portfolio holdings, which may negatively impact the Fund’s NAV.

 

Management Risk. The Fund is actively managed, and its performance will reflect the Adviser’s ability to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the Fund’s investment objective.

 

Growth Company Risk. The Fund’s investments in growth securities may be more sensitive to company earnings and more volatile than the market in general primarily because their stock prices are based heavily on future expectations. If the Adviser’s assessment of the prospects for a company’s growth is wrong, or if the Adviser’s judgment of how other investors will value the company’s growth is wrong, then the price of the company’s stock may fall or not approach the value that the Adviser has placed on it.

 

Information Technology Sector Risk. The information technology sector includes, for example, internet, semiconductor, software, hardware and technology equipment companies. This sector can be affected by, among other things, the supply and demand for specific products and services, the pace of technological development and government regulation. 

GROWTH FUNDS

  

Equity Risk. Equity securities, which include common stocks may decline in value because of changes in the price of a particular holding or a broad stock market decline. Common stock ranks below preferred stock and debt securities in claims for dividends and for assets of the company in a liquidation or bankruptcy. The value of a security may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer of a security or broader economic or market events including changes in interest rates.

 

Small and Mid-Sized Capitalization Company Risk. Investments in small and mid-sized capitalization companies may be less liquid, and the prices of such securities may fluctuate more than those of larger, more established companies. These factors could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at a desirable time and price.

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents Risk. When investing in cash and cash equivalents, the Fund risks achieving lower returns and potential lost opportunities to participate in market appreciation, which could negatively impact the Fund’s performance and ability to achieve its investment objective. This is particularly true when the market for other investments in which the Fund may invest is rapidly rising.

 

Large Capitalization Company Risk. The Fund’s investments in large capitalization companies may underperform other segments of the market because they may be less responsive to competitive challenges and opportunities and unable to attain high growth rates during periods of economic expansion.

 

Industrials Sector Risk. The industrials sector includes, for example, aerospace and defense, non-residential construction, engineering, machinery, transportation, and commercial and professional services companies. This sector can be significantly affected by, among other things, business cycle fluctuations, worldwide economy growth, government and corporate spending, supply and demand for specific products and manufacturing, and government regulation.

 

Financials Sector Risk. Performance of companies in the financials sector may be adversely impacted by many factors, including, among others, government regulations, economic conditions, credit rating downgrades, changes in interest rates, and decreased liquidity in credit markets. The impact of more stringent capital requirements, recent or future regulation of any individual financial company, or recent or future regulation of the financials sector as a whole cannot be predicted.

 

REIT Risk. The value of the Fund’s investments in REITs may change in response to changes in the real estate market such as declines in the value of real estate, lack of available capital or financing opportunities, and increases in property taxes or operating costs. REITs typically are subject to management fees and other expenses that are separate from those of the Fund, and the Fund will bear a proportionate share of those fees and expenses.

 

Initial Public Offering Risk. The Fund may purchase securities in an IPO. Securities purchased in an IPO may be illiquid, and therefore more difficult to sell promptly at the most favorable price, and may be subject to substantial price volatility due to factors such as unseasoned trading, lack of investor knowledge of the company, and limited operating history. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

ADR Risk. The Fund may invest in ADRs. ADR risks include, but are not limited to, foreign investment risks, such as political and financial instability, less liquidity, lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and increased price volatility. In addition, ADRs may not track the price of the underlying foreign securities, and their value may change materially at times when U.S. markets are not open for trading. Unsponsored ADRs may involve additional risks, and their prices may be more volatile than the prices of sponsored ADRs.

 

Preferred Stock Risk. Preferred stock is a class of a capital stock that typically pays dividends at a specified rate. Preferred stock is generally senior to common stock, but subordinate to debt securities, with respect to the payment of dividends and on liquidation of the issuer. The market value of preferred stock generally decreases when interest rates rise and is also affected by the issuer’s ability to make payments on the preferred stock.

 

Convertible Securities Risk. Investments in convertible securities entail some of the risks of both equity and debt securities. The value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates rise and, because of the conversion feature, tends to vary with the fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities or any changes in the issuer’s credit rating. Convertible securities are subject to the risk that the credit rating of the issuer may have an effect on the value of the convertible securities.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds Risk. The risks of investment in these securities typically reflect the risks of types of instruments in which the ETFs invest. By investing in an ETF, the Fund becomes a shareholder of that ETF and bears its proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the ETF. ETF shares trade in the secondary market and may be purchased by the Fund at a premium or discount to their NAV. When selling such securities, the Fund may not sell at the same premium or discount and may lose money on the premium or discount.

 

Performance Information

 

The bar chart and table that follow provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing changes in the performance of the Fund from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Updated performance information is available at www.dfdent.com or by calling (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free). Performance information represents only past performance and does not necessarily indicate future results.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Annual Returns as of December 31

 

2015	1.54
2016	2.43
2017	31.84
2018	1.86
2019	42.90
2020	28.33
2021	17.13
2022	-28.05
2023	24.42
2024	14.66

 

 

During the period shown, the highest return for a quarter was 26.95% for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, and the lowest return was -19.13% for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

 

The calendar year-to-date total return as of September 30, 2025 was 8.13%.

 

Average Annual Total Returns

(For the periods ended December 31, 2024)

 

	1 Year	5 Year	10 Year
Return Before Taxes	14.66%	9.06%	11.90%
Return After Taxes on Distributions	11.32%	7.06%	9.81%
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares	11.29%	7.03%	9.36%
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	25.02%	14.53%	13.10%

 

S&P 500^® Index is a broad-based, unmanaged measure of changes in stock market conditions based on the average performance of stocks of 500 large U.S. companies.

 

After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-advantaged arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts. 

6

 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

The return after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may exceed the return before taxes due to an assumed tax benefit from any losses on a sale of Fund shares at the end of the measurement period.

 

Management

 

Investment Adviser. D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. is the Fund’s investment adviser.

 

Portfolio Managers. The Fund’s portfolio is team-managed by two portfolio managers, Matthew F. Dent, CFA and Patrick X. Halloran, who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. Matthew F. Dent has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since November 2012. Patrick X. Halloran has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since January 2025.

 

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares

 

You may purchase or sell (redeem) shares of the Fund on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. You may purchase or redeem shares directly from the Fund by calling (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free) or writing to the Fund at DF Dent Growth Funds, P.O. Box 588, Portland, Maine 04112. You also may purchase or redeem shares of the Fund through your financial intermediary. The Fund accepts investments in the following minimum amounts:

 

	Minimum Initial Investment	Minimum Additional Investment
Standard Accounts	$2,500	None
Retirement Accounts	$2,500	None

 

Tax Information

 

Shareholders may receive distributions from the Fund, which may be taxed to shareholders other than tax-advantaged investors (such as tax-advantaged retirement plans and accounts) as ordinary income, capital gains, or some combination of both. If you are investing through a tax-advantaged account, you may still be subject to taxation at ordinary income tax rates upon withdrawals from that account.

 

Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries

 

If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information. 

GROWTH FUNDS

  

Summary Section

DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund

 

Investment Objective

 

The objective of the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.

 

Fees and Expenses

 

This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the Fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below.

 

Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)	Investor Shares	Institutional Shares	Institutional Plus Shares
Management Fees	0.75%	0.75%	0.75%
Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees	None	None	None
Other Expenses	0.18%	0.17%	0.20%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses	0.93%	0.92%	0.95%
Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement(1)	0.00%	(0.07)%	(0.16)%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement	0.93%	0.85%	0.79%

 

1)

D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive a portion of its fee and/ or reimburse Fund expenses to limit Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) of Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares to 0.98%, 0.85% and 0.79% respectively, through October 31, 2026 (the “Expense Cap”). The Expense Cap may only be raised or eliminated with the consent of the Board of Trustees. The Adviser may recoup from the Fund fees waived and expenses reimbursed by the Adviser pursuant to the Expense Cap if such recoupment is made within three years of the fee waiver or expense reimbursement and does not cause the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement of a class (after the recoupment has been taken into account) to exceed the lesser of (i) the then-current expense cap, and (ii) the expense cap in place at the time the fees/expenses were waived/reimbursed.

 

Example. This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then hold or redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the 

8

 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

same, except that it reflects the Expense Cap through the time periods described above. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions, whether you do or do not redeem your shares at the end of each period described below, your costs would be:

  

	1 Year	3 Years	5 Years	10 Years
Investor Shares	$95	$296	$515	$1,143
Institutional Shares	$87	$286	$502	$1,125
Institutional Plus Shares	$81	$287	$510	$1,152

 

Portfolio Turnover. The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 59% of the average value of its portfolio.

 

Principal Investment Strategies

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in equity securities of medium-sized companies (“80% Policy”). For these purposes, the Fund’s Adviser defines medium-sized companies as those companies that, at the time of purchase, have market capitalizations within the range of companies included in the Russell Midcap Growth^® Index on a rolling three-year basis. As of September 30, 2025, the minimum and maximum market capitalizations on a rolling three-year basis within the Russell Midcap Growth^® Index were $304 million and $323 billion, respectively. Following the Fund’s investment in a security, it may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value and result in the Fund holding securities with market capitalizations that differ significantly from the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

The Fund typically invests in U.S.-listed equity securities, consisting of common stocks, preferred stocks, securities convertible into U.S. common stocks, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). The Fund invests in equity securities of domestic companies that in the Adviser’s view possess superior long-term growth characteristics and have strong, sustainable earnings prospects and reasonably valued stock prices. The Fund may invest in companies that do not have particularly strong earnings histories but do have other attributes that in the Adviser’s view may contribute to accelerated growth in the foreseeable future, including initial public offerings (“IPOs”).

 

The Adviser relies on selecting individual stocks and does not try to predict when the stock market may rise or fall. The Adviser uses in-house research and other sources to conduct analyses of prospective Fund investments.

 

In purchasing Fund investments, the Adviser’s process begins with an initial analysis of prospective Fund investments across a range of industries, including, but not limited to, investments in the industrial, healthcare, and information technology sectors, in each of which the Fund currently invests a significant portion of its net assets. The Adviser then uses fundamental research to identify companies that it believes are well managed, are leaders in an industry niche, have a track record of success and/or exhibit sustainable growth. 

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GROWTH FUNDS

 

The Adviser may sell a security in the Fund’s portfolio if, for example, the Adviser believes it has become overvalued or its fundamentals have changed. The Adviser may also change the weighting in a stock if it becomes an excessively large position within the Fund due to appreciation. In addition, the Fund may strategically invest a significant portion of the Fund’s total assets in cash or cash equivalents if in certain market conditions other appropriate investments for the Fund are not available at prices the Adviser believes are favorable to the Fund.

 

Principal Investment Risks

 

The Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) and investment return will fluctuate based upon changes in the value of its portfolio securities. You could lose money on your investment in the Fund, and the Fund could underperform other investments. There is no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objective. An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

 

It is important that you closely review and understand the risks of investing in the Fund prior to making an investment in the Fund.

 

Redemption Risk. The Fund could experience a loss when selling securities to meet redemption requests by shareholders. The risk of loss increases if the redemption requests are unusually large or frequent or occur in times of overall market turmoil or declining prices. Furthermore, the Fund currently has a large shareholder controlled by the Fund’s Adviser, which could redeem shares to the detriment of other shareholders.

 

Market Events Risk. Disruptive events with geopolitical consequences, including pandemics, may destabilize various countries’ economies and markets, which may experience increased volatility and reduced liquidity. Policy changes by the Federal Reserve and/or other government actors could similarly cause increased volatility in financial markets. Trade barriers and other protectionist trade policies (including those in the U.S.) may also result in market turbulence. Market volatility and reductions in market liquidity may negatively affect issuers worldwide, including issuers in which the Fund invests. Under such circumstances, the Fund may have difficulty liquidating portfolio holdings, particularly at favorable prices. To the extent that the Fund experiences higher levels of redemptions, the Fund may be required to sell portfolio holdings, which may negatively impact the Fund’s NAV.

 

Management Risk. The Fund is actively managed, and its performance will reflect the Adviser’s ability to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the Fund’s investment objective.

 

Capital Gains Risk. The sale of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may generate capital gains if the value of a security sold has appreciated since the time of the Fund’s initial investment. There can be no guarantee that the Fund will not distribute such capital gains. Shareholders that are investing through a taxable account should consider the embedded gains or losses of the Fund, which are disclosed in the most recent annual and semi-annual report. A new shareholder could be subject to taxes on a distribution it receives from the Fund that was earned when it was not a shareholder. 

GROWTH FUNDS

  

Growth Company Risk. The Fund’s investments in growth securities may be more sensitive to company earnings and more volatile than the market in general primarily because their stock prices are based heavily on future expectations. If the Adviser’s assessment of the prospects for a company’s growth is wrong, or if the Adviser’s judgment of how other investors will value the company’s growth is wrong, then the price of the company’s stock may fall or not approach the value that the Adviser has placed on it.

 

Equity Risk. Equity securities, which include common stocks may decline in value because of changes in the price of a particular holding or a broad stock market decline. Common stock ranks below preferred stock and debt securities in claims for dividends and for assets of the company in a liquidation or bankruptcy. The value of a security may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer of a security or broader economic or market events including changes in interest rates.

 

Small and Mid-Sized Capitalization Company Risk. Investments in small and mid-sized capitalization companies may be less liquid, and the prices of such securities may fluctuate more than those of larger, more established companies. These factors could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at a desirable time and price. The Fund could have a significant percentage of its assets invested in securities that have appreciated or depreciated significantly from their market capitalizations at the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents Risk. When investing in cash and cash equivalents, the Fund risks achieving lower returns and potential lost opportunities to participate in market appreciation, which could negatively impact the Fund’s performance and ability to achieve its investment objective. This is particularly true when the market for other investments in which the Fund may invest is rapidly rising.

 

Industrials Sector Risk. The industrials sector includes, for example, aerospace and defense, non-residential construction, engineering, machinery, transportation, and commercial and professional services companies. This sector can be significantly affected by, among other things, business cycle fluctuations, worldwide economy growth, government and corporate spending, supply and demand for specific products and manufacturing, and government regulation.

 

Information Technology Sector Risk. The information technology sector includes, for example, internet, semiconductor, software, hardware and technology equipment companies. This sector can be affected by, among other things, the supply and demand for specific products and services, the pace of technological development and government regulation.

 

REIT Risk. The value of the Fund’s investments in REITs may change in response to changes in the real estate market such as declines in the value of real estate, lack of available capital or financing opportunities, and increases in property taxes or operating costs. REITs typically are subject to management fees and other expenses that are separate from those of the Fund, and the Fund will bear a proportionate share of those fees and expenses. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Initial Public Offering Risk. The Fund may purchase securities in an IPO. Securities purchased in an IPO may be illiquid, and therefore more difficult to sell promptly at the most favorable price, and may be subject to substantial price volatility due to factors such as unseasoned trading, lack of investor knowledge of the company, and limited operating history.

 

ADR Risk. The Fund may invest in ADRs. ADR risks include, but are not limited to, foreign investment risks, such as political and financial instability, less liquidity, lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and increased price volatility. In addition, ADRs may not track the price of the underlying foreign securities, and their value may change materially at times when U.S. markets are not open for trading. Unsponsored ADRs may involve additional risks, and their prices may be more volatile than the prices of sponsored ADRs.

 

Preferred Stock Risk. Preferred stock is a class of a capital stock that typically pays dividends at a specified rate. Preferred stock is generally senior to common stock, but subordinate to debt securities, with respect to the payment of dividends and on liquidation of the issuer. The market value of preferred stock generally decreases when interest rates rise and is also affected by the issuer’s ability to make payments on the preferred stock.

 

Convertible Securities Risk. Investments in convertible securities entail some of the risks of both equity and debt securities. The value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates rise and, because of the conversion feature, tends to vary with the fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities or any changes in the issuer’s credit rating. Convertible securities are subject to the risk that the credit rating of the issuer may have an effect on the value of the convertible securities.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds Risk. The risks of investment in these securities typically reflect the risks of types of instruments in which the ETFs invest. By investing in an ETF, the Fund becomes a shareholder of that ETF and bears its proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the ETF. ETF shares trade in the secondary market and may be purchased by the Fund at a premium or discount to their NAV. When selling such securities, the Fund may not sell at the same premium or discount and may lose money on the premium or discount.

 

Performance Information

 

The bar chart and table that follow provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing changes in the performance of the Fund's Investor Shares from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns compare with those of a broad measure of market performance and an additional benchmark with characteristics relevant to the Fund. The historical performance of the Fund’s Investor Class shares is used to calculate the performance of the Fund’s Institutional Class and Institutional Plus Class shares. Each share class is invested in the same portfolio of securities, and the annual returns would have differed only to the extent that the classes do not have the same charges and expenses. The performance figures have not been adjusted to reflect applicable class fees and expenses. Updated performance information is available at www.dfdent.com or by calling (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free). Performance information represents only past performance and does not necessarily indicate future results.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Annual Returns as of December 31

Investor Shares

 

2015	0.79
2016	4.24
2017	31.22
2018	-0.19
2019	40.14
2020	30.42
2021	12.30
2022	-30.52
2023	22.91
2024	11.15

 

 

During the period shown, the highest return for a quarter was 26.74% for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, and the lowest return was -19.51% for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

 

The calendar year-to-date total return as of September 30, 2025 was 5.65%.

 

Average Annual Total Returns

(For the periods ended December 31, 2024)

 

	1 Year	5 Year	10 Year
Institutional Plus Shares - Return Before Taxes	11.32%	6.88%(1)	10.40%(1)
Institutional Shares - Return Before Taxes	11.16%	6.85%	10.41%(2)
Investor Shares - Return Before Taxes	11.15%	6.81%	10.36%
Investor Shares - Return After Taxes on Distributions	11.15%	6.61%	10.06%
Investor Shares - Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares	6.60%	5.31%	8.48%
Russell Midcap® Growth Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	22.10%	11.47%	11.54%
Russell 2500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	12.00%	8.77%	8.85%

GROWTH FUNDS

 

(1)

Institutional Plus Shares commenced operations on November 1, 2021. Performance for the 5 year and 10 year periods is a blended average annual return which includes the returns of Investor Shares prior to the commencement of operations of Institutional Plus Shares.

(2)

Institutional Shares commenced operations on November 29, 2017. Performance for the 10 year period is a blended average annual return which includes the returns of Investor prior to the commencement of operations of Institutional Shares.

 

Russell Midcap^® Growth Index measures the performance of the mid-cap growth segment of the U.S. equity universe. It includes those Russell Midcap Index companies with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values.

 

Russell 2500^® Index is a subset of the Russell 3000 Index, and measures the performance of the small to mid-capitalization sector of the U.S. equity market, as defined by FTSE Russell.

 

After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-advantaged arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts. After-tax returns are shown only for the Fund's Investor Shares and after-tax returns for other share classes will vary.

 

The return after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may exceed the return before taxes due to an assumed tax benefit from any losses on a sale of Fund shares at the end of the measurement period.

 

Management

 

Investment Adviser. D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. is the Fund’s investment adviser.

 

Portfolio Managers. The Fund’s portfolio is team-managed by three portfolio managers, Matthew F. Dent, CFA, Bruce L. Kennedy II, CFA, and Jimish P. Gandhi, who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. Matthew F. Dent and Bruce L. Kennedy II have each served as portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception in July 2011. Jimish P. Gandhi has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since January 2025.

 

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares

 

You may purchase or sell (redeem) shares of the Fund on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. You may purchase or redeem shares directly from the Fund by calling (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free) or writing to the Fund at DF Dent Growth Funds, P.O. Box 588, Portland, Maine 04112. You also may purchase or redeem shares of the Fund through your financial intermediary. The Fund accepts investments in the following minimum amounts: 

GROWTH FUNDS

  

	Minimum Initial Investment	Minimum Additional Investment
Investor Shares
Standard Accounts	$2,500	None
Retirement Accounts	$2,500	None
Institutional Shares
Standard Accounts	$500,000	None
Retirement Accounts	$500,000	None
Institutional Plus Shares
Standard Accounts	$100,000,000	None
Retirement Accounts	$100,000,000	None

 

Tax Information

 

Shareholders may receive distributions from the Fund, which may be taxed to shareholders other than tax-advantaged investors (such as tax-advantaged retirement plans and accounts) as ordinary income, capital gains, or some combination of both. If you are investing through a tax-advantaged account, you may still be subject to taxation at ordinary income tax rates upon withdrawals from that account.

 

Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries

 

If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Summary Section 

DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund

 

Investment Objective

 

The objective of the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.

 

Fees and Expenses

 

This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the Fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below.

 

Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)	Investor Shares	Institutional Shares	Institutional Plus Shares
Management Fees	0.85%	0.85%	0.85%
Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees	None	None	None
Other Expenses	0.38%	0.19%	0.30%
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses	0.01%	0.01%	0.01%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses	1.24%	1.05%	1.16%
Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement(1)	(0.19)%	(0.10)%	(0.31)%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement(2)	1.05%	0.95%	0.85%

 

(1)

D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive a portion of its fee and/ or reimburse Fund expenses to limit Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) of Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares to 1.05%, 0.95% and 0.85%, respectively, through October 31, 2026 (the “Expense Cap”). The Expense Cap may only be raised or eliminated with the consent of the Board of Trustees. The Adviser may recoup from the Fund fees waived and expenses reimbursed by the Adviser pursuant to the Expense Cap if such recoupment is made within three years of the fee waiver or expense reimbursement and does not cause the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement of a class (after the recoupment has been taken into account) to exceed the lesser of (i) the then-current expense cap, and (ii) the expense cap in place at the time the fees/expenses were waived/reimbursed.

(2)

Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratio of expenses to average net assets given in the financial highlights because they do not include Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses (“AFFE”).

 

Example. This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then hold or redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the 

16

 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

same, except that it reflects the Expense Cap through the time periods described above. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions, whether you do or do not redeem your shares at the end of each period described below, your costs would be:

 

	1 Year	3 Years	5 Years	10 Years
Investor Shares	$107	$375	$663	$1,483
Institutional Shares	$97	$324	$570	$1,274
Institutional Plus Shares	$87	$338	$608	$1,381

 

Portfolio Turnover. The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 36% of the average value of its portfolio.

 

Principal Investment Strategies

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in equity securities with small market capitalizations (“80% Policy”). For these purposes, the Fund’s Adviser considers small market capitalizations companies as those companies that, at the time of purchase, have market capitalizations within the range of companies included in the Russell 2000 Growth^® Index on a rolling three-year basis. As of September 30, 2025, the minimum and maximum market capitalizations on a rolling three-year basis within the Russell 2000 Growth^® Index were $2 million and $59 billion, respectively. Following the Fund’s investment in a security, it may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value and result in the Fund holding securities with market capitalizations that differ significantly from the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

The Fund typically invests in U.S. exchange-listed equity securities, consisting of common stocks, preferred stocks, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). The Fund may also invest in securities convertible into U.S. common stocks. The Fund invests in equity securities of companies that in the Adviser’s view possess superior long-term growth characteristics and have strong, sustainable earnings prospects and/or reasonably valued stock prices. The Fund may invest in companies that do not have particularly strong earnings histories but do have other attributes that in the Adviser’s view may contribute to accelerated growth in the foreseeable future, including initial public offerings (“IPOs”).

 

The Adviser relies on selecting individual stocks and does not try to predict when the stock market may rise or fall. In purchasing Fund investments, the Adviser’s process begins with an initial analysis of prospective Fund investments across a range of industries, including, but not limited to, investments in the industrial, healthcare, and information technology sectors, in each of which the Fund currently invests a significant portion of its net 

17

 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

assets. The Adviser then uses in-house and other fundamental research to identify companies that it believes are well managed, are leaders in an industry niche, have a track record of success and/or exhibit sustainable growth.

 

The Adviser may sell a security in the Fund’s portfolio if, for example, the Adviser believes it has become overvalued, its fundamentals have changed or it is no longer appropriate for the portfolio. The Adviser may also change the weighting in a stock if it becomes overweighted in the portfolio due to appreciation. In addition, the Fund may strategically invest a significant portion of the Fund’s total assets in cash or cash equivalents if in certain market conditions other appropriate investments for the Fund are not available at prices the Adviser believes are favorable to the Fund.

 

Principal Investment Risks

 

The Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) and investment return will fluctuate based upon changes in the value of its portfolio securities. You could lose money on your investment in the Fund, and the Fund could underperform other investments. There is no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objective. An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

 

It is important that you closely review and understand the risks of investing in the Fund prior to making an investment in the Fund.

 

Redemption Risk. The Fund could experience a loss when selling securities to meet redemption requests by shareholders. The risk of loss increases if the redemption requests are unusually large or frequent or occur in times of overall market turmoil or declining prices. Furthermore, the Fund currently has a large shareholder controlled by the Fund’s Adviser, which could redeem shares to the detriment of other shareholders.

 

Market Events Risk. Disruptive events with geopolitical consequences, including pandemics, may destabilize various countries’ economies and markets, which may experience increased volatility and reduced liquidity. Policy changes by the Federal Reserve and/or other government actors could similarly cause increased volatility in financial markets. Trade barriers and other protectionist trade policies (including those in the U.S.) may also result in market turbulence. Market volatility and reductions in market liquidity may negatively affect issuers worldwide, including issuers in which the Fund invests. Under such circumstances, the Fund may have difficulty liquidating portfolio holdings, particularly at favorable prices. To the extent that the Fund experiences higher levels of redemptions, the Fund may be required to sell portfolio holdings, which may negatively impact the Fund’s NAV.

 

Management Risk. The Fund is actively managed, and its performance will reflect the Adviser’s ability to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the Fund’s investment objective.

 

Small Capitalization Company Risk. The Fund’s investments in small capitalization companies may be less liquid and their securities’ prices may fluctuate more than those of larger, more established companies. These factors could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at a desirable time and price. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Growth Company Risk. The Fund’s investments in growth securities may be more sensitive to company earnings and more volatile than the market in general primarily because their stock prices are based heavily on future expectations. If the Adviser’s assessment of the prospects for a company’s growth is wrong, or if the Adviser’s judgment of how other investors will value the company’s growth is wrong, then the price of the company’s stock may fall or not approach the value that the Adviser has placed on it.

 

Information Technology Sector Risk. The information technology sector includes, for example, internet, semiconductor, software, hardware and technology equipment companies. This sector can be affected by, among other things, the supply and demand for specific products and services, the pace of technological development and government regulation.

 

Equity Risk. Equity securities, which include common stocks may decline in value because of changes in the price of a particular holding or a broad stock market decline. Common stock ranks below preferred stock and debt securities in claims for dividends and for assets of the company in a liquidation or bankruptcy. The value of a security may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer of a security or broader economic or market events including changes in interest rates.

 

Initial Public Offering Risk. The Fund may purchase securities in an IPO. Securities purchased in an IPO may be illiquid, and therefore more difficult to sell promptly at the most favorable price, and may be subject to substantial price volatility due to factors such as unseasoned trading, lack of investor knowledge of the company, and limited operating history.

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents Risk. When investing in cash and cash equivalents, the Fund risks achieving lower returns and potential lost opportunities to participate in market appreciation, which could negatively impact the Fund’s performance and ability to achieve its investment objective. This is particularly true when the market for other investments in which the Fund may invest is rapidly rising.

 

Industrials Sector Risk. The industrials sector includes, for example, aerospace and defense, non-residential construction, engineering, machinery, transportation, and commercial and professional services companies. This sector can be significantly affected by, among other things, business cycle fluctuations, worldwide economy growth, government and corporate spending, supply and demand for specific products and manufacturing, and government regulation.

 

REIT Risk. The value of the Fund’s investments in REITs may change in response to changes in the real estate market such as declines in the value of real estate, lack of available capital or financing opportunities, and increases in property taxes or operating costs. REITs typically are subject to management fees and other expenses that are separate from those of the Fund, and the Fund will bear a proportionate share of those fees and expenses.

 

ADR Risk. The Fund may invest in ADRs. ADR risks include, but are not limited to, foreign investment risks, such as political and financial instability, less liquidity, lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and increased price volatility. In addition, ADRs may not track the price of the underlying 

19

 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

foreign securities, and their value may change materially at times when U.S. markets are not open for trading. Unsponsored ADRs may involve additional risks, and their prices may be more volatile than the prices of sponsored ADRs.

 

Preferred Stock Risk. Preferred stock is a class of a capital stock that typically pays dividends at a specified rate. Preferred stock is generally senior to common stock, but subordinate to debt securities, with respect to the payment of dividends and on liquidation of the issuer. The market value of preferred stock generally decreases when interest rates rise and is also affected by the issuer’s ability to make payments on the preferred stock.

 

Convertible Securities Risk. Investments in convertible securities entail some of the risks of both equity and debt securities. The value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates rise and, because of the conversion feature, tends to vary with the fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities or any changes in the issuer’s credit rating. Convertible securities are subject to the risk that the credit rating of the issuer may have an effect on the value of the convertible securities.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds Risk. The risks of investment in these securities typically reflect the risks of types of instruments in which the ETFs invest. By investing in an ETF, the Fund becomes a shareholder of that ETF and bears its proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the ETF. ETF shares trade in the secondary market and may be purchased by the Fund at a premium or discount to their NAV. When selling such securities, the Fund may not sell at the same premium or discount and may lose money on the premium or discount.

 

Capital Gains Risk. The sale of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may generate capital gains if the value of a security sold has appreciated since the time of the Fund’s initial investment. There can be no guarantee that the Fund will not distribute such capital gains. Shareholders that are investing through a taxable account should consider the embedded gains or losses of the Fund, which are disclosed in the most recent annual and semi-annual report. A new shareholder could be subject to taxes on a distribution it receives from the Fund that was earned when it was not a shareholder.

 

Performance Information

 

The bar chart and table that follow provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing changes in the performance of the Fund's Investor Shares from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns compare with those of a broad measure of market performance and an additional benchmark with characteristics relevant to the Fund. The historical performance of the Fund’s Investor Class shares is used to calculate the performance of the Fund’s Institutional Class and Institutional Plus Class shares. Each share class is invested in the same portfolio of securities, and the annual returns would have differed only to the extent that the classes do not have the same charges and expenses. The performance figures have not been adjusted to reflect applicable class fees and expenses. Updated performance information is available at www.dfdent.com or by calling (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free). Performance information represents only past performance and does not necessarily indicate future results.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Annual Returns as of December 31 

Investor Shares

 

2015	-4.16
2016	16.45
2017	15.58
2018	-1.52
2019	36.34
2020	34.68
2021	14.63
2022	-30.34
2023	22.27
2024	10.91

 

 

 

During the period shown, the highest return for a quarter was 30.73% for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, and the lowest return was -20.30% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

 

The calendar year-to-date total return as of September 30, 2025 was -3.01%.

 

Average Annual Total Returns

(For the periods ended December 31, 2024)

 

	1 Year	5 Year	10 Year
Institutional Shares - Return Before Taxes	11.07%	7.94%	9.79%(1)
Institutional Plus Shares - Return Before Taxes	10.95%(2)	7.85%(2)	9.71%(2)
Investor Shares - Return Before Taxes	10.91%	7.84%	9.71%
Investor Shares - Return After Taxes on Distributions	10.91%	7.60%	9.27%
Investor Shares - Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares	6.46%	6.15%	7.83%
Russell 2000® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	11.54%	7.40%	7.82%
Russell 2000® Growth Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)	15.15%	6.86%	8.09%

GROWTH FUNDS

 

(1)

Institutional Shares commenced operations on November 20, 2017. Performance for the 10 year period is a blended average annual return which includes the returns of Investor Shares prior to the commencement of operations of Institutional Shares.

(2)

Institutional Plus Shares commenced operations on February 25, 2025. Performance for the 1 year, 5 year and 10 year periods is a blended average annual return which includes the returns of Investor Shares prior to the commencement of operations of Institutional Plus Shares.

 

Russell 2000^® Index is a float-adjusted capitalization-weighted index of equity securities issued by the approximately 2,000 smallest issuers in the Russell 3000 Index. The Russell 2000 Index measures the performance of the small-capitalization sector of the U.S. equity market, as defined by FTSE Russell. The Russell 2000 Index is a subset of the Russell 3000 Index, which measures the performance of the broad U.S. equity market, as defined by FTSE Russell.

 

Russell 2000^® Growth Index measures the performance of the small cap growth segment of the U.S. equity universe. It includes those Russell 2000 Index companies with relatively higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values.

 

After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-advantaged arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts. After-tax returns are shown only for the Fund's Investor Shares and after-tax returns for other share classes will vary.

 

The return after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may exceed the return before taxes due to an assumed tax benefit from any losses on a sale of Fund shares at the end of the measurement period.

 

Management

 

Investment Adviser. D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. is the Fund’s investment adviser.

 

Portfolio Managers. The Fund’s portfolio is team-managed by three portfolio managers, Matthew F. Dent, CFA, Gary Wu, Ph.D., CFA, and Brady M. Cox, CFA, who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. Matthew F. Dent and Gary Wu have each served as portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception in November 2013. Brady M. Cox has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since January 2025. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares

 

You may purchase or sell (redeem) shares of the Fund on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. You may purchase or redeem shares directly from the Fund by calling (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free) or writing to the Fund at DF Dent Growth Funds, P.O. Box 588, Portland, Maine 04112. You also may purchase or redeem shares of the Fund through your financial intermediary. The Fund accepts investments in the following minimum amounts:

  

	Minimum Initial Investment*	Minimum Additional Investment*
Investor Shares
Standard Accounts	$2,500	None
Retirement Accounts	$2,500	None
Institutional Shares
Standard Accounts	$500,000	None
Retirement Accounts	$500,000	None
Institutional Plus Shares
Standard Accounts	$100,000,000	None
Retirement Accounts	$100,000,000	None

 

*

If you invest through a broker or other financial intermediary, the policies and fees of the intermediary may be different than the policies and fees of the Fund. Among other things, such financial intermediaries may charge transaction fees and may set different minimum investments or limitations on buying (selling) Fund shares. You should consult your broker or other representative of your financial intermediary for more information.

 

Tax Information

 

Shareholders may receive distributions from the Fund, which may be taxed to shareholders other than tax-advantaged investors (such as tax-advantaged retirement plans and accounts) as ordinary income, capital gains, or some combination of both. If you are investing through a tax-advantaged account, you may still be subject to taxation at ordinary income tax rates upon withdrawals from that account. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries

 

If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Details Regarding Investment Strategies

 

CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND    American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are typically issued by a U.S. bank or trust company through a sponsored ADR program and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign company and are designed for use in the U.S. securities market. Unlike a sponsored ADR, which is one issued in collaboration with the foreign company, an unsponsored ADR is one that is established through demand by a broker-dealer that owns common stock in the foreign company and without the specific cooperation or consent of the foreign company. Common Stock means an ownership interest in a company and usually possesses voting rights and may earn dividends. Convertible Securities are securities such as preferred stock or bonds that may be converted into a specified number of shares of common stock. Equity Security means a security such as a common stock, preferred stock or convertible security that represents an ownership interest in a company. Market Capitalization means the total value of all of a company’s stock in the stock market based on the stock’s market price. Preferred Stock is stock that has preference over common stock to the company’s dividends (and thus greater potential for income) and whose value generally fluctuates less than common stock. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are companies that own, operate, or finance income-generating real estate. Most REITs are publicly traded like stocks, and pool the capital of numerous investors, making it possible for investors to earn dividends from real estate investments without having to buy, manage, or finance the properties themselves.

 

DF Dent Premier Growth Fund

 

The objective of the Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation. The Fund’s investment objective is fundamental and may only be changed by the Board of Trustees with shareholder approval.

 

The Fund invests primarily in equity securities, consisting of common stocks, preferred stocks, and securities convertible into stocks of U.S. companies, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that the Adviser believes possess superior long-term growth characteristics and have strong, sustainable earnings prospects and reasonably valued stock prices. The Fund may also invest in companies that do not have particularly strong earnings histories but do have other attributes that the Adviser believes may contribute to accelerated growth in the foreseeable future including initial public offerings (“IPOs”). The Fund may invest in companies of any size.

 

The Adviser’s Process — Purchasing Portfolio Securities. The Adviser’s process begins with an initial analysis of prospective Fund investments across a range of industries. Strong financial characteristics such as a high return on equity, good profit margins and a strong balance sheet are more important than the absolute size of the company. Emphasis is placed upon companies that have demonstrated the ability to report earnings growth on a consistent basis in varied economic environments. The Adviser then uses fundamental research to identify companies that it believes:

 

●    Have excellent management teams with proven execution skills

 

●    Maintain a market leadership position in an industry niche

 

●    Deliver on a consistent basis in varied environments

 

●    Have sustainable growth prospects 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

The Adviser plans to hold investments long-term if they continue to satisfy the Fund’s investment criteria.

 

The Adviser’s Process — Selling Portfolio Securities. The Adviser monitors the companies in the Fund’s portfolio to determine if there have been any fundamental changes in the companies. The Adviser may sell a stock if:

 

●

It subsequently fails to meet the Adviser’s initial investment criteria

 

●

It becomes overvalued relative to the long-term expectation for the stock price

 

●

Changes in economic conditions or industry fundamentals affect the company’s financial outlook

 

●

Other investment opportunities exist that may offer more attractive risk-adjusted returns

 

The Adviser may also change the weighting of a stock if it becomes an excessively large position within the Fund due to appreciation.

 

Temporary Defensive Position. In order to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the Fund may assume a temporary defensive position that is inconsistent with its principal investment objective and/or strategies and may invest, without limitation, in cash or high-quality cash equivalents (including money market instruments, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, banker’s acceptances and time deposits). A defensive position, taken at the wrong time, may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s performance. The Fund may be unable to achieve its investment objective during the employment of a temporary defensive position. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund

 

The objective of the Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation. The Fund’s investment objective is non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board of Trustees without a vote of shareholders. The Fund, however, will provide shareholders with at least 60 days’ notice prior to making any changes to the investment objective.

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in equity securities of medium-sized companies (“80% Policy”). This investment strategy may only be changed upon providing at least 60 days’ prior notice to shareholders. For these purposes, the Fund’s Adviser defines medium-sized companies as those companies that, at the time of purchase, have market capitalizations within the range of companies included in the Russell Midcap Growth^® Index on a rolling three-year basis. As of September 30, 2025, the minimum and maximum market capitalizations on a rolling three-year basis within the Russell Midcap Growth^® Index were $304 million and $323 billion, respectively. Following the Fund’s investment in a security, it may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value and result in the Fund holding securities with market capitalizations that differ significantly from the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

The Fund typically invests in U.S. exchange-listed equity securities, including common stocks, preferred stocks, securities convertible into U.S. common stocks, REITs, sponsored and unsponsored ADRs, and ETFs.

 

The Adviser’s Process — Purchasing Portfolio Securities. The Adviser begins its process with an initial analysis of prospective Fund investments across a range of industries. Strong financial characteristics such as a high return on equity, good profit margins and a strong balance sheet are more important than the absolute size of the company. Emphasis is placed upon companies that have demonstrated the ability to report earnings growth on a consistent basis in varied economic environments. The Adviser then uses fundamental research to identify companies that it believes:

 

●

Have excellent management teams with proven execution skills

 

●

Maintain a market leadership position in an industry niche

 

●

Deliver on a consistent basis in varied environments

 

●

Have sustainable growth prospects

 

The Adviser plans to hold investments long-term if they continue to satisfy the Fund’s investment criteria.

 

The Adviser’s Process — Selling Portfolio Securities. The Adviser monitors the companies in the Fund’s portfolio to determine if there have been any fundamental changes in the companies. The Adviser may sell a stock if:

 

●

It subsequently fails to meet the Adviser’s initial investment criteria

 

●

It becomes overvalued relative to the long-term expectation for the stock price

 

●

Changes in economic conditions or industry fundamentals affect the company’s financial outlook

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●    Other investment opportunities exist that may offer more attractive risk-adjusted returns

 

The Adviser may also change the weighting of a stock if it becomes an excessively large position within the Fund due to appreciation.

 

Temporary Defensive Position. In order to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the Fund may assume a temporary defensive position that is inconsistent with its principal investment objective and/or strategies and may invest, without limitation, in cash or high-quality cash equivalents (including money market instruments, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, banker’s acceptances and time deposits). A defensive position, taken at the wrong time, may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s performance. The Fund may be unable to achieve its investment objective during the employment of a temporary defensive position. 

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DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund

 

The objective of the Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation. The Fund’s investment objective is non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board of Trustees without a vote of shareholders. The Fund, however, will provide shareholders with at least 60 days’ notice prior to making any changes to the investment objective.

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in equity securities with small market capitalizations (“80% Policy”). This investment strategy may only be changed upon providing at least 60 days’ prior notice to shareholders. For these purposes, the Fund’s Adviser considers small market capitalizations companies as those companies that, at the time of purchase, have market capitalizations within the range of companies included in the Russell 2000 Growth^® Index on a rolling three-year basis. As of September 30, 2025, the minimum and maximum market capitalizations on a rolling three-year basis within the Russell 2000 Growth^® Index were $2 million and $59 billion, respectively. Following the Fund’s investment in a security, it may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value and result in the Fund holding securities with market capitalizations that differ significantly from the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

The Fund typically invests in U.S. exchange-listed equity securities, consisting of common stocks, preferred stocks, REITs, sponsored and unsponsored ADRs, and ETFs. The Fund may also invest in securities convertible into U.S. common stocks.

 

The Adviser’s Process — Purchasing Portfolio Securities. The Adviser begins its process with an initial analysis of prospective Fund investments across a range of industries. Strong financial characteristics such as a high return on equity, good profit margins and a strong balance sheet are more important than the absolute size of the company. Emphasis is placed upon companies that have demonstrated the ability to report earnings growth on a consistent basis in varied economic environments. The Adviser then uses fundamental research to identify companies that it believes:

 

●

Have excellent management teams with proven execution skills

 

●

Maintain a market leadership position in an industry niche

 

●

Deliver on a consistent basis in varied environments

 

●

Have sustainable growth prospects

 

The Adviser plans to hold investments long-term if they continue to satisfy the Fund’s investment criteria.

 

The Adviser’s Process — Selling Portfolio Securities. The Adviser monitors the companies in the Fund’s portfolio to determine if there have been any fundamental changes in the companies. The Adviser may sell a stock if:

 

●

It subsequently fails to meet the Adviser’s initial investment criteria

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●

It becomes overvalued relative to the long-term expectation for the stock price

 

●

Changes in economic conditions or industry fundamentals affect the company’s financial outlook

 

●

Other investment opportunities exist that may offer more attractive risk-adjusted returns

 

The Adviser may also change the weighting in a stock if it becomes an excessively large position within the Fund due to appreciation.

 

Temporary Defensive Position. In order to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the Fund may assume a temporary defensive position that is inconsistent with its principal investment objective and/or strategies and may invest, without limitation, in cash or high-quality cash equivalents (including money market instruments, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, banker’s acceptances and time deposits). A defensive position, taken at the wrong time, may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s performance. The Fund may be unable to achieve its investment objective during the employment of a temporary defensive position.

 

Cash Management

 

As a non-principal investment strategy, each Fund may invest cash balances in investment grade debt securities, including U.S. Government securities and other funds that invest in such securities. Investments may include U.S. Treasury bills, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, notes and bonds, corporate bonds and notes issued by large and medium domestic companies. If an investment grade security held by a Fund is downgraded to non-investment grade, the Fund may hold the security if the Adviser believes the issuer will continue to pay its debt or the current market price does not properly reflect what the Adviser believes to be the fair value of the security. The lowest ratings that are investment grade for corporate bonds, including convertible bonds, are “Baa3” in the case of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) and “BBB-” in the case of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“S&P”) and Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”); for preferred stock the lowest ratings are “Baa3” in the case of Moody’s, “BBB-” in the case of S&P, and “BBB-” in the case of Fitch.

 

Each Fund also may invest a portion of their total assets in cash or cash equivalents, including bank notes; banker’s acceptances; certificates of deposit; commercial paper; medium term notes; money market funds that are registered as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended; and repurchase agreements if the Adviser is unable to find investments selling at discounts to what the Adviser believes are their fair intrinsic value. If a Fund invests in money market funds, shareholders will bear their proportionate share of the expenses, including, for example, advisory and administrative fees, of the money market funds in which the Fund invests. Shareholders also would be exposed to the risks associated with money market funds and the portfolio investments of such money market funds, including that a money market fund’s yield will be lower than the return that a Fund would have derived from other investments that would provide liquidity. 

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ReFlow Liquidity Program

 

Each Fund may participate in the ReFlow Fund, LLC (“ReFlow”) liquidity program. This program is designed to provide an alternative liquidity source on days when redemptions of Fund shares exceed purchases. Under the program, ReFlow is available to provide cash to the Funds to meet all, or a portion, of daily net shareholder redemptions. ReFlow provides this cash by purchasing [Institutional Shares] at net asset value and ReFlow will not be subject to any investment minimum applicable to such shares. Following purchases of Fund shares, ReFlow then generally redeems those shares when the Fund experiences net sales, at the end of a maximum holding period determined by ReFlow (currently 8 days) or at other times at ReFlow’s discretion. While ReFlow holds Fund shares, it will have the same rights and privileges with respect to those shares as any other shareholder.

 

For use of the ReFlow service, a participating Fund pays a fee to ReFlow each time it purchases Fund shares, calculated by applying to the purchase amount a fee rate determined through an automated daily “Dutch auction” among other participating mutual funds seeking liquidity that day. The current minimum fee rate is 0.14% of the value of the Fund shares purchased by ReFlow, although the Fund may submit a bid at a higher fee rate if it determines that doing so is in the best interest of Fund shareowners. Such a fee is allocated among a Fund’s share classes based on relative net assets. In accordance with federal securities laws, ReFlow is prohibited from acquiring more than 3% of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund. 

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Details Regarding Investment Risks

 

A Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) and investment return will fluctuate based upon changes in the value of its portfolio. You could lose money on your investment in a Fund, and a Fund could underperform other investments. There is no guarantee that a Fund will meet its investment objective. An investment in a Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

 

Principal Risks	DF Dent Premier Growth Fund	DF Dent  Midcap Growth Fund	DF Dent Small  Cap Growth Fund
ADR Risk	X	X	X
Capital Gains Risk	X	X	X
Cash and Cash Equivalents Risk	X	X	X
Convertible Securities Risk	X	X	X
Equity Risk	X	X	X
Exchange-Traded Funds Risk	X	X	X
Financials Sector Risk	X
Growth Company Risk	X	X	X
Industrials Sector Risk	X	X	X
Information Technology Sector Risk	X	X	X
Initial Public Offering Risk	X	X	X
Large Capitalization Company Risk	X
Management Risk	X	X	X
Market Events Risk	X	X	X
Mid-Sized Capitalization Company Risk	X	X
Preferred Stock Risk	X	X	X
Redemption Risk	X	X	X
REIT Risk	X	X	X
Small Capitalization Company Risk	X	X	X

 

References to the “Fund” below are to the respective Fund(s) as noted in the preceding table.

 

ADR Risk. Investing in ADRs may involve risks relating to political, economic or regulatory conditions in foreign countries where the underlying securities are traded. These risks include political and financial instability, less liquidity, lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and increased price volatility.

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The underlying securities are typically denominated (or quoted) in a currency other than U.S. dollars. The securities underlying ADRs may trade on foreign exchanges at times when U.S. markets are not open for trading. As a result, the value of ADRs may not track the price of the underlying foreign securities and may change materially at times when the U.S. markets are not open for trading. Unsponsored ADRs may involve additional risks, and their prices may be more volatile than the prices of sponsored ADRs.

 

Capital Gains Risk. The sale of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may generate capital gains if the value of a security sold has appreciated since the time of the Fund’s initial investment. There can be no guarantee that the Fund will not distribute such capital gains. Distributions attributable to ordinary income and short-term capital gains are generally taxed as ordinary income, although certain income dividends may be taxed to non-corporate shareholders at long-term capital gain rates. Shareholders that are investing through a taxable account should consider the embedded gains or losses of the Fund, which are disclosed in the most recent annual and semi-annual report. A new shareholder could be subject to taxes on a distribution it receives from the Fund that was earned when it was not a shareholder.

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents Risk. When investing in cash and cash equivalents, the Fund risks achieving lower returns and potential lost opportunities to participate in market appreciation, which could negatively impact the Fund’s performance and ability to achieve its investment objective. This is particularly true when the market for other investments in which the Fund may invest is rapidly rising.

 

Convertible Securities Risk. Investments in convertible securities entail some of the risks of both equity and debt securities. The value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates rise and, because of the conversion feature, tends to vary with the fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities or changes in the issuer’s credit rating. Convertible securities often display a degree of market price volatility that is comparable to common stocks and are also subject to additional risks, including risk of default on interest or principal payments, which could result in a loss of income from or a decline in value of the securities. Convertible securities are subject to the risk that the credit rating of the issuer may have an effect on the convertible securities’ investment value.

 

Equity Risk. Equity securities, common stocks, convertible securities, preferred stocks, warrants and sponsored and unsponsored ADRs may decline in value because of changes in price of a particular holding or a broad stock market decline. These fluctuations could be a drastic movement or a sustained trend. The value of a security may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer of a security, such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods or services, or broader economic or market events, including changes in interest rates. Common stocks in general are subject to the risk of an issuer liquidating or declaring bankruptcy, in which case the claims of owners of the issuer’s debt securities and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of common stockholders.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds Risk. The risks of investments in ETF securities typically reflect the risks of the types of instruments in which the ETF invests. When the Fund invests in ETFs, shareholders of the Fund bear their proportionate share of the ETF’s fees and expenses, as well as their share of the Fund’s fees and expenses. As a result, an investment by the Fund in an ETF could cause the Fund’s operating expenses to be 

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higher and, in turn, performance to be lower than if it were to invest directly in the instruments underlying the ETF. Because ETF shares are listed and traded on national stock exchanges, they may trade at a discount or premium to their NAV. Investments in ETFs are subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. An actively managed ETF’s performance will reflect its adviser's ability to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the ETF’s investment objectives. A passively managed ETF may not replicate the performance of the index it intends to track because of, for example, the temporary unavailability of certain index securities in the secondary market or discrepancies between the ETF and the index with respect to the weighting of securities or the number of stocks held. The trading in an ETF may be halted if the trading in one or more of the ETF’s underlying securities is halted. Finally, because the value of ETF shares depends in part on the demand for them in the market, the Fund may not be able to liquidate an ETF position at the NAV of the ETF, adversely affecting the Fund's performance.

 

Financials Sector Risk. Performance of companies in the financials sector may be adversely impacted by many factors, including, among others, government regulations, economic conditions, credit rating downgrades, changes in interest rates, and decreased liquidity in credit markets. The impact of more stringent capital requirements, recent or future regulation of any individual financial company, or recent or future regulation of the financials sector as a whole cannot be predicted.

 

Growth Company Risk. The Fund may invest in growth securities that are susceptible to rapid price swings, especially during periods of economic uncertainty. Because the prices of most growth stocks are based on future expectations, these stocks tend to be more sensitive than value stocks to bad economic news and negative earnings surprises. Growth stocks typically have little or no dividend income to cushion the effect of adverse market conditions and may be particularly volatile in the event of earnings disappointments or other financial difficulties experienced by the issuer.

 

In addition, you could lose money on your investment if:

 

●

The market does not recognize the growth potential or value of the stocks in the Fund’s portfolio.

 

●

Investor demand for growth stocks held by the Fund declines.

 

●

There is deceleration in the expected growth rate of the companies in which the Fund invests.

 

●

The Adviser’s judgment as to the growth potential or value of a stock proves to be wrong.

 

Industrials Sector Risk. The industrials sector includes, for example, aerospace and defense, non-residential construction, engineering, machinery, transportation, and commercial and professional services companies. This sector can be significantly affected by, among other things, business cycle fluctuations, worldwide economy growth, government and corporate spending, supply and demand for specific products and manufacturing, and government regulation. Aerospace and defense companies, a component of the industrials sector, can be significantly affected by government spending policies because companies involved in this industry rely, to a significant extent, on U.S. and foreign government demand for their products and services. Thus, the financial condition of, and investor interest in, aerospace and defense companies are

GROWTH FUNDS

 

heavily influenced by governmental defense spending policies which are typically under pressure from efforts to control the U.S. (and other) government budgets. Transportation securities, a component of the industrials sector, are cyclical and have occasional sharp price movements which may result from changes in the economy, fuel prices, labor agreements and insurance costs.

 

Information Technology Sector Risk. The information technology sector includes, for example, internet, semiconductor, software, hardware and technology equipment companies. Information technology companies face intense competition and potentially rapid product obsolescence. They are also heavily dependent on intellectual property rights and may be adversely affected by the loss or impairment of those rights. This sector can be affected by, among other things, the supply and demand for specific products and services, the pace of technological development and government regulation.

 

Initial Public Offering Risk. Special risks associated with securities purchased in IPOs may include illiquidity and substantial price volatility due to unseasoned trading, lack of investor knowledge of the company, and limited operating history. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for the Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing market prices. Some companies whose shares are sold through IPOs are involved in relatively new industries or lines of business, which may not be widely understood by investors. Some of these companies may be undercapitalized or regarded as developmental stage companies without revenues or operating income, or the near-term prospects of achieving them.

 

Large Capitalization Company Risk. Investments in large capitalization companies may go in and out of favor based on market and economic conditions and may underperform other market segments. Some large capitalization companies may be unable to respond quickly to new competitive challenges or to attain the high growth rate of successful smaller companies, especially during extended periods of economic expansion. As such, returns on investments in stocks of large capitalization companies could trail the returns on investments in stocks of small and mid-sized capitalization companies.

 

Management Risk. The Fund is actively managed, and its performance will reflect the Adviser's ability to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the Fund’s investment objective. Investments selected by the Adviser for the Fund may not perform to expectations. This could result in the Fund’s underperformance compared to other funds with similar investment objectives. Further, the Fund’s performance may deviate from overall market returns to a greater degree than funds that do not employ a similar strategy.

 

Market Events Risk. Turbulence in the financial markets and reduced liquidity in equity, credit and fixed-income markets may negatively affect issuers worldwide, which could have an adverse effect on the Fund. Disruptive events with geopolitical consequences, including pandemics and natural disasters, may destabilize world economies and cause market turbulence. Trade barriers and other protectionist trade policies (including those in the U.S.) may also increase market turbulence. Similarly, policy changes by the Federal Reserve and/or other government actors, including changes in interest rates, could cause or increase volatility in the financial markets. Increases in market volatility may lead to reductions in market liquidity, which may make it more difficult for the Fund to purchase and sell portfolio holdings at favorable market prices and make the

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Fund’s net asset value fluctuate materially. To the extent that the Fund experiences high redemptions during periods of market turbulence, the Fund’s performance may be adversely affected, as the Fund may not be able to sell portfolio holdings at favorable prices, or may be required to sell portfolio holdings, which may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. In addition, the Fund may experience increased portfolio turnover, which will increase its costs and adversely impact its performance.

 

Mid-Sized Capitalization Company Risk. Investments in mid capitalization companies may entail greater risks, and their securities’ prices may fluctuate more and have a higher degree of volatility than those of larger, more established companies. Securities of mid capitalization companies may be traded in lower volume and be less liquid. The general market may not favor mid capitalization companies in which the Fund invests and as a result the Fund could underperform the general market. Mid capitalization companies may have more limited product lines, markets and financial resources that make them more susceptible to economic and market setbacks. Additionally, information about these companies may not be readily available. These factors could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at a desirable time and price. The Fund could have a significant percentage of its assets invested in securities that have appreciated or depreciated significantly from their market capitalizations at the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

Preferred Stock Risk. If interest rates rise, the dividend on preferred stock may be less attractive, causing the price of preferred stock to decline. Preferred stock may have mandatory sinking fund provisions, as well as provisions for call or redemption prior to maturity, which can have a negative effect on prices when interest rates decline. Preferred stocks are equity securities because they do not constitute a liability of the issuer and therefore do not offer the same degree of protection of capital or continuation of income as debt securities. Unlike debt securities, preferred stock dividends are payable at the discretion of the issuer’s board of directors. The market prices of preferred stocks are generally more sensitive to actual or perceived changes in the issuer’s financial condition or prospects than are the prices of debt securities. Preferred stock also may be less liquid than common stock. The rights of preferred stock on distribution of an issuer’s assets in the event of its liquidation are generally subordinated to the rights associated with an issuer’s debt securities. Preferred stock may also be subject to the risk that the issuer is unable or unwilling, or is perceived (whether by market participants, ratings agencies, pricing services or otherwise) as unable or unwilling, to make timely principal and/or interest payments, or otherwise honor its obligations.

 

Redemption Risk. The Fund could experience a loss when selling securities to meet redemption requests by shareholders. The risk of loss increases if the redemption requests are unusually large or frequent or occur in times of overall market turmoil or declining prices. Furthermore, the Fund currently has a large shareholder controlled by the Fund’s Adviser, which could redeem shares to the detriment of other shareholders.

 

REIT Risk. REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as declines in property values, increases in property taxes, operating expenses, rising interest rates or competition overbuilding, zoning changes, and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically are subject to management fees and other expenses that are separate from those of the Fund and the Fund will bear a proportionate share of those fees and expenses. 

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Small Capitalization Company Risk. Investments in small capitalization companies may entail greater risks and their securities’ prices may fluctuate more and have a higher degree of volatility than those of larger, more established companies. Securities of small capitalization companies may be traded in lower volume and be less liquid. At certain times, the general market may not favor the smaller, growth-oriented companies in which the Fund invests and as a result the Fund could underperform the general market. Smaller companies may have more limited product lines, markets and financial resources that make them more susceptible to economic and market setbacks. Additionally, information about these companies may not be readily available. The smaller the company, the greater effect these risks may have on the company’s operations and performance which could have a significant impact on the price of the security. These factors could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at a desirable time and price. The Fund could have a significant percentage of its assets invested in securities that have appreciated or depreciated significantly from their market capitalizations at the time of the Fund’s investment.

 

Who May Want to Invest in the Funds

 

The Funds may be appropriate for you if you:

 

●

Are willing to tolerate significant changes in the value of your investment

 

●

Are pursuing a long-term goal, and

 

●

Are willing to accept higher short-term risk

 

The Funds may not be appropriate for you if you:

 

●

Want an investment that pursues market trends or focuses only on particular sectors or industries

 

●

Need regular income or stability of principal, or

 

●

Are pursuing a short-term goal or investing emergency reserves

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Management

 

The DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund (each a “Fund”; collectively, the “Funds”) are each a series of Forum Funds (the “Trust”), an open-end, management investment company (mutual fund). The Board of Trustees (the “Board”) oversees the management of the Funds and meets periodically to review each Fund’s performance, monitor investment activities and practices and discuss other matters affecting the Funds. Additional information regarding the Board and the Trust’s executive officers may be found in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”), which is available on the Adviser’s website at www.dfdent.com.

 

Investment Adviser

 

The Funds’ investment adviser is D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (the “Adviser”), 400 E. Pratt Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. The Adviser is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and has provided investment advisory and management services to clients since 1976. The Adviser is a privately owned corporation controlled by Daniel F. Dent. As of September 30, 2025, the Adviser had approximately $9.8 billion of total firm assets.

 

Subject to the general oversight of the Board, The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Funds pursuant to an investment advisory agreement between the Adviser and the Trust, on behalf of the Funds (the “Advisory Agreement”). The Adviser receives an advisory fee from the Funds at an annual rate equal to 0.99% of the average annual daily net assets of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, 0.75% of the average annual daily net assets of the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund, and 0.85% of the average annual daily net assets of the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund under the terms of the Advisory Agreement. The actual advisory fee rate paid to the Adviser for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 was 0.84%, 0.71%, and 0.75% by DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund, respectively. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive its fee and/or reimburse Fund expenses to limit the Fund’s Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund to 0.99% through October 31, 2026 (“Expense Cap”). The Adviser has also contractually agreed to waive its fee and/or reimburse Fund expenses to limit Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) of the Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares of the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund to 0.98%, 0.85% and 0.79% respectively, and the Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares of the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund to 1.05%, 0.95% and 0.85%, respectively, through October 31, 2026. The Expense Cap may only be raised or eliminated with the consent of the Board of Trustees. The Adviser may recoup from the Fund fees waived and expenses reimbursed by the Adviser pursuant to the Expense Cap if such recoupment is made within three years of the fee waiver or expense reimbursement and does not cause the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement of each Fund (i.e., after the 

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recoupment has been taken into account) to exceed the lesser of (i) the then-current expense cap and (ii) the expense cap in place at the time the fees/expenses were waived or reimbursed. Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses will increase if exclusions from the Expense Cap apply.

 

A discussion summarizing the basis on which the Board last approved the Advisory Agreement is included in the Funds’ reports on Form N-CSR.

 

Portfolio Managers

 

DF Dent Premier Growth Fund — Team-Managed Approach

 

The Fund’s portfolio is team-managed by two portfolio managers, Matthew F. Dent, CFA and Patrick X. Halloran, who are jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.

 

Matthew F. Dent, CFA, joined D.F. Dent in the summer of 2001 with four years of investment experience. Prior to joining D.F. Dent, Mr. Dent served as a research associate at Stafford Capital in San Francisco, a research associate at Robertson Stephens in San Francisco, and as an investment banking analyst at DB Alex Brown in Baltimore. Mr. Dent is a graduate of Brown University, where he received a B.A. in both Economics and Organizational Behavior and Management. Mr. Dent is a Chartered Financial Analyst and is currently a member of the CFA Institute and the Baltimore Security Analysts Society. Mr. Dent is the President of D.F. Dent and Company and serves as a portfolio manager and analyst.

 

Patrick X. Halloran joined the firm in January 2018 with nine years of experience in the investment industry. Prior to joining D.F. Dent and Company, he served as a Co-Portfolio Manager and Head of Research at Croft-Leominster Inc. Mr. Halloran earned a MBA and MS in Finance from the University of Maryland’s Robert H. Smith School of Business, and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from The University of Virginia. Mr. Halloran currently serves as a portfolio manager and research analyst.

 

DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund — Team-Managed Approach

 

The Fund’s portfolio is team-managed by three portfolio managers, Matthew F. Dent, CFA, Bruce L. Kennedy II, CFA, and Jimish P. Gandhi, who are jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.

 

Matthew F. Dent, CFA, joined D.F. Dent in the summer of 2001 with four years of investment experience. Prior to joining D.F. Dent, Mr. Dent served as a research associate at Stafford Capital in San Francisco, a research associate at Robertson Stephens in San Francisco, and as an investment banking analyst at DB Alex Brown in Baltimore. Mr. Dent is a graduate of Brown University, where he received a B.A. in both Economics and Organizational Behavior and Management. Mr. Dent is a Chartered Financial Analyst and is currently a member of the CFA Institute and the Baltimore Security Analysts Society. Mr. Dent is the President of D.F. Dent and Company and serves as a portfolio manager and analyst.

 

Bruce L. Kennedy, II, CFA, Director of Research since 2014, Vice President since 2010 and Research Analyst from 2007-2010, joined D.F. Dent in the summer of 2007 with four years of investment experience. Prior to joining D.F. Dent, he served as an Investment Banking Analyst at Goldman, Sachs & Co. in New York, an 

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Associate Analyst at T. Rowe Price in Baltimore from 2001 to 2005, and as a Summer Analyst at Wasatch Advisors in Salt Lake City in 2006. Mr. Kennedy received an A.B. from Dartmouth College cum laude in Economics and History, and an M.B.A. from Stanford Graduate School of Business in 2007. Mr. Kennedy is a Chartered Financial Analyst.

 

Jimish P. Gandhi joined the firm in the summer of 2018 with four years of experience in the investment industry. Prior to joining D.F. Dent & Company, he served as an investment research consultant at Polleit & Riechert Investment Management, a research analyst at VNB Wealth Management, and a financial actuary at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Mr. Gandhi received a Masters in Finance at the London Business School and a Masters in Industrial Mathematics at Michigan State University. He holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Mumbai. Mr. Gandhi current serves as a portfolio manager and research analyst.

 

DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund — Team-Managed Approach

 

The Fund’s portfolio is team-managed by three portfolio managers, Matthew F. Dent, CFA, Gary Wu, PhD., CFA, and Brady M. Cox, CFA, who are jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.

 

Matthew F. Dent, CFA, joined D.F. Dent in the summer of 2001 with four years of investment experience. Prior to joining D.F. Dent, Mr. Dent served as a research associate at Stafford Capital in San Francisco, a research associate at Robertson Stephens in San Francisco, and as an investment banking analyst at DB Alex Brown in Baltimore. Mr. Dent is a graduate of Brown University, where he received a B.A. in both Economics and Organizational Behavior and Management. Mr. Dent is a Chartered Financial Analyst and is currently a member of the CFA Institute and the Baltimore Security Analysts Society. Mr. Dent is the President of D.F. Dent and Company and serves as a portfolio manager and analyst.

 

Gary Wu, Ph.D., joined D.F. Dent in the summer of 2012 with eight years of experience in the investment industry. Prior to joining D.F. Dent, he served one year as a Senior Vice President at BDT Capital Partners, five years as a Securities Analyst and Co-Portfolio Manager at Legg Mason Capital Management, two years as a healthcare investment banker at Legg Mason Wood Walker (now Stifel Nicolaus), and three years as a management consultant at Mars & Company. Dr. Wu earned a Ph.D. in Molecular and Cellular Biology from Columbia University, and he holds a Bachelor of Medicine degree from Peking University Medical School. Dr. Wu is a Chartered Financial Analyst, a Vice President of D.F. Dent and Company and serves as a portfolio manager, analyst, and Chief Risk Officer.

 

Brady M. Cox, CFA, joined the firm in March 2018 with seven years of experience in the investment industry. Prior to joining D.F. Dent and Company, he served as an equity research associate analyst at Stifel Nicolaus. Mr. Cox is a graduate of the University of South Carolina, where he received a B.S.B.A. with focuses in Finance and Economics, and is a CFA Charterholder. Mr. Cox currently serves as a portfolio manager and a research analyst.

 

The SAI provides additional information about the compensation of the portfolio managers, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers and the ownership of Fund shares by the portfolio managers.

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Other Service Providers

 

Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Apex US Holdings LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services) (“Apex”), provides fund accounting, fund administration and compliance services to each Fund and the Trust and supplies certain officers of the Trust, including a Principal Executive Officer, a Principal Financial Officer, a Chief Compliance Officer, an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and additional compliance support personnel. Atlantic Shareholder Services, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Apex, provides transfer agency services to the Fund and the Trust.

 

Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Foreside Financial Group, LLC (d/b/a ACA Group), acts as the agent of the Trust in connection with the continuous offering of Fund shares. The Distributor may enter into arrangements with banks, broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries through which investors may purchase or redeem shares. The Distributor is not affiliated with the Adviser or with Apex or their affiliates.

 

Fund Expenses

 

The Adviser or other service providers may waive all or any portion of their fees and may reimburse certain expenses of a Fund. To the extent that a service provider is waiving fees and/or reimbursing expenses pursuant to a contractual arrangement, such waivers and/or reimbursements may be reflected in the Fund’s Fees and Expenses table. Any agreement to waive fees or to reimburse expenses increases the investment performance of the applicable Fund and its applicable share classes for the period during which the waiver or reimbursement is in effect. Current Adviser fee waiver and/or expense reimbursements are reflected in the sections titled “Fees and Expenses.”

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Your Account

 

How to Contact the Funds   E-mail the Funds at:   [email protected]   Website Address:   www.dfdent.com   Telephone the Funds at:   (866) 2DF-DENT (866) 233-3368 (toll free)   Fax the Funds at:   (207) 347-2195   Write the Funds:   DF Dent Growth Funds P.O. Box 588 Portland, Maine 04112   Overnight Address:   DF Dent Growth Funds c/o Apex Fund Services 190 Middle Street, Suite 101 Portland, Maine 04101   Wire investments (or ACH payments):   Please contact the transfer agent at (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free) to obtain the ABA routing number and account number for the Funds.

 

General Information  

 

You may purchase or sell (redeem) shares of each Fund on any day that the NYSE is open for business. Notwithstanding this fact, a Fund may, only in the case of an emergency, calculate its NAV and accept and process shareholder orders when the NYSE is closed.

 

You may purchase or sell shares of a Fund at the next NAV calculated (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time) after the transfer agent or your approved broker-dealer or other financial intermediary receives your request in good order. “Good order” means that you have provided sufficient information necessary to process your request as outlined in this Prospectus, including any required signatures, documents, payment and Medallion Signature Guarantees. All requests to purchase or sell Fund shares received in good order prior to a Fund’s close will receive that day’s NAV. Requests received in good order after a Fund’s close or on a day when a Fund does not value its shares will be processed on the next business day and will be priced at the next NAV. The Funds cannot accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions.

 

Shares of the Funds will only be issued against full payment, as described more fully in this Prospectus and the SAI. The Funds do not issue share certificates.

 

If you purchase shares directly from a Fund, you will receive a confirmation of each transaction and quarterly statements detailing Fund balances and all transactions completed during the prior quarter. Automatic reinvestments of distributions and systematic investments and withdrawals may be confirmed only by quarterly statement. You should verify the accuracy of all transactions in your account as soon as you receive your confirmations and quarterly statements.

 

Each Fund may temporarily suspend or discontinue any service or privilege, including systematic investments and withdrawals, wire redemption privileges and telephone or internet redemption privileges, if applicable. Each Fund reserves the right to refuse any purchase request, including, but not limited to, requests that could adversely affect that Fund or its operations. If a Fund were to refuse any purchase request, it would notify the purchaser within two business days of receiving a purchase request in good order.

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If your account is deemed abandoned or unclaimed by applicable state law, a Fund may be required to “escheat” or transfer the property to the appropriate state’s unclaimed property administration. Certain states have laws that allow shareholders to name a representative to receive notice of abandoned property (“escheatment”) by submitting a designation form, which generally can be found on the official state website. In such states, if a shareholder designates a representative to receive escheatment notices, any notice generally will be delivered as required by the state’s laws. A completed designation form should be mailed to a Fund (if shares are held directly with a Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary. Shareholders should check their state’s official website to get more information on escheatment law(s).

 

NAV Determination. The NAV of each Fund (or share class) is determined by taking the value of the assets of each Fund (or share class), subtracting the value of the liabilities of each Fund (or share class) and then dividing the result (net assets) by the number of outstanding shares of each Fund (or share class). Each Fund calculates its NAV as of the close of trading on the NYSE (generally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). The NYSE is open every weekday other than NYSE holidays and early closings, which are published at www.nyse.com and subject to change without notice.

 

To the extent that a Fund’s portfolio investments trade in markets on weekends or other days when the Fund does not price its shares, the net asset value of that Fund’s shares may change on those days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem the Fund’s shares. In addition, trading in certain portfolio investments may not occur on days when a Fund is open for business, as markets or exchanges other than the NYSE may be closed.

 

Each Fund values securities at current market value, where market quotations are readily available, using the last reported sales price. In the absence of a readily available market price, or if the Adviser, in its capacity as the Fund’s Valuation Designee, reasonably believes that a market price is unreliable, the Adviser, as the Fund’s Valuation Designee, will seek to value such securities at fair value, as determined in good faith using procedures approved by the Board.

 

Fixed-income securities may be valued at prices supplied by a Fund’s pricing agent based on broker-supplied or dealer-supplied valuations or on matrix pricing, a method of valuing securities by reference to the value of other securities with similar characteristics, such as rating, interest rate and maturity.

 

The Board has designated the Adviser as the Valuation Designee pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and delegated to the Adviser the responsibility for making fair value determinations with respect to the Funds’ portfolio securities. The Adviser, as the Valuation Designee, is responsible for periodically assessing any material risks associated with the determination of the fair value of the Funds’ investments; establishing and applying fair value methodologies; testing the appropriateness of fair value methodologies; and overseeing and evaluating third-party pricing services. Fair valuation may be based on subjective factors. As a result, the fair value price of a security may not be the price at which the security may be sold. Fair valuation could result in a different NAV than a NAV determined by using market quotations.

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Although a Fund generally prices its foreign securities using their readily available market prices from the foreign markets where they trade (typically prior to the Fund’s calculation of its NAV), these prices may be affected by events that occur after the close of the foreign market but before the Fund prices its shares. As a result, each Fund’s investments in foreign securities are more likely to require a fair value determination than investments in domestic securities. In determining fair value prices of foreign securities, a Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation or depreciation, securities market movements in the U.S. and other relevant information as related to the securities.

 

Securities of smaller companies are more likely to require a fair value determination because they may be thinly traded and less liquid than securities of larger companies.

 

Transactions Through Financial Intermediaries. The Funds have authorized certain financial services companies, broker-dealers, banks and other agents, including the designees of such entities (collectively, “financial intermediaries”), to accept purchase and redemption orders on the Funds’ behalf. If you invest through a financial intermediary, the policies and fees of the financial intermediary may be different from the policies and fees you would be subject to if you had invested directly in the Funds. Among other things, financial intermediaries may charge transaction fees and may set different minimum investment restrictions or limitations on buying or selling Fund shares. You should consult a representative of your financial intermediary for more information.

 

Each Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when a financial intermediary that is an agent of the Funds for the purpose of accepting orders receives the order. All orders to purchase or sell shares are processed as of the next NAV calculated after the order has been received in good order by a financial intermediary. Orders are accepted until the close of trading on the NYSE every business day (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time) and are processed, including by financial intermediaries, at that day’s NAV.

 

Payments to Financial Intermediaries. A Fund, at its own expense, may pay additional compensation to financial intermediaries for shareholder-related services, including administrative, recordkeeping and shareholder communication services. In addition, pursuant to any applicable Rule 12b-1 plan, a Fund may pay compensation to financial intermediaries for distribution-related services. For example, compensation may be paid to make Fund shares available to sales representatives and/or customers of a fund supermarket platform or a similar program sponsor or for services provided in connection with such fund supermarket platforms and programs. To the extent that a Fund pays all or a portion of such compensation, the payment is designed to compensate the financial intermediary for distribution activities or for providing services that would otherwise be provided by a Fund’s transfer agent and/or administrator.

 

The Adviser or another Fund affiliate, out of its own resources and not as an expense of a Fund, may provide additional compensation to financial intermediaries. Such compensation is sometimes referred to as “revenue sharing.” Compensation received by a financial intermediary from the Adviser or another Fund affiliate may include payments for shareholder servicing, marketing and/or training expenses incurred by the financial intermediary, including expenses incurred by the financial intermediary in educating its salespersons with respect to Fund shares. For example, such compensation may include reimbursements for expenses incurred

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in attending educational seminars regarding a Fund, including travel and lodging expenses. It may also cover costs incurred by financial intermediaries in connection with their efforts to sell Fund shares, including costs incurred in compensating registered sales representatives and preparing, printing and distributing sales literature.

 

The amount of compensation paid to different financial intermediaries may vary. The compensation paid to a financial intermediary may be based on a variety of factors, including average assets under management in accounts distributed and/or serviced by the financial intermediary, gross sales by the financial intermediary and/or the number of accounts serviced by the financial intermediary that invest in a Fund.

 

Any compensation received by a financial intermediary, whether from the Funds, the Adviser or another affiliate, and the prospect of receiving such compensation, may provide the financial intermediary with an incentive to recommend the shares of a Fund over other potential investments. Similarly, the compensation may cause financial intermediaries to elevate the prominence of a Fund within its organization by, for example, placing it on a list of preferred funds.

 

Anti-Money Laundering Program. Customer identification and verification are part of each Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Trust’s Anti-Money Laundering Program is designed to prevent a Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities. In this regard, a Fund reserves the right, to the extent permitted by law, (1) to refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order or (2) to freeze any account and/or suspend account services. These actions will be taken when, at the sole discretion of Trust management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of a Fund or in cases when a Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authorities or applicable law. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authorities, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.

 

Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings. A description of the Funds’ policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of portfolio securities is available in the Funds’ SAI, which is available on the Adviser’s website at www.dfdent.com.

 

Choosing a Share Class

 

The DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund offer three classes of shares: Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares. The DF Dent Premier Growth Fund offers only one class of shares. Shares of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund are subject to a minimum initial investment of $2,500, with no sales charges or 12b-1 Distribution Fees. Each class has a different combination of purchase restrictions and ongoing fees, allowing you to choose the class that best meets your needs.

 

Investor Shares. Investor Shares of each Fund are for retail investors who invest in a Fund directly or through a fund supermarket or other investment platform. Investor Shares are sold without the imposition of initial sales charges and are not subject to Rule 12b-1 fees. A lower minimum initial investment is required to purchase Investor Shares.

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Institutional Shares. Institutional Shares of DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund are designed for individual investors who meet the minimum investment threshold and for institutional investors (such as investment advisers, financial institutions, corporations, trusts, estates and religious and charitable organizations) investing for proprietary programs and firm discretionary accounts. Institutional Shares are sold without the imposition of initial sales charges and are not subject to Rule 12b-1 fees.

 

Institutional Plus Shares. Institutional Plus Shares of the DF Dent Midcap Fund and the DF Dent Small Cap Fund are designed for select, high net worth investors and institutional investors (such as investment advisers and financial institutions) investing for proprietary programs and firm discretionary accounts who meet the high minimum investment threshold. Institutional Plus Shares are sold without the imposition of initial sales charges and are not subject to Rule 12b-1 fees.

 

	Investor  Shares	Institutional  Shares	Institutional  Plus Shares
Minimum Initial Investment	$2,500	$500,000	$100,000,000
Sales Charges	None	None	None
Rule 12b-1 Distribution Fees	None	None	None

 

Under certain circumstances, an investor’s investment in one class of shares of a Fund may be converted into an investment in another class of shares of that Fund, for example, if the investor no longer meets the eligibility criteria for holding a particular class of shares due to investment minimum or other ownership requirements. Shareholders will be notified in advance of any such conversion and provided an opportunity to cure. Such conversion will be effected at NAV without the imposition of any fees or charges. No gain or loss will generally be recognized for federal income tax purposes as a result of such a conversion, and a shareholder’s basis in the acquired shares will be the same as such shareholder’s basis in the converted shares. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the state and local tax consequences of such a conversion, or any exchange of shares.

 

Buying Shares 

 

How to Make Payments. Unless purchased through a financial intermediary, all investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) or wire. All checks must be payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. In the absence of the granting of an exception consistent with the Trust’s Anti-Money Laundering Program, the Funds do not accept purchases made by credit card check, starter check, checks with more than one endorsement (unless the check is payable to all endorsees), cash or cash equivalents (for instance, you may not pay by money order, cashier’s check, bank draft or traveler’s check). Each Fund and the Adviser also reserve the right to accept in kind contributions of securities in exchange for shares of that Fund.

 

Checks. Checks must be made payable to “DF Dent Growth Funds.” For individual, sole proprietorship, joint, Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (“UGMA”) and Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (“UTMA”) accounts, checks may be made payable to one or more owners of the account and endorsed to “DF Dent Growth Funds.” A $20 charge may be imposed on any returned checks.

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ACH. The Automated Clearing House system maintained by the Federal Reserve Bank allows banks to process checks, transfer funds and perform other tasks. Your U.S. financial institution may charge you a fee for this service.

 

Wires. You may instruct the U.S. financial institution with which you have an account to make a federal funds wire payment to a Fund. Your U.S. financial institution may charge you a fee for this service.

 

Minimum Investments. The DF Dent Premier Growth Fund accepts a minimum initial investment in the amount of $2,500. There is no minimum for additional investments. The DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund accepts investments in the following minimum amounts:

 

	Minimum Initial  Investment	Minimum  Additional  Investment
Investor Shares
Standard Accounts	$2,500	None
Retirement Accounts	$2,500	None
Institutional Shares
Standard Accounts	$500,000	None
Retirement Accounts	$500,000	None
Institutional Plus Shares
Standard Accounts	$100,000,000	None
Retirement Accounts	$100,000,000	None

 

Each Fund reserves the right to waive minimum investment amounts, if deemed appropriate by an officer of the Trust.

 

Registered investment advisers and financial planners may be permitted to aggregate the value of accounts in order to meet minimum investment amounts.

 

Account Requirements. The following table describes the requirements to establish certain types of accounts in the Funds.

 

Type of Account	Requirement
Individual, Sole Proprietorship and Joint Accounts   ●    Individual accounts and sole proprietorship accounts are owned by one person. Joint accounts have two or more owners (tenants).	●    Instructions must be signed by all persons named as account owners exactly as their names appear on the account.

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Type of Account	Requirement
Gifts or Transfers to a Minor (UGMA, UTMA)   ●    These custodial accounts are owned by a minor child but controlled by an adult custodian.	●    Depending on state laws, you may set up a custodial account under the UGMA or the UTMA.   ●    The custodian must sign instructions in a manner indicating custodial capacity.
Corporations/Other Entities   ●   These accounts are owned by the entity, but control is exercised by its officers, partners or other management.	●    The entity should submit a certified copy of its articles of incorporation (or a government-issued business license or other document that reflects the existence of the entity) and a corporate resolution or a secretary’s certificate.
Trusts   ●    These accounts are controlled by a trustee as a way to convey and control assets for the benefit of a third-party owner.	●    The trust must be established before an account may be opened.   ●    The trust should provide the first and signature pages from the trust document identifying the trustees.

 

Account Application and Customer Identity Verification. To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires financial institutions to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.

 

When you open an account, the Fund will ask for your first and last name, U.S. taxpayer identification number (“TIN”), physical street address, date of birth and other information or documents that will allow the Fund to identify you. If you do not supply the required information, the Fund will attempt to contact you or, if applicable, your financial adviser. If the Fund cannot obtain the required information within a timeframe established in its sole discretion, your application will be rejected.

 

When your application is in good order and includes all required information, your order will normally be processed at the NAV next calculated after receipt of your application and investment amount. The Fund will attempt to verify your identity using the information that you have supplied and other information about you that is available from third parties, including information available in public and private databases, such as consumer reports from credit reporting agencies.

 

The Fund will try to verify your identity within a timeframe established in its sole discretion. If the Fund cannot do so, the Fund reserves the right to redeem your investment at the next NAV calculated after the Fund decides to close your account. If your account is closed, you may realize a gain or loss on the Fund shares in the account. You will be responsible for any related taxes.

 

Policy on Prohibition of Foreign Shareholders. Each Fund requires that all shareholders be U.S. persons or U.S. resident aliens with a valid TIN (or show proof of having applied for a TIN and commitment to provide a valid TIN within 60 days) in order to open an account with the Fund.

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Investment Procedures. The following table describes the procedures for investing in the Funds.

 

How to Open an Account	How to Add to Your Account
Through a Financial Intermediary ●    Contact your financial intermediary using the method that is most convenient for you.	Through a Financial Intermediary ●    Contact your financial intermediary using the method that is most convenient for you.
By Check ●     Call, write, or e-mail the Fund for an account application. ●     Complete the application (and other required documents, if applicable).  ●     Mail the Fund your original application (and other required documents, if applicable) and a check.	By Check ●    Fill out an investment slip from a confirmation or write the Fund a letter.  ●    Write your account number on your check.  ●     Mail the Fund the investment slip or your letter and the check.
By Wire ●     Call, write, or e-mail the Fund for an account application. ●     Complete the application (and other required documents, if applicable). ●     Call the Fund to notify the transfer agent that you are faxing your completed application (and other required documents, if applicable). The transfer agent will assign you an account number. ●     Mail the Fund your original application (and other required documents, if applicable). ●     Instruct your U.S. financial institution to wire money to the Fund.	By Wire ●     Instruct your U.S. financial institution to wire money to the Fund.
By ACH Payment (excluding Institutional Shares) ●    Call, write, or e-mail the Fund for an account application. ●    Complete the application (and other required documents, if applicable). ●    Call the Fund to notify the transfer agent that you are faxing your completed application (and other required documents, if applicable). The transfer agent will assign you an account number.	By ACH Payment ●    Call the Fund to request a purchase by ACH payment. ●    The transfer agent will electronically debit your purchase proceeds from the U.S. financial institution account identified on your account application. ●    ACH purchases are limited to $25,000 per day.

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How to Open an Account	How to Add to Your Account
●    Mail the Fund your original application (and other required documents, if applicable). ●    The transfer agent will electronically debit your purchase proceeds from the U.S. financial institution identified on your account application. ●    ACH purchases are limited to $25,000 per day.
By Internet (excluding Institutional Shares) ●    Access the Fund website. ●    Complete the application online.  ●    The transfer agent will electronically debit your purchase proceeds from the U.S. financial institution account identified on your account application. The account opening amount is limited to $25,000 (if you would like to invest more than $25,000, you may make the investment by check or wire).	By Internet ●    Log on to your account from the Fund website.  ●    Select the “Purchase” option under the “Account Listing” menu.  ●    Follow the instructions provided.  ●    The transfer agent will electronically debit your purchase proceeds from the U.S. financial institution account identified on your account application. Subsequent purchases are limited to $25,000 per day (if you would like to invest more than $25,000, you may make the investment by check or wire).

 

Systematic Investments. You may establish a systematic investment plan to automatically invest a specific amount of money (up to $25,000 per day) into your account on a specified day and frequency not to exceed two investments per month. Payments for systematic investments are automatically debited from your designated savings or checking account via ACH. There is no investment minimum for systematic investments. If you wish to enroll in a systematic investment plan, complete the appropriate section on the account application. Your signed account application must be received at least three business days prior to the initial transaction. a Fund may terminate or modify this privilege at any time. You may terminate your participation in a systematic investment plan by notifying the Fund at least two days in advance of the next withdrawal.

 

A systematic investment plan is a method of using dollar cost averaging as an investment strategy that involves investing a fixed amount of money at regular time intervals. However, a program of regular investment cannot ensure a profit or protect against a loss as a result of declining markets. By continually investing the same amount, you will be purchasing more shares when the price is lower and fewer shares when the price is higher. Please call (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free) for additional information regarding systematic investment plans.

 

Limitations on Frequent Purchases. The Board has adopted policies and procedures with respect to frequent purchases and redemptions of Fund shares by Fund shareholders. It is the Funds’ policy to discourage short-term trading. Frequent trading in a Fund, such as traders seeking short-term profits from market momentum, time zone arbitrage and other short-term trading strategies may interfere with the management of the Fund’s

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portfolio and result in increased administrative and brokerage costs and a potential dilution in the value of Fund shares. As money is moved in and out, a Fund may incur expenses buying and selling portfolio securities and these expenses are borne by Fund shareholders. The Funds do not permit market short-term trading and will not knowingly accommodate trading in Fund shares in violation of these policies.

 

Focus is placed on identifying redemption transactions which may be harmful to a Fund or its shareholders if they are frequent. These transactions are analyzed for offsetting purchases within a predetermined period of time. If frequent trading trends are detected, an appropriate course of action may be taken. The Funds have broad authority to take discretionary action against market timers and against particular trades. Each Fund reserves the right to cancel, restrict or reject without any prior notice, any purchase order, including transactions representing excessive trading, transactions that may be disruptive to the management of the Fund’s portfolio, and purchase orders not accompanied by payment.

 

Because the Funds may receive purchase and sale orders through financial intermediaries that use omnibus or retirement accounts, the Funds cannot always detect frequent purchases and redemptions. As a consequence, the Funds’ ability to monitor and discourage abusive trading practices in such accounts may be limited.

 

The investment in securities of small-capitalization or mid-capitalization companies may make a Funds more susceptible to short-term trading, as shareholders may try to capitalize on the market volatility of such securities and the effect of the volatility on the value of Fund shares.

 

Canceled or Failed Payments. Each Fund accepts checks and ACH payments at full value subject to collection. If the Fund does not receive your payment for shares or you pay with a check or ACH payment that does not clear, your purchase will be canceled within two business days of notification from your bank that your funds did not clear. You will be responsible for any actual losses and expenses incurred by the Fund or the transfer agent. Each Fund and its agents have the right to reject or cancel any purchase request due to non-payment.

 

Selling Shares 

 

Redemption orders received in good order will be processed at the next calculated NAV. The Fund typically expects to pay shareholder redemption requests, including during stressed market conditions, within one business day of receipt of the request in good order and may seek to meet such redemption requests through one or more of the following methods: sales of portfolio assets, use of cash or cash equivalents held in the Fund’s portfolio, and/or redemptions in kind, as permitted by applicable rules and regulations. The right of redemption may not be suspended for more than seven days after the tender of Fund shares, except for any period during which (1) the NYSE is closed (other than customary weekend and holiday closings) or the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) determines that trading thereon is restricted, (2) an emergency (as determined by the SEC) exists as a result of which disposal by a Fund of its securities is not reasonably practicable or as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for the Fund to determine fairly the value of its net assets, or (3) the SEC has entered a suspension order for the protection of the shareholders of a Fund.

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A Fund will not issue shares until payment is received. If redemption is sought for shares for which payment has not been received, a Fund will delay sending redemption proceeds until payment is received, which may be up to 15 calendar days.

 

How to Sell Shares from Your Account

Through a Financial Intermediary ●  If you purchased shares through your financial intermediary, your redemption order must be placed through the same financial intermediary.

By Mail ●   Prepare a written request including: ●     your name(s) and signature(s); ●     your account number; ●     the Fund name; ●     the dollar amount or number of shares you want to sell; ●     how and where to send the redemption proceeds; ●     a Medallion Signature Guarantee (if required); and ●     other documentation (if required). ●   Mail the Fund your request and documentation.

By Telephone ●   Call the Fund with your request, unless you declined telephone redemption privileges on your account application. ●   Provide the following information: ●     your account number; ●     the exact name(s) in which the account is registered; and ●     additional form of identification. ●   Redemption proceeds will be mailed to you by check or electronically credited to your account at the U.S. financial institution identified on your account application.

By Systematic Withdrawal ●   Complete the systematic withdrawal section of the application. ●   Attach a voided check to your application. ●   Mail the completed application to the Fund. ●   Redemption proceeds will be mailed to you by check or electronically credited to your account at the U.S. financial institution identified on your account application.

By Internet

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How to Sell Shares from Your Account

●   Log on to your account from the Fund website. ●   Select the “Redemption” option under the “Account Listing” menu. ●   Follow the instructions provided. ●  Redemption proceeds will be electronically credited to your account at the U.S. financial institution identified on your account application.

 

Wire Redemption Privileges. You may redeem your shares with proceeds payable by wire unless you declined wire redemption privileges on your account application. The minimum amount that may be redeemed by wire is $5,000.

 

Telephone Redemption Privileges. You may redeem your shares by telephone, unless you declined telephone redemption privileges on your account application. You may be responsible for an unauthorized telephone redemption order as long as the transfer agent takes reasonable measures to verify that the order is genuine. Telephone redemption orders may be difficult to complete during periods of significant economic or market activity. If you are not able to reach the Funds by telephone, you may mail us your redemption order.

 

Systematic Withdrawals. You may establish a systematic withdrawal plan to automatically redeem a specific amount of money or shares from your account on a specified day and frequency not to exceed one withdrawal per month. Payments for systematic withdrawals are sent by check to your address of record, or if you so designate, to your bank account by ACH payment. To establish a systematic withdrawal plan, complete the systematic withdrawal section of the account application. The plan may be terminated or modified by a shareholder or a Fund at any time without charge or penalty. You may terminate your participation in a systematic withdrawal plan at any time by contacting a Fund sufficiently in advance of the next withdrawal.

 

A withdrawal under a systematic withdrawal plan involves a redemption of Fund shares and may result in a gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. Please call (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free) for additional information regarding systematic withdrawal plans.

 

Signature Guarantee Requirements. To protect you and the Funds against fraud, signatures on certain requests must have a Medallion Signature Guarantee. A Medallion Signature Guarantee verifies the authenticity of your signature. You may obtain a Medallion Signature Guarantee from most banking institutions or securities brokers but not from a notary public. Written instructions signed by all registered shareholders with a Medallion Signature Guarantee for each shareholder are required for any of the following:

 

●

written requests to redeem $100,000 or more;

 

●

changes to a shareholder’s record name or account registration;

 

●

paying redemption proceeds from an account for which the address has changed within the last 30 days;

 

●

sending redemption and distribution proceeds to any person, address or financial institution account not on record;

GROWTH FUNDS

 

●

sending redemption and distribution proceeds to an account with a different registration (name or ownership) from your account; and

 

●

adding or changing ACH or wire instructions, the telephone redemption or exchange option or any other election in connection with your account.

 

Each Fund reserves the right to require Medallion Signature Guarantees on all redemptions.

 

Small Account Balances. If the value of your account falls below the minimum account balances in the following table, the Fund may ask you to increase your balance. If the account value is still below the minimum balance after 60 days, the Fund may close your account and send you the proceeds. The Fund will not close your account if it falls below these amounts solely as a result of Fund performance.

 

Minimum Account Balance	Investor  Shares	Institutional  Shares*	Institutional  Plus Shares*
Standard Accounts	$2,500	$500,000	$100,000,000
Retirement Accounts	$2,500	$500,000	$100,000,000

 

*

Not applicable to the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund

 

Redemptions in Kind. Redemption proceeds normally are paid in cash. Consistent with an election filed with the SEC, under certain circumstances, a Fund may pay redemption proceeds in portfolio securities rather than in cash pursuant to procedures adopted by the Board. However, if a Fund redeems shares in this manner, the shareholder assumes the risk of, among other things, a subsequent change in the market value of those securities and the costs of liquidating the securities (such as brokerage costs and taxable gains). In kind redemptions may be satisfied using illiquid securities held in a Fund’s portfolio, in which case the shareholder will assume the risks associated with such illiquid securities, including the possibility of a lack of a liquid market for those securities. In kind redemptions may take the form of a pro rata portion of a Fund’s portfolio, individual securities or a representative basket of securities. Please see the SAI for more details on redemptions in kind. For shares purchased by ReFlow, a Fund may redeem these shares in-kind. Any such in-kind redemptions must comply with the requirements of the Trust's ReFlow redemption in-kind procedures.

 

Lost Accounts. The transfer agent will consider your account lost if correspondence to your address of record is returned as undeliverable on two consecutive occasions, unless the transfer agent determines your new address. When an account is lost, all distributions on the account will be reinvested in additional shares of the Fund. In addition, the amount of any outstanding check (unpaid for six months or more) and checks that have been returned to the transfer agent may be reinvested at the current NAV, and the checks will be canceled. However, checks will not be reinvested into accounts with a zero balance but will be held in a different account. Any of your unclaimed property may be transferred to the state of your last known address if no activity occurs in your account within the time period specified by that state’s law.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Shareholder Service Fees. The Trust has adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which the Fund may pay an annualized fee up to the greater of (i) 0.10% of the average daily net assets serviced, and (ii) $15 per shareholder account to the Adviser, brokers, dealers and other financial intermediaries for providing administration, recordkeeping, and other shareholder services associated with shareholders whose shares are held of record in omnibus accounts, other group accounts, or accounts traded through registered securities clearing agents. If the Fund pays shareholder service fees on an ongoing basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment.

 

Exchanging Shares

 

You may exchange Fund shares for shares of other DF Dent Growth Funds. For a list of funds available for exchange, call the transfer agent. Be sure to confirm with the transfer agent that the Fund into which you exchange is available for sale in your jurisdiction. Funds available for exchange may not be available for purchase in your jurisdiction. Because exchanges are a sale and purchase of shares, they may have tax consequences.

 

Requirements. You may make exchanges only between identically registered accounts (name(s), address, and taxpayer ID number). There is no limit on exchanges, but the Funds reserve the right to limit exchanges. You may exchange your shares by mail or telephone, unless you declined telephone redemption privileges on your account application. You may be responsible for any unauthorized telephone exchange order as long as the transfer agent takes reasonable measures to verify that the order is genuine.

 

How to Exchange

Through a Financial Intermediary ●   Contact your financial intermediary by the method that is most convenient for you.

By Mail ●   Prepare a written request including: ●     your name(s) and signature(s); ●     your account number; ●     the name of the Fund you are exchanging; ●     the dollar amount or number of shares you want to sell (and exchange); ●     a Medallion Signature Guarantee (if required); and ●     other documentation (if required).   ●   Complete a new account application if you are requesting different shareholder privileges in the Fund into which you are exchanging. ●   Mail the Fund your request and documentation.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

How to Exchange

By Telephone ●   Call the Fund with your request, unless you declined telephone redemption privileges on your account application. ●   Provide the following information: ●     your account number; ●     exact name(s) in which the account is registered; and ●     additional form of identification.

By Internet ●   Logon to your account from the Fund website. ●   Select the “Exchange” option under the “Account Listing” menu. ●   Follow the instructions provided.

 

Retirement Accounts

 

You may invest in shares of each Fund through an IRA, including traditional and Roth IRAs, also known as a “qualified retirement account.” The Funds may also be appropriate for other retirement plans, such as 401(k) plans. Before investing in an IRA or other retirement account, you should consult your tax advisor. Whenever making an investment in an IRA or certain retirement plans, be sure to indicate the year to which the contribution is attributed.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Other Information

 

Distributions and Reinvestments. Each Fund declares dividends from net investment income and pays them annually. Any net capital gains and net foreign currency gains realized by a Fund are distributed at least annually.

 

Most investors typically have their income dividends and other distributions (each a “distribution”) paid by a Fund reinvested in additional shares of the distributing class of the Fund. If you choose this option, or if you do not indicate any choice, your distributions will be reinvested. Alternatively, you may choose to have your distributions of $10 or more sent directly to your bank account or paid to you by check. However, if a distribution is less than $10, your proceeds will be reinvested. If five or more of your distribution checks remain uncashed after 180 days, all subsequent distributions may be reinvested. For federal income tax purposes, distributions to shareholders (other than qualified retirement plans and accounts and other tax-exempt investors) are taxable and are treated the same whether they are received in cash or reinvested.

 

Taxes. Each Fund intends to operate in a manner such that it will continue to qualify for treatment as a “regulated investment company” under Subchapter M of Chapter 1, Subtitle A, of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and will not be liable for federal income or excise taxes on net income and net realized gains that it distributes.

 

A Fund’s distributions of net investment income, the excess of net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss, and certain net foreign currency gains are taxable to you as ordinary income, except as noted below. A Fund’s distributions of net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), if any, are taxable to you as long-term capital gain, regardless of how long you have held your shares. Distributions may also be subject to state and local income taxes. Some Fund distributions may also include a nontaxable so-called “return of capital,” which will reduce your tax basis in your Fund shares and is treated as gain from the sale of the shares to the extent that it exceeds your basis.

 

A Fund’s dividends attributable to its “qualified dividend income” (i.e., dividends received on stock of most domestic and certain foreign corporations with respect to which the Fund satisfies certain holding period and other restrictions) generally will be subject to federal income tax for individual and certain other non-corporate shareholders (each, an “individual shareholder”) who satisfy those restrictions with respect to their Fund shares at the rates for net capital gain – a maximum of 15% for non-corporate shareholders with taxable income not exceeding certain thresholds (which will be adjusted for inflation annually) and 20% for non-corporate shareholders with taxable income exceeding such thresholds. A portion of a Fund’s dividends also may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations; the eligible portion may not exceed the aggregate dividends the Fund receives from domestic corporations subject to federal income tax (thus excluding, among others, real estate investment trusts) and excludes dividends from foreign corporations, subject to similar restrictions. Tax laws and rates may change over time. Please consult a tax professional for more information. 

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Generally, Fund distributions are taxable to you in the year you receive them. However, any distributions that are declared in October, November or December to shareholders of record in such a month but paid in January generally are taxable as if received on December 31.

 

A distribution reduces the NAV of a Fund’s shares by the amount of the distribution. If you purchase shares prior to a distribution, you are taxed on the full amount of the distribution even though it represents a partial return of your investment.

 

A sale (redemption) of Fund shares is a taxable event for federal income tax purposes. You will recognize a gain or loss on the transaction equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of your net redemption proceeds and your tax basis in the redeemed Fund shares. The gain or loss will be capital gain or loss if you held the Fund shares as capital assets. Any capital gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if you held the Fund shares for more than one year at the time of the redemption, and any such gain will be taxed to individual shareholders at the 15% or 20% maximum federal income tax rates mentioned above. Any capital loss arising from a redemption of Fund shares held for six months or less, however, will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of net capital gain distributions received with respect to those shares. An exchange of a Fund’s shares for shares of another fund will be treated as a sale of a Fund’s shares and any gain on the transaction will be treated as described above for federal income tax purposes.

 

Withholding Tax. If an individual shareholder fails to certify that the TIN furnished to a Fund is correct or furnishes an incorrect number, the Fund must withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury Department 24% of dividends, capital gain distributions, and redemption proceeds (regardless of whether the shareholder realizes a gain or loss) otherwise payable to the shareholder (together with the withholding described in the next sentence, “backup withholding”). Withholding at that rate also is required from that Fund’s dividends and capital gain distributions otherwise payable to such a shareholder who is subject to backup withholding for any other reason. Backup withholding is not an additional tax, and any amounts so withheld may be credited against a shareholder’s federal income tax liability or refunded.

 

A Fund shareholder who wants to use the average basis method for determining basis in Fund shares that he or she acquired or acquires after December 31, 2011 (“Covered Shares”) must elect to do so in writing (which may be electronic). If a Fund shareholder fails to affirmatively elect the average basis method, the basis determination will be made in accordance with that Fund’s default method, which is first-in first-out. If, however, a Fund shareholder wishes to use a different method accepted by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for basis determination (e.g., a specific identification method), the shareholder may elect to do so. The basis determination method that a Fund shareholder elects may not be changed with respect to a redemption (including a redemption that is part of an exchange) of Covered Shares after the settlement date of the redemption.

 

In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from a redemption of shares, a Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the IRS and furnish to its shareholders the basis information for Covered Shares and indicate whether they had a short-term (one year or less) or long-term (more than one year)

GROWTH FUNDS

 

holding period. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted basis determination method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how the basis reporting law applies to them.

 

An individual shareholder whose “modified adjusted gross income” exceeds a threshold amount ($250,000 for married persons filing jointly and $200,000 for single taxpayers) (“Excess”) is required to pay a 3.8% federal tax on the lesser of (1) the Excess or (2) the individual shareholder’s “net investment income,” which generally includes dividends, interest, and net gains from the disposition of investment property (including distributions each Fund pays and net gains realized on a redemption of Fund shares). This tax is in addition to any other taxes due on that income. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, this provision may have on their investment in Fund shares.

 

After December 31 of each year, each Fund will mail to its shareholders reports containing information about the federal income tax status of distributions paid during the year. For further information about the tax effects of investing in the Funds, please see the SAI and consult your tax advisor.

 

Organization. The Trust is a Delaware statutory trust, and each Fund is a series thereof. The Funds do not expect to hold shareholders’ meetings unless required by federal or Delaware law. Shareholders of each series of the Trust are entitled to vote at shareholders’ meetings unless a matter relates only to a specific series (such as the approval of an advisory agreement for the Funds). From time to time, large shareholders may control a Fund or the Trust.

 

Additional Information. The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, a Fund’s Adviser, Subadviser(s) (if applicable), custodian, principal underwriter and transfer agent who provide services to each Fund. Shareholders are not parties to any such contractual arrangements or intended beneficiaries of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any shareholder any right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.

 

This Prospectus provides information concerning each Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase Fund shares. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI nor any other communication to shareholders is intended, or should be read, to be or give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust, its trustees or any series of the Trust, including the Funds, and any investor, or to give rise to any rights in any shareholder or other person other than any rights under federal or state law that may not be waived.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Financial Highlights

 

The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the past five years or, if shorter, the period of each Fund’s operations. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the Fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions.

 

The information for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 has been audited by Cohen & Company, Ltd., the Funds’ independent registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the Funds’ financial statements, are included in the annual report dated June 30, 2025, which is available upon request. Fiscal years prior to 2023 were audited by the Funds’ prior independent registered public accounting firm.

 

DF Dent Premier Growth Fund

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout each year.

 

		For the Years Ended June 30,
		2025				2024				2023				2022				2021
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Year		$	39.74			$	41.04			$	35.60			$	49.79			$	38.91
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (a)			(0.18	)			(0.14	)			(0.11	)			(0.27	)			(0.25	)
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)			4.96‌				5.74‌				5.55‌				(10.28	)			12.16‌
Total from Investment Operations			4.78‌				5.60‌				5.44‌				(10.55	)			11.91‌
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS FROM
Net realized gain			(5.44	)			(6.90	)			–‌				(3.64	)			(1.03	)
Total Distributions to Shareholders			(5.44	)			(6.90	)			–‌				(3.64	)			(1.03	)
REDEMPTION FEES(a)			–‌				–‌				–‌				0.00	(b)			0.00	(b)
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Year		$	39.08			$	39.74			$	41.04			$	35.60			$	49.79
TOTAL RETURN			12.06	%			15.87	%			15.28	%			(23.05	)%			30.96	%
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Year (000s omitted)		$	236,200			$	231,394			$	247,272			$	278,936			$	430,924
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.46	)%			(0.36	)%			(0.30	)%			(0.58	)%			(0.57	)%
Net expenses			0.99	%			0.99	%			0.99	%			0.99	%			0.99	%
Gross expenses (c)			1.16	%			1.14	%			1.13	%			1.10	%			1.11	%
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			15	%(d)			19	%			20	%			18	%			14	%

 

(a)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during each year.

(b)

Less than $0.01 per share.

(c)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

(d)

Excludes in-kind transactions associated with redemptions of the Fund.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Financial Highlights

DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund 

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout each year.

 

		For the Years Ended June 30,
		2025				2024				2023				2022				2021
INVESTOR SHARES
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Year		$	33.34			$	31.01			$	26.98			$	38.01			$	29.48
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (a)			(0.08	)			(0.09	)			(0.09	)			(0.20	)			(0.18	)
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)			4.60‌				2.42‌				4.12‌				(9.75	)			8.81‌
Total from Investment Operations			4.52‌				2.33‌				4.03‌				(9.95	)			8.63‌
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS FROM
Net realized gain			–‌				–‌				–‌				(1.08	)			(0.11	)
Total Distributions to Shareholders			–‌				–‌				–‌				(1.08	)			(0.11	)
REDEMPTION FEES(a)			–‌				–‌				–‌				0.00	(b)			0.01‌
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Year		$	37.86			$	33.34			$	31.01			$	26.98			$	38.01
TOTAL RETURN			13.56	%			7.51	%			14.94	%			(26.97	)%			29.33	%
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Year (000s omitted)		$	117,419			$	132,811			$	162,503			$	184,717			$	307,341
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.21	)%			(0.28	)%			(0.33	)%			(0.55	)%			(0.54	)%
Net expenses			0.93	%			0.88	%			0.87	%			0.85	%			0.89	%
Gross expenses (c)			0.95	%			0.90	%			0.89	%			0.86	%			0.91	%(d)
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			59	%(e)			29	%			27	%			35	%			30	%

 

(a)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during each year.

(b)

Less than $0.01 per share.

(c)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

(d)

Ratio includes recoupment, which amounted to 0.03%.

(e)

Excludes in-kind transactions associated with redemptions of the Fund.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout each year.

 

		For the Years Ended June 30,
		2025				2024				2023				2022				2021
INSTITUTIONAL SHARES
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Year		$	33.50			$	31.14			$	27.09			$	38.15			$	29.57
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (a)			(0.05	)			(0.08	)			(0.09	)			(0.19	)			(0.17	)
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)			4.61‌				2.44‌				4.14‌				(9.79	)			8.86‌
Total from Investment Operations			4.56‌				2.36‌				4.05‌				(9.98	)			8.69‌
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS FROM
Net realized gain			–‌				–‌				–‌				(1.08	)			(0.11	)
Total Distributions to Shareholders			–‌				–‌				–‌				(1.08	)			(0.11	)
REDEMPTION FEES(a)			–‌				–‌				–‌				–‌				0.00	(b)
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Year		$	38.06			$	33.50			$	31.14			$	27.09			$	38.15
TOTAL RETURN			13.61	%			7.58	%			14.95	%			(26.95	)%			29.41	%
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Year (000s omitted)		$	206,495			$	219,229			$	247,019			$	231,134			$	406,489
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.12	)%			(0.25	)%			(0.32	)%			(0.53	)%			(0.50	)%
Net expenses			0.85	%			0.84	%			0.85	%			0.83	%			0.85	%
Gross expenses (c)			0.92	%			0.88	%			0.87	%			0.85	%			0.86	%
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			59	%(d)			29	%			27	%			35	%			30	%

 

 

(a)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during each year.

(b)

Less than $0.01 per share.

(c)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

(d)

Excludes in-kind transactions associated with redemptions of the Fund.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout each period.

 

		For the Years Ended June 30,												December 3, 2021 (a)
														Through
		2025				2024				2023				June 30, 2022
INSTITUTIONAL PLUS SHARES
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Period		$	33.55			$	31.17			$	27.10			$	38.47
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (b)			(0.07	)			(0.06	)			(0.07	)			(0.08	)
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)			4.69‌				2.44‌				4.14‌				(10.21	)
Total from Investment Operations			4.62‌				2.38‌				4.07‌				(10.29	)
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS FROM
Net realized gain			–‌				–‌				–‌				(1.08	)
Total Distributions to Shareholders			–‌				–‌				–‌				(1.08	)
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Period		$	38.17			$	33.55			$	31.17			$	27.10
TOTAL RETURN			13.77	%			7.64	%			15.02	%			(27.53	)%(c)
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Period (000s omitted)		$	42,830			$	177,081			$	178,611			$	210,030
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.20	)%			(0.19	)%			(0.26	)%			(0.44	)%(d)
Net expenses			0.79	%			0.78	%			0.79	%			0.79	%(d)
Gross expenses (e)			0.95	%			0.88	%			0.88	%			0.90	%(d)
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			59	%(f)			29	%			27	%			35	%(c)

 

 

(a)

Commencement of operations.

(b)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during each period.

(c)

Not annualized.

(d)

Annualized.

(e)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

(f)

Excludes in-kind transactions associated with redemptions of the Fund.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

Financial Highlights

 

DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout each year.

 

		For the Years Ended June 30,
		2025				2024				2023				2022				2021
INVESTOR SHARES
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Year		$	22.29			$	20.76			$	18.19			$	24.94			$	18.38
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (a)			(0.09	)			(0.10	)			(0.10	)			(0.15	)			(0.13	)
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)			1.62‌				1.63‌				2.67‌				(6.01	)			7.16‌
Total from Investment Operations			1.53‌				1.53‌				2.57‌				(6.16	)			7.03‌
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS FROM
Net realized gain			–‌				–‌				–‌				(0.60	)			(0.48	)
Total Distributions to Shareholders			–‌				–‌				–‌				(0.60	)			(0.48	)
REDEMPTION FEES(a)			–‌				–‌				–‌				0.01‌				0.01‌
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Year		$	23.82			$	22.29			$	20.76			$	18.19			$	24.94
TOTAL RETURN			6.86	%			7.37	%			14.13	%			(25.32	)%			38.60	%
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Year (000s omitted)		$	19,544			$	22,859			$	18,295			$	18,105			$	29,472
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.36	)%			(0.44	)%			(0.54	)%			(0.64	)%			(0.58	)%
Net expenses			1.04	%			1.04	%			1.05	%			1.05	%			1.05	%
Gross expenses (b)			1.23	%			1.25	%			1.30	%			1.23	%			1.30	%
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			36	%			30	%			41	%			46	%			34	%

 

 

(a)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during each year.

(b)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout each year.

 

		For the Years Ended June 30,
		2025				2024				2023				2022				2021
INSTITUTIONAL SHARES
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Year		$	22.43			$	20.87			$	18.27			$	25.03			$	18.42
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (a)			(0.06	)			(0.07	)			(0.08	)			(0.12	)			(0.11	)
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)			1.63‌				1.63‌				2.68‌				(6.04	)			7.20‌
Total from Investment Operations			1.57‌				1.56‌				2.60‌				(6.16	)			7.09‌
DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS FROM
Net realized gain			–‌				–‌				–‌				(0.60	)			(0.48	)
Total Distributions to Shareholders			–‌				–‌				–‌				(0.60	)			(0.48	)
REDEMPTION FEES(a)			–‌				–‌				–‌				–‌				0.00	(b)
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Year		$	24.00			$	22.43			$	20.87			$	18.27			$	25.03
TOTAL RETURN			7.00	%			7.48	%			14.23	%			(25.27	)%			38.79	%
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Year (000s omitted)		$	85,223			$	173,886			$	75,462			$	60,847			$	52,591
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.24	)%			(0.31	)%			(0.43	)%			(0.52	)%			(0.49	)%
Net expenses			0.94	%			0.94	%			0.95	%			0.95	%			0.95	%
Gross expenses (c)			1.04	%			1.07	%			1.12	%			1.09	%			1.18	%
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			36	%			30	%			41	%			46	%			34	%

 

 

(a)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during each year.

(b)

Less than $0.01 per share.

(c)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

GROWTH FUNDS

 

These financial highlights reflect selected data for a share outstanding throughout the period.

 

		February 25, 2025 (a) Through June 30, 2025
INSTITUTIONAL PLUS SHARES
NET ASSET VALUE, Beginning of Period		$	24.21
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment loss (b)			(0.02	)
Net realized and unrealized gain			(0.18	)
Total from Investment Operations			(0.20	)
NET ASSET VALUE, End of Period		$	24.01
TOTAL RETURN			(0.83	)%(c)
RATIOS/SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Net Assets at End of Period (000s omitted)		$	83,274
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
Net investment loss			(0.26	)%(d)
Net expenses			0.84	%(d)
Gross expenses (e)			1.15	%(d)
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE			36	%(c)

 

(a)

Commencement of operations.

(b)

Calculated based on average shares outstanding during the period.

(c)

Not annualized.

(d)

Annualized.

(e)

Reflects the expense ratio excluding any waivers and/or reimbursements. Expense waivers and/or reimbursements would decrease the total return had such reductions not occurred.

 

 

 

DF DENT PREMIER GROWTH FUND 

(DFDPX) 

DF DENT MIDCAP GROWTH FUND 

INVESTOR SHARES (DFDMX) 

INSTITUTIONAL SHARES (DFMGX)

INSTITUTIONAL PLUS SHARES (DFMLX) 

DF DENT SMALL CAP GROWTH FUND 

INVESTOR SHARES (DFDSX) 

INSTITUTIONAL SHARES (DFSGX)

INSTITUTIONAL PLUS SHARES (DFSLX) 

 

 

221-PRU-1125

 

Statement of Additional Information

 

November 1, 2025

 

DF DENT PREMIER GROWTH FUND

(DFDPX)

 

DF DENT MIDCAP GROWTH FUND 

INVESTOR SHARES (DFDMX) 

INSTITUTIONAL SHARES (DFMGX) 

INSTITUTIONAL PLUS SHARES (DFMLX)

 

DF DENT SMALL CAP GROWTH FUND 

INVESTOR SHARES (DFDSX) 

INSTITUTIONAL SHARES (DFSGX) 

INSTITUTIONAL PLUS SHARES (DFSLX)

 

Investment Adviser:

 

D.F. Dent and Company, Inc.

400 E. Pratt Street, 7th Floor

Baltimore, Maryland 21202

www.dfdent.com

 

Account Information and Shareholder Services:

 

DF Dent Growth Funds

P.O. Box 588

Portland, Maine 04112 

(866) 2DF-DENT (toll free) 

(866) 233-3368 (toll free)

[email protected]

 

This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) supplements the prospectus dated November 1, 2025, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”), offering shares of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund (each a “Fund”; collectively the “Funds”), each a separate series of Forum Funds (the “Trust”). This SAI is not a prospectus and should only be read in conjunction with the Prospectus. You may obtain the Prospectus without charge by contacting Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (d/b/a Apex) (“Apex Fund Services”, “Apex” or “Administrator”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Apex US Holdings LLC, at the address, telephone number or e-mail address listed above. You may also obtain the Prospectus on the Adviser’s website listed above. This SAI is incorporated by reference into the Funds’ Prospectus. In other words, it is legally a part of the Prospectus.

 

Financial statements for the Funds for the year ended June 30, 2025 are included in the Funds’ Form N-CSR and are incorporated into this SAI by reference. Copies of the Funds’ Annual Report and Semi-Annual Report may be obtained without charge and upon request, by contacting Apex at the address, telephone number or e-mail address listed above. You may also obtain copies of each Fund’s most recent Annual Report and Semi-Annual Report on the Adviser’s website listed above.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEY DEFINED TERMS		1
INVESTMENT POLICIES AND RISKS		2
A.	Security Ratings Information	2
B.	Equity Securities	2
C.	Foreign Securities	4
D.	Fixed Income Securities	6
E.	Leverage Transactions	13
F.	Illiquid and Restricted Securities	16
G.	Investment Company Securities (including Exchange-Traded Funds) and Exchange-Traded Products	17
H.	Master-Feeder	18
I.	Temporary Defensive Position and Cash Investments	18
J.	Cybersecurity Risk	18
K.	Large Shareholder Transaction Risk	19
L.	Market Turbulence	19
INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS		21
BOARD OF TRUSTEES, MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE PROVIDERS		23
A.	Board of Trustees	23
B.	Principal Officers of the Trust	26
C.	Ownership of Securities of the Adviser and Related Companies	26
D.	Information Concerning Trust Committees	26
E.	Compensation of Trustees and Officers	27
F.	Investment Adviser	27
G.	Distributor	30
H.	Other Fund Service Providers	30
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS		33
A.	How Securities are Purchased and Sold	33
B.	Commissions Paid	33
C.	Adviser Responsibility for Purchases and Sales and Choosing Broker-Dealers	33
D.	Counterparty Risk	34
E.	Transactions through Affiliates	34
F.	Other Accounts of the Adviser	34
G.	Portfolio Turnover	34
H.	Securities of Regular Broker-Dealers	34
I.	Portfolio Holdings	34
PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION		36
A.	General Information	36
B.	Additional Purchase Information	36
C.	Additional Redemption Information	36
TAXATION		38
A.	Qualification for Treatment as a Regulated Investment Company	38
B.	Fund Distributions	39
C.	Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”)	40
D.	Redemption of Shares	40
E.	Federal Excise Tax	41
F.	Certain Tax Rules Applicable to Fund Transactions	41
G.	State and Local Taxes	43
H.	Foreign Income Tax	43
I.	Capital Loss Carryovers (“CLCOs”)	43
OTHER MATTERS		44
A.	The Trust and its Shareholders	44
B.	Fund Ownership	45

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

C.	Limitations on Shareholders’ and Trustees’ Liability	45
D.	Proxy Voting Procedures	45
E.	Code of Ethics	46
F.	Registration Statement	46
G.	Financial Statements	46
APPENDIX A – DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES RATINGS		A-1
APPENDIX B – MISCELLANEOUS TABLES		B-1
APPENDIX C – TRUST PROXY VOTING PROCEDURES		C-1
APPENDIX D – ADVISER PROXY VOTING PROCEDURES		D-1

KEY DEFINED TERMS

 

As used in this SAI, the following terms have the meanings listed.

 

“1933 Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including rules, regulations, SEC interpretations, and any exemptive orders or interpretive relief promulgated thereunder.

 

“1940 Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, including rules, regulations, SEC interpretations, and any exemptive orders or interpretive relief promulgated thereunder.

 

“Adviser” means D.F. Dent and Company, Inc., the Funds’ investment adviser.

 

“Board” means the Board of Trustees of the Trust.

 

“Independent Trustees” means trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust, as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act.

 

“IRC” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

 

“IRS” means the Internal Revenue Service.

 

“NAV” means net asset value per share.

 

“RIC” means a domestic corporation qualified as a “regulated investment company” (as defined in Subchapter M of Chapter 1, Subtitle A, of the IRC).

 

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

INVESTMENT POLICIES AND RISKS

 

The DF Dent Premier Growth Fund (the “Premier Growth Fund”), the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund (the “Midcap Growth Fund”) and the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund (the “Small Cap Growth Fund”) are each a diversified series of the Trust. This section supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. The following are descriptions of the investments and investment practices that the Funds may pursue (in addition to those described in the Prospectus) and the associated risks. Please see the Prospectus for a discussion of each Fund’s investment objective, principal investment strategies and principal risks.

 

A. Security Ratings Information

 

Each Fund’s investments in fixed-income, preferred stock and convertible securities are subject to the credit risk relating to the financial condition of the issuers of the securities. Investment grade means rated in the top four long-term rating categories or unrated and determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality. Each Fund may invest up to 5% of its total assets in non-investment grade debt securities. The Funds may purchase unrated securities, if at the time of purchase, the Adviser believes that they are of comparable quality to rated securities that the Funds may purchase. Unrated securities may not be as actively traded as rated securities.

 

The lowest ratings that are investment grade for corporate bonds, including convertible securities, are “Baa3” in the case of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) and “BBB-” in the cases of S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”); for preferred stock the lowest ratings are “Baa3” in the case of Moody’s and “BBB-” in the cases of S&P and Fitch. Non-investment grade fixed-income securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”) are inherently speculative and generally involve greater volatility of price than investment grade securities. Unrated securities may not be as actively traded as rated securities. A Fund may retain securities whose ratings have declined below the lowest permissible rating category (or that are unrated and determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality to securities whose ratings have declined below the lowest permissible rating category) if the Adviser determines that retaining such security is in the best interests of a Fund.

 

Moody’s, S&P, Fitch and other organizations, together known as Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSROs”), provide ratings of the credit quality of debt obligations, including convertible securities. A description of the range of ratings assigned to various types of bonds and other securities is included in Appendix A to this SAI. The Adviser may use these ratings to determine whether to purchase, sell or hold a security. Ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Credit ratings attempt to evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments and do not evaluate the risks of fluctuations in market value. An issuer’s current financial condition may be better or worse than a rating indicates.

 

B. Equity Securities

 

Equity Securities. Equity securities in which a Fund may invest include common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities, warrants, rights and depositary receipts. Common stocks are the most familiar type of equity security. Common stocks generally represent the riskiest investment in a company. Different types of equity securities provide different voting and dividend rights and priority in the event of the bankruptcy and/or insolvency of a company.

 

Common stocks and preferred stocks represent shares of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks usually have specific dividends and rank after bonds and before common stock in claims on assets of the corporation should it be dissolved. Increases and decreases in earnings are usually reflected in a company’s stock price. Convertible securities are debt or preferred equity securities convertible into common stock. Usually, convertible securities pay dividends or interest at rates higher than common stock, but lower than other securities. Convertible securities usually participate to some extent in the appreciation or depreciation of the underlying stock into which they are convertible. Depositary receipts typically are issued by banks or trust companies and evidence ownership of underlying equity securities. Warrants are options to buy a stated number of shares of common stock at a specified price anytime during the life of the warrants.

 

While past performance does not guarantee future results, equity securities historically have provided the greatest long-term growth potential of an investment in a company. However, stock markets are volatile, and the value of securities held by a Fund will be affected by changes in the company’s financial condition, economic and political conditions, and the stock markets, which may be the result of domestic or international political or economic news, changes in interest rates or changing investor sentiment. Other factors may also affect a particular stock’s prices, such as poor earnings reports by an issuer, loss of major customers, major litigation against an issuer, or changes in governmental regulations affecting an industry. The equity securities of smaller companies are more sensitive to these changes than those of larger companies. A Fund may experience a substantial or complete loss on an equity investment.

Convertible Securities. A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, preferred stock, or other security or debt obligation that may be converted into or exchanged for a given amount of common stock of the same or a different issuer during a specified period and at a specified price or formula in the future. Convertible securities generally have features of, and risks associated with, both equity and fixed income instruments. As such, the value of most convertible securities will vary with changes in the price of, and will be subject to the risks associated with, the underlying common stock. Additionally, convertible securities are also subject to the risk that the issuer may not be able to pay principal or interest when due.

 

A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest on debt or the dividend on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, such securities ordinarily provide a stream of income with generally higher yields than common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower than the yield on non-convertible debt.

 

Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a company’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to comparable non-convertible securities. Convertible securities are often rated below investment grade or not rated because they fall below debt obligations and just above common equity in order of preference or priority on an issuer’s balance sheet. Convertible securities have unique investment characteristics in that they generally: (1) are less subject to fluctuation in value than the underlying common stock since they have fixed-income characteristics; and (2) provide the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.

 

The value of a convertible security is a function of (1) its yield in comparison to the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege and (2) its worth if converted into the underlying common stock. The value of a convertible security is influenced by interest rate changes, with investment values declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value.

 

If the convertible security’s “conversion value,” which is the market value of the underlying common stock that would be obtained upon the conversion of the convertible security, is substantially below the “investment value,” which is the value of a convertible security viewed without regard to its conversion feature (i.e., strictly on the basis of its yield), the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. If the conversion value of a convertible security increases to a point that approximates or exceeds its investment value, the value of the security will be principally influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security will sell at a premium over its conversion value to the extent investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding an income-producing security.

 

A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a convertible security is called for redemption, a Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party, which may adversely impact the Fund.

 

Warrants and Rights. Warrants are securities permitting, but not obligating, their holder to subscribe for other securities or commodities and provide a Fund with the right to purchase at a later date other securities of the issuer. Rights are similar to warrants but typically are issued by a company to existing holders of its stock and provide those holders the right to purchase additional shares of stock at a later date. Rights also normally have a shorter duration than warrants.

 

Warrants and rights do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holder to purchase, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. Warrants and rights may be more speculative than certain other types of investments and entail risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional equity instrument.

 

Each Fund will limit its purchases of warrants to not more than 5% of the value of its net assets. Each Fund may also invest up to 5% of its net assets in stock rights.

 

Investments in warrants and rights also involve certain risks, including the possible lack of a liquid market for the resale of the warrants and rights, potential price fluctuations due to adverse market conditions or other factors and failure of the price of the common stock to rise. If the warrant or right is not exercised within the specified time period, it becomes worthless.

 

Depositary Receipts. Depositary receipts represent ownership interests in securities of foreign companies (an “underlying issuer”) that have been deposited with a bank or trust and that trade on an exchange or over-the-counter. Depositary receipts are not necessarily denominated in the same currency as the underlying securities. Depositary receipts include American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”),

among other instruments. Depositary receipts involve many of the same risks of investing directly in foreign securities, including currency risks and risks of foreign investing.

 

Depositary receipts may be sponsored or unsponsored. Unsponsored depositary receipts may be created without the participation of the foreign issuer. Holders of these receipts generally bear all the costs of the depositary receipt facility, whereas foreign issuers typically bear certain costs in a sponsored depositary receipt. Further, issuers of securities underlying unsponsored depositary receipts have no obligation to disclose material information in the U.S. Accordingly, available information concerning such an issuer may not be current, and the prices of unsponsored depositary receipts may be more volatile than the prices of sponsored depositary receipts.

 

ADRs typically are issued by a United States of America (“U.S.”) bank or trust company, evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign company, and are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. Most ADRs are denominated in U.S. dollars and are traded on a U.S. stock exchange. However, they are subject to the risk of fluctuation in the currency exchange rate if, as is often the case, the underlying securities are denominated in foreign currency. Also, the securities underlying ADRs typically trade on foreign exchanges at times when the U.S. markets are not open for trading. As a result, the value of ADRs representing those underlying securities may change materially at times when the U.S. markets are not open for trading.

 

EDRs are receipts issued by European financial institutions. They are often denominated in a foreign currency and typically trade in Europe. GDRs are receipts issued by either a U.S. or non-U.S. banking institution evidencing its ownership of the underlying foreign securities and are often denominated in U.S. dollars. IDRs are receipts typically issued by a foreign bank or trust company evidencing its ownership of the underlying foreign securities.

 

Real Estate Investment Trusts. The Funds may purchase interests in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). A REIT is a company that pools investor funds to invest primarily in income producing real estate or real estate related loans or interests. REITs are not taxed on income distributed to their shareholders if, among other things, they distribute substantially all of their taxable income (other than net capital gains) for each taxable year. Because REITs have ongoing fees and expenses, which may include management, operating and administration expenses, REIT shareholders, including a Fund, will indirectly bear a proportionate share of those expenses in addition to the expenses of the Fund. However, such expenses are not considered to be Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses and, therefore, are not reflected as such in a Fund’s fee table.

 

A Fund also may be subject to certain risks associated with the direct investments of the REITs. REITs may be affected by changes in their underlying properties, defaults by borrowers or tenants, or developments in the real estate industry. Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of the credit extended. Furthermore, REITs are dependent on specialized management skills. Some REITs may have limited diversification and may be subject to risks inherent in financing a limited number of properties. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders or unitholders, and may be subject to defaults by borrowers and to self-liquidations. In addition, the performance of a REIT may be affected by its failure to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, including regulations thereunder and IRS interpretations or similar authority upon which a Fund may rely or its failure to maintain exemption from registration under the 1940 Act.

 

Initial Public Offerings. Special risks associated with initial public offerings may include a limited number of shares available for trading, unseasoned trading, lack of investor knowledge of the company and limited operating history. These factors may contribute to substantial price volatility for the shares of these companies. The limited number of shares available for trading in some initial public offerings may make it more difficult for a Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing market prices. Some companies whose shares are sold through initial public offerings are involved in relatively new industries or lines of business, which may not be widely understood by investors. Some of these companies may be undercapitalized or regarded as developmental stage companies without revenues or operating income, or the near-term prospects of achieving them.

 

C. Foreign Securities

 

Foreign Securities. Investments in the securities of foreign issuers may involve risks in addition to those normally associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign issuers are issuers organized and doing business principally outside the United States. All foreign investments are subject to risks of: (1) foreign political and economic instability; (2) adverse movements in foreign exchange rates; (3) the imposition or tightening of exchange controls or other limitations on repatriation of foreign capital; and (4) changes in foreign governmental attitudes towards private investment, including potential nationalization, increased taxation or confiscation of a Fund’s assets.

The governments of certain countries may prohibit or impose substantial restrictions on foreign investing in their capital markets or in certain industries. Other risks of investing in such securities include political or economic instability in the country involved, the difficulty of predicting international trade patterns and the possibility of imposition of exchange controls or limitations on the removal of funds or assets. The prices of such securities may be more volatile than those of domestic securities. With respect to certain foreign countries, there is a possibility of expropriation of assets or nationalization, imposition of withholding taxes on dividend or interest payments, difficulty in obtaining and enforcing judgments against foreign entities or diplomatic developments which could affect investment in these countries. Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be less extensive than those available to investors in the United States or other foreign countries.

 

Securities of issuers traded on exchanges may be suspended, either by the issuers themselves, by an exchange or by government authorities. The likelihood of such suspensions may be higher for securities of issuers in emerging or less-developed market countries than in countries with more developed markets. Trading suspensions may be applied from time to time to the securities of individual issuers for reasons specific to that issuer, or may be applied broadly by exchanges or governmental authorities in response to market events. Suspensions may last for significant periods of time. A Fund’s ability to liquidate its positions or provide liquidity to investors may be compromised and a Fund could incur significant losses.

 

Dividends and interest payable on foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes, thereby reducing the income available for distribution or reinvestment by a Fund. Some foreign brokerage commission and custody fees are higher than in the U.S. Foreign accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards differ from those in the U.S. and therefore, less information may be available about foreign companies than is available about issuers of comparable U.S. companies. Foreign securities also may trade less frequently and with lower volume and may exhibit greater price volatility than U.S. securities.

 

Changes in foreign exchange rates will affect the U.S. dollar value of all foreign currency-denominated securities held by a Fund. Losses and other expenses may be incurred in converting between various currencies in connection with purchases and sales of foreign securities. Generally, when the U.S. dollar rises in value against a foreign currency, a security denominated in that currency loses value because the currency is worth fewer U.S. dollars. Conversely, when the U.S. dollar decreases in value against a foreign currency, a security denominated in that currency gains value because the currency is worth more U.S. dollars. This risk, generally known as “currency risk,” means that a stronger U.S. dollar will reduce returns for U.S. investors while a weak U.S. dollar will increase those returns. Exchange rates are influenced generally by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign currency markets and by numerous other political and economic events occurring outside the U.S., many of which may be difficult, if not impossible, to predict.

 

Income from foreign securities may be received and realized in foreign currencies, even though the Funds are required to compute and distribute income in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, a decline in the value of a particular foreign currency against the U.S. dollar after a Fund’s income has been earned and computed in U.S. dollars may require a Fund to liquidate portfolio securities to acquire sufficient U.S. dollars to make a distribution. Similarly, if the exchange rate declines between the time a Fund incurs expenses in U.S. dollars and the time such expenses are paid, a Fund may be required to liquidate additional foreign securities to purchase the U.S. dollars required to meet such expenses.

 

Foreign markets have different clearance and settlement procedures. In certain markets, there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when a portion of the assets of a Fund are uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of a Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result in losses to a Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the securities or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the securities, could result in possible liability to the purchaser. The inability of a Fund to settle security purchases or sales due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to pay additional expenses, such as interest charges.

 

A Fund that invests in foreign securities is subject to the risk that its share price may be exposed to arbitrage attempts by investors seeking to capitalize on differences in the values of foreign securities trading on foreign exchanges that may close before the time the Fund’s net asset value is determined. If such arbitrage attempts are successful, a Fund’s net asset value might be diluted. The use of fair value pricing in certain circumstances (by adjusting the closing market prices of foreign securities to reflect what the Board believes to be their fair value) may help deter such arbitrage activities. The effect of such fair value pricing is that foreign securities may not be priced on the basis of quotations from the primary foreign securities market in which they are traded, but rather may be priced by another method that the Board believes reflects fair value. As such, fair value pricing is based on subjective judgment and it is possible that fair value may differ materially from the

value realized on a sale of a foreign security. It is also possible that use of fair value pricing will be inaccurate and/or limit an investment adviser’s ability to implement an investment strategy.

 

D. Fixed Income Securities

 

General Risks. The Fund may invest in various types of fixed-income securities. Fixed income securities are also known as “debt securities.” Examples of fixed income securities include, but are not limited to, U.S. Government Securities, corporate debt obligations, mortgage-related and asset-backed securities, and variable and floating rate securities. Yields on fixed income securities depend on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the fixed-income securities markets, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue.

 

Fixed income securities are subject to the risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payments on its obligations (“credit risk”) and are subject to price volatility due to such factors as interest rate sensitivity (“interest rate risk”), market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer, and market liquidity (“market risk”). Because changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal and in the markets’ perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness will affect the market value of that issuer’s debt securities, an investment in fixed income securities is subject to risk even if they are paid in full at maturity. As a result of bankruptcy, litigation or other conditions, the ability of an issuer to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on its debt securities may become impaired.

 

Interest rates impact the value of fixed income securities. The value of fixed income investments is likely to decline in times of rising market interest rates. Conversely, the value of fixed income investments is likely to rise in times of declining market interest rates. Typically, the longer the time to maturity of a given security, the greater is the change in its value in response to a change in interest rates. Foreign debt securities are subject to these risks and to risks similar to those of other foreign securities.

 

Credit Risk. The financial condition of an issuer of a fixed income security may cause it to default on interest or principal payments due. The risk presented by the financial condition of a fixed income security’s issues is referred to as credit risk. Lower-rated securities are subject to greater credit risk than more highly rated securities because their prices are more likely to react to market and credit developments than are more highly rated securities, which react primarily to changes in interest rates. Lower-rated securities are also known as “high yield securities” and/or “junk bonds.” Although such securities tend to provide less protection for payment of principal and interest because they present a greater risk of default and decline due to changes in the issuers’ creditworthiness than do higher quality securities, they may have greater potential for capital appreciation than do higher quality securities. The market for these securities may be thinner and less active than that for higher quality securities, which may affect the price at which the lower rated securities can be sold. In addition, their market prices may fluctuate more than those of higher quality securities and may decline significantly in periods of general economic difficulty or rising interest rates. Accordingly, they may be difficult to value accurately and their valuation may rely more heavily on the judgment of the Adviser than higher quality securities.

 

Moody’s, S&P’s and other organizations providing ratings (“Rating Agencies”) are private services that provide ratings of the credit quality of fixed income securities. To limit credit risk, the Fund intends generally to buy debt securities that are rated by an organization providing ratings in the top four long-term rating categories or in the top two short-term rating categories. A description of the range of ratings assigned to various types of securities is included in Appendix A. Credit ratings attempt to evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments and do not evaluate the risks of fluctuations in market value. Consequently, similar securities with the same rating may have different market prices. In addition, Rating Agencies may fail to make timely changes in credit ratings and the issuer’s current financial condition may be better or worse than a rating indicates. The Adviser may use these ratings to determine whether to purchase, sell or hold a security. Ratings are not, however, absolute standards of quality; and the Fund may purchase unrated securities if the Adviser determines that the security is of comparable quality to a rated security that the Fund may purchase. In addition, the Fund may retain a security that ceases to be rated or whose rating has been lowered below the Fund’s lowest permissible rating category if the Adviser determines that retaining the security is in the best interests of the Fund. Because a downgrade often reduces the market price of a fixed income security, holding such a security may result in a loss. Unrated securities may not be as actively traded as rated securities.

 

Interest Rate Risk. The market value of interest-bearing fixed-income securities will be affected by changes in interest rates. There is normally an inverse relationship between the market value of securities sensitive to prevailing interest rates and actual changes in interest rates. The longer the remaining maturity (and duration) of a security, the more sensitive the security is to changes in interest rates. All fixed-income securities can change in value when there is a change in interest rates. In addition, certain fixed-income securities may be subject to prepayment and/or extension risk, which refers to the

risk, respectively, that the issuer repays the principal early (in a declining interest rate environment) and/or extends the payment period (in a rising interest rate environment) and, in so doing, reduces the value of the security to securityholders.

 

U.S. Government and Agency Securities. “U.S. Government Securities” are obligations of the U.S. Treasury Department backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. During times of market turbulence, investors may turn to the safety of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury Department, causing the prices of these securities to rise and their yields to decline.

 

“U.S. Government Agency Securities” are issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or by instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, such as Ginnie Mae (also known as the Government National Mortgage Association), Fannie Mae (also known as the Federal National Mortgage Association), Freddie Mac (also known as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation), SLM Corporation (formerly, the Student Loan Marketing Association) (commonly known as “Sallie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLB”), and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Some U.S. Government Agency Securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States, while others may be supported by the issuer’s ability to borrow from the U.S. Treasury Department, subject to the U.S. Treasury Department’s discretion, or only by the credit of the issuer. Accordingly, there is generally considered to be a greater possibility of default than by the U.S. Treasury Department on U.S. Government Securities. The market prices of U.S. Government Agency Securities generally fluctuate inversely with interest rates, declining in rising rate environments and increasing in declining rate environments.

 

U.S. Government Agency Securities are deemed to include (i) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies, authorities or instrumentalities and (ii) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are so guaranteed. The secondary market for certain of these participations is extremely limited. In the absence of a suitable secondary market, such participations may therefore be regarded as illiquid.

 

A Fund may invest in separately traded principal and interest components of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury Department. The principal and interest components of selected securities are traded independently under the Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”) program. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are individually numbered and separately issued by the U.S. Treasury Department at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts independently. The market prices of STRIPS generally are more volatile than that of U.S. Treasury Department bills with comparable maturities.

 

Corporate Debt Obligations. The Fund may invest in corporate debt obligations. Corporate debt obligations include corporate bonds, debentures, notes, commercial paper and other similar corporate debt instruments. Companies use these instruments to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or variable rate of interest and must repay the amount borrowed at maturity.

 

Commercial paper is a short-term debt security issued by a corporation, bank, municipality, or other issuer, usually for purposes such as financing current operations. Corporate debt securities registered and sold in the U.S. by foreign issuers are referred to as “Yankee bonds,” and those sold outside the U.S. by foreign or U.S. issuers are referred to as Eurobonds. Commercial paper normally has a maturity of less than nine (9) months. A Fund may invest in commercial paper that cannot be resold to the public without an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act. While some restricted commercial paper normally is deemed illiquid, the Adviser may in certain cases determine that such paper is liquid.

 

High Yield Securities (Junk Bonds). The Fund may invest in lower-rated (non-investment grade) debt securities, which are also called “high yield securities” and “junk bonds.” Such securities have a lower credit rating (“Ca” or lower by Moody’s or “CC” or lower (as low as D) by S&P) at the time of investment or, if unrated are determined to be of comparable quality by the Adviser. Securities rated below investment grade are often considered to be speculative. These securities have poor protection with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Lower-rated debt securities generally offer a higher current yield than that available for investment grade issues with similar maturities, but they may involve significant risk under adverse conditions. In particular, adverse changes in general economic conditions and in the industries in which the issuers are engaged and changes in the financial condition of the issuers are more likely to cause price volatility and weaken the capacity of the issuer to make principal and interest payments than is the case for higher-grade debt securities. These securities are susceptible to default or decline in market value due to real or perceived adverse economic and business developments relating to the issuer, market interest rates and market liquidity. In addition, a Fund that invests in lower-quality securities may incur additional expenses to the extent recovery is sought on defaulted securities. Because of the many risks involved in investing in lower-rated debt securities, the success of such investments is dependent on the credit analysis of the Manager.

During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers may experience financial stress, which could adversely affect their ability to make payments of interest and principal and increase the possibility of default. In addition, such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay debt at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.

 

At certain times in the past, the market for lower-rated debt securities has expanded rapidly, and its growth generally paralleled a long economic expansion. In the past, the prices of many lower-rated debt securities declined substantially, reflecting an expectation that many issuers of such securities might experience financial difficulties. As a result, the yields on lower-rated debt securities rose dramatically. However, such higher yields did not reflect the value of the income stream that holders of such securities expected, but rather the risk that holders of such securities could lose a substantial portion of their value as a result of the issuers’ financial restructuring or defaults. There can be no assurance that such declines will not recur.

 

The market for lower-rated debt issues generally is thinner or less active than that for higher quality securities, which may limit a Fund’s ability to sell such securities at fair value in response to changes in the economy or financial markets. Judgment may play a greater role in pricing such securities than it does for more liquid securities. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of lower rated debt securities, especially in a thinly traded market.

 

A Fund may invest in securities whose ratings imply an imminent risk of default with respect to such payments. Issuers of securities in default may fail to resume principal or interest payments, in which case a Fund may lose its entire investment.

 

See Appendix A for further information about the ratings of debt securities assigned by S&P, Fitch, Inc., and Moody’s.

 

Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Fund may invest in mortgage-backed securities. Mortgage-backed securities represent interests in, or are secured by and payable from, pools of mortgage loans originated by lenders such as commercial banks, savings associations and mortgage bankers and brokers. Those securities may be guaranteed by a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality (such as by Ginnie Mae); issued and guaranteed by a government-sponsored stockholder-owned corporation, though not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States (such as by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (collectively, the “GSEs”) and described in greater detail below); or issued by fully private issuers. Private issuers are generally originators of and investors in mortgage loans and include savings associations, mortgage bankers, commercial banks, investment bankers, and special purpose entities. Private mortgage-backed securities may be backed by U.S. Government agency supported mortgage loans or some form of non-governmental credit enhancement.

 

Mortgage-backed securities may have either fixed or adjustable interest rates. Tax or regulatory changes may adversely affect the mortgage securities market. In addition, changes in the market’s perception of the issuer may affect the value of mortgage-backed securities.

 

The rate of return on mortgage-backed securities may be affected by prepayments of principal on the underlying loans, which generally increase as market interest rates decline; as a result, when interest rates decline, holders of these securities normally do not benefit from appreciation in market value to the same extent as holders of other non-callable debt securities. By contrast, increasing market interest rates generally extend the effective maturities of mortgage-backed securities, increasing their sensitivity to interest rate changes. Because of prepayments and extensions, the actual maturity and duration of mortgage-backed securities are typically different than their stated final maturity and their duration calculated solely on the basis of the stated life and payment schedule. The ability of the Fund to successfully utilize mortgage-backed securities depends largely on the ability of the Adviser to forecast interest rates and other economic factors correctly.

 

The terms and characteristics of the mortgage instruments are generally uniform within a pool but may vary among pools. Mortgage poolers apply qualification standards, credit standards and underwriting criteria for individual mortgages included in the pools to the lending institutions, which originate mortgages for the pools. Mortgage-backed securities differ from other forms of fixed-income securities, which normally provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or on specified call dates. Most mortgage-backed securities, however, are pass-through securities, which means that investors receive payments consisting of a pro-rata share of both principal and interest (less servicing and other fees), and unscheduled prepayments, as loans in the underlying mortgage pool are paid off by the borrowers. In this respect, the returns on mortgage-backed securities are less predictable.

 

To lessen the effect of the failures by obligors to pay mortgage loans in the pools, mortgage-backed securities may contain elements of credit enhancement, consisting of either (1) liquidity protection or (2) protection against losses resulting after

default by an obligor on the underlying assets and allocation of all amounts recoverable directly from the obligor and through liquidation of the collateral. This protection may be provided through guarantees, insurance policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, through various means of structuring the transaction or through a combination of these.

 

Governmental entities, private insurers, and mortgage poolers issue forms of insurance and guarantees. The Adviser considers such insurance and guarantees, as well as the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof, in determining whether a mortgage-backed security meets a Fund’s investment quality standards. There can be no assurance that private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. A Fund may buy mortgage-backed securities without insurance or guarantees, if the Manager determines that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards.

 

Government and Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities. Certain Mortgage-Backed Securities are U.S. Government Agency Securities because they are issued or guaranteed by a U.S. Government agency. Government-related guarantors (i.e., not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government) include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned by stockholders. It is subject to general regulation by the Federal Housing Finance Authority (“FHFA”). Fannie Mae purchases residential mortgages from a list of approved seller/servicers that include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks, credit unions and mortgage bankers. Fannie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on pass-through securities that it issues, but those securities are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.

 

Freddie Mac is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks and now owned by stockholders. Freddie Mac issues Participation Certificates (“PCs”), which represent interests in mortgages from Freddie Mac’s national portfolio. Freddie Mac guarantees the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal on the PCs it issues, but those PCs are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. No assurance can be given that the Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury Department, or FHFA initiatives will ensure that the government sponsored entities (“GSEs”), such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, will remain successful in meeting their obligations with respect to the securities they issue into the future. The principal and interest on GNMA pass-through securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.

 

The U.S. Treasury Department has historically had the authority to purchase obligations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. However, in 2008, due to capitalization concerns, Congress provided the U.S. Treasury Department with additional authority to lend the GSEs emergency funds and to purchase their stock. In September 2008, those capital concerns led the U.S. Treasury Department and the FHFA to announce that the GSEs had been placed in conservatorship. This structure results in increased sensitivity to dramatic housing downturns.

 

In the first quarter of 2018, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each reported that the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017 had resulted in a decrease in the value of their deferred tax assets. As a result, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each reported net losses during the fourth quarter of 2017 and indicated that they would request draws from the U.S. Treasury in the amount of $3.7 billion and $0.3 billion, respectively.

 

In late 2020, the FHFA issued a new capital rule requiring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to hold $283 billion in unadjusted total capital as of June 30, 2020, based on their assets at the time. In January 2021, the FHFA and the U.S. Treasury Department agreed to amend the preferred stock purchase agreements for the shares in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that the federal government continues to hold. The amendments permit Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to retain all earnings until they have reached the requirements set by the 2020 capital rule. Nevertheless, the future of the GSEs is in serious question as the tax cuts that resulted in the GSEs reporting losses may become permanent, and the U.S. Government is considering multiple options, ranging on a spectrum from significant reform, nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.

 

Privately Issued Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities that are offered, insured or guaranteed by private issuers include pass-through securities consisting of pools of conventional residential mortgage loans; mortgage-backed bonds, which are considered to be debt obligations of the institution issuing the bonds and are collateralized by mortgage loans; and bonds and collateralized mortgage obligations that are collateralized by mortgage-backed securities issued by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC or by pools of conventional mortgages of multi-family or commercial mortgage loans. Privately-issued mortgage-backed securities generally offer a higher rate of interest (but greater credit and interest rate risk) than securities issued by U.S. Government issuers because there are no direct or indirect governmental guarantees of payment.

The mortgage loans underlying private mortgage-related securities may, and frequently do, have less favorable collateral, credit risk or other underwriting characteristics than government or government-sponsored mortgage-related securities and have wider variances in a number of terms including interest rate, term, size, purpose and borrower characteristics. Privately issued pools more frequently include second mortgages, subprime mortgage loans, high loan-to-value mortgages and manufactured housing loans. Subprime loans refer to loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their loans. Market factors adversely affecting mortgage loan repayments may include a general economic turndown, high unemployment, a general slowdown in the real estate market, a drop in the market prices of real estate, or an increase in interest rates resulting in higher mortgage payments by holders of adjustable rate mortgages.

 

The market for privately-issued mortgage-backed securities is smaller and less liquid than the market for mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government issuers. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. Privately issued mortgage-related securities are not traded on an exchange and there may be a limited market for the securities, especially when there is a perceived weakness in the mortgage and real estate market sectors. Without an active trading market, mortgage-related securities held in a fund’s portfolio may be particularly difficult to value because of the complexities involved in assessing the value of the underlying mortgage loans.

 

Adjustable Rate Mortgage Securities. Adjustable rate mortgage securities (“ARMs”) are pass-through securities representing interests in pools of mortgage loans with adjustable interest rates that are reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to some interest rate index or market interest rate. The value of ARMs is generally expected to change based on changes in interest rates. However, changes in interest rates on ARMs may lag behind changes in prevailing market interest rates. This may result in a slightly lower valuation in rising rate environments until the interest rate on ARMs resets to higher market interest rates. The Fund may suffer a loss of principal in connection with sales of ARMs when market rates are increasing but the ARMs’ rate has not yet been reset. Further, certain ARMs (and the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in interest rates during a specified period or over the life of the security.

 

Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Fund may invest in stripped mortgage-backed securities (“SMBS”). Stripped mortgage-backed securities are multi-class mortgage-backed securities that are created by separating the securities into their principal and interest components and selling each piece separately. SMBS are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, a Fund may fail to recoup some or all of its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories. Established trading markets have not yet developed for SMBS and, accordingly, these securities may be deemed “illiquid” and subject to a Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities.

 

Collateralized Obligations. Collateralized obligations include Collateralized Mortgage Obligations, Collateralized Mortgage-Backed Bonds, and Collateralized Loan Obligations, each as described herein.

 

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”). CMOs are bonds that are collateralized by whole-loan mortgages or mortgage pass-through securities. The bonds issued in a CMO deal are divided into groups, and each group of bonds is referred to as a “tranche.” Under the traditional CMO structure, the cash flows generated by the mortgages or mortgage pass-through securities in the collateral pool are used to first pay interest and then pay principal to the CMO bondholders. The bonds issued under such a CMO structure are retired sequentially as opposed to the pro-rata return of principal found in traditional pass-through obligations. Subject to the various provisions of individual CMO issues, the cash flow generated by the underlying collateral (to the extent it exceeds the amount required to pay the stated interest) is used to retire the bonds. Under the CMO structure, the repayment of principal among the different tranches is prioritized in accordance with the terms of the particular CMO issuance. The “fastest pay” tranche of bonds, as specified in the prospectus for the issuance, would initially receive all principal payments. When that tranche of bonds is retired, the next tranche, or tranches, in the sequence, as specified in the prospectus, receive all of the principal payments until they are retired. The sequential retirement of bond groups continues until the last tranche, or group of bonds, is retired. Accordingly, the CMO structure allows the issuer to use cash flows of long maturity, monthly pay collateral to formulate securities with short, intermediate, and long final maturities and expected average lives.

 

New types of CMO tranches continue to evolve, such as floating rate CMOs, planned amortization classes, accrual bonds, and CMO residuals. Some newer structures could affect the amount and timing of principal and interest received by each tranche from the underlying collateral. Under certain structures, given classes of CMOs have priority over others with

respect to the receipt of prepayments on the mortgages. Therefore, depending on the type of CMOs in which the funds invest, the investment may be subject to a greater or lesser risk of prepayment than other types of mortgage-related securities.

 

The primary risk of any mortgage security is the uncertainty of the timing of cash flows. For CMOs, the primary risk results from the rate of prepayments on the underlying mortgages serving as collateral and from the structure of the deal (priority of the individual tranches). An increase or decrease in prepayment rates (resulting from a decrease or increase in mortgage interest rates) will affect the yield, average life, and price of CMOs. The prices of certain CMOs, depending on their structure and the rate of prepayments, can be volatile. Some CMOs may also not be as liquid as other securities.

 

Collateralized Mortgage-Backed Bonds (“CBOs”). CBOs are general obligations of a trust or other special purpose entity that are collateralized, directly or indirectly, by a diversified pool of fixed-income securities which may include high risk, below investment grade securities. Because CBOs are similar to CLOs (as defined below), they are discussed together immediately below.

 

Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLOs”). CLOs and CBOs (together, “CDOs”) are types of asset-backed securities. A CLO is ordinarily issued by a trust or other special purpose entity and is typically comprised of or collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and non-U.S. senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans.

 

For CDOs, the loans held by the trust or special purpose entity (i.e., the issuer) generate cash flow that is allocated among one or more classes of securities (i.e., tranches) that vary in risk and yield. The most senior tranche has the best credit quality and the lowest yield compared to the other tranches. The equity tranche has the highest potential yield but also has the greatest risk, as it bears the bulk of defaults from the underlying loans and helps to protect the more senior tranches from risk of these defaults. The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CDO in which a Fund invests.

 

Certain CLOs may receive credit enhancement in the form of a senior-subordinate structure, over-collateralization or bond insurance, but such enhancement may not always be present and may fail to protect against loss due to defaults on the collateral. Certain CLOs may not hold loans directly, but rather, use derivatives such as swaps to create “synthetic” exposure to the collateral pool of loans. Such CLOs entail the risks of derivative instruments described elsewhere in this SAI.

 

Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche of a CDO typically has higher ratings and lower yields than their underlying securities. Certain CDOs may even be rated investment grade. Nevertheless, CDO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual or anticipated defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default, and the disappearance of protecting tranches. The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities underlying it and the class (or tranche) in which the Fund invests.

 

Normally, CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in them may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities; however, an active dealer market may exist for CLOs allowing a CLO to qualify for transactions pursuant to Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. In addition, CLOs normally charge management fees and administrative expenses, which are in addition to those of a Fund.

 

Asset-Backed Securities. The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities have structural characteristics similar to mortgage-backed securities but have underlying assets that are not mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans. Asset-backed securities represent fractional interests in, or are secured by and payable from, pools of assets such as motor vehicle installment sales contracts, installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from revolving credit (for example, credit card) agreements. Assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose corporations that issue securities that are often backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different parties. Asset-backed securities have structures and characteristics similar to those of mortgage-backed securities; accordingly they are subject to many of the same risks, though often to a greater extent.

 

The credit quality of most asset-backed securities depends primarily on the credit quality of the assets underlying such securities, how well the entity issuing the security is insulated from the credit risk of the originator or any other affiliated entities, and the amount and quality of any credit enhancements associated with the securities. Payments or distributions of principal and interest on asset-backed securities may be supported by credit enhancements including letters of credit, an insurance guarantee, reserve funds and over collateralization.

 

Non-U.S. Dollar Denominated Debt. The Fund may invest in non-U.S. dollar denominated securities, including debt obligations denominated in foreign or composite currencies (such as the European Currency Unit) issued by (1) foreign

national, provincial, state or municipal governments or their political subdivisions or by (2) international organizations designated or supported by governmental entities (e.g., the World Bank and the European Community).

 

Investments in debt securities issued by foreign governments and their political subdivisions or agencies (“Sovereign Debt”) are subject to risks in addition to those relating to non-U.S. investments generally. A sovereign debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its non-U.S. reserves, the availability of sufficient non-U.S. exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor’s policy toward principal international lenders and the political constraints to which a sovereign debtor may be subject. Increased protectionism on the part of a country’s trading partners or political changes in those countries, could also adversely affect its exports. Such events could diminish a country’s trade account surplus, if any, or the credit standing of a particular local government or agency. Political conditions, especially a sovereign entity’s willingness to meet the terms of its debt obligations, are of considerable significance.

 

Sovereign debtors may be dependent on disbursements or assistance from foreign governments or multinational agencies, the country’s access to trade and other international credits, and the country’s balance of trade. Assistance may be dependent on a country’s implementation of austerity measures and reforms, which measures may limit or be perceived to limit economic growth and recovery. Some sovereign debtors have rescheduled their debt payments, declared moratoria on payments or restructured their debt to effectively eliminate portions of it, and similar occurrences may happen in the future. The issuer of the debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and/or interest when due. In addition, there may be limited legal recourse in the event of a default by a sovereign entity; the entity may even be immune from lawsuits. There is no bankruptcy proceeding by which sovereign debt on which governmental entities have defaulted may be collected in whole or in part. Also, holders of commercial bank debt issued by the same sovereign entity may contest payments to the holders of Sovereign Debt in the event of default under commercial bank loan agreements.

 

The ability of some sovereign debtors to repay their obligations may depend on the timely receipt of assistance from international agencies or other governments, the flow of which is not assured. The willingness of such agencies to make these payments may depend on the sovereign debtor’s willingness to institute certain economic changes, the implementation of which may be politically difficult.

 

The occurrence of political, social or diplomatic changes in one or more of the countries issuing Sovereign Debt could adversely affect a Fund’s investments. Political changes or a deterioration of a country’s domestic economy or balance of trade may affect the willingness of countries to service their Sovereign Debt.

 

Sovereign Debt may include: debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, governmental agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions located in emerging market countries; debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities located in emerging market countries; interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by any of the above issuers; participations in loans between emerging market governments and financial institutions; and Brady Bonds, which are debt securities issued under the framework of the Brady Plan as a means for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness.

 

Supranational entities may also issue debt securities. A supranational entity is a bank, commission or company established or financially supported by the national governments of one or more countries to promote reconstruction or development. Included among these organizations are the Asian Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations, the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Supranational organizations have no taxing authority and are dependent on their members for payments of interest and principal. Further, the lending activities of such entities are limited to a percentage of their total capital, reserves and net income.

 

Variable Amount and Floating Rate Securities. The Fund may invest in variable and floating rate securities, including those with no stated maturity date (“perpetual floaters”). Variable rate and floating rate securities provide for automatic adjustment of the interest rate at fixed intervals (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, or semi-annually) or automatic adjustment of the interest rate whenever a specified interest rate or index changes. The interest rate on variable and floating rate securities (collectively, “Adjustable Rate Securities”) ordinarily is determined by reference to a particular bank’s prime rate, the 90-day U.S. Treasury Department Bill rate, the rate of return on commercial paper or bank CDs, an index of short-term tax-exempt rates or some other objective measure. For certain Adjustable Rate Securities, the interest rate may be reset in the opposite direction of changes in the interest rate to which it is indexed (“inverse floaters”). The market value of inverse floaters may be more volatile than the market value of other Adjustable Rate Securities.

Adjustable Rate Securities frequently permit the holder to demand payment of the obligations’ principal and accrued interest at any time or at specified intervals not exceeding one year. The demand feature usually is backed by a credit instrument (e.g., a bank letter of credit) from a creditworthy issuer and sometimes by insurance from a creditworthy insurer. Without these credit enhancements, some Adjustable Rate Securities might not meet a Fund’s quality standards. Accordingly, in purchasing these securities, a Fund may rely on the creditworthiness of the credit instrument issuer or the insurer.

 

Variable and floating rate demand notes of corporations are redeemable upon a specified period of notice, typically not to exceed seven days. These obligations include master demand notes, including variable amount master demand notes, which permit investment of fluctuating amounts at varying interest rates under direct arrangements with the issuer of the instrument. The issuer of these obligations often has the right, after a given period, to prepay the outstanding principal amount of the obligations upon a specified number of days’ notice. As variable amount master demand notes are unsecured, issuers typically must meet certain quality criteria.

 

Certain securities may have an initial principal amount that varies over time based on an interest rate index, and, accordingly, the Fund might be entitled to less than the initial principal amount of the security upon the security’s maturity. The Fund intends to purchase these securities only when the Adviser believes the interest income from the instrument justifies any principal risks associated with the instrument. The Adviser may attempt to limit any potential loss of principal by purchasing similar instruments that are intended to provide an offsetting increase in principal. There can be no assurance that the Adviser will be able to limit the effects of principal fluctuations and, accordingly, the Fund may incur losses on those securities even if held to maturity without issuer default.

 

There may not be an active secondary market for any particular floating or variable rate instruments, which could make it difficult for the Fund to dispose of the instrument during periods that the Fund is not entitled to exercise any demand rights it may have. The Fund could, for this or other reasons, suffer a loss with respect to such instruments.

 

E. Leverage Transactions

 

The Fund may use leverage to increase potential returns. Leverage exists when cash made available to the Fund through an investment technique is used to make additional Fund investments. Leverage transactions include borrowings for other than temporary or emergency purposes, purchasing securities on margin (borrowing money from a bank to purchase securities), selling securities short (selling securities that are not owned), lending portfolio securities, and entering into reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and purchasing securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment basis.

 

Leverage involves special risks and may involve speculative investment techniques. The risks of leverage include a higher volatility of the NAV of the Fund’s shares, which may be magnified by favorable or adverse market movements or changes in the cost of cash obtained by leveraging and the yield from invested cash. So long as the Fund is able to realize a net return on its investment portfolio that is higher than interest expense incurred, if any, leverage will result in higher current net investment income for the Fund than if the Fund were not leveraged. Changes in interest rates and related economic factors could cause the relationship between the cost of leverage and the yield to change, so that rates involved in the leveraging arrangement may substantially increase relative to the yield on the obligations in which the proceeds of the leveraging have been invested. To the extent that the interest expense involved in leveraging approaches the net return on the Fund’s investment portfolio, the benefit of leveraging will be reduced. If the interest expense incurred as a result of leveraging were to exceed the net return to investors, the Fund’s use of leverage would result in a lower rate of return than if the Fund were not leveraged. In an extreme case, if the Fund’s current investment income were not sufficient to meet the interest expense of leveraging, it could be necessary for the Fund to liquidate some of its investments at an inappropriate time.

 

Derivatives. Derivatives are financial instruments that have a value which depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else (“Reference Asset”), such as securities, commodities, futures, currencies or indexes. All derivatives can create leverage. Accordingly, relatively small price movements in a Reference Asset may result in a substantial loss or gain for the Fund.

 

Options. Options are derivatives. The Fund may purchase or write (sell) put and call options. A call option is a contract under which the purchaser of the call option, in return for paying a premium, has the right to buy the Reference Asset from the writer of the call option at a specified price (the “exercise price”). The writer of the call option, who received the premium, has the obligation to deliver the Reference Asset or the cash equivalent to the option purchaser upon exercise of the option. The “cash equivalent” is the difference between the exercise price and the (higher) market price. The Fund, as

the writer of covered call options, will not benefit from any appreciation of the reference asset above the exercise price. In addition, when purchasing options that expire worthless (i.e., not exercised), the Fund will lose the premium paid.

 

A put option is a contract under which the purchaser of the put option, in return for paying a premium, obtains the right to sell a Reference Asset to the writer of the put option at the exercise price. The writer of the put option, who received the premium, has the obligation to buy the Reference Asset from the purchaser of the put option or deliver the cash equivalent upon exercise of the option. The “cash equivalent” is the difference between the exercise price and the (lower) market price.

 

Options have expiration dates - meaning, they expire after a certain period. After the expiration date of an option, the option purchaser no longer has a right to exercise the option. Options normally have expiration dates of between three and nine months from the date written. “American style” options are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration date. “European style” options are exercisable only immediately prior to the expiration date. Writers of American style options have no control over when they may be required to fulfill their obligations under the options contract and thus are exposed to a timing risk.

 

Options may be traded on a U.S. or non-U.S. exchange or over-the-counter (“OTC”). Exchange-traded options are issued by a clearing organization, and the clearing organization essentially guarantees completion of every exchange-traded options transaction. In contrast, OTC options are contracts between two parties, such as the Fund and a counterparty. The Fund is subject to “Counterparty Risk,” as described below, in connection with OTC options transactions: no party guarantees completion of such transactions; and there is no assurance that the Fund will be able to liquidate any OTC options position at any time prior to expiration. There is no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any options position into which the Fund enters. Even with respect to exchange-traded options, trading may be suspended on the exchange and prevent the Fund from closing out a position.

 

The premium charged to the purchaser of an option contract typically depends on the market value, if any, of the option as currently traded, the current market price and historic volatility of the Reference Asset, the difference between such market price and the exercise price, the length of the option period and the interest rate environment.

 

Prior to the exercise and expiration date of an options contract, purchasers and writers of options may close out their options position(s) by entering into an offsetting transaction in the same option series (type, exchange, underlying Reference Asset, exercise price and expiration). A closing purchase transaction cancels out the option writer’s position by means of an offsetting purchase of an identical option. Similarly, a closing sale transaction cancels out an option purchaser’s position by means of an offsetting sale of an identical option.

 

Transacting in options exposes the Fund to certain risks. For example, the skills and techniques applicable to options trading may not be the same as those applicable to trading securities, and the Fund may be adversely affected by the Adviser’s inability to accurately predict price movements in Reference Assets. To the extent that the Fund uses options on indices to execute its strategy or hedge its portfolio investments, changes in the value of the Reference Asset (i.e., the index) may not correlate perfectly with (predicted) changes in the value of the portfolio. Further, options on foreign currencies are typically settled exclusively in the relevant foreign currency, and their value normally depends on the value of such currency relative to the U.S. dollar. To the extent that the U.S. options markets are closed while the market for the Reference Asset (foreign currency) is open, significant price and rate movements may occur that are not reflected in the U.S. options market.

 

Options transactions are subject to brokerage commissions or spreads, and the usage of options may result in a higher portfolio turnover rate and increased brokerage costs, which could reduce Fund returns. In addition, the use of options is subject to regulation, including by the SEC and options exchanges.

 

Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may lend portfolio securities for income to brokers, dealers and other financial institutions. In a portfolio securities lending transaction, the Fund receives from the borrower an amount equal to the interest paid or the dividends declared on the loaned securities during the term of the loan and the interest on the collateral securities, less any fees (such as finders or administrative fees) that the Fund pays to arrange the loan. The Fund may share the interest that it receives on the collateral securities with the borrower. Loans are subject to termination at the option of the Fund or the borrower at any time, and the borrowed securities must be returned when the loan is terminated.

 

The Fund may pay fees to arrange for securities loans.

 

The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund purchases a security and simultaneously agrees to resell that security to the seller at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future

date, normally one to seven days later. If the Fund enters into a repurchase agreement, it will maintain possession of the purchased securities and any underlying collateral.

 

Securities loans and repurchase agreements must be continuously collateralized, and the collateral must have a market value at least equal to the value of the Fund’s loaned securities or, in the case of repurchase agreements, equal to the repurchase price of the securities, in either case plus accrued interest.

 

Borrowing and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The Fund is permitted to borrow from any bank, so long as, immediately after such borrowings, there is an asset coverage of at least 300%. If the asset coverage falls below this percentage, the Fund shall reduce the amount of its borrowings within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) so that asset coverage is at least 300%. The Fund may borrow money from a bank to, among other things, finance the purchase of securities for its portfolio. Pledging securities and purchasing securities on a when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery basis are subject to this limitation.

 

The Fund will not invest more than 5% of its net assets in reverse repurchase agreements. A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Fund sells securities to a bank or securities dealer and simultaneously commits to repurchase the securities from the bank or dealer at an agreed-upon date and at a price reflecting a market rate of interest unrelated to the sold securities. An investment of the Fund’s assets in reverse repurchase agreements will increase the volatility of the Fund’s NAV. A counterparty to a reverse repurchase agreement must be a primary dealer that reports to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or one of the largest 100 commercial banks in the United States.

 

In a reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund sells portfolio securities to another party and agrees to repurchase the securities at an agreed-upon price and date, which reflects an interest payment. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the other party may fail to return the securities in a timely manner, or at all, which may result in losses to the Fund. The Fund could lose money if it is unable to recover the securities and the value of the collateral held by the Fund is less than the value of the securities. These events could also trigger adverse tax consequences to the Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold will decline below the price at which the Fund is obligated to repurchase them. Reverse repurchase agreements may be viewed as a form of borrowing by the Fund. When the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, any fluctuations in the market value of either the securities transferred to another party or the securities in which the proceeds may be invested would affect the market value of the Fund’s assets. During the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund may also be obligated to pledge additional cash or securities in the event of a decline in the fair value of the transferred security.

 

When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments. The Fund may purchase securities offered on a “when-issued” and “forward commitment” basis (including a delayed delivery basis). Securities purchased on a “when-issued” or “forward commitment basis” are securities not available for immediate delivery despite the fact that a market exists for those securities. A purchase is made on a “delayed delivery” basis when the transaction is structured to occur some time in the future.

 

When these transactions are negotiated, the price, which is generally expressed in yield terms, is fixed at the time the commitment is made, but delivery and payment for the securities take place at a later date. Normally, the settlement date occurs within two months after the transaction, but delayed settlements beyond two months may be negotiated. During the period between a commitment and settlement, no payment is made for the securities purchased by the purchaser and, thus, no interest accrues to the purchaser from the transaction. At the time the Fund makes the commitment to purchase securities on a when-issued basis, the Fund will record the transaction as a purchase and thereafter reflect the value each day of such securities in determining its NAV. No when-issued or forward commitments will be made by the Fund if, as a result, more than 10% of the Fund’s total assets would be committed to such transactions.

 

Dollar Roll Transactions. Dollar roll transactions are transactions in which the Fund sells securities to a bank or securities dealer, and makes a commitment to purchase similar, but not identical, securities at a later date from the same party. During the period between the commitment and settlement, no payment is made for the securities purchased and no interest or principal payments on the securities accrue to the purchaser, however, the Fund assumes the risk of ownership. The Fund is compensated for entering into dollar roll transactions by the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase, and by the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the initial sale. The Fund will engage in dollar roll transactions for the purpose of acquiring securities for their investment portfolios.

 

Purchases on Margin. The Fund may not purchase securities on margin, except that the Fund may use short-term credit for the clearance of transactions.

Short Sales. The Fund may use short sales for hedging and non-hedging purposes. To effect a short sale, the Fund borrows a security from or through a brokerage firm to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obliged to replace the borrowed security by purchasing it at the market price at the time of replacement. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender any dividends on the borrowed security and may be required to pay loan fees or interest.

 

The Fund may realize a gain if the security declines in price between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will incur a loss if the price of the security increases between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss will be increased, by the amount of any premium or interest the Fund is required to pay in connection with a short sale. A short position may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the prices of the securities sold short and the securities being hedged. The Fund may also make short sales against-the-box, in which it sells short securities only if it owns or has the right to obtain without payment of additional consideration an equal amount of the same type of securities sold. The effect of short selling is similar to the effect of leverage. Short selling may amplify changes in the Fund’s NAV. Short selling may also produce higher than normal portfolio turnover, which may result in increased transaction costs to the Fund.

 

For avoidance of doubt, options transactions are not treated as short sales.

 

Senior Securities. Senior securities are defined as Fund obligations that have a priority over the Fund’s shares with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of Fund assets. Under Section 18(f)(1) of the 1940 Act, the Fund generally may not issue any class of senior security or sell any senior security of which it is the issuer, except that the Fund shall be permitted to borrow from any bank as described in this SAI (see E. Leverage Transactions – Borrowing and Reverse Repurchase Agreements). In addition, under Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act, the Fund may expose up to 10% of its net assets to derivatives that are senior securities; or it may transact more significantly in such derivatives, subject to a value-at-risk test and the adoption and implementation of a derivatives risk management program. To the extent that the Fund engages in leverage or derivatives transactions that result in it issuing senior securities, it intends to do so in compliance with Rule 18f-4.

 

CFTC Regulation. An advisor of a fund trading commodity interests (such as futures contracts, options on futures contracts, non-deliverable forwards, swaps and cash-settled foreign currency contracts) is generally excluded from regulation as a commodity pool operator pursuant to Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) Regulation 4.5. Under Regulation 4.5 exclusion, a fund’s commodity interests (other than those used for bona fide hedging purposes as defined by the CFTC) must be limited so that the aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish the positions (after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions and excluding the amount by which options are in the money at the time of purchase) do not exceed 5% of the fund’s NAV, or alternatively, the aggregate net notional value of the positions, determined at the time that the most recent position was established, does not exceed 100% of the fund’s NAV (after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions). Further, to qualify for the exclusion in amended Regulation 4.5, a fund must satisfy a marketing test, which requires, among other things, that the fund not hold itself out as a vehicle for trading commodity interests. The Fund does not trade any commodity interests, such as futures contracts, options on futures contracts, non-deliverable forwards, swaps and cash-settled foreign currency contracts. Therefore, the Advisor does not need to, and does not, rely on the exclusion in CFTC Regulation 4.5 to avoid regulation as a commodity pool operator.

 

F. Illiquid and Restricted Securities

 

No Fund may acquire securities or invest in repurchase agreements if, as a result, more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in illiquid securities. Generally, an illiquid security is any investment that may not reasonably be expected to be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Illiquid securities may be difficult for a Fund to value or dispose of due to the absence of an active trading market. Illiquid securities include unregistered and "restricted securities," and repurchase agreements maturing in greater than seven days.

 

“Restricted securities” generally are securities that may be resold to the public pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act or an exemption from registration. Regulation S under the 1933 Act is one exemption from registration. It permits, under certain circumstances, the resale of restricted securities in offshore transactions. Rule 144A under the 1933 Act is another exemption. It permits the resale of certain restricted securities to qualified institutional buyers.

 

Since its adoption by the SEC in 1990, Rule 144A has facilitated trading of restricted securities among qualified institutional investors. To the extent restricted securities held by a Fund qualify under Rule 144A and an institutional market develops for those securities, a Fund expects that it will be able to dispose of the securities without registering the resale of such

securities under the 1933 Act. However, to the extent that a robust market for such 144A securities does not develop, or a market develops but experiences periods of illiquidity, investments in Rule 144A securities could increase the level of a Fund’s illiquidity.

 

Where an exemption from registration under the 1933 Act is unavailable, or where an institutional market is limited, a Fund may, in certain circumstances, be permitted to require the issuer of restricted securities held by a Fund to file a registration statement to register the resale of such securities under the 1933 Act. In such case, a Fund will typically be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses, and a considerable period may elapse between the decision to sell and the time a Fund may be permitted to resell a security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, or the value of the security were to decline, a Fund might obtain a less favorable price than prevailed when it decided to sell. Restricted securities for which no market exists are priced at fair value pursuant to a methodology approved by the Board.

 

Determination of Liquidity. Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act requires, among other things, that the Fund establish a liquidity risk management program ("LRMP") that is reasonably designed to assess and manage liquidity risk. Rule 22e-4 defines "liquidity risk" as the risk that a fund could not meet requests to redeem shares issued by the fund without significant dilution of the remaining investors' interests in the fund. The Fund has implemented a LRMP to meet the relevant requirements. Additionally, the Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, approved the designation of the Fund's LRMP administrator to administer such program and will review no less frequently than annually a written report prepared by the LRMP administrator that addresses the operation of the LRMP and assesses its adequacy and effectiveness of implementation. Among other things, the LRMP provides for the classification of each Fund investment as a "highly liquid investment," "moderately liquid investment," "less liquid investment" or "illiquid investment." The liquidity risk classifications of the Fund's investments are determined after reasonable inquiry and taking into account relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations. To the extent that a Fund investment is deemed to be an "illiquid investment" or a "less liquid investment," the Fund can expect to be exposed to greater illiquidity risk.

 

G. Investment Company Securities (including Exchange-Traded Funds) and Exchange-Traded Products

 

A Fund at times may invest in shares of other investment companies and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), including open-end funds, closed-end funds, business development companies (“BDCs”), and interests in unit investment trusts. BDCs are a specialized form of closed-end fund that invest generally in small developing companies and financially troubled businesses. BDCs invest in private companies and thinly traded securities of public companies, including debt instruments. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make fully informed investment decisions. Many debt investments in which a BDC may invest will not be rated by a credit rating agency and will be below investment grade quality. Risks faced by BDCs include: competition for limited BDC investment opportunities; the liquidity of a BDC’s private investments; uncertainty as to the value of a BDC’s private investments; risks associated with access to capital and leverage; and reliance on the management of a BDC. A Fund’s investments in BDCs are similar and include portfolio company risk, leverage risk, market and valuation risk, price volatility risk and liquidity risk.

 

A Fund may invest in investment company securities advised by the Fund’s adviser or sub-adviser. Investments in the securities of other investment companies may involve duplication of advisory fees and certain other expenses. By investing in another investment company, a Fund becomes a shareholder of that investment company. As a result, Fund shareholders indirectly will bear a Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses paid by shareholders of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with a Fund’s own operations. These other fees and expenses are reflected as Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses and are included in the Fees and Expenses Table for a Fund in its Prospectus, if applicable. Investment in other investment companies may involve the payment of substantial premiums above the value of such issuer’s portfolio securities.

 

An investment in an ETF generally presents the same primary risks as an investment in a conventional mutual fund (i.e., one that is not exchange-traded) that has the same investment objective, strategies, and policies. The price of an ETF can fluctuate within a wide range, and a Fund could lose money investing in an ETF if the prices of the securities owned by the ETF go down. In addition, because ETFs are traded on an exchange, ETFs are subject to the following risks that do not apply to conventional funds: (1) investments in ETPs are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund; (2) the market price of the ETF’s shares may trade at a discount or premium to their NAV per share; (3) an active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained; and (4) trading of an ETF’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange’s officials deem such action appropriate, the shares are de-listed from the exchange, or the activation of market-wide “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halts stock trading generally.

Under Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act, however, the Fund’s investments in such securities are generally limited to 3% of the outstanding voting stock of any one company, 5% of the Fund’s total assets in any one company, and 10% of the Fund’s total assets in investment companies generally.

 

There are, however, several exceptions to these “3/5/10 limits.” For example, under Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act, the Fund may invest more than 5% of its total assets in another investment company and more than 10% of its total assets among multiple investment companies, provided that it and its affiliates limit their investment in an acquired fund to 3% of the acquired fund’s outstanding voting securities and the investing fund limits any sales load it charges to 1.5%. Further, the investing fund must comply with certain redemption and voting restrictions. The Fund may also rely on Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act to invest in acquired funds, and under Rule 12d1-4, acquired funds themselves may invest up to 10% of their assets in other funds.

 

In addition to investing in other funds, the Fund may invest in exchange-traded products (“ETPs”) other than ETFs, including exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”). ETNs are different from ETFs in that they are not secured by an underlying pool of assets, but rather are notes (or debt securities) secured only by the ability of the issuer to pay. As a result, ETN shares are subject to the same risks described for “Corporate Debt Obligations” herein.

 

The Fund may also invest in ETPs that are neither ETFs nor ETNs. Such ETPs may be organized as commodity pools registered under the Commodity Exchange Act or as grantor trusts. Such ETPs are not registered under the 1940 Act because they invest in, for example, commodities or currencies rather than securities. If a Fund invests in an ETP, including an ETN, it will be subject to substantially similar risks as are discussed above regarding ETFs. Notably, however, the 3/5/10 limits only apply to ETPs that are ETFs. Other types of ETPs are not subject to the 3/5/10 limits. There are, however, other risks associated with investments in ETPs, which, are detailed below in “Taxation - Certain Tax Rules Applicable to the Fund’s Transactions.”

 

H. Master-Feeder

 

A Fund may seek to achieve its investment objective by converting to a master-feeder structure. A fund operating under a master-feeder structure holds, as its only investment, shares of another investment company having substantially the same investment objective and policies. The Board will not authorize conversion to a master-feeder structure if it would materially increase costs to Fund shareholders. The Board will not convert a Fund to a master-feeder structure without notice to the shareholders.

 

I. Temporary Defensive Position and Cash Investments

 

For temporary defensive purposes, or to manage cash pending investment or payout, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its total assets in cash or cash equivalents in money market instruments. The Fund also may invest in money market instruments to increase liquidity or to provide collateral for margin and similar purposes. Such investments typically offer less potential for gain than other types of investments and may prevent a Fund from achieving its investment objective.

 

“Money market instruments” are U.S. government securities and high-quality, short-term debt securities that typically have remaining maturities of one year or less. Securities will be considered “high-quality” if they are rated in one of the two highest short-term rating categories or, if not rated, determined by the Advisor to be of comparable quality. Money market instruments include certain U.S. government and agency securities, short-term corporate securities and commercial paper, bankers’ acceptances and certificates of deposit issued by domestic banks, corporate notes, money market funds and repurchase agreements collateralized by the foregoing.

 

Although money market instruments usually have fixed rates of return, the Fund may invest in money market instruments that have variable or floating rates of interest, such as master demand notes. Master demand notes permit investment of fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest pursuant to a direct arrangement with the issuer of the instrument. The issuer of these obligations often has the right, after a given period, to prepay the outstanding principal amount of the obligations upon a specified number of days’ notice. Generally, these obligations are not traded, nor is there an established secondary market for them. To the extent that a demand note does not have a seven-day or shorter demand feature and there is no readily available market for it, it will be treated by the Fund as an illiquid security.

 

J. Cybersecurity Risk

 

The Funds, and their service providers, may be prone to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of

service attacks on websites, the unauthorized release of confidential information or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber-attacks affecting the Funds or their third-party service providers may adversely impact the Funds. For instance, cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact a Fund’s ability to calculate their NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject a Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes. While the Funds’ service providers have established business continuity plans in the event of, and risk management systems to prevent, such cyber-attacks, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified. Furthermore, the Funds cannot control the cyber security plans and systems put in place by their service providers or any other third parties whose operations may affect a Fund or its shareholders. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issues or securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause a Fund’s investment in such companies to lose value.

 

K. Large Shareholder Transaction Risk

 

The Fund may experience adverse effects when a large shareholder redeems or purchases large amounts of shares of the Fund. Such redemptions may cause the Fund to sell securities at times when it would not otherwise do so, disrupt the Fund’s operations, or borrow money (at a cost to the Fund), which may negatively impact the Fund's performance and liquidity. Similarly, large purchases may adversely affect the Fund’s performance to the extent that the Fund is delayed in investing new cash and is required to maintain a larger cash position than it ordinarily would. These transactions may also accelerate the realization of taxable income to shareholders if such sales of investments resulted in gains, and may also increase transaction costs.

 

L. Market Turbulence

 

The greatest risk of investing in a mutual fund is that its returns will fluctuate, and you could lose money. Turbulence in the financial sector may result in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets. Both domestic and foreign equity markets have experienced significant volatility and turmoil, with issuers that have exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets particularly affected. It is uncertain whether or for how long these conditions could occur.

 

Reduced liquidity in credit and fixed-income markets may adversely affect many issuers worldwide. This reduced liquidity may result in less money being available to purchase raw materials, goods and services from emerging markets, which may, in turn, bring down the prices of these economic staples. It may also result in emerging market issuers having more difficulty obtaining financing, which may, in turn, cause a decline in their stock prices. These events and possible market turbulence may have an adverse effect on the Fund.

 

The financial markets in which the Fund invests are subject to price volatility that could cause losses in a Fund. Market volatility may result from varied predictable and unpredictable factors. The impact of infectious diseases in certain regions or countries may perform better or worse due to the nature or level of their public health response or due to other factors. Health crises caused by infectious diseases may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social and economic risks in certain countries.

 

The impact of epidemics and/or pandemics may affect the economies of many nations, individual companies and the global securities and commodities markets, including their liquidity, in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen at the present time. The impact of any outbreak may last for an extended period of time. Epidemics and pandemics that may arise in the future could result in continued volatility in the financial markets and lead to increased levels of Fund redemptions, which could have a negative impact on the Fund and could adversely affect a Fund’s performance, resulting in losses to your investment.

 

Although interest rates were unusually low in recent years in the U.S. and abroad, recently, the Federal Reserve and certain foreign central banks began to raise interest rates as part of their efforts to address rising inflation. In addition, ongoing inflation pressures from tight labor markets and supply chain disruptions could continue to cause an increase in interest rates and/or negatively impact companies. It is difficult to accurately predict the pace at which interest rates might increase, or the timing, frequency or magnitude of any such increases in interest rates. Additionally, various economic and political factors could cause the Federal Reserve or other foreign central banks to change their approach in the future and such actions may result in an economic slowdown both in the U.S. and abroad. Unexpected increases in interest rates could lead to market volatility or reduce liquidity in certain sectors of the market. Deteriorating economic fundamentals may, in turn, increase the risk of default or insolvency of particular issuers, negatively impact market value, cause credit spreads to widen, and reduce bank balance sheets. Any of these could cause an increase in market volatility or reduce liquidity across various markets. Also, regulators have expressed concern that rate increases may cause investors to sell fixed income securities faster than

the market can absorb them, contributing to price volatility. Over the longer term, rising interest rates may present a greater risk than has historically been the case due to the prior period of relatively low rates and the effect of government fiscal and monetary policy initiatives and potential market reaction to those initiatives, or their alteration or cessation. Historical patterns of correlation among asset classes may break down in unanticipated ways during times of high volatility, disrupting investment programs and potentially causing losses.

 

High public debt in the U.S. and other countries creates ongoing systemic and market risks and policymaking uncertainty. There is no assurance that the U.S. Congress will act to raise the nation’s debt ceiling; a failure to do so could cause market turmoil and substantial investment risks that cannot now be fully predicted. Unexpected political, regulatory and diplomatic events within the U.S. and abroad may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy.

 

In addition, global climate change may have an adverse effect on property and security values. A rise in sea levels, an increase in powerful storms and/or an increase in flooding could cause coastal properties to lose value or become unmarketable altogether. Economists warn that, unlike previous declines in the real estate market, properties in affected coastal zones may never recover their value. Large wildfires have devastated, and in the future may devastate, entire communities and may be very costly to any business found to be responsible for the fire or conducting operations in affected areas. The current U.S. administration may focus regulatory and public works projects around climate change concerns. Regulatory changes and divestment movements tied to concerns about climate change could adversely affect the value of certain land and the viability of industries whose activities or products are seen as accelerating climate change. Losses related to climate change could adversely affect corporate borrowers and mortgage lenders, the value of mortgage-backed securities, the bonds of municipalities that depend on tax revenues and tourist dollars generated by such properties, and insurers of the property and/ or of corporate, municipal or mortgage-backed securities. Since property and security values are driven largely by buyers’ perceptions, it is difficult to know the time period over which these effects might unfold.

 

Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the resulting responses by the United States and other countries, and the potential for wider conflict have had, and could continue to have, severe adverse effects on regional and global economies and could further increase volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets. The United States and other countries have imposed economic sanctions on Russia and certain Russian individuals, banking entities and corporations as a response to its invasion of Ukraine. The United States and other countries have also imposed economic sanctions on Belarus and may impose sanctions on other countries in the future. These sanctions, as well as any other economic consequences related to the invasion, such as additional sanctions, boycotts or changes in consumer or purchaser preferences or cyberattacks on governments, companies or individuals, may further decrease the value and liquidity of certain Russian securities and securities of issuers in other countries that are subject to economic sanctions related to the invasion. To the extent that the Fund has exposure to Russian investments or investments in countries affected by the invasion, the Fund’s ability to price, buy, sell, receive or deliver such investments may be impaired. In addition, any exposure that the Fund may have to counterparties in Russia or in countries affected by the invasion could negatively impact the Fund’s investments. The extent and duration of military actions and the repercussions of such actions (including any retaliatory actions or countermeasures that may be taken by those subject to sanctions) are impossible to predict. Apparently stable systems have experienced and may again experience periods of disruption and/or improbable reversals of policy. These events have resulted in, and could continue to result in, significant market disruptions, a reordering of global relationships, strain on global supply chains, inflation and a slowing of global growth. These and any related events could significantly impact the Fund’s performance and the value of an investment in the Fund beyond any direct exposure the Fund may have to Russian issuers or issuers in other countries directly or indirectly affected by the invasion, the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and/or efforts to reestablish peace in the region, which may have collateral impacts across Europe and globally.

INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS

 

The Trust, on behalf of each Fund, has adopted the following investment policies which are fundamental policies that may not be changed without the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund. “The vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund,” as defined by the 1940 Act, means the vote, at the annual or a special meeting of the security holders of a Fund duly called, (A) of 67 per centum or more of the voting securities present at such meeting, if the holders of more than 50 per centum of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund are present or represented by proxy; or (B) of more than 50 per centum of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund, whichever is the less.

 

The Premier Growth Fund’s investment objective is a fundamental policy and may not be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.

 

The Midcap Growth Fund’s and Small Cap Growth Fund's investment objectives are non-fundamental policies and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.

 

For purposes of the Funds’ investment limitations, all percentage limitations apply immediately after an investment. Except with respect to borrowing money, if a percentage limitation is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in the percentage resulting from any change in value or net assets will not result in a violation of such restrictions. If at any time a Fund’s borrowings exceed its limitations due to a decline in net assets, such borrowings will be reduced within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) to the extent necessary to comply with the limitation. In addition, if the value of a Fund’s holdings of illiquid securities at any time exceeds the percentage limitation applicable at the time of acquisition (15% of net assets) due to subsequent fluctuations in value or other reasons, the Adviser will consider what actions are appropriate to maintain adequate liquidity, such as an orderly disposition of the illiquid securities, to the extent possible. Further, each Fund continuously monitors its holdings in illiquid securities.

 

Fundamental Limitations. The Funds have adopted the following fundamental investment limitations.

 

The Funds may not:

 

1. Borrowing

 

Borrow money if, as a result, outstanding borrowings would exceed an amount equal to 33⅓% of the Fund’s total assets.

 

2. Concentration

 

Solely for the Premier Growth Fund, purchase a security if, as a result, more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry. For purposes of this limitation, there is no limit on: (1) investments in U.S. Government Securities or in repurchase agreements covering U.S. Government Securities, in tax-exempt securities issued by the states, territories or possessions of the United States (“municipal securities”) or in foreign government securities; or (2) investments in issuers domiciled in a single jurisdiction. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the Fund may invest in one or more investment companies provided that the Fund treats the assets of the investment companies in which it invests as its own for purposes of this policy.

 

Solely for the Midcap Growth Fund and Small Cap Growth Fund, purchase a security if, as a result, more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry. For purposes of this limitation, there is no limit on: (1) investments in U.S. Government Securities or in repurchase agreements covering U.S. Government Securities; or (2) investments in issuers domiciled in a single jurisdiction.

 

3. Underwriting Activities

 

Underwrite securities issued by other persons except, to the extent that in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities, the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter.

 

4. Making Loans

 

Make loans to other parties. For purposes of this limitation, entering into repurchase agreements, lending securities and acquiring any debt security are not deemed to be the making of loans.

5. Purchases and Sales of Real Estate

 

Purchase or sell real estate unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments (but this shall not prevent the Fund from investing in securities backed by real estate or securities of companies engaged in the real estate business).

 

6. Purchases and Sales of Commodities

 

Purchase or sell physical commodities unless acquired as the result of ownership of securities or other instruments (but this shall not prevent the Fund from purchasing or selling options and futures contracts or from investing in securities or other instruments backed by physical commodities).

 

7. Issuance of Senior Securities

 

Issue any senior security (as defined in the 1940 Act), except that: (1) the Fund may engage in transactions that may result in the issuance of senior securities to the extent permitted under applicable regulations and interpretations of the 1940 Act or an exemptive order; (2) the Fund may acquire securities to the extent otherwise permitted by its investment policies, the acquisition of which may result in the issuance of a senior security, to the extent permitted under applicable regulations or interpretations of the 1940 Act; and (3) subject to the restrictions set forth above, the Fund may borrow money as authorized by the 1940 Act.

 

8. Diversification

 

With respect to 75% of its assets, purchase a security (other than a U.S. Government Security or a security of an investment company) if, as a result: (1) more than 5% of a Fund’s total assets would be invested in the securities of a single issuer; or (2) a Fund would own more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of a single issuer.

 

With respect to the fundamental policy relating to borrowing money set forth in section (1) above, the 1940 Act permits a Fund to borrow money in amounts of up to 33⅓% of a Fund’s total assets, at the time of borrowing, from banks for any purpose (a Fund’s total assets include the amounts being borrowed). To limit the risks attendant to borrowing, the 1940 Act requires a Fund to maintain at all times an asset coverage of at least 300% of the amount of its borrowings (not including borrowings for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of a Fund’s total assets). In the event that asset coverage falls below this percentage, a Fund is required to reduce the amount of its borrowings within three days (not including Sundays and holidays) so that the asset coverage is restored to at least 300%. Asset coverage means the ratio that the value of a Fund’s total assets (including amounts borrowed), minus liabilities other than borrowings, bears to the aggregate amount of all borrowings.

 

With respect to the fundamental policy relating to making loans set forth in section (4) above, the 1940 Act does not prohibit a Fund from making loans; however, SEC staff interpretations currently prohibit registered investment companies from lending more than one-third of their total assets, except through the purchase of debt obligations.

 

With respect to the fundamental policy relating to investing in real estate set forth in section (5) above, a Fund may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, invest in securities or other instruments directly or indirectly secured by real estate and invest in securities or other instruments issued by issuers that invest in real estate. Investments in securities of issuers that are exposed to or invested in the real estate business will not be deemed to be a purchase or sale of real estate.

 

With respect to the fundamental policy relating to issuing senior securities set forth in section (7) above, “senior securities” are defined as Fund obligations that have a priority over a Fund’s shares with respect to the payment of dividends or the distribution of Fund assets. The 1940 Act prohibits a Fund from issuing any class of senior securities or selling any senior securities of which it is the issuer, except that a Fund is permitted to borrow from a bank if consistent with the fundamental policy set forth in section (1) above.

 

With respect to the fundamental policy relating to concentration set forth in section (2) above, a Fund normally assesses its industry concentration by categorizing its investments by industry as identified by a classification system, such as the Standard Industrial Classification (“SIC”) system or the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) system which categorizes issuers by industry based on the issuers’ primary business activities. No industry within a group of industries may individually represent greater than 25% of the Fund’s total assets.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES, MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE PROVIDERS

 

A. Board of Trustees

 

The Trust is governed by its Board of Trustees (the “Board” or “Trustees”). The Board oversees the management and operations of the Trust and the Funds, in accordance with federal law, Delaware law and the stated policies of the Funds. The Board oversees the Trust’s officers and service providers, including the Adviser, which is responsible for the management of the day-to-day operations of each Fund based on policies and agreements reviewed and approved by the Board. In carrying out these responsibilities, the Board regularly interacts with and receives reports from senior personnel of service providers and the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”). The Board also is assisted by the Trust’s independent auditor (which reports directly to the Trust’s Audit Committee), independent counsel and other experts as appropriate. The Trustees serve until their respective successors have been elected and qualified or until their earlier death, resignation or removal.

 

The fund complex includes the funds advised by D.F. Dent and Company, Inc., which are the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund and DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund (“Fund Complex”). The Funds do not hold themselves out as related to any other series within the Trust for purposes of investment and investor services, nor do they share the same investment adviser with any other series.

 

Board Structure and Related Matters. Independent Trustees constitute at least a majority of the Board members. An Independent Trustee serves as Independent Chair of the Board. The Independent Chair’s responsibilities include: setting an agenda for each meeting of the Board; presiding at all meetings of the Board and Independent Trustees; and serving as a liaison with other Trustees, the Trust’s officers, other management personnel and counsel to the Funds. The Independent Chair also performs such other duties as the Board may from time to time determine.

 

The Trustees discharge their responsibilities collectively as a Board, as well as through Board committees, each of which operates pursuant to a charter or procedures approved by the Board that delineates the specific responsibilities of that committee. The Board has established three standing committees: the Audit Committee, the Nominating Committee and the Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. The members and responsibilities of each Board committee are summarized below.

 

The Board periodically evaluates its structure and composition as well as various aspects of its operations. The Board believes that its leadership structure, including its Independent Chair position and its committees, is appropriate for the Trust in light of, among other factors, the asset size and nature of each Fund, the number of funds overseen by the Board, the arrangements for the conduct of each Fund’s operations, the number of Trustees and the Board’s responsibilities. On an annual basis, the Board conducts a self-evaluation that considers, among other matters, whether the Board and its committees are functioning effectively and whether, given the size and composition of the Board and each of its committees, the Trustees are able to oversee effectively the number of funds.

 

The Board holds four regularly scheduled meetings each year, which are normally expected to be in person. The Board may hold special meetings, as needed, either in person or by telephone, to address matters arising between regular meetings. At least once per quarter, during a regularly scheduled meeting of the Board, the Independent Trustees meet without the presence of interested Trustees.

 

The Trustees are identified in the table below, which provides information as to their principal business occupations held during the last five years and certain other information. Each Trustee serves until his or her death, resignation or removal. The address for all Trustees is c/o Apex Fund Services, 190 Middle Street, Suite 101, Portland, Maine 04101. John Y. Keffer, a former Trustee of the Trust, has been appointed as a Trustee Emeritus by the Board. As Trustee Emeritus, Mr. Keffer will not have a vote with respect to Trust matters; however, Mr. Keffer may attend Board meetings.

Name and Year of Birth	Position with the Trust	Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years	Number of Series in Fund Complex Overseen  By Trustee	Other Directorships Held By Trustee During Past Five Years
Independent Trustees
David Tucker Born: 1958	Trustee; Chairman of the Board	Since 2011 and Chairman since 2018	Director, Blue Sky Experience (a charitable endeavor) since 2008; Senior Vice President & General Counsel, American Century Companies (an investment management firm) 1998-2008.	3	Trustee, Forum Funds II and U.S. Global Investors Funds
Mark D. Moyer Born: 1959	Trustee	Since 2018	Independent consultant providing interim CFO services, principally to non-profit organizations, 2011-2017, and since 2023; Chief Financial Officer, Freedom House (a NGO advocating political freedom and democracy) 2017-2021.	3	Trustee, Forum Funds II and U.S. Global Investors Funds
Jennifer Brown-Strabley Born: 1964	Trustee	Since 2018	Principal, Portland Global Advisors (a registered investment adviser) 1996-2010.	3	Trustee, Forum Funds II and U.S. Global Investors Funds
Interested Trustees(1)
Karen Shaw Born: 1972	Trustee	Since 2023	Senior Vice President, Apex Fund Services since 2019; Senior Vice President, Atlantic Fund Services 2008-2019.	3	Trustee, Forum Funds II and U.S. Global Investors Funds

 

(1)

Karen Shaw is currently an interested person of the Trust, as defined in the 1940 Act, due to her affiliation with Apex Fund Services and her roles as Treasurer and Principal Financial Officer of the Trust.

 

In addition to the information set forth in the table above, each Trustee possesses other relevant qualifications, experience, attributes or skills. The following provides additional information about these qualifications and experience.

 

David Tucker: Mr. Tucker has extensive experience in the investment management industry, including experience in senior management, legal and compliance roles at two large mutual fund complexes; service on various committees of the Investment Company Institute (“ICI”); and director of ICI Mutual (a mutual insurance company sponsored by the investment company industry), including service as chairman of the underwriting, risk and fraud committees of ICI Mutual’s board of directors. Mr. Tucker actively serves charitable organizations in the metropolitan Kansas City area.

 

Mark D. Moyer: Mr. Moyer has extensive experience with finance. He has served as chief financial officer for several non-governmental organizations and a publicly-listed integrated media company. Mr. Moyer also served as an adjunct professor of accounting at Fairfield University.

 

Jennifer Brown-Strabley: Ms. Brown-Strabley has extensive experience in the financial services and investment management industry, including institutional sales experience in global fixed-income and related quantitative research. Ms. Brown-Strabley also has experience in business start-up and operations and as a former principal of a registered investment adviser, for which she continues to provide consulting advice from time to time.

 

Karen Shaw: Ms. Shaw has extensive experience in the fund services industry, including management roles in mutual fund operations, financial and regulatory reporting. Ms. Shaw’s experience also includes testing and implementation, project management and client management. Ms. Shaw has a deep understanding of pooled investment products, including mutual fund governance, operations and reporting.

Risk Oversight. Consistent with its responsibility for oversight of the Trust and the Funds, the Board oversees the management of risks relating to the administration and operation of the Trust and the Funds. The Adviser, as part of its responsibilities for the day-to-day operations of the Funds, is responsible for day-to-day risk management. The Board, in the exercise of its reasonable business judgment, also separately considers potential risks that may impact the Funds. The Board performs this risk management oversight directly and, as to certain matters, through its committees (described below) and through the Independent Trustees. The following provides an overview of the principal, but not all, aspects of the Board’s oversight of risk management for the Trust and the Funds.

 

In general, the Funds’ risks include, among others, investment risk, valuation risk, compliance risk and operational risk. The Board has adopted, and periodically reviews, policies and procedures designed to address these and other risks to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, under the general oversight of the Board, the Adviser and other service providers have themselves adopted a variety of policies, procedures and controls designed to address particular risks. Different processes, procedures and controls are employed with respect to different types of risks. Further, the Adviser oversees and regularly monitors the investments, operations and compliance of each Fund’s investments.

 

The Board also oversees risk management for the Trust and the Funds through review of regular reports, presentations and other information from officers of the Trust and other persons. Senior officers of the Trust, senior officers of the Adviser and the CCO regularly report to the Board on a range of matters, including those relating to risk management. In this regard, the Board periodically receives reports regarding other service providers to the Trust, either directly or through the CCO. On at least a quarterly basis, the Independent Trustees meet with the CCO to discuss matters relating to the Funds’ compliance program. Further, at least annually, the Board receives a report from the CCO regarding the effectiveness of the Funds’ compliance program.

 

The Board has designated the Adviser as the valuation designee pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, and delegated to the Adviser the responsibility for making fair value determinations with respect to the Fund’s portfolio securities. The Adviser, as the valuation designee, is responsible for periodically assessing any material risks associated with the determination of the fair value of the Fund’s investments; establishing and applying fair value methodologies; testing the appropriateness of fair value methodologies; and overseeing and evaluating third-party pricing services. The Adviser, as valuation designee, carries out its fair valuation responsibilities pursuant to and procedures approved by the Board. The Adviser, as valuation designee, reports to the Board on the pricing of the Fund’s shares and the valuation of the Fund’s portfolio securities; recommends independent pricing services to provide a value for Fund assets; makes and monitors fair value determinations pursuant to the valuation policies and procedures; and carries out any other functions designated to the Adviser relating to the valuation of Fund assets.

 

The Board also regularly receives reports from the Adviser with respect to the investments and securities trading of the Funds. For example, typically, the Board receives reports, presentations and other information from the Adviser on at least an annual basis in connection with the Board’s consideration of the renewal of the investment advisory agreement between the Adviser and the Trust on behalf of the Funds (the “Advisory Agreement”). Also, if applicable, the Board receives reports from the Adviser and other service providers in connection with the Board’s consideration of the renewal of any distribution plan of the Funds under Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act. Senior officers of the Trust and senior officers of the Adviser also report regularly to the Audit Committee on valuation matters, internal controls and accounting and financial reporting policies and practices. In addition, the Audit Committee receives regular reports from the Trust’s independent auditors on internal control and financial reporting matters.

 

Trustee Ownership in the Funds and the Fund Complex. The following table sets forth each Trustee’s ownership of the Funds and the Fund Complex as of December 31, 2024.

Trustees	Dollar Range of Beneficial Ownership in the Funds as of December 31, 2024			Aggregate Dollar Range of Ownership as of December 31, 2024 in all Registered Investment Companies Overseen by Trustee in the Fund Complex
	DF Dent Premier Growth Fund	DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund	DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund
Independent Trustees
David Tucker	None	None	None	None
Mark D. Moyer	None	None	None	None
Jennifer Brown-Strabley	None	None	None	None
Interested Trustee
Karen Shaw	None	None	None	None

 

B. Principal Officers of the Trust

 

The officers of the Trust conduct and supervise its daily business. As of the date of this SAI, the officers of the Trust, their years of birth and their principal occupations during the past five calendar years are set forth below. Each officer serves until his or her death, resignation or removal and replacement. The business address of each officer is c/o Apex Fund Services, 190 Middle Street, Suite 101, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

Name and Year of Birth	Position with the Trust	Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During  Past Five Years
Zachary Tackett Born: 1988	President; Principal Executive Officer; Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer; Identity Theft Prevention Officer	President and Principal Executive Officer since 2023; Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Identity Theft Prevention Officer since 2014; Vice President and Secretary, 2014-2023	Senior Counsel, Apex Fund Services since 2019; Counsel, Atlantic Fund Services 2014-2019.
Karen Shaw Born: 1972	Treasurer; Principal Financial Officer	Since 2008	Senior Vice President, Apex Fund Services since 2019; Senior Vice President, Atlantic Fund Services 2008-2019.
Carlyn Edgar Born: 1963	Chief Compliance Officer and Vice President	Chief Compliance Officer 2008-2016 and 2021-current; Vice President since 2008	Senior Vice President, Apex Fund Services since 2019; Senior Vice President, Atlantic Fund Services 2008-2019.
Lindsey Dorval Born: 1981	Vice President; Secretary	Since 2023	Counsel, Apex Funds Services since 2020.

 

C. Ownership of Securities of the Adviser and Related Companies

 

As of December 31, 2024, no Independent Trustee (or any of his or her immediate family members) owned beneficially or of record, securities of any Trust investment adviser, the Trust’s principal underwriter, or any person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with any Trust investment adviser or principal underwriter.

 

D. Information Concerning Trust Committees

 

Audit Committee. The Trust’s Audit Committee, which typically meets quarterly, consists of Messrs.Tucker and Moyer and Ms. Brown-Strabley, constituting all of the Independent Trustees. Pursuant to a charter adopted by the Board, the Audit

Committee assists the Board in fulfilling its responsibility for oversight of the quality and integrity of the accounting, auditing and financial reporting practices of the Trust. It is directly responsible for the appointment, termination, compensation and oversight of work of the independent auditors to the Trust. In so doing, the Audit Committee reviews the methods, scope and results of the audits and audit fees charged and reviews the Trust’s internal accounting procedures and controls. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, the Audit Committee met four times.

 

Nominating Committee. The Trust’s Nominating Committee, which meets when necessary, consists of Messrs.Tucker and Moyer and Ms. Brown-Strabley, constituting all of the Independent Trustees. Pursuant to a charter adopted by the Board, the Nominating Committee is charged with the duty of nominating all Trustees and committee members and presenting these nominations to the Board. The Nominating Committee will not consider any nominees for Trustee recommended by security holders. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, the Nominating Committee did not meet.

 

Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. The Qualified Legal Compliance Committee (the “QLCC”), which meets when necessary, consists of Messrs.Tucker and Moyer and Ms. Brown-Strabley, constituting all of the Independent Trustees. The QLCC evaluates and recommends resolutions to reports from attorneys servicing the Trust regarding evidence of material violations of applicable federal and state law or the breach of fiduciary duties under applicable federal and state law by the Trust or an employee or agent of the Trust. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, the QLCC did not meet.

 

E. Compensation of Trustees and Officers

 

For the year ended December 31, 2024, each Trustee was paid an annual fee of $45,000 for service to the Trust, and the Chairman of the Board was paid an annual fee of $55,000. The Chairman of the Audit Committee was paid an additional annual fee of $2,000. Effective January 1, 2025, each Independent Trustee’s annual retainer is $60,000 ($70,000 for the Chairman), and the Audit Committee Chairman receives an additional $5,000 annually. The Trustees and Chairman may receive additional fees for special Board meetings. Each Trustee is also reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with his or her duties as a Trustee, including travel and related expenses incurred in attending Board meetings. No officer of the Trust is compensated by the Trust, but officers are reimbursed for travel and related expenses incurred in attending Board meetings held outside of Portland, Maine.

 

The following table sets forth the fees paid to each Trustee by the Funds and the Fund Complex for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

 

Trustee	Aggregate Compensation from the Funds			Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as part of Fund Expenses	Total Compensation from Fund Complex
	Premier Growth Fund	Midcap Growth Fund	Small Cap Growth Fund
Independent Trustees
David Tucker	$6,712	$9,375	$6,349	N/A	$22,436
Mark D. Moyer	$5,896	$8,270	$5,570	N/A	$19,736
Jennifer Brown-Strabley	$5,546	$7,777	$5,241	N/A	$18,564
Interested Trustee
Karen Shaw	$0	$0	$0	N/A	$0

 

F. Investment Adviser

 

Services of Adviser. The Adviser serves as investment adviser to the Funds pursuant to the Advisory Agreement. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser furnishes, at its own expense, all services, facilities, and personnel necessary in connection with managing each Fund’s investments and effecting portfolio transactions for each Fund. The Adviser may compensate brokers or other service providers (“Financial Intermediaries”) out of its own assets, and not as additional charges to the Funds, in connection with the sale and distribution of shares of the Funds and/or servicing of these shares.

 

Ownership of Adviser. The Adviser is a privately-owned corporation organized under the laws of Maryland in 1976 and controlled by Daniel F. Dent.

Information Concerning Accounts Managed by Portfolio Managers. The following table provides information regarding other accounts managed by the portfolio managers as of June 30, 2025:

 

Name of Portfolio Manager	Number of Other Accounts Managed and Assets by Account Type			Number of Accounts and Assets for Which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based
	Registered Investment Companies	Other Pooled Investment Vehicles	Other Accounts	Registered Investment Companies	Other Pooled Investment Vehicles	Other Accounts
Matthew F. Dent	None	2 accounts $155.5 million	88 accounts $471.4 million	None	None	None
Bruce L. Kennedy, II	None	2 accounts $164.6 million	8 accounts $8.6 million	None	None	None
Gary Wu	1 account $18.9 million	1 account $9.9 million	3 accounts $2.7 million	None	None	None
Patrick X. Halloran	None	None	None	None	None	None
Jimish P. Gandhi	None	None	None	None	None	None
Brady M. Cox	1 account $18.9 million	1 account $9.9 million	None	None	None	None

 

Conflicts of Interest. Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to more than one fund or other account. More specifically, portfolio managers who manage multiple funds and/or other accounts may be presented with the following conflicts:

 

●

The management of multiple client accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each Fund. The Adviser may seek to manage such competing interests for the time and attention of the portfolio managers by having the portfolio managers focus on a particular investment discipline.

 

●

If a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity which may be suitable for more than one account, the Funds may be unable to take full advantage of that opportunity due to an allocation of filled purchase or sale orders across all eligible accounts. To deal with these situations, the Adviser has adopted procedures for allocating portfolio transactions across multiple accounts.

 

●

With respect to securities transactions for the Fund, the Adviser determines which broker to use to execute each order, consistent with its duty to seek best execution of the transaction. However, with respect to certain other accounts (such as other pooled investment vehicles that are not registered mutual funds and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals), the Adviser may be limited by the client with respect to the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades through a particular broker. In these cases, the Adviser may place separate, non-simultaneous transactions for the Fund and another account which may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment of the Fund or the other account.

 

●

Finally, the appearance of a conflict of interest may arise if the Adviser has an incentive, such as a performance-based management fee, which relates to the management of one fund or account but not all funds and accounts with respect to which a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities.

 

The Adviser has adopted certain compliance procedures, which are designed to address these types of conflicts. The Adviser has developed and implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure that all clients are treated equitably. In addition, compliance oversight and monitoring ensures adherence to policies designed to avoid conflicts. The Adviser’s policies and procedures address trade aggregation and allocation. Additionally, given the nature of the Adviser’s investment process and its Funds and/or other accounts, the Adviser’s investment management team services are typically applied collectively to the management of all the funds and/or other accounts following the same strategy.

 

Compensation of the Adviser’s portfolio managers is not based upon performance of the Funds managed by the Adviser. Fund performance is not a factor in compensation as it might encourage investment decisions deviating from the Fund’s

 

mandate. To mitigate the potential for conflict to have a team member favor one Fund over another Fund and/or other account, the Adviser has established procedures, including policies to monitor trading and best execution for all funds and/or other accounts.

 

There is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises.

 

Information Concerning Compensation of Portfolio Managers. For the period ended June 30, 2025, Mr. Dent was compensated by the Adviser based on a fixed base salary plus a bonus. This bonus was based on Mr. Dent’s equity participation in the ownership of the Adviser and also on the overall profitability of the Adviser based on assets under management.

 

For the period ended June 30, 2025, Matthew F. Dent, Bruce L. Kennedy, II, Gary Wu, Patrick X. Halloran, Jimish P. Gandi and Brady M. Cox were compensated by the Adviser based on a fixed salary plus a bonus based on calendar year total job performance, which may factor in the pre-tax performance of the Funds, paid at calendar year end.

 

Portfolio Manager Ownership in the Funds. The Adviser has provided the following information regarding each portfolio manager’s ownership in the Funds as of June 30, 2025:

 

Portfolio Manager	Dollar Range of Beneficial Ownership in the Fund  as of June 30, 2025
Premier Growth Fund
Matthew F. Dent	Over $1,000,000
Patrick X. Halloran	None
Midcap Growth Fund
Matthew F. Dent	Over $1,000,000
Bruce L. Kennedy, II	$100,001-$500,000
Jimish P. Gandhi	None
Small Cap Growth Fund
Matthew F. Dent	Over $1,000,000
Gary Wu	$100,001-$500,000
Brady M. Cox	$100,001-$500,000

 

Fees. The Adviser receives an advisory fee from the Funds at an annual rate equal to 0.99% of the average annual daily net assets of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, 0.75% of the average annual daily net assets of the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund, and 0.85% of the average annual daily net assets of the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund under the terms of the Advisory Agreement. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive its fee and/or reimburse Fund expenses to limit the Fund’s Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) of the DF Dent Premier Growth Fund to 0.99% through October 31, 2026 (“Expense Cap”). The Adviser has also contractually agreed to waive its fee and/or reimburse Fund expenses to limit Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement (excluding all taxes, interest, portfolio transaction expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) of the Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares of the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund to 0.98%, 0.85% and 0.79% respectively, and the Investor Shares, Institutional Shares and Institutional Plus Shares of the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund to 1.05%, 0.95% and 0.85%, respectively, through October 31, 2026 The Expense Cap may only be raised or eliminated with the consent of the Board of Trustees. The Adviser may recoup from the Fund fees waived and expenses reimbursed by the Adviser pursuant to the Expense Cap if such recoupment is made within three years of the fee waiver or expense reimbursement and does not cause the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement of each Fund (i.e., after the recoupment has been taken into account) to exceed the lesser of (i) the then-current expense cap and (ii) the expense cap in place at the time the fees/expenses were waived or reimbursed. Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses will increase if exclusions from the Expense Cap apply.

 

The advisory fee, if not waived, is accrued daily and paid quarterly by each Fund and is assessed based on the daily net assets of the Fund. In addition to receiving its advisory fee from the Funds, the Adviser may also act and be compensated as an investment manager for its clients with respect to assets that such clients have invested in a Fund. If you have a separately

managed account with the Adviser with assets invested in a Fund, the Adviser will not assess or receive any management fee on the portion of the separately managed account invested in the Fund.

 

Table 1 in Appendix B shows the dollar amount of advisory fees accrued by each Fund, the amount of advisory fees waived and/or expenses reimbursed by the Adviser, if any, and the actual advisory fees retained by the Adviser. The data provided is for the last three fiscal years.

 

Advisory Agreement. The Funds’ Advisory Agreement remains in effect for an initial period of two years from the date of its effectiveness, and thereafter the Advisory Agreement must be approved at least annually by the Board or by majority vote of the shareholders, and in either case by a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or interested persons of any such party (other than as Trustees of the Trust).

 

The Advisory Agreement is terminable without penalty by the Trust with respect to the Funds on 60 days’ written notice when authorized either by vote of the Funds’ shareholders or by a majority vote of the Board, or by the Adviser on 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. The Advisory Agreement terminates immediately upon assignment.

 

The Adviser is not affiliated with Apex or any company affiliated with Apex.

 

Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is not liable for any error of judgment, mistake of law, or in any event whatsoever except for willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence or reckless disregard in the performance of its duties or by reason of reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the Advisory Agreement.

 

G. Distributor

 

Distribution Services. Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Foreside Financial Group, LLC (d/b/a ACA Group), located at 190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, Maine 04101, acts as the agent of the Trust in connection with the continuous offering of Fund shares pursuant to a Distribution Agreement with the Trust. The Distributor is a registered broker-dealer and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). The Distributor is not affiliated with the Adviser or any other service provider for the Trust.

 

The Distributor continually distributes shares of the Funds on a reasonable efforts basis. The Distributor has no obligation to sell any specific quantity of Fund shares. The Distributor and its officers have no role in determining the investment policies or which securities are to be purchased or sold by the Trust.

 

The Distributor may enter into agreements with selected broker-dealers, banks or other financial intermediaries for distribution of shares of the Funds. With respect to certain financial intermediaries and related fund “supermarket” platform arrangements, the Funds and/or the Adviser, rather than the Distributor, typically enters into such agreements. These financial intermediaries may charge a fee for their services and may receive shareholder service or other fees from parties other than the Distributor. These financial intermediaries may otherwise act as processing agents and are responsible for promptly transmitting purchase, redemption and other requests to the Funds.

 

Investors who purchase shares through financial intermediaries will be subject to the procedures of those intermediaries through which they purchase shares, which may include charges, investment minimums, cutoff times and other restrictions in addition to, or different from, those listed herein. Information concerning any charges or services will be provided to investors by the financial intermediary through which they purchase shares. Investors purchasing shares of the Funds through financial intermediaries should acquaint themselves with their financial intermediary’s procedures and should read the Prospectus in conjunction with any materials and information provided by their financial intermediary. The financial intermediary, and not the investors, will be the shareholder of record, although investors may have the right to vote shares depending upon their arrangement with the intermediary. The Funds do not have a distribution (12b-1) plan; accordingly, the Distributor does not receive compensation from the Funds for its distribution (12b-1) services. The Adviser pays the Distributor a fee from the Adviser’s own resources for certain distribution-related services.

 

H. Other Fund Service Providers

 

Administrator, Fund Accountant, Transfer Agent, and Compliance Services. Apex and its subsidiaries provide administration, compliance, fund accounting and transfer agency services to the Funds. Apex is a wholly owned subsidiary of Apex US Holdings LLC.

Pursuant to a Services Agreement (the “Services Agreement”) with Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services), each Fund pays Apex a bundled fee for administration, compliance, fund accounting and transfer agency services. Each Fund also pays Apex certain surcharges and shareholder account fees. The fee is accrued daily by the Funds and is paid monthly based on the average net assets, transactions and positions for the prior month.

 

The Services Agreement continues in effect until terminated, so long as its continuance is specifically approved or ratified with such frequency and in such manner required by applicable law. After an initial three-year term, the Services Agreement is terminable with or without cause and without penalty by the Trust or Apex Fund Services on 120 days’ written notice to the other party. The Services Agreement is also terminable for cause by the non-breaching party on at least 60 days’ written notice to the other party, provided that the other party has not cured the breach within that notice period. Under the Services Agreement, Apex is not liable to the Funds or the Funds’ shareholders for any act or omission, except for willful misfeasance, bad faith or negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the Services Agreement. The Services Agreement also provides that Apex will not be liable to a shareholder for any loss incurred due to a NAV difference if that difference is less than or equal to 0.5% or less than or equal to $25.00 per shareholder account, and in addition, limits the amount of any loss for which Apex Fund Services would be liable. Also, Apex Fund Services is not liable for the errors and omissions of others, including the entities that supply security prices to Apex Fund Services and the Funds. Losses incurred by the Funds as a result of acts or omissions by Apex Fund Services or any other service provider for which Apex Fund Services or the service provider is not liable to the Funds would be borne through the Funds by their shareholders.

 

As Administrator, Apex administers each Fund’s operations except those that are the responsibility of any other service provider hired by the Trust, all in the manner and to the extent as may be authorized by the Board. The Administrator’s responsibilities include, but are not limited to: (1) overseeing the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to the Funds by others, including its custodian, transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent as well as legal, auditing, shareholder servicing and other services performed for the Funds; (2) preparing for filing and filing certain regulatory filings (i.e., registration statements and shareholder reports) subject to Trust counsel and/or independent auditor oversight; (3) overseeing the preparation and filing of each Fund’s tax returns, and the preparation of financial statements and related reports to each Fund’s shareholders, the SEC and state and other securities administrators; (4) providing the Funds with adequate general office space and facilities and providing persons suitable to the Board to serve as officers of the Trust; (5) assisting the Adviser in monitoring Fund holdings for compliance with prospectus investment restrictions and assisting in preparation of periodic compliance reports; and (6) with the cooperation of the Adviser, the officers of the Trust and other relevant parties, preparing and disseminating materials for meetings of the Board.

 

Apex provides a Principal Executive Officer, a Principal Financial Officer, the CCO, and an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer to the Funds, as well as certain additional compliance support functions.

 

Atlantic Shareholder Services, LLC, 190 Middle Street, Suite 101, Portland, Maine 04101 (the “Transfer Agent”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Apex US Holdings LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services), serves as transfer agent and distribution paying agent for the Funds. The Transfer Agent is registered as a transfer agent with the SEC. The Transfer Agent maintains an account for each shareholder of record of each Fund and is responsible for processing purchase and redemption requests and paying distributions to shareholders of record.

 

As Fund accountant, Apex provides fund accounting services to the Funds. These services include calculating the NAV of each Fund.

 

Table 2 in Appendix B shows the dollar amount of the fees accrued by each Fund for administration services, the amount of fees waived by Apex, if any, and the actual fees retained by Apex under the Services Agreement. The data provided is for the last three fiscal years.

 

Custodian. U.S. Bank, N.A. (the “Custodian”) is the custodian for the Funds. The Custodian safeguards and controls the Funds’ cash and securities, determines income and collects interest on Fund investments. The Custodian may employ subcustodians to provide custody of the Funds’ domestic and foreign assets. The Custodian also maintains certain books and records of the Fund that are required by applicable federal regulations. The Custodian is located at 1155 N. Rivercenter Dr., MK-WI-S302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212.

 

Legal Counsel. K&L Gates LLP, 1601 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.

 

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Cohen & Company, Ltd. (“Cohen & Co”), 1835 Market Street, Suite 310, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, is the independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. Cohen & Co

audits the annual financial statements of the Funds, provides the Funds with an audit opinion and reviews certain regulatory filings of the Funds. Cohen & Co Advisory, LLC, an affiliate of Cohen & Co, provides tax services as requested.

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS

 

A. How Securities are Purchased and Sold

 

Purchases and sales of portfolio securities that are fixed-income securities (for instance, money market instruments and bonds, notes and bills) usually are principal transactions. In a principal transaction, the party from which a Fund purchases or to which a Fund sells is acting on its own behalf (and not as the agent of some other party such as its customers). These securities normally are purchased directly from the issuer or from an underwriter or market maker for the securities. There usually are no brokerage commissions paid for these securities.

 

Purchases and sales of portfolio securities that are equity securities (for instance, common stock and preferred stock) are generally effected if (1) the security is traded on an exchange, through brokers that charge commissions and (2) the security is traded in the over-the-counter markets, in a principal transaction directly from a market maker. In transactions on stock exchanges, commissions are negotiated.

 

When transactions are executed in an over-the-counter market, the Adviser will seek to deal with the primary market makers, but when necessary in order to obtain best execution, the Adviser will utilize the services of others.

 

The price of securities purchased from underwriters includes a disclosed fixed commission or concession paid by the issuer to the underwriter, and prices of securities purchased from dealers serving as market makers reflect the spread between the bid and asked price.

 

In the case of fixed-income and equity securities traded in the over-the-counter markets, there is generally no stated commission, but the price usually includes an undisclosed commission, markup or markdown.

 

B. Commissions Paid

 

Table 3 in Appendix B shows the dollar amount of the aggregate brokerage commissions paid by each Fund; the amount of commissions paid to an affiliate of each Fund, the Adviser or the Distributor; the percentage of brokerage commissions paid to an affiliate of each Fund, the Adviser or the Distributor; and the percentage of transactions executed by an affiliate of each Fund, the Adviser or the Distributor. The data provided is for the last three fiscal years.

 

C. Adviser Responsibility for Purchases and Sales and Choosing Broker-Dealers

 

The Adviser places orders for the purchase and sale of securities with broker-dealers selected by and at the discretion of the Adviser. The Funds do not have any obligation to deal with a specific broker or dealer in the execution of portfolio transactions. Allocations of transactions to brokers and dealers and the frequency of transactions are determined by the Adviser in its best judgment and in a manner deemed to be in the best interest of each Fund rather than by any formula.

 

The Adviser seeks “best execution” for all portfolio transactions. This means that the Adviser seeks the most favorable price and execution available. The Funds may not always pay the lowest commission or spread available. Rather, in determining the amount of commissions (including certain dealer spreads) paid in connection with securities transactions, the Adviser takes into account factors such as the size of the order, the difficulty of execution, the efficiency of the executing broker’s facilities (including the research services described below) and any risk assumed by the executing broker-dealer. A Fund may pay a higher commission if, for example, the broker-dealer has specific expertise in a particular type of transaction (due to factors such as size or difficulty) or is highly efficient in trade execution.

 

The Adviser may also give consideration to brokerage and research services furnished to the Adviser by broker-dealers and may cause a Fund to pay these broker-dealers a higher commission or spread than may be charged by other broker-dealers. Research services may include reports that are common in the industry, such as research reports and periodicals, quotation systems, software for portfolio management and formal databases. Typically, the Adviser uses the research to manage all client accounts. Therefore, the commission dollars spent for research generally benefit all of the Adviser’s clients and a Fund’s investors, although a particular client may not benefit from research received on each occasion. The Adviser does not reduce its fees because the Adviser receives research.

 

Table 4 in Appendix B lists each Fund’s directed brokerage in return for research services, the amount of transactions so directed, and the amount of commissions earned by the broker-dealer during the past fiscal year.

D. Counterparty Risk

 

The Adviser monitors the creditworthiness of counterparties to the Funds’ transactions and intends to enter into a transaction only when it believes that the counterparty presents appropriate credit risks.

 

E. Transactions through Affiliates

 

The Adviser may effect brokerage transactions through affiliates of the Adviser (or affiliates of those persons) pursuant to procedures adopted by the Trust and in accordance with applicable law.

 

F. Other Accounts of the Adviser

 

Investment decisions for each Fund are made independently from those for any other account or investment company that is or may in the future become advised by the Adviser or its affiliates. Investment decisions are the product of many factors, including basic suitability for the particular client involved. Likewise, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain clients even though it could have been bought or sold for other clients at the same time. In some instances, with any required consent, one client may sell a particular security to another client. At times, two or more clients may simultaneously purchase or sell the same security, in which event each day’s transactions in such security are, insofar as is possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such clients in a manner which, in the Adviser’s opinion, is in the best interest of the affected accounts and is equitable to each and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each. There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of a portfolio security for one client could have an adverse effect on another client that has a position in that security. In addition, when purchases or sales of the same security for a Fund and other client accounts managed by the Adviser occur contemporaneously, the purchase or sale orders may be aggregated in order to obtain any price advantages available to large denomination purchases or sales.

 

G. Portfolio Turnover

 

The frequency of portfolio transactions of each Fund (the portfolio turnover rate) will vary from year to year depending on many factors. From time to time, a Fund may engage in active short-term trading to take advantage of price movements affecting individual issues, groups of issues or markets. Higher portfolio turnover rates may result in increased brokerage costs to a Fund and a possible increase in short-term capital gains (taxable to shareholders as ordinary income when distributed to them) or losses. An annual portfolio turnover rate of 100% would occur if all the securities in a Fund were replaced once in a period of one year.

 

Portfolio turnover rate is defined under the rules of the SEC as the value of the securities purchased or securities sold, excluding all securities whose maturities at time of acquisition were one year or less, divided by the average monthly value of such securities owned during the year. Based on this definition, instruments with remaining maturities of less than one year, are excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover rate.

 

H. Securities of Regular Broker-Dealers

 

From time to time the Funds may acquire and hold securities issued by its “regular brokers and dealers” or the parents of those brokers and dealers. For this purpose, regular brokers and dealers are the ten brokers or dealers that: (1) received the greatest amount of brokerage commissions during a Fund’s last fiscal year; (2) engaged in the largest amount of principal transactions for portfolio transactions of a Fund during the Fund’s last fiscal year; or (3) sold the largest amount of a Fund’s shares during the Fund’s last fiscal year.

 

Table 5 in Appendix B lists the regular brokers and dealers of each Fund whose securities (or the securities of the parent company) were acquired during the past fiscal year and the aggregate value of each Fund’s holdings of those securities as of the Fund’s most recent fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

 

I. Portfolio Holdings

 

Portfolio holdings as of the end of the Funds’ annual and semi-annual fiscal periods are reported to the SEC on Form N-CSR within 10 days of the mailing of the annual or semi-annual report (typically no later than 70 days after the end of each period). Monthly portfolio disclosures will be filed with the SEC on Form N-PORT no later than 60 days after the end of each fiscal quarter. The monthly holdings reports on Form N-PORT for the first and second months of the fiscal quarter will remain nonpublic and the monthly holdings report for the third month of the fiscal quarter will become publicly available upon filing (with the exception of certain items). You may request a copy of the Funds’ latest annual or semi-annual report to shareholders or a copy of the Funds’ latest Form N-PORT, when it is available, which contains each Funds’ portfolio

holdings, by contacting the Transfer Agent at the address or phone number listed on the cover of this SAI. You may also obtain a copy of the Funds’ latest Form N-CSR and Form N-PORT by accessing the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

 

In addition, the Adviser may make publicly available, on a quarterly basis, information regarding each Fund’s top five holdings (including name and percentage of the Fund's assets invested in each such holding). This holdings information may also be made available through the Adviser’s website and may be released no later than 10 days of the quarter end.

 

Each Fund’s nonpublic portfolio holdings information is received by certain service providers in advance of public release in the course of performing or enabling them to perform the contractual or fiduciary duties necessary for the Fund’s operations that the Fund has retained them to perform so long as the disclosure is subject to duties of confidentiality imposed by law and/or contract as determined by each Fund’s officers and, if applicable, the Board. Each Fund’s portfolio holdings are available in real-time on a daily basis to the Adviser, the Administrator and the Custodian. In addition, the Distributor, the independent auditors, proxy voting services, mailing services, financial printers and ratings or ranking organizations may have access, but not on a daily real-time basis, to each Fund’s nonpublic portfolio holdings information on an ongoing basis. The Trustees, Trust’s officers, legal counsel to the Trust and to the Independent Trustees and the Funds’ independent registered public accounting firm may receive similar information on an as needed basis.

 

From time to time, nonpublic information regarding a Fund’s portfolio holdings may also be disclosed to certain mutual fund consultants, analysts or other entities or persons (“Recipients”) that have a legitimate business purpose in receiving such information. Any disclosure of information more current than the latest publicly available portfolio holdings information will be made only if a Trust officer determines that: (1) the more current information is necessary for a Recipient to complete a specified task; (2) the Fund has legitimate business purposes for disclosing the information; and (3) the disclosure is in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders. Any Recipient receiving such information will be required to agree in writing to: (a) keep the information confidential; (b) use it only for agreed-upon purposes; and (c) not trade or advise others to trade securities, including shares of the Fund, on the basis of the information. Confidentiality agreements entered into for the receipt of nonpublic information typically will also provide, among other things, that the Recipient: (i) will limit access to the information to its employees and agents who are obligated to keep and treat such information as confidential; (ii) will assume responsibility for any breach of the terms of the confidentiality agreement by its employees; and (iii) upon request from the Trust, will return or promptly destroy the information. Any Recipient that is a ratings or ranking organization receiving such information must have in place control mechanisms to reasonably ensure or otherwise agree that: (x) the holdings information will be kept confidential; (y) no employee will use the information to effect trading or for their personal benefit; and (z) the nature and type of information that any employee, in turn, may disclose to third-parties is limited. The Trust officer will report to the Board at its next regularly scheduled Board meeting the entering into of an agreement with a Recipient for the disclosure of nonpublic portfolio holdings information and will include in the report the Trust officer’s reasons for determining to permit such disclosure.

 

The Adviser may provide investment management for accounts of clients other than the Funds, which may result in some of those accounts having a composition substantially similar to that of the Funds. The Adviser and its affiliates may provide regular information to clients and others regarding the holdings in accounts that each manages, but no information is provided to clients or others that identifies the actual composition of a Fund’s holdings, specifies the amount of a Fund’s assets invested in a security or specifies the extent of any such similarities among accounts managed by the Adviser.

 

No compensation is received by the Funds, or, to the Funds’ knowledge, paid to the Adviser or any other party in connection with the disclosure of the Funds’ portfolio holdings. The codes of ethics of the Trust and the Adviser are intended to address, among other things, potential conflicts of interest arising from the misuse of information concerning a Fund’s portfolio holdings. In addition, the Funds’ service providers may be subject to confidentiality provisions contained within their service agreements, codes of ethics, professional codes and other similar policies that address conflicts of interest arising from the misuse of this information.

 

The Adviser, the Administrator and the Distributor must inform a Trust officer if they identify any conflict between the interests of shareholders and those of another party resulting from the disclosure of nonpublic portfolio holdings information. These conflicts will be reported to the Board for appropriate action at its next regularly scheduled meeting.

 

There is no assurance that the Funds’ portfolio holdings disclosure policy will protect the Funds against potential misuse of holdings information by individuals or firms in possession of that information.

PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION

 

A. General Information

 

You may effect purchases or redemptions or request any shareholder privilege by contacting the Transfer Agent.

 

Each Fund accepts orders for the purchase or redemption of shares of the Fund on any weekday except days when the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is closed. Under unusual circumstances, a Fund may accept orders when the NYSE is closed if deemed appropriate by the Trust’s officers.

 

The shares of the Funds may not be available for sale in the state in which you reside. Please check with your investment professional to determine each Fund’s availability.

 

B. Additional Purchase Information

 

Shares of each Fund are offered on a continuous basis by the Distributor.

 

Each Fund reserves the right to refuse any purchase request.

 

Fund shares are normally issued for cash only. In its discretion, a Fund may accept portfolio securities that meet the investment objective and policies of the Fund as payment for Fund shares. A Fund may allow an in kind purchase provided that, among other things: (i) the purchase will not dilute the interests of its shareholders; (ii) the assets accepted by each Fund consist of securities that are appropriate, in type and amount, for investment by each Fund in light of its investment objective and policies and current holdings; (iii) market quotations are readily available for the securities; (iv) in determining the value of the assets contributed and the corresponding amount of shares issued, the Trust’s Valuation Policy will be applied; (v) the transaction must comply with the Trust’s Affiliated Persons and Transactions Policy if the person investing is an affiliated person; and (vi) the Adviser to each Fund discloses to the Board the existence of, and all material facts relating to, any conflicts of interest between the Adviser and each Fund in the proposed in-kind purchase.

 

IRAs. All contributions into an individual retirement account (an “IRA”) through the automatic investing service are treated as IRA contributions made during the year that the contribution is received.

 

UGMAs/UTMAs. If the custodian’s name is not in the account registration of a gift or transfer to minor (“UGMA/UTMA”) account, the custodian must provide instructions in a manner indicating custodial capacity.

 

C. Additional Redemption Information

 

You may redeem Fund shares at NAV.

 

Each Fund may reverse a transaction for the purchase of Fund shares within two business days of notification from your bank that your funds did not clear (1) to collect any charge relating to transactions effected for the benefit of a shareholder that is applicable to the Fund’s shares as provided in the Prospectus or (2) to recoup any actual losses incurred by the Fund or the Transfer Agent in connection with any reversed transaction.

 

Suspension of Right of Redemption. The right of redemption may not be suspended for more than seven days after the tender of Fund shares, except for any period during which: (1) the NYSE is closed (other than customary weekend and holiday closings) or during which the SEC determines that trading thereon is restricted; (2) an emergency (as determined by the SEC) exists as a result of which disposal by a Fund of its securities is not reasonably practicable or as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for the Fund fairly to determine the value of its net assets; or (3) the SEC has entered a suspension order for the protection of the shareholders of the Fund.

 

Redemption in Kind. Redemption proceeds normally are paid in cash. The Trust has filed an election with the SEC, however, pursuant to which a Fund may effect a redemption in portfolio securities at the shareholder’s request or if the shareholder is redeeming more than $250,000 or 1% of the Fund’s total net assets, whichever is less, during any 90-day period. To the extent a Fund satisfies a redemption request by distributing portfolio securities, it will do so pursuant to procedures adopted by the Board. If a Fund pays redemption proceeds in kind, the redeeming shareholder may incur transaction costs to dispose of the securities and may receive less for them than the price at which they were valued for purposes of redemption. In addition, if the Fund redeems shares in this manner, the shareholder assumes the risk of a subsequent change in the market value of those securities, the costs of liquidating the securities (such as brokerage costs)

and the possibility of a lack of a liquid market for those securities. In-kind redemptions may take the form of a pro rata portion of the Fund’s portfolio, individual securities, or a representative basket of securities.

 

NAV Determination. The offering price for Fund shares is at their current NAV. In determining the NAV of each Fund class, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value using the last reported sales price or the official closing price from the primary exchange where the security is listed, as provided by an independent pricing service or, if no sales price is reported, the mean of the last bid and ask prices. If market quotations are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, then securities are valued at fair value, as determined by the Adviser, in its capacity as the valuation designee. For further information, see the “General Information” section in the Prospectus.

 

Distributions. Distributions of net investment income will be reinvested at the NAV of the Fund (unless you elect to receive distributions in cash) as of the last day of the period with respect to which the distribution is paid. Distributions of net realized capital gains will be reinvested at the NAV of the Fund (unless you elect to receive distributions in cash) on the payment date for the distribution. Cash payments may be made more than seven days following the date on which distributions would otherwise be reinvested.

TAXATION

 

The tax information set forth in the Prospectus and in this section relates solely to federal tax law and assumes that a Fund qualifies for treatment as a RIC (as discussed below). This information is only a summary of certain key federal income tax considerations affecting a Fund and its shareholders and is in addition to the tax information provided in the Prospectus. No attempt has been made to present a complete explanation of the federal tax treatment of the Funds or the tax implications to shareholders. The discussions here and in the Prospectus are not intended as substitutes for careful tax planning.

 

This “Taxation” section is based on the IRC, the regulations thereunder, IRS interpretations and similar authority on which a Fund may rely, all as in effect on the date hereof, as well as on court decisions publicly available through that date. Future legislative, regulatory, or administrative changes or court decisions may significantly change the tax rules applicable to a Fund and its shareholders. Any of these changes or court decisions may have a retroactive effect.

 

Each investor should consult his or her own tax advisor as to the federal, state, local, and foreign tax provisions applicable to the investor.

 

A. Qualification for Treatment as a Regulated Investment Company

 

Each Fund intends, for each taxable year, to continue to qualify for treatment as a RIC. This qualification does not involve governmental supervision of management or investment practices or policies of the Funds.

 

The taxable year-end of the Funds is June 30, which is the same as their fiscal year-end.

 

Consequences of Qualification. As a RIC, a Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on the portion of its investment company taxable income (generally, interest, dividends, other ordinary income, the excess of net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss, and net gains and losses from certain foreign currency transactions, net of expenses, all determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid) and net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss) that it distributes to its shareholders. To qualify to be taxed as a RIC for a taxable year, a Fund must satisfy the following requirements, among others:

 

The Fund must distribute at least the sum of 90% of its investment company taxable income plus 90% of its net interest income excludable from gross income under IRC Section 103(a) for the taxable year (“Distribution Requirement”). Certain distributions made by the Fund after the close of its taxable year are considered distributions attributable to that taxable year for purposes of satisfying this requirement.

 

The Fund must derive at least 90% of its gross income for the taxable year from (1) dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including gains from options) derived from its business of investing in securities or those currencies and (2) net income from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (“QPTP”) (income described in (1) and (2), collectively “Qualifying Income”) (“Gross Income Requirement”). A QPTP is defined as a “publicly traded partnership” (generally, a partnership the interests in which are “traded on an established securities market” or are “readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof)”) that meets certain qualifying income but derives less than 90% of its gross income from sources described in clause (1).

 

The Fund must satisfy the following asset diversification requirements (“Diversification Requirements”) at the close of each quarter of its taxable year: (1) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must consist of cash and cash items, Government securities, securities of other RICs, and securities of other issuers, with these other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount that does not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities (equity securities of a QPTP being considered voting securities for these purposes); and (2) no more than 25% of the value of its total assets may be invested in (a) the securities of any one issuer (other than Government securities and securities of other RICs), (b) the securities (other than securities of other RICs) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls (by owning 20% or more of their voting power) and that are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (c) the securities of one or more QPTPs.

 

Failure to Qualify. If for any taxable year a Fund does not qualify for treatment as a RIC, either (1) by failing to satisfy the Distribution Requirement, even if it satisfied the Gross Income Requirement and the Diversification Requirements, or (2) by failing to satisfy the Gross Income Requirement and/or either Diversification Requirement and being unable, or determining not, to cure the failure in the manner described in the next two paragraphs, then for federal income tax purposes all of its taxable income (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for

dividends paid to its shareholders. In addition, for those purposes the dividends would be taxable to the shareholders as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, except that, for (a) individual and certain other non-corporate shareholders (each, an “individual shareholder”), the part thereof that is “qualified dividend income” would be subject to federal income tax at the rates for net capital gain, which are a maximum of 15% for a non-corporate shareholder with taxable income not exceeding certain thresholds (which will be adjusted for inflation annually) and 20% for non-corporate shareholders with taxable income exceeding such thresholds, and (b) those dividends would be eligible for the dividends-received deduction available to corporations under certain circumstances. Furthermore, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying for RIC treatment.

 

If a Fund fails to satisfy the Gross Income Requirement for any taxable year, it nevertheless will be considered to have satisfied that requirement for that year if, among other things, the failure “is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect” and the Fund pays a tax in an amount equal to the excess of its gross income that is not Qualifying Income over one-ninth of its gross income that is Qualifying Income.

 

If a Fund satisfies both Diversification Requirements at the close of its first quarter of its first taxable year, but fails to satisfy either Diversification Requirement at the close of any subsequent taxable year quarter by reason of a discrepancy existing immediately after its acquisition of any security that is wholly or partly the result of that acquisition during that quarter, it will not lose its status for that quarter as a RIC if the discrepancy is eliminated within 30 days after the quarter’s close. If a Fund fails to satisfy either or both Diversification Requirement(s) (other than a de minimis failure, as described in the IRC) for a quarter and the preceding sentence does not apply, it nevertheless will be considered to have satisfied those requirements for that quarter if, among other things, the failure “is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect” and the Fund disposes of the assets that caused the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure in the manner prescribed by the IRS. In that case, the Fund will also be liable for a federal tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the amount determined by multiplying the net income generated by those assets for the period from the date the failure occurs to the date of disposition thereof by the highest rate of federal income tax applicable to corporations (currently 21%).

 

Failure to qualify for treatment as a RIC would thus have a negative impact on a Fund’s after-tax performance. It is possible that a Fund will not qualify as a RIC in any given taxable year.

 

B. Fund Distributions

 

Each Fund anticipates distributing substantially all of its investment company taxable income for each taxable year. These distributions will be taxable to a shareholder as ordinary income, but, as described in the Prospectus, a portion of the distributions may be treated as “qualified dividend income”.

 

Each Fund anticipates distributing substantially all of its net capital gain (after reduction for any capital loss carryovers, i.e., unutilized realized net capital losses from prior taxable years) for each taxable year. These distributions generally will be made only once a year, usually in December, but a Fund may make a limited number of additional distributions of net capital gain at any time during the year. These distributions will be taxable to a shareholder as long-term capital gains, regardless of how long the shareholder has held his or her shares. These distributions will not qualify for the dividends-received deduction or as “qualified dividend income.”

 

A distribution by a Fund that does not constitute an ordinary income dividend or capital or foreign currency gain distribution will be treated as a non-taxable “return of capital.” A return of capital distribution will reduce a shareholder’s tax basis in Fund shares and will be treated as gain from the sale of the shares to the extent it exceeds the shareholder’s basis.

 

Non-U.S. investors not engaged in a U.S. trade or business with which their investment in a Fund is “effectively connected” will be subject to U.S. federal income tax treatment that is different from that described above. Such non-U.S. investors may be subject to withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower rate under an applicable tax treaty) on amounts treated as ordinary dividends from a Fund. Capital gain distributions, if any, are not subject to the 30% withholding tax. Exemption from this withholding tax is also provided for dividends properly reported in writing by a Fund to its shareholders as “interest-related dividends” or as “short-term capital gain dividends” paid by a Fund with respect to its “qualified net interest income” or “qualified short-term gain,” respectively (all such terms as defined in the IRC). Non-U.S. investors will need to provide an effective IRS Form W-8BEN or other authorized withholding certificate to qualify for the exemption.

 

Each distribution by a Fund will be treated in the manner described above regardless of whether the distribution is paid in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund (or of another fund). If a shareholder reinvests a distribution in additional

shares, the shareholder will be treated as having received a distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value of the reinvested shares, determined as of the reinvestment date.

 

When a shareholder purchases shares of a Fund, the purchase price (NAV) will include any undistributed net investment income and realized net capital gains and foreign currency gains and any unrealized appreciation in the value of the assets of the Fund. A distribution of that income or gain (including net gain, if any, from realizing all or part of that appreciation) will be taxable to a shareholder in the manner described above, even if the distribution economically constitutes a partial return of invested capital to the shareholder.

 

Ordinarily, a shareholder is required to take taxable distributions by a Fund into income in the year in which they are made. A distribution declared in October, November, or December of any year and payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in one of those months, however, is deemed to be paid by a Fund and received by those shareholders on December 31 of that year if the distribution is paid in January of the following year.

 

Each Fund will send information annually to its shareholders regarding the federal income tax status of distributions made (or deemed made) during the year.

 

C. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”)

 

Under FATCA, foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”) and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”) that are Fund shareholders may be subject to a generally nonrefundable 30% withholding tax on income dividends a Fund pays. As discussed more fully below, the FATCA withholding tax generally may be avoided (a) by an FFI, if it reports certain information regarding direct and indirect ownership of financial accounts U.S. persons hold with the FFI, and (b) by an NFFE that certifies its status as such and, in certain circumstances, reports information regarding substantial U.S owners.

 

An FFI may avoid FATCA withholding by becoming a “participating FFI,” which requires the FFI to enter into a tax compliance agreement with the IRS under the IRC. Under such an agreement, a participating FFI agrees to (1) verify and document whether it has U.S. accountholders, (2) report certain information regarding their accounts to the IRS, and (3) meet certain other specified requirements.

 

The U.S. Treasury Department has negotiated intergovernmental agreements (each, an “IGA”) with certain countries and is in various stages of negotiations with other foreign countries with respect to one or more alternative approaches to implement FATCA; entities in those countries may be required to comply with the terms of the relevant IGA instead of U.S. Treasury regulations. An FFI resident in a country that has entered into a Model I IGA with the United States must report to that country’s government (pursuant to the terms of the applicable IGA and applicable law), which will, in turn, report to the IRS. An FFI resident in a Model II IGA country generally must comply with U.S. regulatory requirements, with certain exceptions, including the treatment of recalcitrant accountholders. An FFI resident in one of those countries that complies with whichever of the foregoing applies will be exempt from FATCA withholding.

 

An NFFE that is the beneficial owner of a payment from a Fund may avoid FATCA withholding generally by certifying its status as such and, in certain circumstances, either that (1) it does not have any substantial U.S. owners or (2) it does have one or more such owners and reports the name, address, and taxpayer identification number of each such owner. The NFFE will report to the Fund or other applicable withholding agent, which may, in turn, report information to the IRS.

 

Those foreign shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted, or deemed compliant categories established by U.S. Treasury regulations, IGAs, and other guidance regarding FATCA. An FFI or NFFE that invests in a Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA to avoid FATCA withholding. The requirements imposed by FATCA are different from, and in addition to, the tax certification rules to avoid backup withholding described in the Prospectus. Foreign investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these requirements to their own situations and the impact thereof on their investment in a Fund.

 

D. Redemption of Shares

 

In general, you will realize gain or loss on an exchange or redemption of Fund shares in an amount equal to the difference between the proceeds of the redemption and your adjusted tax basis in the shares. All or a portion of any loss so realized will be disallowed if you purchase Fund shares (for example, by reinvesting distributions) within 30 days before or after the redemption (i.e., a “wash” sale); if disallowed, the loss would be reflected in an upward adjustment to the basis in the purchased shares. In general, any gain or allowed loss arising from an exchange or redemption of shares of the Fund will be considered a capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the shares were held for longer than one year.

Any capital loss arising from an exchange or redemption of shares held for six months or less, however, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of distributions of net capital gain, if any, received on such shares. In determining the holding period of shares for this purpose, any period during which your risk of loss is offset by means of an option, short sale, or similar transaction is not counted. Capital losses in any year are deductible only to the extent of capital gains plus, in the case of a non-corporate taxpayer, $3,000 of ordinary income.

 

E. Federal Excise Tax

 

A 4% non-deductible federal excise tax (“Excise Tax”) is imposed on a RIC that fails to distribute in each calendar year an amount equal to at least the sum of (1) 98.0% of its ordinary income for the year plus (2) 98.2% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ended on October 31 of the year plus (3) any ordinary income and capital gain net income for previous years that were not distributed during those years. A Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it is subject to income tax for any taxable year ending in the calendar year.

 

For purposes of calculating the Excise Tax, a Fund (1) reduces its capital gain net income (but not below its net capital gain) by the amount of any net ordinary loss for the calendar year and (2) excludes foreign currency gains and losses realized or sustained after October 31 of any year in determining the amount of ordinary income for that calendar year and includes them in determining the amount of ordinary income for the succeeding calendar year.

 

Each Fund intends to make sufficient distributions each year of its ordinary income and capital gain net income to avoid liability for the Excise Tax. Each Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate portfolio investments to make distributions sufficient to avoid that liability.

 

F. Certain Tax Rules Applicable to Fund Transactions

 

Investments in Derivatives. When a put or call option purchased by a Fund expires unexercised, the premium it paid gives rise to short-term or long-term capital loss at the time of expiration (depending on the length of the exercise period for the option). When a put or call option written by a Fund expires unexercised, the premium it received gives rise to short-term capital gain at the time of expiration. When a Fund exercises a call option, the basis in the underlying security is increased by the amount of the premium it paid for the option. When a Fund exercises a put option, the gain (or loss) from the sale of the underlying security is decreased (or increased) by the premium it paid for the option. When a put or call option written by a Fund is exercised, the purchase price (or the selling price in the case of a call) of the underlying security is decreased (or increased in the case of a call) for federal income tax purposes by the amount of the premium received.

 

Some futures contracts, foreign currency contracts, and “nonequity” options (i.e., certain listed options, such as those on a “broad-based” securities index) in which a Fund invests - except any “securities futures contract” that is not a “dealer securities futures contract” (both as defined in the Code) and any interest rate swap, currency swap, basis swap, interest rate cap, interest rate floor, commodity swap, equity swap, equity index swap, credit default swap, or similar agreement - may be subject to IRC section 1256 (“Section 1256 contracts”). Any Section 1256 contracts a Fund holds at the end of its taxable year (and generally for purposes of the Excise Tax, on October 31 of each year) must be “marked to market” (that is, treated as having been sold at that time for their fair market value) for federal tax purposes, with the result that unrealized gains or losses will be treated as though they were realized. Sixty percent of any net gain or loss realized on these deemed sales, and 60% of any net realized gain or loss from any actual sales of Section 1256 contracts, will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss, and the balance will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss; however, certain foreign currency gains or losses arising from Section 1256 contracts will be treated as ordinary income or loss. These rules may operate to increase the amount that a Fund must distribute to satisfy the Distribution Requirement (i.e., with respect to the portion treated as short-term capital gain, which will be includible in its investment company taxable income and thus taxable to its shareholders as ordinary income when distributed to them), and to increase the net capital gain the Fund recognizes, even though the Fund may not have closed the transactions and received cash to pay the distributions. A Fund may elect not to have the foregoing rules apply to any “mixed straddle” (that is, a straddle, which the Fund clearly identifies in accordance with applicable regulations, at least one (but not all) of the positions of which are Section 1256 contracts), although doing so may have the effect of increasing the relative proportion of short-term capital gain (distributions of which are taxable to its shareholders as ordinary income) and thus increasing the amount of dividends it must distribute.

 

Any option or other position entered into or held by a Fund in conjunction with any other position it holds may constitute a “straddle” for federal income tax purposes. In general, straddles are subject to certain rules that may affect the amount, character, and timing of recognition of a Fund’s gains and losses with respect to the straddle positions by requiring, among other things, that (1) any loss realized on disposition of one position of a straddle not be recognized to the extent that the Fund has unrealized gains with respect to the other positions in the straddle, (2) the Fund’s holding period in straddle

positions be suspended while the straddle exists (possibly resulting in a gain being treated as short-term rather than long-term capital gain), (3) the losses recognized with respect to certain straddle positions that are part of a mixed straddle and are non-Section 1256 contracts be treated as 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital loss, and (4) losses recognized with respect to certain straddle positions that would otherwise constitute short-term capital losses be treated as long-term capital losses. In addition, the deduction of interest and carrying charges attributable to certain straddle positions may be deferred. Various elections are available to the Funds, which may mitigate the effects of the straddle rules, particularly with respect to mixed straddles. In general, the foregoing rules do not apply to any straddles held by a Fund if all of the offsetting positions consist of Section 1256 contracts.

 

Investments in Foreign Currencies and Securities. Gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates that occur between the time that a Fund accrues interest, dividends or other receivables or accrues expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time that the Fund actually collects such receivables or pays such liabilities are treated as ordinary income or ordinary losses. Similarly, gains or losses from the disposition of a foreign currency, or from the disposition of a fixed-income security denominated in a foreign currency that are attributable to fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency between the date of acquisition of the asset and the date of its disposition, also are treated as ordinary income or ordinary losses. These gains or losses increase or decrease the amount of a Fund’s investment company taxable income available to be distributed to its shareholders as ordinary income, rather than increasing or decreasing the amount of its net capital gain.

 

If a Fund owns shares in a foreign corporation that constitutes a “passive foreign investment company” for federal tax purposes (a “PFIC”) and the Fund does not make either of the elections described in the next two paragraphs, it will be subject to federal income tax on a portion of any “excess distribution” it receives from the PFIC and any gain it derives from the disposition of such shares (collectively, “PFIC Income”), even if it distributes the PFIC Income as a taxable dividend to its shareholders. A Fund will also be subject to additional interest charges in respect of deferred taxes arising from the PFIC Income. Any such tax paid by a Fund as a result of its ownership of shares in a PFIC will not give rise to any deduction or credit to the Fund or to any shareholder. A PFIC is any foreign corporation (with certain exceptions) that, in general, meets either of the following tests for a taxable year: (1) at least 75% of its gross income is derived from “passive income” (including interest and dividends); or (2) an average of at least 50% of the value (or adjusted tax basis, if elected) of its assets produce, or are held for the production of, “passive income.” A Fund’s distributions of PFIC Income will not be eligible for the 15% and 20% maximum federal income tax rates on individual shareholders’ “qualified dividend income” described in the Prospectus.

 

A Fund may elect to “mark to market” its stock in a PFIC. Under such an election, a Fund would include in gross income (and treat as ordinary income) each taxable year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the PFIC stock as of the close of the taxable year over the Fund’s adjusted basis in the PFIC stock. A Fund would be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of that adjusted basis over that fair market value, but only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains included in gross income by the Fund for prior taxable years. A Fund’s adjusted basis in the PFIC stock would be adjusted to reflect the amounts included in, or deducted from, gross income under this election. Amounts so included, as well as gain realized on the disposition of the PFIC stock, would be treated as ordinary income. The deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss, as well as any loss realized on the disposition of the PFIC stock to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included in gross income by a Fund, would be treated as ordinary loss. A Fund generally would not be subject to the deferred tax and interest charge provisions discussed above with respect to PFIC stock for which a mark-to-market election has been made.

 

If a Fund purchases shares in a PFIC and elects to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund,” the Fund would be required to include in its gross income each taxable year its pro rata share of the ordinary income and net capital gains of the PFIC, even if the income and gains were not distributed to the Fund. Any such income would be subject to the Distribution Requirement and the calendar year Excise Tax distribution requirement described above. In most instances it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to make this election because some of the information required to make this election may not be easily obtainable.

 

Investors should be aware that determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination that is based on various facts and circumstances and thus is subject to change, and the principles and methodology used therein are subject to interpretation. As a result, (1) a Fund may not be able, at the time it acquires a foreign corporation’s shares, to ascertain whether the corporation is a PFIC, and (2) a foreign corporation may become a PFIC after the Fund acquires shares therein. While a Fund generally will seek not to invest in PFIC shares to avoid the tax consequences detailed above, there are no guarantees that it will be able to do so, and it reserves the right to make such investments as a matter of its investment policy.

G. State and Local Taxes

 

The tax rules of the various states and their local jurisdictions with respect to an investment in a Fund may differ from the federal income tax rules described above. These state and local rules are not discussed herein. You are urged to consult your tax advisor as to the consequences of state and local tax rules with respect to an investment in a Fund.

 

H. Foreign Income Tax

 

Investment income received by a Fund from sources within foreign countries and U.S. possessions and gains that the Fund realizes on the disposition of foreign securities (collectively, “foreign source income”) may be subject to foreign or possession income or other taxes withheld at the source (collectively, “foreign taxes”). The United States has entered into tax treaties with many foreign countries that may entitle a Fund to a reduced rate of foreign taxes imposed by, or exemption from taxes on foreign source income derived from, the particular country. It is impossible to know the effective rate of foreign tax in advance, since the amount of a Fund’s assets to be invested within various countries will vary.

 

I. Capital Loss Carryovers (“CLCOs”)

 

Each Fund may have capital loss carryovers (“CLCOs”) for a taxable year. CLCOs may be used to offset any current taxable year net realized capital gain (whether short-term or long-term) and will not expire. All CLCOs are listed in a Fund’s financial statements. Any such losses may not be carried back.

OTHER MATTERS

 

A. The Trust and its Shareholders

 

General Information. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company organized under Delaware law as a statutory trust on August 29, 1995. On January 5, 1996, the Trust succeeded to the assets and liabilities of Forum Funds, Inc. The Trust’s trust instrument (the “Trust Instrument”) permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. The Trust and each fund will continue indefinitely until terminated. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate Statements of Additional Information.

 

Shareholder Voting and Other Rights. Each share of a fund and each class of shares represent equal proportionate interests in the assets of that Fund only and have equal dividend, distribution, liquidation and voting rights, except that expenses related to the distribution of shares of each fund or class (and certain other expenses such as transfer agency, shareholder service and administration expenses) are borne solely by such class. Fractional shares have those rights proportionately. Each fund or class votes separately with respect to the provisions of any Rule 12b-1 plan that pertains to the fund or class and other matters for which separate fund or class voting is appropriate under applicable law. Generally, shares will be voted separately by each fund except if: (1) the 1940 Act requires shares to be voted in the aggregate and not by individual funds; or (2) the Board determines that the matter affects more than one fund and all affected funds must vote. The Board may also determine that a matter only affects certain funds or classes of the Trust and thus that only those funds or classes are entitled to vote on the matter. Delaware law does not require the Trust to hold annual meetings of shareholders, and it is anticipated that shareholder meetings will be held only when specifically required by federal or state law. There are no conversion or preemptive rights in connection with shares of the Trust.

 

All shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the offering, will be fully paid and non-assessable.

 

A shareholder in a fund is entitled to the shareholder’s pro rata share of all distributions arising from that fund’s assets and, upon redeeming shares, will receive the portion of the fund’s net assets represented by the redeemed shares.

 

Shareholders representing 10% or more of the Trust’s (or a fund’s) shares may, as set forth in the Trust Instrument, call meetings of the Trust (or fund) for any purpose related to the Trust (or fund), including, in the case of a meeting of the Trust, the purpose of voting on removal of one or more Trustees.

 

Pursuant to Delaware law, the Trust Instrument places certain limitations on the ability of shareholders to bring derivative actions on behalf of the Trust and certain direct claims. These limitations include, but are not limited to: (i) a pre-suit demand must be made on the Board; (ii) to the maximum extent permitted by law, the demand must be executed by at least three unaffiliated and unrelated shareholders who hold shares representing 10% or more of the all shares issued and outstanding or of the series or classes to which such an action relates, if it does not relate to all series and classes thereof; (iii) the Trustees will consider such a request within a time frame that the Trustees in their discretion consider reasonable and appropriate; (iv) the Trustees will be entitled to retain counsel or other advisers in considering the merits of the request and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, will require an undertaking by the shareholder (or shareholders) making the request to reimburse the Trust for the expense of any such advisers in the event that the Trustees determine not to bring the action; (v) to the maximum extent permitted by law, any decision by the Trustees relating to the matter will be final and binding upon the shareholder, and judicially unreviewable; (vi) to the maximum extent permitted by law, a shareholder may bring a direct action or claim only if the shareholder (or group of shareholders) has suffered an injury distinct from that suffered by shareholders of the Trust or the relevant series or a class thereof generally; and (vii) to the maximum extent permitted by law, a shareholder may bring a direct action or claim predicated upon an express or implied right of action under the Trust Instrument or the 1940 Act (excepting rights of action permitted under Section 36(b) of the 1940 Act), only if the shareholder (or group of shareholders) has obtained authorization from the Trustees to bring the action or claim.

 

The Trust Instrument also places limitations on the forum in which claims against the Trust may be heard. Unless the Board consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, any suit, action or proceeding brought by or in the right of any shareholder or any person claiming any interest in any shares seeking to enforce any provision of, or based on any matter arising out of, related to or in connection with the Trust Instrument, including without limitation any claim of any nature against the Trust, any series or class, the Trustees or officers of the Trust, or a service provider will be brought exclusively in the Delaware Court of Chancery to the extent that court has subject matter jurisdiction over the action or claims asserted and otherwise in the courts of the State of Delaware to the extent there is subject matter jurisdiction in those courts for the

claims asserted. Accordingly, shareholders may have to bring suit in what they may consider to be an inconvenient and potentially less favorable forum. These limitations described above relating to derivative actions and choice of forum do not apply to claims asserted under the federal securities laws, to the extent that any such federal laws, rules or regulations do not permit such application.

 

Termination or Reorganization of Trust or its Series. The Board, may, without prior shareholder approval, change the form of organization of the Trust by merger, consolidation or incorporation, so long as the surviving entity is an open-end management investment company. Under the Trust Instrument, the Trustees may also, without shareholder vote, sell and convey all or substantially all of the assets of the Trust to another trust, partnership, association or corporation, or cause the Trust to incorporate in the State of Delaware, so long as the surviving entity is an open-end management investment company that will succeed to or assume the Trust’s registration statement.

 

Under the Trust Instrument, the Board may sell or convey the assets of a fund or reorganize such fund into another investment company registered under the 1940 Act without a shareholder vote.

 

B. Fund Ownership

 

A principal shareholder is any person who owns of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding shares of a Fund. A control person is a shareholder who owns beneficially or through controlled companies more than 25% of the voting securities of a company or acknowledges the existence of control. Shareholders owning voting securities in excess of 25% may determine the outcome of any matter affecting and voted on by shareholders of the Fund.

 

As of October 2, 2025, the Trustees and officers of the Trust in aggregate owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of beneficial interest of each Fund.

 

As of October 2, 2025, certain shareholders listed in Table 6 in Appendix B owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the shares of a Fund.

 

From time to time, certain shareholders may own a large percentage of the shares of a Fund. Accordingly, those shareholders may be able to greatly affect (if not determine) the outcome of a shareholder vote. As of October 2, 2025, the shareholders listed in Table 6 in Appendix B who own more than 25% of a Fund may be deemed to control the Fund. “Control” for this purpose is the ownership of 25% or more of a Fund’s voting securities.

 

C. Limitations on Shareholders’ and Trustees’ Liability

 

Delaware law provides that Fund shareholders are entitled to the same limitations of personal liability extended to stockholders of private corporations for profit and, the Trust Instrument contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses of the Trust. Further, for payment of any claim against the Trust or a Fund, a party may only look to the assets of, respectively, the Trust or the Fund.

 

Accordingly, the Trust Instrument, among other things, provides for indemnification out of a fund’s property of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. The Trust Instrument also provides that the Trust, on behalf of a fund, shall, upon request, assume the defense of any claim made against any shareholder for any act or obligation of that fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss as a result of being a shareholder is limited.

 

The liability of Trustees is similarly limited. The Trust Instrument provides that the Trustees shall not be liable provided that a Trustee is not protected against any liability to which he or she would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.

 

Shareholders are not intended to be third-party beneficiaries of Fund contracts, and the Trust Instrument establishes certain procedures and limitations regarding shareholder lawsuits brought on behalf of the Trust, which are described above in "Shareholder Voting and Other Rights."

 

D. Proxy Voting Procedures

 

The Trust’s and the Adviser’s proxy voting procedures are included in Appendices C and D, respectively.

Information regarding how each Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30 is available: (1) without charge, upon request, by contacting the Transfer Agent at (866) 2DF-DENT or (866) 233-3368 (toll free); and (2) on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

 

E. Code of Ethics

 

The Trust and the Adviser have each adopted a code of ethics under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act. These codes of ethics permit, subject to certain conditions, personnel of each of those entities to invest in securities that may be purchased or held by a Fund. The Distributor relies on the principal underwriters exception under Rule 17j-1(c)(3), specifically where the Distributor is not affiliated with the Trust or the Adviser, and no officer, director or general partner of the Distributor serves as an officer, director or general partner of the Trust or the Adviser.

 

F. Registration Statement

 

This SAI and the Prospectus do not contain all of the information included in the Trust’s registration statement filed with the SEC under the 1933 Act with respect to the securities offered hereby. The registration statement, including the exhibits filed therewith, may be examined at the office of the SEC in Washington, D.C. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains this SAI, any material incorporated by reference, and other information regarding the Funds.

 

G. Financial Statements

 

Each Fund’s Financial Statements and Financial Highlights for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 are incorporated into this SAI by reference to the Funds’ Form N-CSR to shareholders. Each Fund’s Financial Statements and Financial Highlights have been audited by Cohen & Co, an independent registered public accounting firm.

APPENDIX A – DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES RATINGS

 

Corporate and Municipal Long-Term Bond Ratings

 

Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) Corporate and Municipal Long-Term Bond Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of S&P’s long-term corporate and municipal bond ratings have been published by S&P Global Ratings.

 

AAA - An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.

 

AA - An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.

 

A - An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.

 

BBB - An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

 

BB, B, CCC, CC, and C - Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

 

BB - An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

 

B - An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

 

CCC - An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

 

CC - An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but S&P Global Ratings expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

 

C - An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.

 

D - An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P Global Ratings believes that such payments will be made within the next five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or the next 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. A rating on an obligation is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed debt restructuring.

 

Plus (+) or Minus (-) - The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.

 

NR - This indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) Long-Term Corporate Bond Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Moody’s long-term corporate bond ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Moody’s Analytics Inc.

 

Aaa - Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

 

Aa - Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

 

A - Obligations rated A are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

 

Baa - Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

 

Ba - Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

 

B - Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

 

Caa - Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative, of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

 

Ca - Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

 

C - Obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

 

Modifiers: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.

 

Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

 

Moody’s U.S. Municipal Long-Term Bond Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Moody’s long-term municipal bond ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Moody’s Analytics Inc.

 

Aaa - Issuers or issues rated Aaa demonstrate the strongest creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

Aa - Issuers or issues rated Aa demonstrate very strong creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

A - Issuers or issues rated A present above-average creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

Baa - Issuers or issues rated Baa represent average creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

Ba - Issuers or issues rated Ba demonstrate below-average creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

B - Issuers or issues rated B demonstrate weak creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

Caa - Issuers or issues rated Caa demonstrate very weak creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

Ca - Issuers or issues rated Ca demonstrate extremely weak creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

C - Issuers or issues rated C demonstrate the weakest creditworthiness relative to other U.S. municipal or tax-exempt issuers or issues.

 

Modifiers: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating category from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the issuer or obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.

 

Fitch Ratings Ltd. (“Fitch”) Corporate Bond Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Fitch’s long-term corporate bond ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc. and Fitch Ratings Ltd.

 

AAA - Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

 

AA - Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

 

A - High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

 

BBB - Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

 

BB - Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.

 

B - Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.

 

CCC - Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk present.

 

CC - Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.

 

C - Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ indicates exceptionally high levels of credit risk.

 

Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending upon their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.

 

Plus (+) or Minus (-) The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ obligation rating category, or to corporate finance obligation ratings in the categories below ‘CCC’.

 

The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. “Investment grade” categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the “speculative” categories signal either a higher level of credit risk or that a default already occurred.

Fitch’s Municipal Bond Long-Term Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Fitch’s long-term municipal bond ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc. and Fitch Ratings Ltd.

 

AAA - Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

 

AA - Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

 

A - High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

 

BBB - Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

 

BB - Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time.

 

B - Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

 

CCC - Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that there is a very low margin for safety, and that default is a real possibility.

 

CC - Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate default of some kind appears probable.

 

C - Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate default appears imminent or inevitable.

 

D - Default. ‘D’ ratings indicate a default. Default generally is defined as one of the following:

 

●

failure to make payment of principal and/or interest under the contractual terms of the rated obligation;

 

●

the bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other winding-up or cessation of the business of an issuer/obligor where payment default on an obligation is a virtual certainty; or

 

●

distressed exchange of an obligation, where creditors were offered securities with diminished structural or economic terms compared with the existing obligation to avoid a probable payment default.

 

Plus (+) or Minus (-) - The modifiers “+” or “-”may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term Rating category, or to Long-Term Rating categories below ‘CCC’.

 

Municipal Short-Term Bond Ratings

 

S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Bond Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of S&P’s short-term municipal ratings have been published by Standard & Poor’s Financial Service LLC.

 

SP-1 - Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

 

SP-2 - Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

SP-3 - Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

 

D - 'D' is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed debt restructuring, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.

 

Moody’s Municipal Short-Term Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Moody’s short-term municipal ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Moody’s Analytics Inc.

 

MIG 1 - This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

 

MIG 2 - This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.

 

MIG 3 - This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.

 

SG - This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

 

Fitch’s Municipal Short-Term Credit Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Fitch’s municipal short-term credit ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc. and Fitch Ratings Ltd.

 

F1 - Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

 

F2 - Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

 

F3 - Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

 

B - Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

 

C - High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.

 

RD - Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically, applicable to entity ratings only.

 

D - Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.

 

Short-Term Credit Ratings

 

S&P’s Short-Term Credit Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of S&P’s short-term credit ratings have been published by Standard & Poor’s Financial Service LLC.

 

A-1 - A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.

 

A-2 - A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.

A-3 - A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

 

B - A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

 

C - A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

 

D - A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P Global Ratings believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed debt restructuring.

 

Dual Ratings – Dual ratings may be assigned to debt issues that have a put option or demand feature. The first component of the rating addresses the likelihood of repayment of principal and interest as due, and the second component of the rating addresses only the demand feature. The first component of the rating can relate to either a short-term or long-term transaction and accordingly use either short-term or long-term rating symbols. The second component of the rating relates to the put option and is assigned a short-term rating symbol (for example, ‘AAA/A-1+’ or ‘A-1+/A-1’). With U.S. municipal short-term demand debt, the U.S. municipal short-term note rating symbols are used for the first component of the rating (for example, ‘SP-1+/A-1+’).

 

Moody’s Short-Term Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Moody’s short-term credit ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Moody’s Analytics Inc.

 

P-1 – Ratings of Prime-1 reflect a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

 

P-2 – Ratings of Prime-2 reflect a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

 

P-3 – Ratings of Prime-3 reflect an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

 

NP - Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

 

Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings:

 

The following descriptions of Fitch’s short-term credit ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc. and Fitch Ratings Ltd.

 

F1 - Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

 

F2 - Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

 

F3 - Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

 

B - Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

 

C - High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.

 

RD - Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically, applicable to entity ratings only.

 

D - Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a specific short-term obligation.

APPENDIX B – MISCELLANEOUS TABLES

 

Table 1 – Investment Advisory Fees

 

The following tables show the dollar amount of fees accrued with respect to each Fund, the amount of fees waived and/ or expenses reimbursed by the Adviser, if any, and the actual fees retained by the Adviser. The data are for the last three fiscal years.

 

 

Period Ended	Advisory Fees Accrued	Advisory Fees Waived and/ or Expenses Reimbursed	Advisory Fees Received
Premier Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$2,289,771	$345,885	$1,943,886
June 30, 2024	$2,285,190	$302,173	$1,983,017
June 30, 2023	$2,541,990	$309,122	$2,232,868
Midcap Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$3,060,765	$177,167	$2,883,598
June 30, 2024	$4,161,376	$149,790	$4,011,586
June 30, 2023	$4,557,738	$143,924	$4,413,814
Small Cap Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$1,729,727	$203,069	$1,526,658
June 30, 2024	$953,643	$132,151	$821,492
June 30, 2023	$727,773	$135,089	$592,684

 

Table 2 – Administration Fees

 

The following tables show the dollar amount of fees accrued with respect to each Fund, the amount of fees waived by Apex Fund Services, if any, and the actual fees retained by Apex Fund Services. The data are for the last three fiscal years.

 

Period Ended	Administration Fees Accrued	Administration Fees Waived	Administration Fees Received
Premier Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$152,138	$43,004	$109,134
June 30, 2024	$147,018	$40,131	$106,887
June 30, 2023	$158,019	$42,100	$115,919
Midcap Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$311,637	$99,304	$212,333
June 30, 2024	$394,481	$120,508	$273,973
June 30, 2023	$415,400	$123,785	$291,615
Small Cap Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$166,372	$53,764	$112,608
June 30, 2024	$97,727	$31,361	$66,366
June 30, 2023	$80,152	$26,115	$54,037

 

Table 3 – Commissions

 

The following tables show the aggregate brokerage commissions of each Fund. The data are for the last three fiscal years.

Period Ended	Aggregate Brokerage Commissions ($) Paid	Total Brokerage Commissions ($) Paid to Affiliate of Fund, Adviser or Distributor	% of Brokerage Commissions Paid to Affiliate of Fund, Adviser or Distributor	% of Transactions Executed by Affiliate of Fund, Adviser or Distributor
Premier Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$28,912	$0	0%	0%
June 30, 2024	$37,673	$0	0%	0%
June 30, 2023	$50,658	$0	0%	0%
Midcap Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$275,697	$0	0%	0%
June 30, 2024	$217,282	$0	0%	0%
June 30, 2023	$233,718	$0	0%	0%
Small Cap Growth Fund
June 30, 2025	$111,942	$0	0%	0%
June 30, 2024	$107,384	$0	0%	0%
June 30, 2023	$67,675	$0	0%	0%

 

Table 4 – Directed Brokerage

 

The following tables list each Fund’s directed brokerage in return for research services, the amount of transactions so directed and the amount of commissions generated therefrom. The data are for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

 

Fund	Amount Directed	Amount of Commissions Generated
Premier Growth Fund	$88,669,885	$28,912
Midcap Growth Fund	$658,300,461	$275,697
Small Cap Growth Fund	$150,554,867	$111,942

 

Table 5 – Securities of Regular Brokers or Dealers

 

The following tables list each Fund’s regular brokers-dealers whose securities (or the securities of the parent company) were acquired during the past fiscal year and the aggregate value of the Fund’s holdings of those securities as of June 30, 2025.

 

Premier Growth Fund
Regular Broker or Dealer	Value of Securities Held
None	N/A

 

Midcap Growth Fund
Regular Broker or Dealer	Value of Securities Held
None	N/A

 

Small Cap Growth Fund
Regular Broker or Dealer	Value of Securities Held
None	N/A

 

Table 6 – Control Persons and 5% Shareholders

 

The following tables list, as of October 2, 2025, (1) the persons who owned 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the applicable class, and (2) the persons who owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The Fund believes that these shares were owned of record by such shareholders for their fiduciary, agency or custody accounts.

Premier Growth Fund
Name and Address	% of Fund
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD 5 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010	18.01%
DANIEL F DENT * NAPLES, FL 34102	9.69%
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC* SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT A/C FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105	8.92%
MARY D DENT* NAPLES, FL 34102	5.56%

 

Midcap Growth Fund
Name and Address	% of Fund
Investor Shares
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC* SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT FBO CUSTOMERS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104	61.63%
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPARTMENT 4TH FLOOR 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310	16.56%
Institutional Shares
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC* ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105	22.19%
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY* C O ID 225 ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS, PA 19456	21.28%
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD 5 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010	21.16%
RBC CAPITAL MARKETS LLC* MUTUAL FUND OMNIBUS PROCESSING OMNIBUS ATTN MUTUAL FUND OPS MANAGER 250 NICOLLET MALL STE 1400 MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55401-1931	6.97%
Institutional Plus Shares

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS OF MSSB 1 NEW YORK PLAZA 12TH FLOOR NEW YORK, NY 10004-1901	89.18%
RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS* HOUSE ACCT FIRM 92500015 ATTN COURTNEY WALLER 880 CARILLION PKWY SAINT PETERSBURG, FL 33716	9.35%

 

Small Cap Growth Fund
Name and Address	% of Fund
Investor Shares
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC* SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104	24.54%
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD 5 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010	19.36%
Institutional Shares
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC* SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCOUNT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104	27.21%
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY* C O CHOATE SWP ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS, PA 19456	13.55%
HTC CO OMNIBUS ACCOUNT CASH 3 RADNOR CORPORATE CENTER SUITE 450 RADNOR, PA 19087	9.35%
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD 5 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010	5.92%
MATTHEW F DENT BALTIMORE, MD 21212	5.33%
Institutional Share Plus
CAPINCO CO O US BANK NA 1555 N RIVERCENTER DRIVE STE 302 MILWAUKEE, WI 53212	57.06%

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC* FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD 5 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010	21.79%
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY CO O ID 636 ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS. PA 19456	10.86%

 

*

Denotes record owner of Fund shares only.

APPENDIX C – TRUST PROXY VOTING PROCEDURES

 

Forum Funds

Shareholder Voting Policy

 

As of December 14, 2012

 

SECTION 1. BACKGROUND

 

The Trust exercises its shareholder voting responsibilities as an investor in other issuers as a fiduciary, with the goal of maximizing the value of the Trust’s and its shareholders’ investments. This Policy details the Trust’s policy with respect to shareholder voting.

 

SECTION 2. ADVISER RESPONSIBILITIES

 

(A) Delegation by Board. Each Fund has delegated to the Adviser the authority to vote as a shareholder of issuers whose securities are held in its portfolio. The Adviser shall maintain and the Board shall approve voting procedures related to the Adviser acting on behalf of the Fund in accordance with its fiduciary duties and the best interests of Fund shareholders.

 

(B) Delivery of Proxies. The Adviser is responsible for coordinating the delivery of proxies to be voted by the Custodian to the Adviser or to an agent of the Adviser selected by the Adviser to vote proxies with respect to which the Adviser has such discretion (a “Proxy Voting Service”). Upon request, the Adviser shall provide periodic reports to the Board as to the implementation and operation of its shareholder voting policies and procedures as they relate to the Trust.

 

(C) Conflicts of Interest. The Trust recognizes that under certain circumstances an Adviser or Proxy Voting Service may have a conflict of interest in voting on behalf of a Fund. A conflict of interest includes any circumstance when the Fund, the Adviser, the Distributor, the Proxy Voting Service or one or more of their Affiliated Persons (including officers, directors and employees) knowingly does business with, receives compensation from, or sits on the board of, a particular issuer or closely affiliated entity, and, therefore, may appear to have a conflict of interest between its own interests and the interests of Fund shareholders in how shares of that issuer are voted.

 

Each Adviser is responsible for maintaining procedures to identify and address material conflicts of interest and, when applicable, determine the adequacy of a Proxy Voting Service’s procedures to identify and address material conflicts of interest.

 

(D) Voting Record. The Adviser shall be responsible for ensuring a voting record is maintained that includes all instances where the Fund was entitled to vote and will coordinate the annual delivery of such record to the Administrator for purposes of preparing the Trust’s annual Form N-PX filing. The voting record shall include the following information required to be reported in Form N-PX:

 

(1) The name of the issuer of the security;

 

(2) The exchange ticker symbol of the security;

 

(3) The CUSIP for the security;

 

(4) The shareholder meeting date;

 

(5) A brief identification of the matter voted on;

 

(6) Whether the matter was proposed by the issuer or by a security holder;

 

(7) Whether the Trust cast its vote on the matter;

 

(8) How the Trust cast its vote (e.g., for or against proposal, or abstain; for or withhold regarding election of directors); and

 

(9) Whether the Trust cast its vote for or against management.

The Adviser shall also be responsible for ensuring information regarding how the Fund voted relating to portfolio securities during the twelve-month period ended June 30 is available on the Fund’s website or other location consistent with disclosure in the Fund’s registration statement.

 

SECTION 3: ABSTENTION

 

The Trust and an Adviser may abstain from shareholder voting in certain circumstances. Abstaining from voting may be appropriate if voting would be unduly burdensome or expensive, or otherwise not in the best interest of a Fund’s shareholders.

 

SECTION 4: BOARD REPORTING AND REVIEW

 

(A)  The Adviser shall submit its voting procedures to the Board for review and approval initially and at the next regularly scheduled meeting of the Board following any material change.

 

(B) The Adviser shall report to the Board, at least quarterly, whether any conflicts of interest arose while voting as an investor in other issuers and how such conflicts were handled.

APPENDIX D – ADVISER PROXY VOTING PROCEDURES

 

D.F. DENT AND COMPANY, INC.

 

PROXY VOTING PROCEDURES AND POLICIES

REGARDING DF DENT MUTUAL FUNDS

 

As of April 2019

 

I. GENERAL STATEMENT

 

D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (Adviser) has discretion to vote the proxies for the majority of its accounts, including DF Dent Premier Growth Fund, the DF Dent Midcap Growth Fund, and the DF Dent Small Cap Growth Fund (the Funds). Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised. D.F. Dent uses Broadridge’s Proxy Edge software system for the collection, voting and recordkeeping of proxies for all client accounts for which we have responsibility (i.e., clients who have not assumed proxy voting authority for themselves or have not given such authority to their custodian, broker, consultant, etc.). Adviser uses ADP’s Proxy Edge software system for the collection, voting and recordkeeping of proxies for all client accounts for which we have responsibility (i.e., clients who have not assumed proxy voting authority for themselves or have not given such authority to their custodian, broker, consultant, etc.). To resolve conflicts between the contractual responsibility for proxy voting in our Advisory Agreements with clients and the instructions that we may have received over the years from clients, custodians, brokers, consultants, etc., D.F. Dent undertook in early 2007 to verify, with the help of ProxyEdge, the identity of those clients who affirmatively do not authorize D.F. Dent to vote proxies for them. In the absence of this verification by ProxyEdge, Adviser will continue to vote proxies for client accounts in order to protect clients’ interests as shareholders.

 

II. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR VOTING PROXIES

 

D.F. Dent will vote those proxies in the best interest of its clients and the Funds’ shareholders and in accordance with these procedures and policies.

 

Since the quality and integrity of management is a primary factor D.F. Dent considers when investing in an issuer, the recommendation of the issuer’s management on any issue, particularly routine issues, will be given substantial weight in deciding how to vote proxies. However, D.F. Dent will not support the position of the issuer’s management in any situation where we determine that the position is not in the best interest of our clients. The instances in which D.F. Dent may vote against an issuer’s board of directors or “management” proposal will be determined on a case-by-case basis, and the Designated Officer with respect to proxy voting will document those instances in our Proxy Voting file.

 

D.F. Dent has listed the following, specific examples of voting decisions for the types of proposals that are frequently presented. D.F. Dent generally votes according to these guidelines. D.F. Dent may, on occasion, vote otherwise when D.F. Dent believes it to be in the best interest of our clients:

 

●

D.F. Dent generally supports shareholder proposals to reduce a super-majority vote requirement and opposes management proposals to add a super-majority vote requirement.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes proposals to create a new class of stock with superior voting rights.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes proposals to classify a board.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally supports proposals to eliminate cumulative voting.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes re-pricing of stock options without shareholder approval.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally supports proposals to require majority voting for the election of Directors

 

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes poison pills.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally reviews proposals for changes in corporate structure such as changes in the state of incorporation or mergers individually. We generally oppose proposals where management does not offer an appropriate rationale.

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes the elimination of the rights of shareholders to call special meetings.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally supports management’s proposals regarding the approval of independent auditors.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes shareholder proposals that apply restrictions related to political or special interest issues which affect the ability of the company to do business or be competitive and which have negative financial impact.

 

●

D.F. Dent generally opposes proposals that require that the company provide costly, duplicative, or redundant reports, or reports of a non-business nature.

 

D.F. Dent recognizes that under certain circumstances it may have a conflict of interest in voting proxies. A conflict of interest, means any circumstance in which D.F. Dent (including officers, directors, agents and employees) knowingly does business with, receives compensation from, or sits on the board of, a particular issuer or closely affiliated entity, and, therefore, may appear to have a conflict between its own interests and the interests of fund shareholders in how proxies of that issuer are voted.

 

If D.F. Dent determines that a material conflict of interest exists, the Chief Compliance Officer and/or Designated Officer will determine whether it is appropriate to disclose the conflict to the affected clients, to give the clients an opportunity to vote the proxies themselves, or to address the voting issue through other objective means such as voting in a manner consistent with a predetermined voting policy or receiving an independent third party voting recommendation.

 

III. RECORDKEEPING

 

The Designated Officer or a Compliance Officer will maintain hard-copy or electronic files relating to D.F. Dent’s proxy voting procedures in an easily accessible place, including through the ProxyEdge website. Records will be maintained and preserved for five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on a record. Records of the following will be included in the files:

 

A.

Copies of the proxy voting procedures and policies, and any amendments thereto.

 

B.

A copy of each proxy statement that D.F. Dent receives on widely held stocks. The proxy statements may be retained in hard copy or may be available on ProxyEdge or the SEC’s EDGAR system.

 

C.

A record of each vote that D.F. Dent casts, including the information required to file Form N-PX.

 

D.

A copy of any document D.F. Dent created that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision, including the resolution of any conflict.

 

E.

A copy of each written client request for information on how D.F. Dent voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response to any (written or verbal) client request for information on how D.F. Dent voted its proxies.

 

IV. DISCLOSURE

 

A.

D.F. Dent will disclose in its Form ADV Part II that its clients may contact D.F. Dent by toll-free telephone number in order to obtain information on how D.F. Dent voted such client’s proxies, or to request information about the mechanics for proxy voting through the ProxyEdge system (e.g., information in the ProxyEdge User Guide).

 

B.

If a client requests information about the voting of particular proxies, D.F. Dent will send to the client a report concerning each voted proxy that is the subject of the client’s request consisting of (1) the name of the issuer, (2) the proposal voted upon and (3) how D.F. Dent voted the client’s proxy.

 

C.

A concise summary of these Proxy Voting Procedures and Policies will be included in D.F. Dent’s Form ADV Part II, and will be updated whenever these procedures and policies are amended.

 

D-2

PART C

OTHER INFORMATION

 

ITEM 28.

EXHIBITS

 

(a)		Trust Instrument of Registrant as amended and restated on September 8, 2016 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (a) in post-effective amendment No. 551 via EDGAR on September 29, 2016, accession number 0001435109-16-002085).
(b)		By-Laws of Registrant as amended (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (b) in post-effective amendment No. 604 via EDGAR on January 25, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-000916).
(c)		See Sections 2.04, 2.07, 4.07, and 11.13 of the Trust Instrument as filed as Exhibit (a).
(d)	(1)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and H.M. Payson & Co. (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (5)(a) in post-effective amendment No. 62 via EDGAR on May 26, 1998, accession number 0001004402-98-000307).
	(2)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Beck, Mack & Oliver LLC dated April 10, 2009 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(2) in post-effective amendment No. 249 via EDGAR on April 30, 2009, accession number 0000315774-09-000007).
	(2)(A)	Amended Appendix to the Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Beck, Mack & Oliver LLC dated April 10, 2009 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(2)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 539 via EDGAR on July 27, 2016, accession number 0001435109-16-001852).
	(3)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Polaris Capital Management, Inc. (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (5)(h) in post-effective amendment No. 63 via EDGAR on June 8, 1998, accession number 0001004402-98-000339).
	(4)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(4) in post-effective amendment No. 431 via EDGAR on October 28, 2013, accession number 0001435109-13-000478).
	(4)(A)	Appendix A to the Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(4)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 658 via EDGAR on October 25, 2019, accession number 0001398344-19-018494).
	(5)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Lisanti Capital Growth, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(5) in post-effective amendment No. 604 via EDGAR on January 25, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-000916).

 

(5)(A)

Appendix A to the Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Lisanti Capital Growth, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(5) in post-effective amendment No. 607 via EDGAR on April 25, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-005981).

	(6)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Auxier Asset Management LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(7) in post-effective amendment No. 357 via EDGAR on April 16, 2012, accession number 0001435109-12-000053).
	(6)(A)	Appendix to the Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Auxier Asset Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(6)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 554 via EDGAR on October 26, 2016, accession number 0001435109-16-002143).
	(8)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and MAI Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(11) in post-effective amendment No. 699 via EDGAR on December 20, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-024167).
	(9)	Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Monongahela Capital (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (d)(30) in post-effective amendment No. 410 via EDGAR on May 15, 2013, accession number 0001435109-13-000231).
(e)	(1)	Distribution Agreement between Registrant and Foreside Fund Services, LLC dated March 31, 2009 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (e)(2) in post-effective amendment No. 249 via EDGAR on April 30, 2009, accession number 0000315774-09-000007).
	(2)	Novation dated May 31, 2017 to the Distribution Agreement between Registrant and Foreside Fund Services, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (e)(2) in post-effective amendment No. 565 via EDGAR on April 19, 2017, accession number 0001435109-17-000209).
	(3)	Novation dated September 30, 2021 to the Distribution Agreement between Registrant and Foreside Fund Services, LLC dated September 30, 2021 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (e)(3) in post-effective amendment No. 697 via EDGAR on October 22, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-020224).
	(3)(A)	Novation dated December 16, 2024 of the Amended Appendix to the Distribution Agreement between Registrant and Foreside Fund Services, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (e)(3)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 737 via EDGAR on April 21, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-007396).
(f)		None.

 

(g)	(1)	Custodian Agreement between Registrant and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., dated June 15, 2012 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (g)(1) in post-effective amendment No. 697 via EDGAR on October 22, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-020224).
	(1)(A)	Amended Appendix dated July 16, 2021 to the Custodian Agreement between Registrant and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., dated June 15, 2012 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (g)(2)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 691 via EDGAR on July 19, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-014502).

	(1)(B)	Assignment dated June 11, 2021 between Forum Funds, MUFG Unions Bank, N.A. and U.S. Bank, N.A., to the Custodian Agreement between Registrant and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. dated June 15, 2012 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (g)(2)(B) in post-effective amendment No. 691 via EDGAR on July 19, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-014502).
	(1)(B)(i)	Amended Appendix dated December 16, 2024 to the Custodian Agreement between Registrant and US Bank National Association dated June 15, 2012 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (g)(1)(B)(i) in post-effective amendment No. 737 via EDGAR on April 21, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-007396).
	(3)	Custodian Agreement between Registrant and Northern Trust, dated June 30, 2021 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (g)(5) in post-effective amendment No. 691 via EDGAR on July 19, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-014502).
(h)	(1)	Services Agreement between Registrant and Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (g)(5) in post-effective amendment No. 469 via EDGAR on December 23, 2014, accession number 0001435109-14-000890).
	(1)(A)	Amendment to the Services Agreement between Registrant and Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services) (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(1)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 729 via EDGAR on April 17, 2024, accession number 0001398344-24-007301).
	(1)(A)(i)	Amended Appendix to the Services Agreement between Registrant and Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services) (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(1)(A)(i) in post-effective amendment No. 737 via EDGAR on April 21, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-007396).
	(1)(B)	Amended Fee Waiver Agreement between Registrant and Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services) (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(1)(B) in post-effective amendment No. 739 via EDGAR on April 22, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-013496).
	(2)	Shareholder Service Plan of Registrant dated March 18, 1998 and amended February 12, 2009 and Form of Shareholder Service Agreement relating to Polaris Global Value Fund (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed Exhibit (h)(2) in post-effective amendment No. 247 via Edgar on February 17, 2009, accession number 0001193125-09-031402).

 

(3)

Shareholder Service Plan of Registrant dated November 24, 2003 and amended February 12, 2009 relating to Lisanti Small Cap Growth Fund (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(3) in post-effective amendment No. 247 via Edgar on February 17, 2009, accession number 0001193125-09-031402).

 

	(4)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. is filed herewith.
	(5)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and Auxier Asset Management LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(5) in post-effective amendment No. 742 via EDGAR on October 21, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-019474).

	(6)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and Beck Mack + Oliver (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(6) in post-effective amendment No. 740 via EDGAR on July 23, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-013605).
	(8)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and MAI Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(8) in post-effective amendment No. 736 via EDGAR on December 19, 2024, accession number 0001398344-24-023430).
	(9)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and Monongahela Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(9) in post-effective amendment No. 741 via EDGAR on August 25, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-016550).
	(10)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and Polaris Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(9) in post-effective amendment No. 738 via EDGAR on April 23, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-007561).
	(12)	Participating Fund Agreement between Registrant and ReFlow Fund, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (h)(12) in post-effective amendment No. 735 via EDGAR on October 24, 2024, accession number 0001398344-24-019363).
(i)		Opinion and consent of K&L Gates LLP is filed herewith.
(j)		Consent of Cohen & Company, Ltd. is filed herewith.
(k)		None.
	(1)	Consent of Auditor of Mohican VCA Fund, LP (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (k)(1) in post-effective amendment No. 588 via EDGAR on August 10, 2017, accession number 0001435109-17-000562).

 

(l)

Investment Representation letter of Reich & Tang, Inc. as original purchaser of shares of Registrant (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (l)(13) in post-effective amendment No. 62 via EDGAR on May 26, 1998, accession number 0001004402-98-000307).

 

(m)	(1)	Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 12b-1 Plan dated December 12, 2012 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (m)(1) in post-effective amendment No. 606 via EDGAR on April 20, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-005828).
	(1)(A)	Amended Appendix A to the Rule 12b-1 Plan dated December 16, 2024 adopted by Registrant (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (m)(1)(A) in post-effective amendment No. 737 via EDGAR on April 21, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-007396).
(n)		Registrant’s Rule 18f-3 Plan dated June 14, 2013, as most recently amended and restated on September 9, 2021 (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (n) in post-effective amendment No. 697 via EDGAR on October 22, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-020224).

(p)	(1)	Code of Ethics adopted by Registrant as amended (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(1) in post-effective amendment No. 435 via EDGAR on December 23, 2013, accession number 0001435109-13-000568).
	(2)	(Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(2) in post-effective amendment No. 606 via EDGAR on April 20, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-005828).
	(3)	Code of Ethics adopted by Beck, Mack & Oliver (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(3) in post-effective amendment No. 692 via EDGAR on July 20, 2021, accession number 0001398344-21-014605).
	(4)	Code of Ethics adopted by Polaris Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(4) in post-effective amendment No. 738 via EDGAR on April 23, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-007561).
	(5)	Code of Ethics adopted by D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(5) in post-effective amendment No. 735 via EDGAR on October 24, 2024, accession number 0001398344-24-019363).
	(6)	Code of Ethics adopted by Lisanti Capital Growth, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(6) in post-effective amendment No. 657 via EDGAR on October 23, 2019 accession number 0001398344-19-018308).
	(7)	Code of Ethics adopted by Auxier Asset Management LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(7) in post-effective amendment No. 632 via EDGAR on December 19, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-018174).
	(8)	Code of Ethics adopted by Foreside Fund Services (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(17) in post-effective amendment No. 606 via EDGAR on April 20, 2018, accession number 0001398344-18-005828).

 

	(10)	Code of Ethics adopted by MAI Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(10) in post-effective amendment No. 736 via EDGAR on December 19, 2024, accession number 0001398344-24-023430).
	(11)	Code of Ethics adopted by Monongahela Capital Management, LLC (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (p)(11) in post-effective amendment No. 741 via EDGAR on August 25, 2025, accession number 0001398344-25-016550).

 

Other Exhibits:

(A)

Powers of Attorney for Jennifer Brown-Strabley, Mark D. Moyer, and David Tucker, Trustees of Registrant (Exhibit incorporated by reference as filed as Exhibit (A) in post-effective amendment No. 640 via EDGAR on July 17, 2019, accession number 0001398344-19-012051).

 

ITEM 29.

PERSONS CONTROLLED BY OR UNDER COMMON CONTROL WITH REGISTRANT

 

None.

ITEM 30.

INDEMNIFICATION

 

In accordance with Section 3803 of the Delaware Business Trust Act, Section 10.02 of Registrant’s Trust Instrument provides as follows:

 

“10.02. INDEMNIFICATION

 

(a) Subject to the exceptions and limitations contained in Section (b) below:

 

(i) Every Person who is, or has been, a Trustee or officer of the Trust (hereinafter referred to as a “Covered Person”) shall be indemnified by the Trust to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him in connection with any claim, action, suit or proceeding in which he becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of being or having been a Trustee or officer and against amounts paid or incurred by him in the settlement thereof);

 

(ii) The words “claim,” “action,” “suit,” or “proceeding” shall apply to all claims, actions, suits or proceedings (civil, criminal or other, including appeals), actual or threatened while in office or thereafter, and the words “liability” and “expenses” shall include, without limitation, attorneys’ fees, costs, judgments, amounts paid in settlement, fines, penalties and other liabilities.

 

(b) No indemnification shall be provided hereunder to a Covered Person:

 

(i) Who shall have been adjudicated by a court or body before which the proceeding was brought (A) to be liable to the Trust or its Holders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the Covered Person’s office or (B) not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that Covered Person’s action was in the best interest of the Trust; or

 

(ii) In the event of a settlement, unless there has been a determination that such Trustee or officer did not engage in willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the Trustee’s or officer’s office,

 

(A) By the court or other body approving the settlement;

 

(B) By at least a majority of those Trustees who are neither Interested Persons of the Trust nor are parties to the matter based upon a review of readily available facts (as opposed to a full trial-type inquiry);

 

(C) By written opinion of independent legal counsel based upon a review of readily available facts (as opposed to a full trial-type inquiry); provided, however, that any Holder may, by appropriate legal proceedings, challenge any such determination by the Trustees or by independent counsel.

 

(c) The rights of indemnification herein provided may be insured against by policies maintained by the Trust, shall be severable, shall not be exclusive of or affect any other rights to which any Covered Person may now or hereafter be entitled, shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a Covered Person and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person. Nothing contained herein shall affect any rights to indemnification to which Trust personnel, other than Covered Persons, and other persons may be entitled by contract or otherwise under law.

 

(d) Expenses in connection with the preparation and presentation of a defense to any claim, action, suit or proceeding of the character described in paragraph (a) of this Section 5.2 may be paid by the Trust or Series from time to time prior to final disposition thereof upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such Covered Person that such amount will be paid over by him to the Trust or Series if it is ultimately determined that he is not entitled to indemnification under this Section 5.2; provided, however, that either (a) such Covered Person shall have provided appropriate security for such undertaking, (b) the Trust is insured against losses arising out of any such advance payments or (c) either a majority of the Trustees who are neither Interested Persons of the Trust nor parties to the matter, or independent legal counsel in a written opinion, shall have determined, based upon a review of readily available facts (as opposed to a trial-type inquiry or full investigation), that there is reason to believe that such Covered Person will be found entitled to indemnification under this Section 5.2.

(e) Conditional advancing of indemnification monies under this Section 5.2 for actions based upon the 1940 Act may be made only on the following conditions: (i) the advances must be limited to amounts used, or to be used, for the preparation or presentation of a defense to the action, including costs connected with the preparation of a settlement; (ii) advances may be made only upon receipt of a written promise by, or on behalf of, the recipient to repay that amount of the advance which exceeds that amount which it is ultimately determined that he is entitled to receive from the Trust by reason of indemnification; and (iii) (a) such promise must be secured by a surety bond, other suitable insurance or an equivalent form of security which assures that any repayments may be obtained by the Trust without delay or litigation, which bond, insurance or other form of security must be provided by the recipient of the advance, or (b) a majority of a quorum of the Trust’s disinterested, non-party Trustees, or an independent legal counsel in a written opinion, shall determine, based upon a review of readily available facts, that the recipient of the advance ultimately will be found entitled to indemnification.

 

(f) In case any Holder or former Holder of any Series shall be held to be personally liable solely by reason of the Holder or former Holder being or having been a Holder of that Series and not because of the Holder or former Holder acts or omissions or for some other reason, the Holder or former Holder (or the Holder or former Holder’s heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives, or, in the case of a corporation or other entity, its corporate or other general successor) shall be entitled out of the assets belonging to the applicable Series to be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability. The Trust, on behalf of the affected Series, shall, upon request by the Holder, assume the defense of any claim made against the Holder for any act or obligation of the Series and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets of the Series.”

 

With respect to indemnification of an adviser to the Trust, the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Trust and Monongahela Capital Management, Inc. includes language similar to the following:

 

(a) The Trust shall expect of the Adviser, and the Adviser will give the Trust the benefit of, the Adviser’s best judgment and efforts in rendering its services to the Trust. The Adviser shall not be liable hereunder for any mistake of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission taken or in any event whatsoever with respect to the Trust, the Fund or any of the Fund’s shareholders in the absence of bad faith, willful misfeasance or negligence in the performance of the Adviser’s duties or obligations under this Agreement or by reason of the Adviser’s reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under this Agreement.

 

(b) Adviser shall not be liable for the errors of other service providers to the Trust, including the errors of pricing services, administrator, fund accountant, custodian or transfer agent to the Trust, unless such errors arise from the Adviser’s providing false or misleading information to other service providers. The Adviser shall not be liable to the Trust for any action taken or failure to act in good faith reliance upon: (i) information, instructions or requests, whether oral or written, with respect to the Fund made to the Adviser by a duly authorized officer of the Trust; (ii) the advice of counsel to the Trust; and (iii) any written instruction or certified copy of any resolution of the Board or any agent of the Board.

 

(c) The Adviser agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Trust, each Fund and their respective employees, agents, trustees and officers against and from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits, judgments, liabilities, losses, damages, costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees and other expenses of every nature and character arising out of or in any way related to (i) any breach of the Adviser’s obligations under this Agreement, (ii) any acts or failures to act of Adviser for which the Adviser would be liable under Section 5(a), (iii) any breach of a representation or warranty of the Adviser set forth in this Agreement and (iv) claims or demands by any employee, agent, trustee, member or manager of the Adviser in their capacity as such. The Trust is hereby authorized to deduct any amounts payable in respect of the Adviser’s indemnification obligations hereunder from any fees payable to the Adviser pursuant to Section 4(a).

(d) The Adviser shall not be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in performance of its obligations under this Agreement arising out of or caused, directly or indirectly, by circumstances beyond its reasonable control including, but not limited to, acts of civil or military authority, national emergencies, labor difficulties (other than those related to the Adviser’s employees), fire, mechanical breakdowns, flood or catastrophe, acts of God, insurrection, war, riots or failure of the mails, transportation, communication or power supply.

 

With respect to indemnification of an adviser to the Trust, the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Trust and Lisanti Capital Growth, LLC, Beck, Mack & Oliver LLC, DF Dent & Company, Inc. and Polaris Capital Management, LLC includes language similar to the following:

 

(a) The Trust shall expect of the Adviser, and the Adviser will give the Trust the benefit of, the Adviser’s best judgment and efforts in rendering its services to the Trust. The Adviser shall not be liable hereunder for mistake of judgment or mistake of law or in any event whatsoever, except for lack of good faith, provided that nothing herein shall be deemed to protect, or purport to protect, the Adviser against any liability to the Trust or to the Trust’s security holders to which the Adviser would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of the Adviser’s duties hereunder, or by reason of the Adviser’s reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder.

 

(b) The Adviser shall not be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in performance of its obligations under this Agreement arising out of or caused, directly or indirectly, by circumstances beyond its reasonable control including, without limitation, acts of civil or military authority, national emergencies, labor difficulties (other than those related to the Adviser’s employees), fire, mechanical breakdowns, flood or catastrophe, acts of God, insurrection, war, riots or failure of the mails, transportation, communication or power supply.

 

With respect to indemnification of an adviser to the Trust, the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Trust and MAI Capital Management, LLC includes language similar to the following:

 

(a) The Trust shall expect of the Adviser, and the Adviser will give the Trust the benefit of, the Adviser’s best judgment and efforts in rendering its services to the Trust. The Adviser shall not be liable hereunder for any mistake of judgment or mistake of law for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission taken or in any event whatsoever with respect to the Trust, the Fund or any of the Fund’s shareholders in the absence of bad faith, willful misfeasance or gross negligence in the performance of the Adviser’s duties or obligations and under this Agreement.

 

(b) Adviser shall not be liable for the errors of other service providers to the Trust, including the errors of pricing, services, administrator, fund accountant, custodian or transfer agent to the Trust. The Adviser shall not be liable to the Trust for any action take or failure to act in good faith reliance upon: (i) information, instructions or requests, whether oral or written, with respect to the Fund made to the Adviser by a duly authorized officer of the Trust; (ii) the advice of counsel to the Trust; and (iii) any written instruction or certified copy of any resolution of the Board or any agent of the Board.

(c) The Adviser shall not be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in performance of its obligations under this Agreement arising out of or caused, directly or indirectly, by circumstances beyond its reasonable control including, without limitation, acts of civil or military authority, national emergencies, labor difficulties (other than those related to the Adviser’s employees), fire, mechanical breakdowns, flood or catastrophe, acts of God, insurrection, war, riots or failure of the mails, transportation, communication or power supply. With respect to indemnification of an adviser to the Trust, the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Trust and Auxier Asset Management, LLC and H.M. Payson & Co. includes language similar to the following:

 

The Adviser may rely on information reasonably believed by the Adviser to be accurate and reliable. Except as may otherwise be required by the 1940 Act or the rules thereunder, neither the Adviser nor its shareholders, members, officers, directors, employees, agents, control persons or affiliates of any thereof shall be subject to any liability for, or any damages, expenses or losses incurred by the Trust in connection with, any error of judgment, mistake of law, any act or omission connected with or arising out of any services rendered under, or payments made pursuant to, this Agreement or any other matter to which this Agreement relates, except by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of any such persons in the performance of the Adviser’s duties under this Agreement, or by reason of reckless disregard by any of such persons of the Adviser’s obligations and duties under this Agreement.

 

With respect to indemnification of the underwriter of the Trust, Section 8 of the Distribution Agreement provides:

 

(a) The Trust will indemnify, defend and hold the Distributor, its employees, agents, directors and officers and any person who controls the Distributor within the meaning of section 15 of the Securities Act or section 20 of the 1934 Act (“Distributor Indemnitees”) free and harmless from and against any and all claims, demands, actions, suits, judgments, liabilities, losses, damages, costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees and other expenses of every nature and character (including the cost of investigating or defending such claims, demands, actions, suits or liabilities and any reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith) which any Distributor Indemnitee may incur, under the Securities Act, or under common law or otherwise, arising out of or based upon (i) the bad faith, willful misfeasance or gross negligence of the Trust in connection with the subject matter of this Agreement; (ii) any material breach by the Trust of its representations an warranties under this Agreement; (iii) any alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectuses or arising out of or based upon any alleged omission to state a material fact required to be stated in any one thereof or necessary to make the statements in any one thereof not misleading, unless such statement or omission was made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished in writing to the Trust in connection with the preparation of the Registration Statement or exhibits to the Registration Statement by or on behalf of the Distributor (“Distributor Claims”). After receipt of the Distributor’s notice of termination under Section 13(e), the Trust shall indemnify and hold each Distributor Indemnitee free and harmless from and against any Distributor Claim; provided, that the term Distributor Claim for purposes of this sentence shall mean any Distributor Claim related to the matters for which the Distributor has requested amendment to the Registration Statement and for which the Trust has not filed a Required Amendment, regardless of with respect to such matters whether any statement in or omission from the Registration Statement was made in reliance upon, or in conformity with, information furnished to the Trust by or on behalf of the Distributor.

 

(b) The Trust may assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any Distributor Claim and may retain counsel of good standing chosen by the Trust and approved by the Distributor, which approval shall not be withheld unreasonably. The Trust shall advise the Distributor that it will assume the defense of the suit and retain counsel within ten (10) days of receipt of the notice of the claim. If the Trust assumes the defense of any such suit and retains counsel, the defendants shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel that they retain. If the Trust does not assume the defense of any such suit, or if Distributor does not approve of counsel chosen by the Trust or has been advised that it may have available defenses or claims that are not available to or conflict with those available to the Trust, the Trust will reimburse any Distributor Indemnitee named as defendant in such suit for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel that person retains. A Distributor Indemnitee shall not settle or confess any claim without the prior written consent of the Trust, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

(c) The Distributor will indemnify, defend and hold the Trust and its several officers and trustees (collectively, the “Trust Indemnitees”), free and harmless from and against any and all claims, demands, actions, suits, judgments, liabilities, losses, damages, costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees and other expenses of every nature and character (including the cost of investigating or defending such claims, demands, actions, suits or liabilities and any reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith), but only to the extent that such claims, demands, actions, suits, judgments, liabilities, losses, damages, costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees and other expenses result from, arise out of or are based upon:

 

(i) any alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, if such statement or omission was made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Trust in writing in connection with the preparation of the Registration Statement or Prospectus by or on behalf of the Distributor; or

 

(ii) any act of, or omission by, the Distributor or its sales representatives that does not conform to the standard of care set forth in Section 7 of this Agreement (“Trust Claims”).

 

(d) The Distributor may assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any Trust Claim and may retain counsel of good standing chosen by the Distributor and approved by the Trust, which approval shall not be withheld unreasonably. The Distributor shall advise the Trust that it will assume the defense of the suit and retain counsel within ten (10) days of receipt of the notice of the claim. If the Distributor assumes the defense of any such suit and retains counsel, the defendants shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel that they retain. If the Distributor does not assume the defense of any such suit, or if the Trust does not approve of counsel chosen by the Distributor or has been advised that it may have available defenses or claims that are not available to or conflict with those available to the Distributor, the Distributor will reimburse any Trust Indemnitee named as defendant in such suit for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel that person retains. A Trust Indemnitee shall not settle or confess any claim without the prior written consent of the Distributor, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

 

(e) The Trust’s and the Distributor’s obligations to provide indemnification under this Section is conditioned upon the Trust or the Distributor receiving notice of any action brought against a Distributor Indemnitee or Trust Indemnitee, respectively, by the person against whom such action is brought within twenty (20) days after the summons or other first legal process is served. Such notice shall refer to the person or persons against whom the action is brought. The failure to provide such notice shall not relieve the party entitled to such notice of any liability that it may have to any Distributor Indemnitee or Trust Indemnitee except to the extent that the ability of the party entitled to such notice to defend such action has been materially adversely affected by the failure to provide notice.

 

(f) The provisions of this Section and the parties’ representations and warranties in this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of any Distributor Indemnitee or Trust Indemnitee and shall survive the sale and redemption of any Shares made pursuant to subscriptions obtained by the Distributor. The indemnification provisions of this Section will inure exclusively to the benefit of each person that may be a Distributor Indemnitee or Trust Indemnitee at any time and their respective successors and assigns (it being intended that such persons be deemed to be third party beneficiaries under this Agreement).

(g) Each party agrees promptly to notify the other party of the commencement of any litigation or proceeding of which it becomes aware arising out of or in any way connected with the issuance or sale of Shares.

 

(h) Nothing contained herein shall require the Trust to take any action contrary to any provision of its Organic Documents or any applicable statute or regulation or shall require the Distributor to take any action contrary to any provision of its Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws or any applicable statute or regulation; provided, however, that neither the Trust nor the Distributor may amend their Organic Documents or Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, respectively, in any manner that would result in a violation of a representation or warranty made in this Agreement.

 

(i) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to protect the Distributor against any liability to the Trust or its security holders to which the Distributor would otherwise be subject by reason of its failure to satisfy the standard of care set forth in Section 7 of this Agreement.”

 

Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that, in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

ITEM 31.

BUSINESS AND OTHER CONNECTIONS OF INVESTMENT ADVISER

 

(a) Lisanti Capital Growth, LLC

 

With respect to Lisanti Capital Growth, LLC, the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-62639). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

(b) Auxier Asset Management LLC

 

With respect to Auxier Asset Management LLC, the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-55757). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

(c) Beck, Mack & Oliver LLC

 

With respect to Beck, Mack & Oliver LLC, the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-482). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

(d) D.F. Dent and Company, Inc.

 

With respect to D.F. Dent and Company, Inc., the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-11364). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

(e) H.M. Payson & Co.

 

With respect to H.M. Payson & Co., the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-3901). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

(f) MAI Capital Management, LLC

 

With respect to MAI Capital Management, LLC (f/k/a MAI Wealth Advisors, LLC), the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-58104). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

(g) Polaris Capital Management, LLC

 

With respect to Polaris Capital Management, LLC, the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-43216). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

 (h) Rodgers Brothers, Inc. d/b/a/ Monongahela Capital Management

 

With respect to Monongahela Capital Management, the response to this Item will be incorporated by reference to the Advisor’s Uniform Application for Investment Adviser Registration (Form ADV) on file with the SEC (File No. 801-61034). The Advisor’s Form ADV may be obtained, free of charge, at the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.

 

ITEM 32(a)

Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Distributor”) serves as principal underwriter for the following investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended:

 

1.	AB Active ETFs, Inc.	102.	Morgan Stanley Pathway Small-Mid Cap Equity ETF, Series of Morgan Stanley Pathway Funds
2.	ABS Long/Short Strategies Fund	103.	Morningstar Funds Trust
3.	ActivePassive Core Bond ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	104.	NEOS ETF Trust

4.	ActivePassive Intermediate Municipal Bond ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	105.	Niagara Income Opportunities Fund
5.	ActivePassive International Equity ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	106.	North Square Evanston Multi-Alpha Fund
6.	ActivePassive U.S. Equity ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	107.	NXG Cushing® Midstream Energy Fund
7.	AdvisorShares Trust	108.	NXG NextGen Infrastructure Income Fund
8.	AFA Private Credit Fund	109.	OTG Latin American Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
9.	AGF Investments Trust	110.	Overlay Shares Core Bond ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
10.	AIM ETF Products Trust	111.	Overlay Shares Foreign Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
11.	Alexis Practical Tactical ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	112.	Overlay Shares Hedged Large Cap Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
12.	AlphaCentric Prime Meridian Income Fund	113.	Overlay Shares Large Cap Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
13.	American Century ETF Trust	114.	Overlay Shares Municipal Bond ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
14.	Amplify ETF Trust	115.	Overlay Shares Short Term Bond ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
15.	Applied Finance Dividend Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	116.	Overlay Shares Small Cap Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
16.	Applied Finance Explorer Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	117.	Palmer Square Funds Trust
17.	Applied Finance Select Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	118.	Palmer Square Opportunistic Income Fund
18.	Ardian Access LLC	119.	Partners Group Private Income Opportunities, LLC
19.	ARK ETF Trust	120.	Perkins Discovery Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
20.	ARK Venture Fund	121.	Philotimo Focused Growth and Income Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
21.	Bitwise Funds Trust	122.	Plan Investment Fund, Inc.
22.	BondBloxx ETF Trust	123.	Point Bridge America First ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
23.	Bramshill Multi-Strategy Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust	124.	Precidian ETFs Trust

24.	Bridgeway Funds, Inc.	125.	Rareview 2x Bull Cryptocurrency & Precious Metals ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
25.	Brinker Capital Destinations Trust	126.	Rareview Dynamic Fixed Income ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
26.	Brookfield Real Assets Income Fund Inc.	127.	Rareview Systematic Equity ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
27.	Build Funds Trust	128.	Rareview Tax Advantaged Income ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
28.	Calamos Convertible and High Income Fund	129.	Rareview Total Return Bond ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
29.	Calamos Convertible Opportunities and Income Fund	130.	Renaissance Capital Greenwich Funds
30.	Calamos Dynamic Convertible and Income Fund	131.	REX ETF Trust
31.	Calamos Global Dynamic Income Fund	132.	Reynolds Funds, Inc.
32.	Calamos Global Total Return Fund	133.	RMB Investors Trust
33.	Calamos Strategic Total Return Fund	134.	Robinson Opportunistic Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust
34.	Carlyle Tactical Private Credit Fund	135.	Robinson Tax Advantaged Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust
35.	Cascade Private Capital Fund	136.	Roundhill Ball Metaverse ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
36.	Catalyst Strategic Income Opportunities Fund	137.	Roundhill Cannabis ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
37.	CBRE Global Real Estate Income Fund	138.	Roundhill ETF Trust
38.	Center Coast Brookfield MLP & Energy Infrastructure Fund	139.	Roundhill Magnificent Seven ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
39.	Clifford Capital Partners Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	140.	Roundhill Sports Betting & iGaming ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
40.	Cliffwater Corporate Lending Fund	141.	Roundhill Video Games ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
41.	Cliffwater Enhanced Lending Fund	142.	Rule One Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
42.	Coatue Innovative Strategies Fund	143.	Russell Investments Exchange Traded Funds
43.	Cohen & Steers ETF Trust	144.	Securian AM Real Asset Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust
44.	Convergence Long/Short Equity ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	145.	Six Circles Trust

45.	CornerCap Small-Cap Value Fund, Series of Managed Portfolio Series	146.	Sound Shore Fund, Inc.
46.	CrossingBridge Pre-Merger SPAC ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	147.	SP Funds Trust
47.	Curasset Capital Management Core Bond Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	148.	Sparrow Funds
48.	Curasset Capital Management Limited Term Income Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	149.	Spear Alpha ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
49.	CYBER HORNET S&P 500® and Bitcoin 75/25 Strategy ETF, Series of ONEFUND Trust	150.	STF Tactical Growth & Income ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
50.	Davis Fundamental ETF Trust	151.	STF Tactical Growth ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
51.	Defiance Connective Technologies ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions	152.	Strategic Trust
52.	Defiance Drone and Modern Warfare ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions	153.	Strategy Shares
53.	Defiance Quantum ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions	154.	Swan Hedged Equity US Large Cap ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
54.	Denali Structured Return Strategy Fund	155.	Tekla World Healthcare Fund
55.	Dodge & Cox Funds	156.	Tema ETF Trust
56.	DoubleLine ETF Trust	157.	The 2023 ETF Series Trust
57.	DoubleLine Income Solutions Fund	158.	The 2023 ETF Series Trust II
58.	DoubleLine Opportunistic Credit Fund	159.	The Community Development Fund
59.	DoubleLine Yield Opportunities Fund	160.	The Cook & Bynum Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
60.	DriveWealth ETF Trust	161.	The Finite Solar Finance Fund
61.	EIP Investment Trust	162.	The Private Shares Fund
62.	Ellington Income Opportunities Fund	163.	The SPAC and New Issue ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
63.	ETF Opportunities Trust	164.	Third Avenue Trust
64.	Exchange Listed Funds Trust	165.	Third Avenue Variable Series Trust
65.	Exchange Place Advisors Trust	166.	Tidal Trust I
66.	FlexShares Trust	167.	Tidal Trust II
67.	Fortuna Hedged Bitcoin Fund, Series of Listed Funds Trust	168.	Tidal Trust III
68.	Forum Funds	169.	TIFF Investment Program
69.	Forum Funds II	170.	Timothy Plan High Dividend Stock Enhanced ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan

70.	Forum Real Estate Income Fund	171.	Timothy Plan High Dividend Stock ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
71.	Fundrise Growth Tech Fund, LLC	172.	Timothy Plan International ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
72.	GoldenTree Opportunistic Credit Fund	173.	Timothy Plan Market Neutral ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
73.	Gramercy Emerging Markets Debt Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust	174.	Timothy Plan US Large/Mid Cap Core ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
74.	Grayscale Funds Trust	175.	Timothy Plan US Large/Mid Core Enhanced ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
75.	Guinness Atkinson Funds	176.	Timothy Plan US Small Cap Core ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
76.	Harbor ETF Trust	177.	Total Fund Solution
77.	Harris Oakmark ETF Trust	178.	Touchstone ETF Trust
78.	Hawaiian Tax-Free Trust	179.	Trailmark Series Trust
79.	Horizon Kinetics Blockchain Development ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	180.	T-Rex 2X Inverse Bitcoin Daily Target ETF, Series of World Funds Trust
80.	Horizon Kinetics Energy and Remediation ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	181.	T-Rex 2x Inverse Ether Daily Target ETF, Series of World Funds Trust
81.	Horizon Kinetics Inflation Beneficiaries ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	182.	T-Rex 2X Long Bitcoin Daily Target ETF, Series of World Funds Trust
82.	Horizon Kinetics Japan Owner Operator ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	183.	T-Rex 2x Long Ether Daily Target ETF
83.	Horizon Kinetics Medical ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	184.	U.S. Global Investors Funds
84.	Horizon Kinetics SPAC Active ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust	185.	Union Street Partners Value Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
85.	Innovator ETFs Trust	186.	Vest Bitcoin Strategy Managed Volatility Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
86.	Ironwood Institutional Multi-Strategy Fund LLC	187.	Vest S&P 500® Dividend Aristocrats Target Income Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
87.	Ironwood Multi-Strategy Fund LLC	188.	Vest US Large Cap 10% Buffer Strategies Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
88.	Jensen Quality Growth ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	189.	Vest US Large Cap 10% Buffer Strategies VI Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
89.	John Hancock Exchange-Traded Fund Trust	190.	Vest US Large Cap 20% Buffer Strategies Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
90.	Kurv ETF Trust	191.	Vest US Large Cap 20% Buffer Strategies VI Fund, Series of World Funds Trust

91.	Lazard Active ETF Trust	192.	Virtus Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
92.	LDR Real Estate Value-Opportunity Fund, Series of World Funds Trust	193.	Volatility Shares Trust
93.	Mairs & Power Balanced Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	194.	WEBs ETF Trust
94.	Mairs & Power Growth Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	195.	Wedbush Series Trust
95.	Mairs & Power Minnesota Municipal Bond ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	196.	Wellington Global Multi-Strategy Fund
96.	Mairs & Power Small Cap Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers	197.	Wilshire Mutual Funds, Inc.
97.	Manor Investment Funds	198.	Wilshire Variable Insurance Trust
98.	MoA Funds Corporation	199.	WisdomTree Digital Trust
99.	Moerus Worldwide Value Fund, Series of Northern Lights Fund Trust IV	200.	WisdomTree Trust
100.	Morgan Stanley ETF Trust	201	XAI Octagon Floating Rate & Alternative Income Term Trust
101.	Morgan Stanley Pathway Large Cap Equity ETF, Series of Morgan Stanley Pathway Funds

 

ITEM 32(b)

The following are the Officers and Manager of the Distributor, the Registrant’s underwriter.

 

The Distributor’s main business address is 190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

Name	Address	Position with Underwriter	Position with Registrant
Teresa Cowan	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	President/Manager	None
Chris Lanza	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	Vice President	None
Kate Macchia	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	Vice President	None
Alicia Strout	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer	None
Kelly B. Whetstone	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	Secretary	None
Susan L. LaFond	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	Treasurer	None
Weston Sommers	190 Middle Street, Suite 301, Portland, ME 04101	Financial and Operations Principal and Chief Financial Officer	None

ITEM 32(c)

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 33.

LOCATION OF ACCOUNTS AND RECORDS

 

The majority of the accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Rules thereunder are maintained at the offices of Atlantic Fund Administration, LLC (d/b/a Apex Fund Services), 190 Middle Street, Suite 101, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

The records required to be maintained under Rule 31a-1(b)(1) with respect to journals of receipts and deliveries of securities and receipts and disbursements of cash are maintained at the offices of the Registrant’s custodian, as listed under “Custodian” in Part B to this Registration Statement. The records required to be maintained under Rule 31a-1(b)(5), (6) and (9) are maintained at the offices of the Registrant’s adviser or subadviser, as listed in Item 31 hereof.

 

ITEM 34.

MANAGEMENT SERVICES

 

Not Applicable.

 

ITEM 35.

UNDERTAKINGS

 

None. 

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has met all of the requirements for effectiveness of this registration statement under Rule 485(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 and that it has duly caused this amendment to its registration statement on Form N-1A to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Portland, and State of Maine on October 23, 2025.

 

Forum Funds
/s/ Zachary Tackett
Zachary Tackett, President

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated on October 23, 2025.

 

(a)	Principal Executive Officer
	/s/ Zachary Tackett
	Zachary Tackett
	Principal Executive Officer
(b)	Principal Financial Officer
	/s/ Karen Shaw
	Karen Shaw
	Principal Financial Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
(c)	A majority of the Trustees
	/s/ Karen Shaw
	Karen Shaw, Trustee

 

	Jennifer Brown-Strabley, Trustee*
	Mark Moyer, Trustee*

 

	David Tucker, Trustee*
By:	/s/ Zachary Tackett
	Zachary Tackett
	As Attorney-in-fact

 

*	Pursuant to powers of attorney previously filed.

EXHIBIT LIST

 

EXHIBITS
(h)(4)	Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and D.F. Dent and Company, Inc. is filed herewith.
(i)	Opinion and consent of K&L Gates LLP is filed herewith.
(j)	Consent of Cohen & Company, Ltd. is filed herewith.

 

 

 

ATTACHMENTS / EXHIBITS

fp0095877-1_ex9928h4.htm

fp0095877-1_ex9928i.htm

fp0095877-1_ex9928j.htm

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XBRL DEFINITION FILE

XBRL LABEL FILE

XBRL PRESENTATION FILE

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IDEA: FilingSummary.xml

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