Form 485APOS WASATCH FUNDS TRUST
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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2, 2026
Securities Act Registration No. 033-10451
Investment Company Act Registration No. 811-04920
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
| REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | X | |
| Post-Effective Amendment No. 133 X | ||
| and/or | ||
| REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 | X | |
| Amendment No. 135 X | ||
(Check appropriate box or boxes)
WASATCH FUNDS TRUST
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor
Salt Lake City, UT 84108
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code: (801) 533-0777
| (Name and Address of Agent for Service) | Copy to: | |
| Michael K. Yeates Wasatch Advisors LP d/b/a Wasatch Global Investors 505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 |
Eric F. Fess Chapman and Cutler LLP 320 S. Canal Street Chicago, IL 60606 | |
Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering: As soon as practicable following effectiveness.
It is proposed that this filing will become effective:
| ( ) | immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) |
| ( ) | on _________ pursuant to paragraph (b) |
| ( ) | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) |
| ( ) | on __________ pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) |
| (X) | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) |
| ( ) | on __________ pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. |
If appropriate, check the following box:
( ) this Post-Effective Amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed Post-Effective Amendment.
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| Subject To Completion Preliminary Prospectus dated April 2, 2026
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WASATCHGLOBAL.COM |
[June 16], 2026
2026 Prospectus
| Fund Name | Ticker | Exchange | ||
| Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF | [ ] | [NYSE Arca, Inc.] | ||
THE INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT COMPLETE AND MAY BE CHANGED. WE MAY NOT SELL THESE SECURITIES UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT AN OFFER TO SELL THESE SECURITIES AND IS NOT SOLICITING AN OFFER TO BUY THESE SECURITIES IN ANY STATE WHERE THE OFFER OR SALE IS NOT PERMITTED.
The fund listed above (the “Fund”) lists and principally trades its shares (the “Shares”) on the [NYSE Arca, Inc.] (“NYSE Arca” or the “Exchange”). Market prices may differ to some degree from the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Shares. Unlike mutual funds, the Fund issues and redeems Shares at NAV only in large blocks of Shares called “Creation Units.”
The Fund is a series of the Wasatch Funds Trust (the “Trust”) and an actively managed exchange-traded fund (an “ETF”) organized as a separate series of a registered management investment company.
Except when aggregated in Creation Units, the Shares are not redeemable securities of the Fund.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any statement to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF— SUMMARY
Investment Objective
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund
The tables below describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold and sell Shares of the Fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below.
| ANNUAL FUND OPERATING EXPENSES (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) |
||||
| Management Fee |
[0.75]% | |||
| Distribution and Service (12b-1 Fees) |
[0.00]% | |||
| Other Expenses1 |
[0.00]% | |||
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
[0.75]% | |||
1Expenses are based on estimates for the current fiscal year.
Example
The example assumes that you invested $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then sell all of your shares at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that your investment had a 5% return each year and that operating expenses (as a percentage of net assets) of the Fund remained the same. This example does not include the brokerage commissions that investors may pay to buy and sell Shares. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | |||
| $[___] |
$[___] |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). Higher portfolio turnover may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund Shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. Because the Fund is newly organized, portfolio turnover is not available.
Principal Strategies
The Fund is an active ETF that invests primarily in small- and mid-capitalization growth companies.
Under normal market conditions, we will invest at least 80% of the Fund’s net assets in the equity securities, typically common stock, issued by small- and mid-capitalization companies. We define small- and mid-capitalization companies as companies that, at the time of purchase, have a market capitalization within the range of companies included in the Russell 2000 Index and the Russell Midcap Index as of their most recent reconstitution date. The market capitalizations for the range of companies in the Russell
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2000 Index and the Russell Midcap Index are subject to change at its next reconstitution date. The Russell index reconstitution date is typically each year on or around July 1. As of the 2025 reconstitution date, the market capitalization of companies included in the Russell 2000 Index and the Russell Midcap Index ranged from $55 million to $89 billion.
The Fund may invest up to 20% of its total assets at the time of purchase in securities issued by foreign companies (companies that are incorporated in any country outside the United States and whose securities principally trade outside the United States). Securities issued by companies incorporated outside the United States whose securities are principally traded in the United States are not defined as foreign companies and are not subject to this limitation.
Wasatch Advisors LP (“Wasatch” or the “Advisor”) serves as the investment adviser to the Fund, and ALPS Advisors, Inc. (“ALPS Advisors” or the “Sub-Advisor”) serves as the sub-adviser to the Fund. The Advisor is responsible for the construction of the Fund’s portfolio and the investment and reinvestment of assets of the Fund.
The Advisor employs a process of “bottom-up” fundamental analysis in seeking individual companies that the Advisor believes have superior growth prospects. The Advisor’s fundamental analysis may include studying a company’s financial statements, building proprietary financial models, visiting company facilities, and meeting with executive management, suppliers and customers. We may also screen securities using proprietary models in an effort to identify securities intended to reduce portfolio volatility relative to the Fund’s performance benchmark. Securities identified using proprietary screening models may come from companies of all market capitalizations, high growth companies, and securities priced below their intrinsic long-term value. Securities identified using proprietary screening models may come from companies across all industries if we believe they will help diversify the portfolio and reduce relative portfolio risk. The Advisor may sell a security when the Advisor believes the rationale to buy the security is no longer valid, the security is considered overpriced or a better investment opportunity is identified.
ALPS Advisors serves as a sub-adviser to the Fund. As the Sub-Advisor, ALPS Advisors will coordinate the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund in accordance with the terms of the sub-advisory agreement and subject to the direction and supervision of the Advisor and Board of the Fund. In this regard, ALPS Advisors is responsible for, among other things, handling the day-to-day management of the Fund’s trading process (including the creation and/or redemption basket processing). ALPS Advisors does not select investments for the Fund.
Over time, the Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets (greater than 5%) in a few sectors, including communication services, consumer discretionary, consumer staples, energy, financials, health care, industrials, information technology, materials, real estate, and utilities. To the extent the Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in a given investment sector, industry or group of industries, the Fund may be exposed to the risks associated with that investment sector, industry or group of industries.
The Fund is classified as non-diversified, which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in the securities of a small number of issuers than a diversified fund.
The Fund may invest in initial public offerings (IPOs).
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Principal Risks
All investments carry some degree of risk that will affect the value of the Fund, its investment performance and the price of its shares. As a result, you may lose money if you invest in the Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of any bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or any other government agency. here can be no assurance the Fund’s objective will be achieved.
The Fund is subject to the following principal investment risks. Each risk noted below is considered a principal risk of investing in the Fund, regardless of the order in which it appears. The significance of each risk factor below may change over time, and you should review each risk factor carefully.
Investment Strategy Risk. The Fund’s strategy and market subjects it to certain unique risks which are detailed below.
Current Market and Economic Conditions Risk. Current market and economic conditions risk is the risk that a particular investment, or Shares of the Fund in general, may fall in value due to current market and economic conditions or events. For example, actions taken by the Federal Reserve or foreign central banks may at times result in unusually high market volatility, may negatively impact companies, including banks and financial services companies, and negatively impact Fund performance. As a means to fight inflation, the Federal Reserve and certain foreign central banks have raised interest rates, however, the Federal Reserve has begun to lower interest rates and may continue to do so. U.S. regulators have also proposed from time to time changes to market and issuer regulations which may impact the Fund, and any regulatory changes adopted could adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment strategies or make certain investments. Potential future bank failures could result in disruption to the broader banking industry or markets generally and reduce confidence in financial institutions and the economy as a whole, which may also heighten market volatility and reduce liquidity. The ongoing adversarial political climate in the United States, as well as political and diplomatic events both domestic and abroad, have and may continue to have an adverse impact on the U.S. regulatory landscape, markets and investor behavior, which could have a negative impact on the Fund’s investments and operations.
The change in administration resulting from the 2024 United States national election could result in significant impacts to international trade relations, tax and immigration policies, and other aspects of the national and international political and financial landscape, which could affect, among other things, inflation and securities markets generally. Other unexpected political, regulatory and diplomatic events within the U.S. and abroad may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy. For example, ongoing armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine in Europe and among Israel, Iran, Hamas and other militant groups in the Middle East, have caused and could continue to cause significant market disruptions and volatility within the markets in Russia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States. The continuing conflicts and their escalation could negatively impact other regional and global economic markets of the world, companies in such countries and various sectors, industries and markets for securities and commodities globally, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, the Chinese government is engaged in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan, continually threatening an invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt invading Taiwan, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or worsen, economies, markets and individual securities may be adversely affected, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down. Accordingly, the hostilities and sanctions resulting from these hostilities may have a negative effect on certain
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Fund investments, including investments extending beyond any direct or indirect exposure the Fund may have to issuers of such countries or those of adjoining geographic regions.
The economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as the financial markets generally, may be adversely impacted by trade disputes and other matters. For example, the U.S. recently has been in the process of renegotiating many of its global trade relationships and has imposed or threatened to impose significant import tariffs, including with respect to China. Such actions could lead to price volatility and overall decline in U.S. and global investment markets. It is difficult to predict the outcome and impact of any trade negotiations.
In addition, a public health crisis and ensuing policies enacted by governments and central banks may cause significant volatility and uncertainty in global financial markets, negatively impacting global growth prospects. As the COVID-19 pandemic illustrated, such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others.
Advancements in technology may also adversely impact markets and the overall performance of the Fund. For instance, the economy may be significantly impacted by the advanced development and increased regulation of artificial intelligence. Additionally, cybersecurity breaches of both government and non-government entities could have negative impacts on infrastructure and the ability of such entities, including the Fund, to operate properly. Further, the interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. These events, and any other future events, may adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets.
Cybersecurity Risk. The Fund is susceptible to information security and related risks. Cybersecurity breaches may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to Fund assets, customer data, or proprietary information, or cause the Fund or its service providers to lose proprietary information, suffer data corruption, or lose operational functionality, any of which could result in material adverse effect on the Fund and its shareholders. Such events could cause the Fund to incur regulatory penalties, reputational damage, additional compliance costs associated with corrective measures and/or financial loss. Cybersecurity breaches may involve unauthorized access to the Fund’s digital information systems through “hacking” or malicious software coding but may also result from outside attacks such as denial-of-service attacks through efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users. Emerging threats like ransomware or zero-day exploits could also cause disruptions to Fund operations. Further, errors, misconduct, or compromise of accounts of employees of the Fund or its third-party service providers can also create material cybersecurity risks. Similar incidents affecting issuers of the Fund’s portfolio companies may negatively impact performance. The Fund also relies on a range of services from third-party service provider including its administrator, custodian, transfer agent, or sub-adviser, as applicable, among other third-party service providers. The service providers are also subject to the same risks associated with cybersecurity breaches. Any delay or failure in the services provided to the Fund may negatively affect the Fund and its ability to meet its investment objective. Although the Fund and the Fund’s investment adviser seek to reduce cybersecurity risks through controls and/or procedures, it is not possible to identify and address all such risks and there is no way to completely protect against or mitigate such risks, especially because the Fund does not directly control the cybersecurity systems of issuers or third-party service providers. Cybersecurity incidents may also trigger Fund obligations under data privacy laws, potentially increasing notification and compliance burdens. Cybersecurity incidents affecting
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issuers in whose securities the Fund invests may also have a negative impact on the value of the securities of such issuers, and in turn, the value of the Fund.
Equity Securities Risk. Equity securities represent ownership in a company. They may be traded (bought or sold) on a securities exchange or stock market. Stock markets are volatile. The price of equity securities will fluctuate and can decline over short or extended periods of time and reduce the value of a portfolio invested in equity securities. The value of equity securities purchased by the Fund could decline if the financial condition of the companies in which the Fund invests declines, or could decline in conjunction with declines in the overall market or in a particular industry, country, or section of the market.
Foreign Securities Risk. Foreign securities are generally more volatile and less liquid than U.S. securities. Investments in foreign securities may involve higher costs than investments in U.S. securities. Further, foreign securities may be subject to additional risks not associated with investments in U.S. securities. Securities issued by companies incorporated outside the United States but whose securities are principally traded in the United States are still subject to many of the foreign securities risks such as economic and political risks. Differences in the economic and political environment, the amount of available public information, custody practices for assets, the amount of taxation, limitations on the use or transfer of Fund assets, the degree of market regulation, settlement practices, transaction costs, the potential for permanent or temporary termination of trading, and financial reporting, accounting and auditing standards, and, in the case of foreign currency-denominated securities, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, can have a significant adverse effect on the value of a foreign security. More specifically, changes in currency exchange rates will affect the value of non-U.S. securities, the value of dividends and interest earned from such securities and gains and losses realized on the sale of such securities. The value of an investment denominated in a foreign currency will decline in U.S. dollar terms if that currency weakens against the U.S. dollar. The Fund may be invested in the local currency of a foreign country in connection with executing foreign securities transactions. When the Fund executes the securities transactions, there is the risk of the value of the foreign currency increasing or decreasing against the value of the U.S. dollar. While the Fund is permitted to hedge currency risks, the Advisor does not anticipate doing so at this time. Additionally, certain countries may restrict foreign investment in their securities and may utilize formal or informal currency-exchange controls or “capital controls.” Capital controls may impose restrictions on the Fund’s ability to repatriate investments or income. Such capital controls can also have a significant effect on the value of the Fund’s holdings. Other government actions, such as confiscations, the nationalization of companies, the imposition of sanctions, possible imposition of withholding taxes on dividend income and trade restrictions (including tariffs), could also negatively impact an investment in a foreign security.
Government and Regulatory Action Risk. The risk that governments or regulatory authorities may take actions that could adversely affect markets in which the Fund invests and in the economy, more generally. Government and regulatory authorities may also act to increase the scope or burden of regulations applicable to the Fund and to the companies in which the Fund invests. Such legislation or regulation could restrict the ability of the Fund to fully implement its investment strategies, either generally or with respect to certain securities, industries or countries and could limit or preclude the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
Inflation Risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of the Fund’s assets or income from investments held by the Fund will be less in the future since inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the present value of the Fund’s assets can decline as can the value of the Fund’s distributions.
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Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) Risk. The Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in IPOs from time to time, and investing in IPOs is therefore considered a principal risk of the Fund. IPOs involve a higher degree of risk not normally associated with offerings of more seasoned companies. Companies involved in IPOs generally have limited operating histories and their prospects for future profitability are uncertain. Prices of IPOs may also be unstable due to such factors as the absence of a prior public market, the small number of shares available for trading and limited investor information. Shares purchased in IPOs may be difficult to sell at a time or price that is desirable. Investors in IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
Liquidity Risk. From time to time, the trading market for a particular security or securities or a type of security in which the Fund invests may become less liquid or even illiquid, particularly with respect to emerging-market and frontier-market securities, IPOs and early stage companies. Reduced liquidity will have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to sell such securities when necessary to meet the Fund’s liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event. Market price quotations for such securities may be volatile.
Management Risk. The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed portfolio. The Advisor will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objectives or produce the desired result.
Market Risk. Market risk is the risk that a particular investment, or Shares of the Fund in general, may fall in value. Securities are subject to market fluctuations caused by such factors as economic, political, regulatory or market developments, changes in interest rates and perceived trends in securities prices. Shares of the Fund could decline in value or underperform other investments. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, market manipulation, government defaults or shutdowns, regulatory actions, political changes, diplomatic developments, the imposition of sanctions and other measures, and the spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues, recessions, natural disasters, or other events could have a significant negative impact on the Fund and its investments. Such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others. Such events also could adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio securities or other instruments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets. Any of such circumstances could have a materially negative impact on the value of the Fund’s Shares and result in increased market volatility. During any such events, the Fund’s Shares may trade at increased premiums or discounts to their net asset value, the bid/ask spread on the Shares may widen and the returns on investments may fluctuate.
Model Screening Risk. The Fund’s portfolio managers may use proprietary screening models to help construct the Fund’s portfolio. Models and screens may be incorrect, incomplete, or based on assumptions that do not hold in all market environments. The process may emphasize factors that underperform for prolonged periods, may be adversely impacted by data errors or stale inputs, and may fail to identify risks that would be apparent through fundamental analysis. To the extent that the model is based upon incorrect or incomplete data, the Fund could be induced to buy certain investments at prices that are too high, to sell certain other investments at prices that are too low or to miss favorable opportunities altogether. Any of these factors could cause the Fund to underperform funds with similar strategies that do not rely on quantitative analysis for portfolio construction.
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New Fund Risk. The Fund is new and currently has fewer assets than larger funds, and like other new funds, large inflows and outflows may impact the Fund’s market exposure for limited periods of time. This impact may be positive or negative, depending on the direction of market movement during the period affected. Additionally, because the Fund has fewer assets than larger funds over which to spread its fixed costs, its expense levels on a percentage basis will be higher than that of a larger Fund. During the Fund’s initial invest-up period and during periods of high in-flows and out-flows, the Fund may not be fully invested pursuant to the principal investment strategy.
Non-Diversification Risk. The Fund can invest a larger portion of its assets in the stocks of a limited number of companies than a diversified fund, which means it may have more exposure to the price movements of a single security or small group of securities than funds that diversify their investments among many companies.
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund will engage in active trading, which may result in a turnover of the Fund’s portfolio to be greater than 100% annually. The Fund’s strategy may result in the Fund paying higher levels of transaction costs and generating greater tax liabilities for shareholders. Frequent portfolio turnover may negatively affect the Fund’s performance.
Sector and Industry Weightings Risk. To the extent the Fund emphasizes, from time to time, investments in a particular sector, the Fund will be subject to a greater degree to the risks particular to that sector, including the sectors described below. Market conditions, interest rates, and economic, political, regulatory, or financial developments could significantly affect all the securities in a single sector. If the Fund invests in a few sectors, it may have increased exposure to the price movements of securities in those sectors. The Fund may also from time to time make significant investments in an industry or industries within a particular sector. The industries that constitute a sector may all react in the same way to economic, political or regulatory events. Adverse conditions in such industry or industries could have a correspondingly adverse effect on the financial condition of issuers. These conditions may cause the value of the Fund’s shares to fluctuate more than the values of shares of funds that invest in a greater variety of investments.
Communication Services Sector Risk. The communication services sector includes diversified telecommunication services companies, wireless telecommunication services companies, and media and entertainment companies. The communication services sector is subject to government regulation and can be significantly affected by intense competition and technology changes, which may make the products and services of certain companies obsolete. Wireless telecommunication services companies can be significantly affected by failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, financing or regulatory approval, intense competition, product incompatibility, changing consumer preferences, rapid obsolescence, significant capital expenditures, and heavy debt burdens. Media and entertainment companies can be significantly affected by technological advances, government regulation, and changing consumer preferences.
Consumer Discretionary Sector Risk. The consumer discretionary sector includes companies in industries such as consumer services, household durables, leisure products, textiles, apparel and luxury goods, hotels, restaurants, retailing, and automobiles. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector may be significantly impacted by the performance of the overall domestic and global economy and by interest rates. The consumer discretionary sector relies heavily on disposable household income and spending. Companies in this sector may be subject to severe competition, which may have an adverse impact on their respective profitability. The retail industry can be significantly affected by changes in demographics, and consumer tastes and
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shopping habits, which can also affect the demand for, and success of, consumer products and services in the marketplace. The automotive industry is highly cyclical and can be significantly affected by labor relations and fluctuating component prices.
Consumer Staples Sector Risk. The consumer staples sector includes companies in the consumer staples distribution and retail, food, beverage and tobacco, and household and personal products industry groups. Companies in the consumer staples sector may be affected by demographics and product trends, competitive pricing, food fads, marketing campaigns, environmental factors, changes in consumer demands, the performance of the overall domestic and global economy, interest rates, consumer confidence and spending, and changes in commodity prices. Consumer staples companies may be subject to government regulations that may affect the permissibility of using various food additives and production methods. Tobacco companies may be adversely affected by regulation, legislation and/or litigation.
Energy Sector Risk. The energy sector includes companies in the energy equipment and services, and oil, gas and consumable fuels industries. The value of companies in these industries is particularly vulnerable to developments in the energy sector, which may include swift fluctuations in the price and supply of energy fuels caused by events relating to international politics, energy conservation initiatives, the success of exploration projects, the supply of, and demand for, specific energy-related products or services, and tax and other governmental regulatory policies. Oil and gas companies develop and produce crude oil and natural gas and provide related resources such as production- and distribution-related services. Stock prices for oil and gas companies in particular are affected by supply and demand both for companies’ specific products or services and for energy products in general. The performance of these companies will likewise be affected by the price of oil and gas, exploration and production spending, government regulation, world events and economic conditions. Weak demand for energy companies’ products or services or for energy products and services in general, as well as negative developments in these other areas, would adversely impact the energy stocks in which the Fund invests and the Fund’s performance. Oil and gas exploration and production companies can be significantly affected by natural and man-made disasters as well as changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates, government regulation, world events and economic conditions, and the companies may be at risk for environmental damage claims.
Financials Sector Risk. The financials sector includes companies in the banks, financial services, and insurance industry groups. Companies in the financials sector are subject to extensive government regulation, can be subject to relatively rapid change due to increasingly blurred distinctions between service segments, and can be significantly affected by the availability and cost of capital funds, changes in interest rates, the rate of corporate and consumer debt defaults, and price competition. Banking companies, including thrifts and mortgage finance and consumer finance companies, may be affected by extensive government regulation, which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, the interest rates and fees they can charge, and the amount of capital they must maintain. Profitability is largely dependent on the availability and cost of capital funds, and can fluctuate significantly when interest rates change. Credit losses resulting from financial difficulties of borrowers can negatively affect banking companies. Banking companies may also be subject to severe price competition. Competition is high among banking companies and failure to maintain or increase market share may result in lost market value. Capital markets, a sub-industry of financial services, may be affected by extensive government regulation as well as economic and other financial events that could cause fluctuations in the stock market, impacting the overall value of investments. The insurance industry may be affected by extensive government regulation and can be significantly affected by interest rates, general economic conditions, and price and
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marketing competition. Different segments of the insurance industry can be significantly affected by natural disasters, mortality and morbidity rates, and environmental clean-up.
Health Care Sector Risk. The health care sector includes companies in the health care equipment and services, and pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences industry groups. Health care companies are strongly affected by worldwide scientific or technological developments. Their products may rapidly become obsolete. Many health care companies are also subject to significant government regulation and may be affected by changes in government policies. Companies in the pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences industry group in particular are heavily dependent on patent protection, and the expiration of patents may adversely affect the profitability of such companies. These companies are also subject to extensive litigation based on product liability and other similar claims. Many new products are subject to government approval and the process of obtaining government approval can be long and costly, and even approved products are susceptible to obsolescence. These companies are also subject to competitive forces that may make it difficult to increase prices, or that may lead to price reductions.
Industrials Sector Risk. The industrials sector includes companies in the capital goods, commercial and professional services and transportation industry groups, including companies engaged in the business of human capital management, business research and consulting, air freight and logistics, transportation services, airlines, maritime shipping and transportation, ground transportation, transportation infrastructure, and aerospace and defense. Companies in the industrials sector can be significantly affected by general economic trends, including such factors as employment and economic growth, interest rate changes, changes in consumer spending, legislative and government regulation and spending, import controls, commodity prices, and worldwide competition. Changes in the economy, fuel prices, labor agreements, and insurance costs may result in occasional sharp price movements in transportation securities. Aerospace and defense companies rely, to a significant extent, on government demand for their products and services. The financial condition of, and investor interest in, aerospace and defense companies are heavily influenced by government defense spending policies.
Information Technology Sector Risk. The information technology sector includes companies in the software and services, technology hardware and equipment, and semiconductors and semiconductor equipment industry groups. Companies in the information technology sector are subject to rapid obsolescence of existing technology, short product cycles, falling prices and profits, competition from new market entrants, and general economic conditions. Stocks of companies in the information technology sector, especially those of smaller, less-seasoned companies, tend to be more volatile than the overall market. Technological developments, fixed rate pricing, and the ability to retain skilled employees can significantly affect the industries in the information technology sector.
Materials Sector Risk. The materials sector includes companies in the chemicals, construction materials, containers and packaging, metals and mining, and paper and forest products industries. Changes in world events, political, environmental and economic conditions, energy conservation, environmental policies, commodity price volatility, changes in currency exchange rates, imposition of import and export controls, increased competition, and labor relations may adversely affect companies engaged in the production and distribution of materials. Other risks may include liabilities for environmental damage, depletion of resources, and mandated expenditures for safety and pollution control. Companies in the chemicals industry may be subject to risks associated with the production, handling and disposal of hazardous components.
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Metals and mining companies could be affected by supply and demand, operational costs, and liabilities for environmental damage.
Real Estate Sector Risk. The real estate sector includes companies involved in real estate management and development and issuers of equity real estate investment trusts (REITs). Securities of companies in the real estate sector may be adversely affected by, among other things, rental income fluctuation, depreciation, property tax value changes, differences in real estate market values, overbuilding and extended vacancies, increased competition, costs of materials, operating expenses or zoning laws, costs of environmental clean-up or damages from natural disasters, cash flow fluctuations, and defaults by borrowers and tenants.
Utilities Sector Risk. The utilities sector includes electric utilities, gas utilities, water utilities, multi-utilities (electric, gas and water), and independent power and renewable electricity producers. Companies in the utilities sector are affected by supply and demand, consumer incentives, operating costs, government regulation, environmental factors, liabilities for environmental damage and general civil liabilities, and rate caps or rate changes. The value of regulated utility company stocks may have an inverse relationship to the movement of interest rates. Also, certain utility companies have experienced full or partial deregulation in recent years, which may permit them to diversify outside of their original geographic regions and their traditional lines of business. Conversely, companies that remain heavily regulated may be at a competitive disadvantage, making them less profitable. In addition, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, government intervention or other factors may render a utility company’s equipment unusable and may have an adverse impact on profitability. Utility companies are subject to the high cost of borrowing to finance capital construction during inflationary periods, restrictions on operations and increased costs and delays associated with compliance with environmental and nuclear safety regulations, and the difficulties involved in obtaining natural gas for resale or fuel for generating electricity at reasonable prices. Other risks include those related to the construction and operation of nuclear power plants, the effects of energy conservation, and the effects of regulatory changes.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Stock Risk. Small- and mid-cap company stocks may be very sensitive to changing economic conditions and market downturns. In particular, the issuers of these stocks have more narrow markets for their products and services, fewer product lines, and more limited managerial and financial resources than larger issuers. The stocks of these companies may therefore be more volatile and the ability to sell these stocks at a desirable time or price may be more limited. In addition, it is more difficult to get information on smaller companies, which tend to be less known, have shorter operating histories, do not have significant ownership by large investors and are followed by relatively few securities analysts.
Stock Market Risk. The Fund’s investments may decline in value due to movements in the overall stock market.
Stock Selection Risk. The Fund is actively managed, and its performance therefore will reflect, in part, the ability of the portfolio manager(s) to select investments and to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the Fund’s investment objective. The Advisor does not actively track the composition or weightings of market indexes (including the Fund’s benchmark indexes) or of the broader markets generally. As a result, the Fund could underperform its benchmark indexes and/or other funds with a similar investment objective and/or strategy or it may lose value even when the overall stock market is not in general decline.
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Certain equity securities may be less liquid, meaning that they may be difficult to sell at a time or price that is desirable, than other types of securities, or they may be illiquid. Some securities exchanges or trading markets may also be less liquid or illiquid due to low trading volume. It may be difficult at times to sell such securities at any price, which could impact not only the daily net asset value (NAV) of the Fund, but also the composition of the portfolio if other securities must be sold to meet the Fund’s liquidity needs. Additionally, market quotations for such securities may be volatile and thus affect the daily NAV of the Fund.
In addition, equity securities include common stock. Common stock holds the lowest priority in the capital structure of a company and therefore takes the largest share of the company’s risk and its accompanying volatility. The rights of common stockholders generally are subordinate to all other claims on a company’s assets, including preferred stockholders and debt holders with respect to the payment of dividends and upon the liquidation or bankruptcy of the issuing company. The common stock of a company that experiences financial distress may lose significant value or become worthless, and therefore the Fund could lose money if a company in which it invests becomes financially distressed.
Valuation Risk. The Fund may hold securities or other assets that may be valued on the basis of factors other than market quotations. This may occur because the asset or security does not trade on a centralized exchange, or in times of market turmoil or reduced liquidity. There are multiple methods that can be used to value a portfolio holding when market quotations are not readily available. The value established for any portfolio holding at a point in time might differ from what would be produced using a different methodology or if it had been priced using market quotations. In addition, there is no assurance that the Fund could sell or close out a portfolio position for the value established for it at any time, and it is possible that the Fund would incur a loss because a portfolio position is sold or closed out at a discount to the valuation established by the Fund at any time. The Fund’s ability to value investments may be impacted by technological issues or errors by pricing services or other third-party service providers.
Risks Associated with ETFs. The Fund is an ETF, and therefore, as a result of an ETF’s structure, is subject to the following risks:
Active Market Risk. Although the Shares are listed for trading on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for the Shares will develop or be maintained. Shares trade on the Exchange at market prices that may be below, at or above the Fund’s NAV. Securities, including the Shares, are subject to market fluctuations and liquidity constraints that may be caused by such factors as economic, political, or regulatory developments, changes in interest rates, and/or perceived trends in securities prices. Shares of the Fund could decline in value or underperform other investments.
Authorized Participant Concentration Risk. Only an authorized participant may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund. The Fund has a limited number of institutions that act as authorized participants on an agency basis (i.e., on behalf of other market participants). To the extent that these institutions exit the business or are unable to proceed with orders for the issuance or redemption of Creation Units and no other authorized participant is able to step forward to create or redeem, in either of these cases, Shares of the Fund may trade at a discount to the Fund’s NAV and possibly face delisting and the bid/ask spread (the difference between the price that someone is willing to pay for Shares of the Fund at a specific point in time versus the price at which someone is willing to sell) on the Fund’s Shares may widen.
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Market Maker Risk. If the Fund has lower average daily trading volumes, it may rely on a small number of third-party market makers to provide a market for the purchase and sale of the Fund’s Shares. Any trading halt or other problem relating to the trading activity of these market makers could result in a dramatic change in the spread between the Fund’s NAV and the price at which the Shares are trading on the Exchange, which could result in a decrease in value of the Shares. In addition, decisions by market makers or authorized participants to reduce their role or step away from these activities in times of market stress could inhibit the effectiveness of the arbitrage process in maintaining the relationship between the underlying values of the Fund’s portfolio securities and the Fund’s market price. This reduced effectiveness could result in Shares trading at a discount to NAV and also in greater than normal intra-day bid-ask spreads for the Fund’s Shares.
Operational Risk. The Fund is exposed to operational risks arising from a number of factors, including, but not limited to, human error, processing and communication errors, errors of the Fund’s service providers, counterparties or other third-parties, failed or inadequate processes and technology or systems failures. These errors or failures may adversely affect the Fund’s operations, including its ability to execute its investment process, calculate or disseminate its NAV or intraday indicative optimized portfolio value in a timely manner, and process creations or redemptions. The Fund relies on third-parties for a range of services, including custody, valuation, administration, transfer services, among many others. Any delay or failure relating to engaging or maintaining such service providers may affect the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. The Fund, Advisor and Sub-Advisor seek to reduce these operational risks through controls and procedures. However, these measures do not address every possible risk and may be inadequate to address these risks.
Premium/Discount Risk. The NAV of the Fund’s Shares will generally fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund’s holdings. The market prices of the Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as the relative supply of and demand for Shares of the Fund on the Exchange. The Fund cannot predict whether Shares will trade below (discount), at or above (premium) its NAV because the Fund’s shares trade on the Exchange at market prices and not NAV. Price differences may be due, in large part, to the fact that supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for Shares will be closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the holdings of the Fund trading individually or in the aggregate at any point in time. However, given that the Shares can only be purchased and redeemed in Creation Units, and only to and from broker-dealers and large institutional investors that have entered into participation agreements (unlike shares of closed-end funds, which frequently trade at appreciable discounts from, and sometimes at premiums to, their NAV), the Fund’s investment adviser believes that large discounts or premiums to the NAV of Shares should not be sustained. During stressed market conditions, however, the market for the Fund’s Shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the market for the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings, which could in turn lead to differences between the market price of the Fund’s Shares and their NAV and the bid/ask on the Fund’s Shares may widen.
Trading Issues Risk. Although the Shares of the Fund are listed for trading on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for such Shares will develop or be maintained. Trading in Fund Shares on the Exchange may be halted due to market conditions or for reasons that, in the view of the Exchange, make trading in shares inadvisable. In addition, trading in Fund Shares on the Exchange is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to Exchange “circuit breaker” rules. Market makers are under no obligation to make a market in Shares, and authorized participants are not obligated to submit purchase or redemption orders for Creation Units. There can be no assurance that the requirements of the
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Exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund will continue to be met or will remain unchanged. The Fund may have difficulty maintaining its listing on the Exchange in the event the Fund’s assets are small, the Fund does not have enough shareholders, or if the Fund is unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders.
Historical Performance
Ordinarily, this section of the prospectus contains information that would allow you to evaluate the Fund’s performance using several different measures such as yearly changes in performance, best and worst quarterly returns and average annual total returns before and after taxes compared to a relevant benchmark. However, the Fund has not yet commenced operations and as such does not have a full calendar year of performance.
Portfolio Management
Investment Advisor
Wasatch Advisors LP d/b/a Wasatch Global Investors
Investment Advisor Portfolio Managers
| Jim Shaughnessy Portfolio Manager Since Inception |
Daniel Aloisio, CFA Portfolio Manager Since Inception |
Investment Sub-Advisor
ALPS Advisors, Inc.
Sub-Advisor Portfolio Managers
| Ryan Mischker Portfolio Manager Since Inception |
Charles Perkins Portfolio Manager Since Inception |
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
The Fund issues and redeems its shares on a continuous basis at NAV only with authorized participants that have entered into agreements with the Fund’s distributor and only in Creation Units (large blocks of 10,000 Shares), in exchange for the deposit or delivery of a basket of securities in which the Fund invests and/or cash. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, the Shares are not redeemable securities of the Fund.
Individual Shares of the Fund may only be bought and sold in the secondary market (i.e., on a national securities exchange) through a broker or dealer at a market price. Because the Fund’s Shares trade at market prices on securities exchanges rather than their NAV, Fund Shares may trade at a price greater than NAV (at a premium), at NAV, or less than the Fund’s NAV (at a discount). An investor may incur costs attributable to the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay to purchase Shares (bid) and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for Shares of the Fund (ask) when buying or selling Shares in the secondary market (the “bid-ask spread”).
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Recent information, including information on the Fund’s NAV, market price, premiums and discounts, and bid-ask spreads, is available online at [website].
Tax Information
The Fund intends to make distributions. You will generally have to pay federal income taxes, and any applicable state or local taxes, on the distributions you receive from the Fund as ordinary income or capital gains.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase Shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Advisor or its affiliates and the Fund’s distributor may pay the intermediary for the sale of shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary or your individual financial advisor to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your individual financial advisor or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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WASATCH FUNDS — ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUND
Please see the section entitled “Principal Strategies” in the Fund Summary for a summary description of the Fund’s principal investment strategies. Principal strategies are strategies Wasatch Advisors LP, doing business as Wasatch Global Investors (the “Advisor”) believes are most likely to be important in trying to achieve the Fund’s investment objective.
Advisor’s Investment Process
The Fund is actively managed and does not seek to track the performance of an index. The Advisor is responsible for the construction of the Fund’s portfolio and the day-to-day selection and management of the Fund’s investments. In constructing the portfolio, the Advisor’s employs a fundamental analysis process, a proprietary screening model and a risk management analysis.
The securities for the Fund are recommended by the Advisor’s experienced in-house research team. The Fund’s portfolio managers seek to ensure that investments are compatible with the Fund’s investment objective and strategies.
The Advisor employs a process of “bottom-up” fundamental analysis in seeking individual companies that the Advisor believes have superior growth prospects. The Advisor’s fundamental analysis may include studying a company’s financial statements, building proprietary financial models, visiting company facilities, and meeting with executive management, suppliers and customers. The Advisor may also screen securities using proprietary models in an effort to identify securities intended to reduce portfolio volatility relative to the Fund’s performance benchmark. Securities identified using proprietary screening models may come from companies of all market capitalizations, high growth companies, and securities priced below their intrinsic long-term value. Securities identified using proprietary screening models may come from companies across all industries if we believe they will help diversify the portfolio and reduce relative portfolio risk. The Advisor may sell a security when the Advisor believes that rationale to buy the security is no longer valid, the security is considered overpriced or a better investment opportunity is identified.
The Fund’s active strategy gives it the flexibility to alter the investing factors used in the construction of the Fund’s portfolio in response to changes in market conditions, emergent academic research or other considerations. The Fund’s active risk management also allows the Advisor to maintain exposure to desired factors while seeking to control exposure to sectors/industries, single stock risk and other risks.
Buying Securities
Decisions to buy securities are based on the judgment of the Fund’s portfolio manager(s) in a continuing effort to enhance long-term performance. We may consider multiple factors when selecting securities for the Fund, including:
| ● | Potential for significant and sustained revenue and earnings growth. |
| ● | Experienced, proven management team. |
| ● | High return on capital. |
| ● | Sustainable competitive advantage. |
| ● | Market leadership and/or growing market share. |
| ● | Ability to capitalize on favorable long-term trends. |
| ● | Strong financial health. |
| ● | Reasonable use of debt. |
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| ● | Attractive valuation. |
| ● | Securities that provide diversification and risk management at the portfolio level. |
Selling Securities
Decisions to sell securities are based on the judgment of the Fund’s portfolio manager(s) in a continuing effort to enhance long-term performance. For the Fund, the Advisor generally may sell a security when the Advisor believes:
| ● | The rationale used to buy the security is no longer valid. |
| ● | The security becomes overpriced. |
| ● | Another security has better investment potential. |
| ● | Another security is better suited for portfolio diversification and risk management. |
The Sub-Advisor
The Sub-Advisor will coordinate the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund in accordance with the terms of the sub-advisory agreement and subject to the direction and supervision of the Advisor and Board of the Fund. In this regard, ALPS Advisors is responsible for, among other things, handling the day-to-day management of the Fund’s trading process (including the creation and/or redemption basket processing). ALPS Advisors does not select investments for the Fund.
Investment Strategies and Risks
The following supplements the information for principal strategies and principal risks of the Fund (as identified in the summary) as well as provides additional information for non-principal strategies and risks as identified below. Risk in inherent in all investing. Investing in the Fund involves risk, including the risk that you may receive little or no return on your investment or even that you may lose part or all of your investment. There can be no assurance that the Fund will meet its stated objective. Therefore, before investing you should consider carefully the principal risks as well as the additional non-principal risks set forth below. The significance of any specific risk to an investment in the Fund will vary over time depending on the composition of the Fund’s portfolio, market conditions and other factors. The order of the below risk factors does not indicate the significance of any particular risk factors.
Fund Investments
Equity Securities
As a principal strategy, the Fund primarily invests in equity securities, typically common stocks. Common stock represents an equity ownership interest in issuers. Holders of common stock are entitled to the income and increase in the value of the assets and business of the issuers after all debt obligations and obligations to preferred shareholders are satisfied.
Investment Strategy Principal Risks
Current Market and Economic Conditions Risk. Current market and economic conditions risk is the risk that a particular investment, or Shares of the Fund in general, may fall in value due to current market and economic conditions or events. Economic events historically have resulted, and may in the future result, in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets, both domestic and foreign. Relatively high market volatility and reduced liquidity in credit and
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fixed-income markets may adversely affect many issuers worldwide. Such events have included, among other things, bankruptcies, corporate restructurings and similar events; measures to address U.S. federal and state budget deficits; social, political and economic instability in Europe and other countries; dramatic changes in energy prices and currency exchange rates; China’s economic slowdown; and regional armed conflict, such as the wars between Russia and Ukraine and Israel and Hamas.
For example, actions taken by the Federal Reserve or foreign central banks may at times result in unusually high market volatility, may negatively impact companies, including banks and financial services companies, and negatively impact Fund performance. As a means to fight inflation, the Federal Reserve and certain foreign central banks have raised interest rates, however, the Federal Reserve has begun to lower interest rates and may continue to do so. U.S. regulators have also proposed from time to time changes to market and issuer regulations which may impact the Fund, and any regulatory changes adopted could adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment strategies or make certain investments. Potential future bank failures could result in disruption to the broader banking industry or markets generally and reduce confidence in financial institutions and the economy as a whole, which may also heighten market volatility and reduce liquidity. The ongoing adversarial political climate in the United States, as well as political and diplomatic events both domestic and abroad, have and may continue to have an adverse impact on the U.S. regulatory landscape, markets and investor behavior, which could have a negative impact on the Fund’s investments and operations.
The change in administration resulting from the 2024 United States national election could result in significant impacts to international trade relations, tax and immigration policies, and other aspects of the national and international political and financial landscape, which could affect, among other things, inflation and securities markets generally. Other unexpected political, regulatory and diplomatic events within the U.S. and abroad may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy. For example, ongoing armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine in Europe and among Israel, Iran, Hamas and other militant groups in the Middle East, have caused and could continue to cause significant market disruptions and volatility within the markets in Russia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States. The continuing conflicts and their escalation could negatively impact other regional and global economic markets of the world, companies in such countries and various sectors, industries and markets for securities and commodities globally, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, the Chinese government is engaged in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan, continually threatening an invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt invading Taiwan, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or worsen, economies, markets and individual securities may be adversely affected, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down. Accordingly, the hostilities and sanctions resulting from these hostilities may have a negative effect on certain Fund investments, including investments extending beyond any direct or indirect exposure the Fund may have to issuers of such countries or those of adjoining geographic regions.
The economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as the financial markets generally, may be adversely impacted by trade disputes and other matters. For example, the U.S. recently has been in the process of renegotiating many of its global trade relationships and has imposed or threatened to impose significant import tariffs, including with respect to China. Such actions could lead to price volatility and overall decline in U.S. and global investment markets. It is difficult to predict the outcome and impact of any trade negotiations.
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In addition, a public health crisis and ensuing policies enacted by governments and central banks may cause significant volatility and uncertainty in global financial markets, negatively impacting global growth prospects. As the COVID-19 pandemic illustrated, such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others.
Advancements in technology may also adversely impact markets and the overall performance of the Fund. For instance, the economy may be significantly impacted by the advanced development and increased regulation of artificial intelligence. Additionally, cybersecurity breaches of both government and non-government entities could have negative impacts on infrastructure and the ability of such entities, including the Fund, to operate properly. Further, the interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. These events, and any other future events, may adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets.
These events, and any other future events, may adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets.
Cybersecurity Risk. The Fund, Advisor, Sub-Advisor, service providers, authorized participants and the Exchange are susceptible to operational, information security and related “cyber” risks both directly and through their service providers. Similar types of cybersecurity risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investment in such portfolio companies to lose value. Unlike many other types of risks faced by the Fund, these risks typically are not covered by insurance. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. Cyber incidents include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems (e.g., through “hacking” or malicious software coding) for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cyber attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users). Cybersecurity failures by or breaches of the systems of the Advisor, Sub-Advisor, distributor and other service providers (including, but not limited to, fund accountants, custodians, transfer agents and administrators), market makers, authorized participants or the issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in: financial losses, interference with the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, disclosure of confidential trading information, impediments to trading, submission of erroneous trades or erroneous creation or redemption orders, the inability of the Fund or its service providers to transact business, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, or additional compliance costs. In addition, cyber attacks may render records of Fund assets and transactions, shareholder ownership of Shares, and other data integral to the functioning of the Fund inaccessible or inaccurate or incomplete. Substantial costs may be incurred by the Fund in order to resolve or prevent cyber incidents in the future. While the Fund has established business continuity plans in the event of, and risk management systems to prevent, such cyber attacks, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems, including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified and that prevention and remediation efforts will not be successful. Furthermore, the Fund cannot control the cybersecurity plans and systems put in place by service providers to the Fund, issuers in which the Fund invests, market makers or authorized participants. The Fund and its shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
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Equity Securities Risk. As a principal investment strategy, the Fund invests in equity securities, typically common stock. Equity securities present certain risks, including the risk that the value of equity securities, including common stocks, will fall. The value of an equity security may fall due to changes in general economic conditions that impact the market as a whole and that are relatively unrelated to an issuer or its industry. These conditions include changes in interest rates, specific periods of overall market turbulence or instability, or general and prolonged periods of economic decline and cyclical change. An issuer’s common stock in particular may be especially sensitive to, and more adversely affected by, these general movements in the stock market; it is possible that a drop in the stock market may depress the price of most or all of the common stocks that a fund holds. In addition, equity risk includes the risk that investor sentiment toward, and perceptions regarding, particular industries or economic sectors will become negative. Price changes of equity securities may occur in a particular region, industry, or sector of the market, and as a result, the value of an issuer’s common stock may fall solely because of factors, such as increases in production costs, that negatively impact other companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries. Equity securities risk also includes the financial risks of a specific company, including that the value of the company’s securities may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services. In particular, the common stock of a company may decline significantly in price over short periods of time. For example, an adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of common stock; similarly, the common stock of an issuer may decline in price if the issuer fails to make anticipated dividend payments because, among other reasons, the issuer experiences a decline in its financial condition. Common stock holds the lowest priority in the capital structure of a company and therefore takes the largest share of the company’s risk and its accompanying volatility. The rights of common stockholders generally are subordinate to all other claims on a company’s assets, including preferred stockholders and debt holders with respect to the payment of dividends and upon the liquidation or bankruptcy of the issuing company. The common stock of a company that experiences financial distress may lose significant value or become worthless, and therefore the Fund could lose money if a company in which it invests becomes financially distressed.
Foreign Securities Risk. Investing in foreign securities is a principal strategy for the Fund. The following paragraphs highlight some of the risks of investing in foreign securities.
Foreign Market Risk. Foreign securities markets may be less liquid and their prices may be more volatile than domestic markets. There also may be less government supervision and regulation of foreign stock exchanges, brokers, custodians and listed companies than in the U.S. Certain markets may require payment for securities before delivery and delays may be encountered in settling securities transactions. In some foreign markets, there may not be protection against failure by other parties to complete transactions. There may be limited legal recourse against an issuer in the event of a default on a debt instrument. The risks of investing in foreign markets may be magnified when investing in emerging or frontier markets.
Currency Risk. The U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s assets invested in foreign countries will be affected by foreign currency exchange rates and may be affected by exchange control regulations. A change in the value of any foreign currency will change the U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s assets that are denominated or traded in that country. In addition, the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. While the Fund has the ability to hedge against fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, they have no present intention to do so. A risk of not hedging
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currencies is that if the U.S. dollar strengthens, returns from foreign markets will be less when converted into U.S. dollars. Additionally, certain countries may utilize formal or informal currency-exchange controls or “capital controls.” Capital controls may impose restrictions on the Fund’s ability to repatriate investments or income. Such capital controls can also have a significant effect on the value of the Fund’s holdings.
Political and Economic Risk. Foreign investments may be subject to heightened political and economic risks, particularly in countries with emerging economies and securities markets, which may have relatively unstable governments and economies based on only a few industries. In some countries, there is the risk that the government could seize or nationalize companies, impose additional withholding taxes on dividends or interest income payable on securities, impose exchange controls or adopt other restrictions that could affect the Fund’s investments.
Regulatory Risk. Foreign companies not publicly traded in the U.S. are not subject to accounting and financial reporting standards and requirements comparable to those U.S. companies must meet. In addition, there may be less information publicly available about such companies.
Delisting Risk. Securities of certain foreign companies may be listed on a U.S. stock exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. Congress passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which could cause the securities of foreign issuers to be delisted from U.S. stock exchanges if those companies do not permit U.S. oversight of the auditing of their financial information. To the extent the Fund invests in securities of such companies listed in the U.S., delisting could impact the Fund‘s ability to transact in such securities and could significantly impact their liquidity and market price. In addition, the Fund would have to seek other markets in which to transact in such securities which would also increase the Fund’s costs.
Foreign Tax Risk. The Fund’s income from foreign issuers may be subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes. The Fund may also be subject to taxes on trading profits or on transfers of securities in some countries. To the extent foreign income taxes are paid by the Fund, shareholders may be entitled to a credit or deduction for U.S. tax purposes.
Transaction Costs. The costs of buying and selling foreign securities, including brokerage, tax and custody costs, are generally higher than those for domestic transactions.
Country/Region Risk. Social, political and economic conditions and changes in regulatory, tax, or economic policies in a country or region could significantly affect the markets in that country or region. In addition, global economies and financial markets are becoming increasingly interconnected, which increases the possibility that conditions in one country or region might adversely impact the issuers of securities in different countries or regions. From time to time, a small number of companies and industries may represent a large portion of the market in a particular country or region, and these companies and industries can be sensitive to adverse social, political, economic, or regulatory developments.
Government and Regulatory Action Risk. Government and regulatory action risks may be considered a principal risk of the Funds. Instability in the financial markets has led many governments, including the U.S. government, to take a number of unprecedented actions designed
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to support certain financial institutions and segments of the financial markets that have experienced extreme volatility and, in some cases, a lack of liquidity. Federal, state, and other governments, and their regulatory agencies or self- regulatory organizations, may take actions that affect the regulation of the instruments in which the Fund invests, or the issuers of such instruments, in ways that are unforeseeable. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which the Fund is regulated or operated. The effects of these actions on the markets generally, and the Fund’s investment program in particular, can be uncertain. Such legislation or regulation could restrict the ability of the Fund to fully implement its investment strategies, either generally or with respect to certain securities, industries or countries and could limit or impede the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. In addition, political events within the United States and abroad could negatively impact financial markets and the Fund’s performance. Volatile financial markets can expose the Fund to greater market and liquidity risk, increased transaction costs, and potential difficulty in valuing portfolio instruments held by the Fund.
Inflation Risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of the Fund’s assets or income from investments of the Fund will be less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the present value of the Fund’s assets can decline as can the value of the Fund’s distributions.
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) Risk. The Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in IPOs from time to time, and investing in IPOs is therefore considered a principal risk of the Fund. IPOs involve a higher degree of risk not normally associated with offerings of more seasoned companies. Companies involved in IPOs generally have limited operating histories and their prospects for future profitability are uncertain. Prices of IPOs may also be unstable due to such factors as the absence of a prior public market, the small number of shares available for trading and limited investor information. Shares purchased in IPOs may be difficult to sell at a time or price that is desirable. Investors in IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
Liquidity Risk. From time to time, the trading market for a particular security or securities or a type of security in which the Fund invests may become less liquid or even illiquid, particularly with respect to emerging-market and frontier-market securities, IPOs and early stage companies. Reduced liquidity will have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to sell such securities when necessary to meet the Fund’s liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event. Market price quotations for such securities may be volatile.
Management Risk. The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed portfolio. The Advisor will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objectives or produce the desired result.
Market Risk. Market risk is the risk that a particular security owned by the Fund or the Shares in general may fall in value, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount that you invest. Securities are subject to market fluctuations caused by such factors as economic, political, regulatory or market developments, changes in interest rates and perceived trends in securities prices, and changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, such as the current market volatility. Overall security values could decline generally or could underperform other investments. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, market manipulation, government defaults or shutdowns, regulatory actions, political changes, diplomatic developments, the
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imposition of sanctions and other measures and the spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues, recessions, or other events could have a significant negative impact on the Fund and its investments. Such events may affect certain geographical regions, sectors and industries more significantly than others. Such events also could result in disruptions to trading markets and could adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio holdings. Any of such circumstances could have a materially negatively impact on the value of Shares and result in increased market volatility. During any such events, Shares may trade at a greater premium or discount to its NAV, the bid/ask spread on the Shares may widen and the returns on investments may fluctuate.
Model Screening Risk. Screening models may be used in identifying investments for the Fund’s portfolio. Models and screens may be incorrect, incomplete, or based on assumptions that do not hold in all market environments. The process may emphasize factors that underperform for prolonged periods, may be adversely impacted by data errors or stale inputs, and may fail to identify risks that would be apparent through fundamental analysis. To the extent that the model is based upon incorrect or incomplete data, the Fund could be induced to buy certain investments at prices that are too high, to sell certain other investments at prices that are too low or to miss favorable opportunities altogether. Any of these factors could cause the Fund to underperform funds with similar strategies that do not rely on quantitative analysis for portfolio construction.
New Fund Risk. The Fund is new and currently has fewer assets than larger funds, and like other new funds, large inflows and outflows may impact the Fund’s market exposure for limited periods of time. This impact may be positive or negative, depending on the direction of market movement during the period affected. Additionally, because the Fund has fewer assets than larger funds over which to spread its fixed costs, its expense levels on a percentage basis will be higher than that of a larger Fund. During the Fund’s initial invest-up period and during periods of high in-flows and out-flows, the Fund may not be fully invested pursuant to its principal investment strategy.
Non-Diversification Risk. The Fund can invest a larger portion of its assets in the stocks of a limited number of companies than a diversified fund, which means it may have more exposure to the price movements of a single security or small group of securities than funds that diversify their investments among many companies.
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund will engage in active trading, which may result in a turnover of the Fund’s portfolio to be greater than 100% annually. The Fund’s strategy may result in the Fund paying higher levels of transaction costs and generating greater tax liabilities for shareholders. Frequent portfolio turnover may negatively affect the Fund’s performance.
Sector and Industry Weightings Risk. To the extent the Fund emphasizes, from time to time, investments in a particular sector, the Fund will be subject to a greater degree to the risks particular to that sector, including the sectors described below. Market conditions, interest rates, and economic, political, regulatory, or financial developments could significantly affect all the securities in a single sector. If the Fund invests in a few sectors, it may have increased exposure to the price movements of securities in those sectors. The Fund may also from time to time make significant investments in an industry or industries within a particular sector. The industries that constitute a sector may all react in the same way to economic, political or regulatory events. Adverse conditions in such industry or industries could have a correspondingly adverse effect on the financial condition of issuers. These conditions may cause the value of the Fund’s shares to fluctuate more than the values of shares of funds that invest in a greater variety of investments.
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Communication Services Sector Risk. The communication services sector includes diversified telecommunication services companies, wireless telecommunication services companies, and media and entertainment companies. The communication services sector is subject to government regulation and can be significantly affected by intense competition and technology changes, which may make the products and services of certain companies obsolete. Wireless telecommunication services companies can be significantly affected by failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, financing or regulatory approval, intense competition, product incompatibility, changing consumer preferences, rapid obsolescence, significant capital expenditures, and heavy debt burdens. Media and entertainment companies can be significantly affected by technological advances, government regulation, and changing consumer preferences.
Consumer Discretionary Sector Risk. The consumer discretionary sector includes companies in industries such as consumer services, household durables, leisure products, textiles, apparel and luxury goods, hotels, restaurants, retailing, and automobiles. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector may be significantly impacted by the performance of the overall domestic and global economy and by interest rates. The consumer discretionary sector relies heavily on disposable household income and spending. Companies in this sector may be subject to severe competition, which may have an adverse impact on their respective profitability. The retail industry can be significantly affected by changes in demographics, and consumer tastes and shopping habits, which can also affect the demand for, and success of, consumer products and services in the marketplace. The automotive industry is highly cyclical and can be significantly affected by labor relations and fluctuating component prices.
Consumer Staples Sector Risk. The consumer staples sector includes companies in the consumer staples distribution and retail, food, beverage and tobacco, and household and personal products industry groups. Companies in the consumer staples sector may be affected by demographics and product trends, competitive pricing, food fads, marketing campaigns, environmental factors, changes in consumer demands, the performance of the overall domestic and global economy, interest rates, consumer confidence and spending, and changes in commodity prices. Consumer staples companies may be subject to government regulations that may affect the permissibility of using various food additives and production methods. Tobacco companies may be adversely affected by regulation, legislation and/or litigation.
Certain equity securities may be less liquid, meaning that they may be difficult to sell at a time or price that is desirable, than other types of securities, or they may be illiquid. Some securities exchanges or trading markets may also be less liquid or illiquid due to low trading volume. It may be difficult at times to sell such securities at any price, which could impact not only the daily NAV of the Fund, but also the composition of the portfolio if other securities must be sold to meet the Fund’s liquidity needs. Additionally, market quotations for such securities may be volatile and thus affect the daily NAV of the Fund.
Energy Sector Risk. The energy sector includes companies in the energy equipment and services, and oil, gas and consumable fuels industries. The value of companies in these industries is particularly vulnerable to developments in the energy sector, which may include swift fluctuations in the price and supply of energy fuels caused by events relating to international politics, energy conservation initiatives, the success of exploration projects, the supply of, and demand for, specific energy-related products or
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services, and tax and other governmental regulatory policies. Oil and gas companies develop and produce crude oil and natural gas and provide related resources such as production- and distribution-related services. Stock prices for oil and gas companies in particular are affected by supply and demand both for companies’ specific products or services and for energy products in general. The performance of these companies will likewise be affected by the price of oil and gas, exploration and production spending, government regulation, world events and economic conditions. Weak demand for energy companies’ products or services or for energy products and services in general, as well as negative developments in these other areas, would adversely impact the energy stocks in which the Fund invests and the Fund’s performance. Oil and gas exploration and production companies can be significantly affected by natural and man-made disasters as well as changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates, government regulation, world events and economic conditions, and the companies may be at risk for environmental damage claims.
Financials Sector Risk. The financials sector includes companies in the banks, financial services, and insurance industry groups. Companies in the financials sector are subject to extensive government regulation, can be subject to relatively rapid change due to increasingly blurred distinctions between service segments, and can be significantly affected by the availability and cost of capital funds, changes in interest rates, the rate of corporate and consumer debt defaults, and price competition. Banking companies, including thrifts and mortgage finance and consumer finance companies, may be affected by extensive government regulation, which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, the interest rates and fees they can charge, and the amount of capital they must maintain. Profitability is largely dependent on the availability and cost of capital funds, and can fluctuate significantly when interest rates change. Credit losses resulting from financial difficulties of borrowers can negatively affect banking companies. Banking companies may also be subject to severe price competition. Competition is high among banking companies and failure to maintain or increase market share may result in lost market value. Capital markets, a sub-industry of financial services, may be affected by extensive government regulation as well as economic and other financial events that could cause fluctuations in the stock market, impacting the overall value of investments. The insurance industry may be affected by extensive government regulation and can be significantly affected by interest rates, general economic conditions, and price and marketing competition. Different segments of the insurance industry can be significantly affected by natural disasters, mortality and morbidity rates, and environmental clean-up.
Health Care Sector Risk. The health care sector includes companies in the health care equipment and services, and pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences industry groups. Health care companies are strongly affected by worldwide scientific or technological developments. Their products may rapidly become obsolete. Many health care companies are also subject to significant government regulation and may be affected by changes in government policies. Companies in the pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences industry group in particular are heavily dependent on patent protection, and the expiration of patents may adversely affect the profitability of such companies. These companies are also subject to extensive litigation based on product liability and other similar claims. Many new products are subject to government approval and the process of obtaining government approval can be long and costly, and even approved products are susceptible to obsolescence. These companies are also subject to competitive forces that may make it difficult to increase prices, or that may lead to price reductions.
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Industrials Sector Risk. The industrials sector includes companies in the capital goods, commercial and professional services and transportation industry groups, including companies engaged in the business of human capital management, business research and consulting, air freight and logistics, transportation services, airlines, maritime shipping and transportation, ground transportation, transportation infrastructure, and aerospace and defense. Companies in the industrials sector can be significantly affected by general economic trends, including such factors as employment and economic growth, interest rate changes, changes in consumer spending, legislative and government regulation and spending, import controls, commodity prices, and worldwide competition. Changes in the economy, fuel prices, labor agreements, and insurance costs may result in occasional sharp price movements in transportation securities. Aerospace and defense companies rely, to a significant extent, on government demand for their products and services. The financial condition of, and investor interest in, aerospace and defense companies are heavily influenced by government defense spending policies.
Information Technology Sector Risk. The information technology sector includes companies in the software and services, technology hardware and equipment, and semiconductors and semiconductor equipment industry groups. Companies in the information technology sector are subject to rapid obsolescence of existing technology, short product cycles, falling prices and profits, competition from new market entrants, and general economic conditions. Stocks of companies in the information technology sector, especially those of smaller, less-seasoned companies, tend to be more volatile than the overall market. Technological developments, fixed rate pricing, and the ability to retain skilled employees can significantly affect the industries in the information technology sector.
Materials Sector Risk. The materials sector includes companies in the chemicals, construction materials, containers and packaging, metals and mining, and paper and forest products industries. Changes in world events, political, environmental and economic conditions, energy conservation, environmental policies, commodity price volatility, changes in currency exchange rates, imposition of import and export controls, increased competition, and labor relations may adversely affect companies engaged in the production and distribution of materials. Other risks may include liabilities for environmental damage, depletion of resources, and mandated expenditures for safety and pollution control. Companies in the chemicals industry may be subject to risks associated with the production, handling and disposal of hazardous components. Metals and mining companies could be affected by supply and demand, operational costs, and liabilities for environmental damage.
Real Estate Sector Risk. The real estate sector includes companies involved in real estate management and development and issuers of equity real estate investment trusts (REITs). Securities of companies in the real estate sector may be adversely affected by, among other things, rental income fluctuation, depreciation, property tax value changes, differences in real estate market values, overbuilding and extended vacancies, increased competition, costs of materials, operating expenses or zoning laws, costs of environmental clean-up or damages from natural disasters, cash flow fluctuations, and defaults by borrowers and tenants.
Utilities Sector Risk. The utilities sector includes electric utilities, gas utilities, water utilities, multi-utilities (electric, gas and water), and independent power and renewable
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electricity producers. Companies in the utilities sector are affected by supply and demand, consumer incentives, operating costs, government regulation, environmental factors, liabilities for environmental damage and general civil liabilities, and rate caps or rate changes. The value of regulated utility company stocks may have an inverse relationship to the movement of interest rates. Also, certain utility companies have experienced full or partial deregulation in recent years, which may permit them to diversify outside of their original geographic regions and their traditional lines of business. Conversely, companies that remain heavily regulated may be at a competitive disadvantage, making them less profitable. In addition, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, government intervention or other factors may render a utility company’s equipment unusable and may have an adverse impact on profitability. Utility companies are subject to the high cost of borrowing to finance capital construction during inflationary periods, restrictions on operations and increased costs and delays associated with compliance with environmental and nuclear safety regulations, and the difficulties involved in obtaining natural gas for resale or fuel for generating electricity at reasonable prices. Other risks include those related to the construction and operation of nuclear power plants, the effects of energy conservation, and the effects of regulatory changes.
Small and Mid-Cap Companies Risk. As a principal strategy, the Fund invests in the securities issued by small and mid-capitalization company risks. Stock prices of small and/or mid-capitalization companies may be more volatile than those of larger companies and, therefore, the Fund’s Share price may be more volatile than those of funds that invest a larger percentage of their assets in stocks issued by mid- or large-capitalization companies. Stock prices of small and/or mid-capitalization companies are generally more vulnerable than those of large-capitalization companies to adverse business and economic developments. Securities of small and/or mid-capitalization companies may be thinly traded, making it difficult for a Fund to buy and sell them. In addition, small and/or mid-capitalization companies are typically less financially stable than larger, more established companies and may depend on a small number of essential personnel, making these companies more vulnerable to experiencing adverse effects due to the loss of personnel. The issuers of these stocks may have more narrow markets for their products and services and more limited financial resources than larger issuers. Small and/or mid-capitalization companies also normally have less diverse or fewer product lines than those of large-capitalization companies and are more susceptible to adverse developments concerning their products.
Stock Market Risk. The Fund’s investments may decline in value due to movements in the overall stock market.
Stock Selection Risk. The Fund is actively managed, and its performance therefore will reflect, in part, the ability of the portfolio manager(s) to select investments and to make investment decisions that are suited to achieving the Fund’s investment objective. The Advisor does not actively track the composition or weightings of market indexes (including the Fund’s benchmark indexes) or of the broader markets generally. As a result, the Fund could underperform its benchmark indexes and/or other funds with a similar investment objective and/or strategy or it may lose value even when the overall stock market is not in general decline.
Valuation Risk. The Fund may hold securities or other assets that may be valued on the basis of factors other than market quotations. This may occur because the asset or security does not trade on a centralized exchange, or in times of market turmoil or reduced liquidity. There are multiple methods that can be used to value a portfolio holding when market quotations are not readily available. The value established for any portfolio holding at a point in time might differ from
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what would be produced using a different methodology or if it had been priced using market quotations. In addition, there is no assurance that the Fund could sell or close out a portfolio position for the value established for it at any time, and it is possible that the Fund would incur a loss because a portfolio position is sold or closed out at a discount to the valuation established by the Fund at any time. The Fund’s ability to value investments may be impacted by technological issues or errors by pricing services or other third-party service providers.
Principal Risks Associated with ETFs. The Fund is an ETF, and therefore, as a result of an ETF’s structure, is subject to the following risks.
Active Market Risk. Although the Shares are listed for trading on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for the Shares will develop or be maintained. Shares trade on the Exchange at market prices that may be below, at or above the Fund’s net asset value. Securities, including the Shares, are subject to market fluctuations and liquidity constraints that may be caused by such factors as economic, political, or regulatory developments, changes in interest rates, and/or perceived trends in securities prices. Shares of the Fund could decline in value or underperform other investments.
Authorized Participant Concentration Risk. Only an authorized participant may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund. The Fund has a limited number of institutions that act as authorized participants on an agency basis (i.e., on behalf of other market participants). To the extent that these institutions exit the business or are unable to proceed with orders for the issuance or redemption of Creation Units and no other authorized participant is able to step forward to create or redeem, in either of these cases, Shares of the Fund may trade at a discount to the Fund’s NAV and possibly face delisting and the bid/ask spread (the difference between the price that someone is willing to pay for Shares of the Fund at a specific point in the time versus the price at which someone is willing to see on the Fund’s Shares) may widen.
Market Maker Risk. If the Fund has lower average daily trading volumes, it may rely on a small number of third-party market makers to provide a market for the purchase and sale of Shares. Any trading halt or other problem relating to the trading activity of these market makers could result in a dramatic change in the spread between the Fund’s NAV and the price at which the Shares are trading on the Exchange, which could result in a decrease in value of the Shares. In addition, decisions by market makers or authorized participants to reduce their role or step away from these activities in times of market stress could inhibit the effectiveness of the arbitrage process in maintaining the relationship between the underlying values of the Fund’s portfolio securities and the Fund’s market price. This reduced effectiveness could result in Shares trading at a discount to NAV and also in greater than normal intra-day bid-ask spreads for Shares.
Operational Risk. The Fund is exposed to operational risks arising from a number of factors, including, but not limited to, human error, processing and communication errors, errors of the Fund’s service providers, counterparties or other third-parties, failed or inadequate processes and technology or systems failures. These errors or failures may adversely affect the Fund’s operations, including its ability to execute its investment process, calculate or disseminate its NAV or intraday indicative optimized portfolio value in a timely manner, and process creations or redemptions. The Fund relies on third-parties for a range of services, including custody, valuation, administration, transfer services, among many others. Any delay or failure relating to engaging or maintaining such service providers may affect the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. The Fund, Advisor and Sub-Advisor seek to reduce these operational risks through controls and procedures. However, these measures do not address every possible risk and may be inadequate to address these risks.
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Premium/Discount Risk. The NAV of Shares will generally fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund’s holdings. The market prices of shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as the relative supply of and demand for Shares on the Exchange. The Fund cannot predict whether Shares will trade below (discount), at or above (premium) its NAV. Price differences may be due, in large part, to the fact that supply and demand forces at work in the secondary trading market for Shares will be closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the holdings of the Fund trading individually or in the aggregate at any point in time. However, given that the Shares can only be purchased and redeemed in Creation Units, and only to and from broker-dealers and large institutional investors that have entered into participation agreements (unlike shares of closed-end funds, which frequently trade at appreciable discounts from, and sometimes at premiums to, their NAV), the Fund’s investment adviser believes that large discounts or premiums to the NAV of Shares should not be sustained. During stressed market conditions, however, the market for the Fund’s Shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the market for the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings, which could in turn lead to differences between the market price of the Fund’s Shares and their NAV and the bid/ask on the Fund’s Shares may widen.
Trading Issues Risk. Although the Shares of the Fund are listed for trading on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for such Shares will develop or be maintained. Trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted due to market conditions or for reasons that, in the view of the Exchange, make trading in Shares inadvisable. In addition, trading in Shares on the Exchange is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to Exchange “circuit breaker” rules. Market makers are under no obligation to make a market in Shares, and authorized participants are not obligated to submit purchase or redemption orders for Creation Units. There can be no assurance that the requirements of the Exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund will continue to be met or will remain unchanged. The Fund may have difficulty maintaining its listing on the Exchange in the event the Fund’s assets are small, the Fund does not have enough shareholders or if the Fund is unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders.
Non-Principal Strategies and Risks.
Cash Transactions Risk. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, effect a portion of their creations and redemptions for cash rather than in kind. As a result, an investment in such a fund may be less tax-efficient than an investment in an ETF that effects its creations and redemptions only in-kind. ETFs are able to make in-kind redemptions and avoid being taxed on gains on the distributed portfolio securities at the fund level. A Fund that effects redemptions for cash may be required to sell portfolio securities in order to obtain the cash needed to distribute redemption proceeds. Any recognized gain on these sales by a Fund will generally cause the Fund to recognize a gain it might not otherwise have recognized, or to recognize such gain sooner than would otherwise be required if it were to distribute portfolio securities only in-kind. The Fund intends to distribute these gains to shareholders to avoid being taxes on this gain at the fund level and otherwise comply with the special tax rules that apply to it. This strategy may cause shareholders to be subject to tax on gains they would not otherwise be subject to, or at an earlier date than if they had made an investment in a different ETF. Moreover, cash transactions may have to be carried out over several days if the securities market is relatively illiquid and may involve considerable brokerage fees and taxes. These brokerage fees and taxes, which will be higher than if a Fund sold and redeemed its shares in-kind, will be passed on to those purchasing and redeeming Creation Units in the form of creation and redemption transaction fees. In addition, these factors may result in wider spreads between the bid and the offered prices of a Fund’s Shares than for ETFs that distribute portfolio securities in-kind.
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Cash/Temporary Defensive Positions
The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in an attempt to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions. For example, the Fund may temporarily increase its cash position or invest a larger portion of its assets in money market instruments or repurchase agreements. The Fund reserves the right to invest all of its assets in temporary defensive positions.
When the Fund takes temporary defensive positions, it may not participate in market advances or declines to the same extent that it would if the Fund remained more fully invested in stocks. In addition, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective(s).
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund generally intends to purchase securities for long-term investment rather than short-term gains. However, short-term transactions may result from liquidity needs, securities having reached a price or yield objective, or by reason of economic or other developments not foreseen at the time of the initial investment decision. Changes are made in the Fund’s portfolio whenever the Fund’s portfolio manager(s) believe such changes are desirable. Portfolio turnover rates are generally not a factor in making decisions to buy or sell securities.
To a lesser extent, the Fund may purchase securities in anticipation of relatively short-term price gains. Increased portfolio turnover may result in higher costs for brokerage commissions and dealer mark-ups and other transaction costs and may also result in taxable capital gains.
Other Investment Strategies
The Fund may invest in other instruments, or utilize other strategies, which are considered non-principal strategies. For information about these non-principal strategies and their risks, see “Investment Strategies and Risks” in the Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”).
Fund Name and Investment Policies
The Fund has a name that suggests a focus on a particular type of investment. In accordance with Rule 35d-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), the Fund has adopted a non-fundamental policy (the “Name Policy”) that it will, under normal circumstances, invest at least 80% of its assets in investments of the type suggested by its name. For this policy, “assets” means net assets plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes. Accordingly, under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets in the equity securities, typically common stock, issued by small- and mid-capitalization companies. We define small- and mid-capitalization companies as companies that, at the time of purchase, have a market capitalization within the range of companies included in the Russell 2000 Index and the Russell Midcap Index as of their most recent reconstitution date. As a non-fundamental investment policy, the Name Policy may be changed without shareholder approval. However, under Rule 35d-1, shareholders must be given written notice at least 60 days prior to any change by the Fund of its Name Policy.
Investment Objectives and other Policies
The investment objective of the Fund, which is described in the “Fund Summary” section, can be changed by the Fund’s Board of Trustees without shareholder approval. Shareholders will be given at least 60 days’ notice prior to any change to the Fund’s investment objective. Certain policies of the Fund also
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cannot be changed without a shareholder vote. These policies are described in the SAI. Unless otherwise noted in this prospectus or the SAI, the Fund’s investment policies may be changed by the Fund’s Board of Trustees without shareholder approval.
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings
The Fund’s portfolio securities disclosure policy is described in the SAI.
Fund Organization
The Fund is a series of the Trust, an investment company registered under the 1940 Act. The Fund is treated as a separate fund with its own investment objective and policies. The Trust is organized as a Massachusetts business trust. The Board is responsible for the overall management and direction of the Trust. The Board elects the Trust’s officers and approves all significant agreements, including those with the Advisor, Sub-Advisor, distributor, custodian and administrator.
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Investment Advisor
The investment advisor for the Fund is Wasatch Advisors LP, doing business as Wasatch Global Investors, (i.e., the Advisor). The Advisor and Wasatch Funds are located at 505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108. The Advisor has been in the investment advisory business since 1975. As of December 31, 2025, the Advisor had approximately $23.28 billion in assets under management.
The Advisor is responsible for managing the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies and limitations. In addition, the Advisor provides certain administrative services and manages the Fund’s business affairs.
Investment Sub-Advisor
ALPS Advisors, Inc. is a registered investment adviser with its offices at 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203. ALPS Advisors, Inc. has been in the investment advisory business since [2006]. As of March 31, 2026, ALPS Advisors had approximately [$ ] billion under management.
The Advisor has entered into a sub-advisory agreement with ALPS Advisors to serve as a sub-adviser to the Fund. The Sub-Advisor will coordinate the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund in accordance with the terms of the sub-advisory agreement and subject to the direction and supervision of the Advisor and Board of Trustees of the Fund. In this capacity, the Sub-Advisor is responsible for, among other things, handling the day-to-day management of the Fund’s trading process (including the creation and/or redemption basket processing). The Sub-Advisor does not select investments for the Fund’s portfolio.
Manager-of-Managers Structure
The Fund and the Advisor has applied for an exemptive order with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to which the Advisor will have the authority to select sub-advisors and amend sub-advisory agreements without shareholder approval, subject to oversight of the Board of Trustees (the “Manager-of-Managers Order”). If granted by the SEC, the Fund would operate under a manager-of-managers structure. Under the Manager-of-Managers Order, the Advisor has ultimate responsibility, subject to oversight by the Board, for overseeing the Fund’s sub-adviser(s) and recommending to the Board the hiring, termination, or replacement of any such sub-adviser(s) in their capacity as sub-advisor, including the Sub-Advisor. Accordingly, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, may enter into and amend sub-advisory agreements with affiliated and non-affiliated sub-advisors without shareholder approval to provide discretionary investment management services, investment advice and/or trading and execution services. Under the Manager-of-Managers Order, however, shareholders will be notified within 90 days of the hiring of a new sub-advisor for any sub-advised fund. Operating under the Manager-of-Managers Order enables the Fund to operate with greater efficiency and without incurring the expense and delays associated with obtaining shareholder approvals for matters relating to sub-advisers or sub-advisory agreements. The Manager-of-Managers Order does not permit an increase in the overall management and advisory fees payable by the Fund without shareholder approval. There can be no assurance that the SEC will grant the Manager-of-Managers Order.
Management Fees
Pursuant to the Advisory and Service Contract between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and the Advisor, the Advisor is paid an annual unitary management fee that is a percentage of the Fund’s average daily net
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assets at the rate set forth in the table below and is responsible for the expenses of the Fund (including the cost of transfer agency, sub-advisory, custody, fund administration, legal, audit and other services and license fees, if any) but excluding (a) the fee payment under the Advisory and Service Contract, (b) fees and expenses incurred in borrowing securities and selling portfolio securities short including enhanced custody fees (which include borrowing costs, financing fees and other charges paid in connection with borrowing the security to be sold short, and maintaining related margin collateral) and dividend expense on short sales/interest expenses, (c) acquired fund fees and expenses, (d) interest, (e) [liquidity program service fees,] (f) taxes, (g) brokerage commissions and other investment-related costs, (h) distribution and service fees payable pursuant to a Rule 12b-1 plan (if any), (i) proxy and shareholder meeting expenses, including proxy solicitation expenses (except for proxies caused by the Advisor or a sub-adviser, such as a change of control of the Advisor or the sub-adviser, changes to the Advisory and Service Contract, or any other matters that directly benefit the Advisor or a sub-adviser as determined by a majority of the trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) (the “disinterested trustees”) (j) litigation expenses (including in connection with any arbitration, litigation, or pending or threatened arbitration or litigation, including any settlements in connection therewith) and (k) any extraordinary expenses and other expenses not incurred in the ordinary course of business (as determined by a majority of the disinterested trustees of the Trust).
| Wasatch Fund | Unitary Management Fees | |||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF | 0.75% |
Pursuant to an investment sub-advisory agreement between the Advisor and Sub-Advisor on behalf of the Fund, the Advisor has agreed to pay the Sub-Advisor an annual sub-advisory fee based upon the Fund’s average daily net assets subject to a minimum fee. The Advisor is responsible for paying the entire amount of the Sub-Advisor’s sub-advisory fee. The Fund does not directly pay the Sub-Advisor.
A discussion regarding the Board’s approval of the Advisory and Service Contract and Sub-Advisory Agreement is available in the Fund’s Form N-CSR for the fiscal year ended [__________].
Advisor Portfolio Managers
The Fund is managed by a research team consisting of portfolio managers and securities analysts. The portfolio managers and associate portfolio managers are responsible for making investment decisions for the Fund in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective(s) and strategies. The portfolio managers are ultimately responsible for managing the Fund in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective(s) and strategies. The research team is responsible for analyzing securities and making investment recommendations. The individuals listed in the table below are each primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
| Name of Fund |
Portfolio Manager(s) |
|||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF | Daniel Aloisio | |||
| Jim Shaughnessy |
Jim Shaughnessy has been a portfolio manager for the Fund since inception. He has also been a portfolio manager for the Wasatch U.S. Select Fund since January 31, 2026. He joined the Advisor in 2024 as a research analyst on the U.S. small cap research team. Prior to joining the Advisor, Mr. Shaughnessy was a research associate and later an analyst on the growth team at RS Investments from January 2018 to June 2024, where he covered companies across several sectors and industries. Prior to RS, he specialized in researching internet companies at RBC Capital Markets and held research roles at Mizuho Securities USA and Oppenheimer & Co. He earned a Master of Business Administration from the University of
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Michigan’s Stephen M. Ross School of Business. He also received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Trinity University.
Dan Aloisio, CFA has been a portfolio manager for the Fund since inception. He joined the Advisor in 2022 as a quantitative analyst. Prior to joining the Advisor, from 2020 - 2022, he ran an independent investment and analytics consultancy, working with family offices and hedge funds. From 2014 - 2020, he was an investment associate at Bridgewater Associates, splitting his tenure between client-service analytics, where he stress-tested portfolios based on each client’s unique liabilities, and research, where he built systematic investing gauges for global markets trading. Mr. Aloisio earned a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Philosophy from Dartmouth College. He also holds an Applied Data Science Certificate from the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth and is a CFA charterholder.
Sub-Advisor Portfolio Manager(s)
ALPS Advisors coordinates the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund in accordance with the terms of the sub-advisory agreement and subject to the direction and supervision of the Advisor and the Board of the Fund. The Sub-Advisor, under the supervision of the Advisor, is responsible for, among other things, handling the day-to-day management of the Fund’s trading process (including the creation and/or redemption basket processing). The Sub-Advisor does not select investments for the Fund’s portfolio. There is no one individual primarily responsible for the portfolio trading decisions made by the Sub-Advisor on behalf of the Fund. The trading decisions including the execution of the creation and redemption process and the rebalancing of the portfolio are made under the direction of the portfolio managers of the Sub-Advisor. The individuals listed below are primarily responsible for these day-to-day management functions:
| Name of Fund |
Portfolio Manager(s) |
|||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF | Ryan Mischker | |||
| Charles Perkins |
Ryan Mischker has been portfolio manager of the Fund since inception. Prior to joining ALPS Advisors, Mr. Mischker served as Compliance Manager of ALPS Fund Services, where he was primarily responsible for managing all post-trade monitoring for IRS, SEC and registration statement investment guidelines and restrictions. Mr. Mischker has over 20 years financial services experience and graduated from the University of Northern Colorado with a B.S. in Finance and B.A. in Economics.
Charles Perkins has been a portfolio manager of the Fund since inception. He joined the ALPS Advisors, Inc. as an Analyst in 2015. Prior to joining ALPS, Mr. Perkins served as Senior Fund Accountant of ALPS Fund Services, where he was primarily responsible for day-to-day NAV calculations. Mr. Perkins has over 12 years financial services experience and graduated from the University of Colorado at Boulder with a B.S. in Finance.
The SAI provides additional information about portfolio manager compensation, other accounts managed by the portfolio manager(s) and the portfolio managers’ ownership of securities in the Fund.
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WASATCH FUNDS — SERVICE PROVIDERS
Investment Advisor
Wasatch Advisors LP, d/b/a Wasatch Global Investors
505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor
Salt Lake City, UT 84108
Investment Subadvisor
ALPS Advisors, Inc.
1290 Broadway, Suite 1100
Denver, CO 80203
Administrator and Fund Accountant
State Street Bank and Trust Company
801 Pennsylvania Avenue
Kansas City, MO 64105
Distributor
ALPS Distributors, Inc
1290 Broadway, Suite 1000
Denver, CO 80203
Transfer Agent
State Street Bank and Trust Company
801 Pennsylvania Avenue
Kansas City, MO 64105
Custodian
State Street Bank and Trust Company
801 Pennsylvania Avenue
Kansas City, MO 64105
Legal Counsel to Wasatch Funds and Independent Trustees
Chapman and Cutler LLP
320 South Canal Street
Chicago, IL 60606
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
[_______________]
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WASATCH FUNDS — ACCOUNT POLICIES
How to Buy and Sell Shares
Most investors buy and sell Shares through brokers or other financial intermediaries on a national securities exchange, where the Fund’s Shares are listed and trade throughout the trading day like other publicly traded shares. The Fund does not impose any minimum investment for Shares of the Fund purchased on an exchange or otherwise in the secondary market. The Fund’s Shares trade under the trading symbol listed on the cover of the prospectus. When buying or selling Shares through a broker, you will incur brokerage commissions and charges, and you may pay some or all of the spread between the bid and the offered price in the secondary market on each leg of a round trip (purchase and sale) transaction. The spread will vary over time based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity. When buying and selling shares through a broker, investors may receive less than NAV of the Shares because Shares are bought and sold at market prices rather than NAV.
The Fund’s primary listing exchange is the NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “Exchange”). The Exchange is open for trading Monday through Friday and is closed on weekends and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth Holiday, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
For purposes of the 1940 Act, the Fund is treated as a registered investment company, and the acquisition of Shares by other registered investment companies and companies relying on Sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act is subject to the restrictions of Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act and related rules and interpretations.
Book Entry
Shares are held in book-entry form, which means that no stock certificates are issued. The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) or its nominee is the record owner of all outstanding Shares and is recognized as the owner of all Shares for all purposes.
Investors owning Shares are beneficial owners as shown on the records of DTC or its participants. DTC serves as the securities depository for all Shares. Participants in DTC include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and other institutions that directly or indirectly maintain a custodial relationship with DTC. As a beneficial owner of Shares, you are not entitled to receive physical delivery of stock certificates or to have Shares registered in your name, and you are not considered a registered owner of Shares. Therefore, to exercise any right as an owner of Shares, you must rely upon the procedures of DTC and its participants. These procedures are the same as those that apply to any other stocks that you hold in book entry or “street name” form.
Fund Share Trading Prices
The trading prices of Shares on the Exchange are based on market price and may differ from the Fund’s daily NAV. Market forces of supply and demand, economic conditions and other factors may affect the trading prices of Shares. The price you pay or receive when you buy or sell your shares in the secondary market is based on the market price of the Fund’s shares, which may be more or less than the NAV of such shares.
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Purchase and Redemption of Creation Units
Only authorized participants (i.e., institutional investors (typically market makers or other brokers-dealers) who have entered into agreements with the Fund’s Distributor, the ALPs Distributor, Inc. may purchase and redeem shares directly from the Fund at NAV and only in large blocks of shares or multiples thereof referred to as Creation Units. Except when aggregated in Creation Units, shares are not redeemable by the Fund. An authorized participant must be either a DTC participant or a member of the Continuous Net Settlement System of the National Security Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”).
The Fund generally issues and redeems Creation Units in exchange for a designated in-kind basket of Fund securities and/or a designated amount of cash (together, the “Basket”). Each day the Exchange is open for trading (a “Business Day”), prior to the opening of trading, the Fund publishes that day’s Basket through NSCC or another method of public dissemination.
Orders from authorized participants to create or redeem Creation Units may only be placed on a Business Day and are subject to approval by the Distributor. The prices at which creations and redemptions occur are based on the next calculation of NAV after an order is received and deemed acceptable by the Distributor.
Information about the procedures regarding creation and redemption of Creation Units (including the cut-off times for receipt of creation and redemption orders) is included in the Fund’s SAI.
Frequent Purchases and Redemptions of Fund Shares
The Fund imposes no restrictions on the frequency of purchases and redemptions (“market timing”) and has adopted no policies and procedures with respect to such purchases and redemptions. In making this determination, the Board considered the risks associated with frequent purchases and redemptions by the Fund’s shareholders. Such risks include, dilution, disruption of portfolio management, increases in the Fund’s trading costs and the potential for the realization of capital gains.
As Shares may be purchased and redeemed directly from the Fund only when aggregated into one or more Creation Units by authorized participants that have entered into agreements with the Fund’s distributor, the vast majority of trading in Shares occurs on the secondary market and does not involve the Fund directly. In-kind purchases and redemptions of Creation Units by authorized participants and cash trades on the secondary market are unlikely to cause many of the harmful effects of frequent purchases and/or redemptions of Shares that are detailed above. To the extent that the Fund may affect the issuance or redemption of Creation Units in exchange wholly or partially for cash, such trades could result in dilution to the Fund and increased transaction costs, which could negatively impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. These consequences may increase as the frequency of cash purchases and redemptions of Creation Units by authorized participants increases. However, direct trading by authorized participants is critical to ensuring that Shares trade at or close to NAV.
To minimize these potential consequences of frequent purchases and redemptions of Shares, the Fund imposes transaction fees on purchases and redemptions of Creation Units to cover the custodial and other costs the Fund incurs in effecting trades. In addition, the Fund reserves the right to not accept orders from authorized participants that the Advisor has determined may be disruptive to the management of the Fund or otherwise are not in the best interests of the Fund. For these reasons, the Board has not adopted policies and procedures with respect to frequent purchases and redemptions of Shares.
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Distributor
ALPS Distributors, Inc. serves as the distributor of Creation Units for the Fund on an agency basis. ALPs Distributors does not maintain a secondary market in Shares.
Distribution and Service Plan
The Fund has adopted a Distribution and Service Plan in accordance with Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act pursuant to which the Fund is authorized to pay fees at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the Fund’s average daily net assets for the sale and distribution of the Fund’s shares. No distribution fees are currently charged to the Fund; there are no plans to impose distribution fees, and no such fees will be charged for at least twelve months from the date of this prospectus. Additionally, the implementation of any such fees would require approval by the Board of Trustees prior to implementation. Because these fees would be paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, if such fees are charged in the future, they would increase the cost of your investment and might cost you more over time than paying other types of sales charges.
The Fund’s Net Asset Value
The Fund’s NAV is calculated by dividing the value of all securities and other assets owned by the Fund, less the liabilities of the Fund, by the number of shares outstanding.
The Fund’s NAV is calculated as of the regular close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) every day the NYSE is open.
The Fund’s NAV will not be calculated on days the NYSE is closed (scheduled or unscheduled) or on holidays the NYSE observes, including New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington’s Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The NYSE may close early on the day before each observed holiday and the day after Thanksgiving and Christmas. NYSE holiday schedules are subject to change without notice.
The Fund’s portfolio securities and other assets for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value. A market quotation is readily available if that quotation is a quoted price (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund can access at the measurement date provided that the quotation will not be readily available if it is not reliable. Readily available market quotations primarily are provided by independent pricing services. On each day the New York Stock Exchange is open, market value for equity securities generally is determined on the basis of (i) the official close price if the market provides an official close price, (ii) if the official close price is unavailable, the last quoted sale price from the exchange or market on which the securities is primarily traded, (iii) if (i) or (ii) are unavailable, the mean between the last bid and ask on the primary exchange or market as provided by a pricing service or (iv) if (i), (ii) or (iii) are unavailable, the previous trading day’s price as provided by a pricing service. Securities denominated in foreign currencies are converted to U.S. dollars at the prevailing currency exchange rate as quoted by a pricing service. To the extent the Fund invests in registered open-end investment companies (other than exchange-traded funds), such investments would be valued based on the NAV of such funds. The prospectuses of such funds will explain the circumstances under which these companies will use fair value pricing and the effects of using fair value pricing.
Investments for which market quotations are believed after reasonable inquiry to be inaccurately stated, considered unreliable or otherwise determined to no longer have a readily available market quotation are
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valued at fair value. Pursuant to applicable rules, a fund board must determine fair value in good faith for any and all fund investments or the board may designate a valuation designee to perform the fair value determinations relating to any or all fund investments, subject to board oversight. The Board has appointed the Advisor as its valuation designee (the “Valuation Designee”) for all portfolio investments, subject to its oversight. The Advisor shall carry out its designated responsibilities as Valuation Designee through its pricing committee.
Fair value determinations are made in accordance with procedures adopted by the Advisor and Fund, subject to oversight by the Board. Securities with may be fair valued generally include, but are not limited to, debt investments, investments in private companies, private investments in public companies (“PIPEs”), commitments to invest in a future PIPE, warrants, securities for which trading has halted or has not traded over a specified period, rights and similar instruments.
Pursuant to these procedures, debt securities with a remaining maturity greater than sixty (60) days generally shall be valued in accordance with the evaluated bid price provided by a pricing service. Debt securities with a remaining maturity of sixty (60) days or less at the time of purchase generally shall be valued by the amortized cost method (i.e., valuation at acquisition cost increased each day by an amount equal to the daily accretion of the discount or amortization of premium) unless it is determined that the amortized cost method would not represent fair value, in which case the securities may be marked to market.
Certain securities may not be able to be priced by pre-established pricing methods. The Valuation Designee also may change a selected methodology if a different methodology is considered equally or more representative of the fair value of Fund investments.
Valuing the Fund’s assets using fair value pricing introduces an element of subjectivity to the pricing of securities. As a result, the price of a security determined through fair valuation techniques may differ from the price quoted or published by other sources and may differ from current market valuations. It is possible that these valuations could be materially different from the value the Fund realizes upon the sale of an instrument.
The Fund may hold portfolio securities, such as those traded on foreign exchanges, that trade on weekends or other days when the Fund’s share prices are not calculated. Therefore, the value of the Fund’s Shares may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or sell Shares.
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WASATCH FUNDS — DIVIDENDS, DISTRIBUTIONS AND TAXES
Dividends and distributions
Dividends from net investment income, if any, generally are declared and paid at least annually by the Fund. In the event the Fund’s distribution of net investment income exceeds its earnings and profits for tax purposes, a portion of such distribution may be classified as return of capital. Distributions of capital gains, if any, generally are declared and paid once a year, but the Fund may make distributions on a more frequent basis. The Fund reserves the right to declare special distributions if, in its reasonable discretion, such action is necessary or advisable to preserve its status as a regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or to avoid imposition of income or excise taxes on undistributed income or realized gains.
Dividend reinvestment
If you bought your Shares in the secondary market, your broker is responsible for distributing the dividends and capital gain distributions to you. To reinvest dividend and capital gains distributions, you must hold your Fund shares at a broker that offers a reinvestment service. This can be the broker’s own service, or a service made available by a third party, such as the broker’s outside clearing firm or the DTC. If this service is available and used, dividend distributions of both income and realized gains will be automatically reinvested in additional whole shares of the Fund purchased in the secondary market. To determine whether a reinvestment service is available and whether there is a commission or other charge for using this service, consult your broker.
Federal Tax Matters
This section summarizes some of the main U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning shares of the Fund. This section is current as of the date of this prospectus. Tax laws and interpretations change frequently, and these summaries do not describe all of the tax consequences to all taxpayers. For example, these summaries generally do not describe your situation if you are a corporation, a non-U.S. person, a broker-dealer, or other investor with special circumstances. In addition, this section does not describe your state, local or non-U.S. tax consequences.
This federal income tax summary is based in part on the advice of counsel to the Fund. The Internal Revenue Service could disagree with any conclusions set forth in this section. In addition, counsel to the Fund may not have been asked to review, and may not have reached a conclusion with respect to, the federal income tax treatment of the assets to be included in the Fund. This may not be sufficient for you to use for the purpose of avoiding penalties under federal tax law.
As with any investment, you should seek advice based on your individual circumstances from your own tax advisor.
Fund Status
The Fund intends to qualify and continue to qualify as a “regulated investment company” under the federal tax laws. If the Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company and distributes its income as required by the tax law, the Fund generally will not pay federal income taxes.
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Distributions
The Fund’s distributions are generally taxable. After the end of each year, you will receive a tax statement that separates the distributions of the Fund into two categories, ordinary income distributions and capital gain dividends. Ordinary income distributions are generally taxed at your ordinary tax rate, however, as further discussed below, certain ordinary income distributions received from the Fund may be taxed at the capital gains tax rates. Generally, you will treat all capital gain dividends as long-term capital gains regardless of how long you have owned your shares.
To determine your actual tax liability for your capital gain dividends, you must calculate your total net capital gain or loss for the tax year after considering all of your other taxable transactions, as described below. In addition, the Fund may make distributions that represent a return of capital for tax purposes and thus will generally not be taxable to you; however, such distributions may reduce your tax basis in your shares, which could result in you having to pay higher taxes in the future when shares are sold, even if you sell the shares at a loss from your original investment. The tax status of your distributions from the Fund is not affected by whether you reinvest your distributions in additional shares or receive them in cash. The income from the Fund that you must take into account for federal income tax purposes is not reduced by amounts used to pay a deferred sales fee, if any. The tax laws may require you to treat distributions made to you in January as if you had received them on December 31 of the previous year.
Income from the Fund may also be subject to a 3.8% “Medicare tax.” This tax generally applies to your net investment income if your adjusted gross income exceeds certain threshold amounts, which are $250,000 in the case of married couples filing joint returns and $200,000 in the case of single individuals.
Dividends Received Deduction
A corporation that owns shares generally will not be entitled to the dividends received deduction with respect to many dividends received from the Fund because the dividends received deduction is generally not available for distributions from regulated investment companies. However, certain ordinary income dividends on shares that are attributable to qualifying dividends received by the Fund from certain corporations may be reported by the Fund as being eligible for the dividends received deduction.
Capital Gains and Losses and Certain Ordinary Income Dividends
If you are an individual, the maximum marginal stated federal tax rate for net capital gain is generally 20% (15% or 0% for taxpayers with taxable incomes below certain thresholds). Some capital gains, including some portion of your capital gain dividends may be taxed at a higher maximum stated tax rate. Capital gains may also be subject to the Medicare tax described above.
Net capital gain equals net long-term capital gain minus net short-term capital loss for the taxable year. Capital gain or loss is long-term if the holding period for the asset is more than one year and is short-term if the holding period for the asset is one year or less. You must exclude the date you purchase your shares to determine your holding period. However, if you receive a capital gain dividend from the Fund and sell your share at a loss after holding it for six months or less, the loss will be recharacterized as long-term capital loss to the extent of the capital gain dividend received. The tax rates for capital gains realized from assets held for one year or less are generally the same as for ordinary income. The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, treats certain capital gains as ordinary income in special situations. An election may be available to you to defer recognition of the gain attributable to a capital gain dividend if you make certain qualifying investments within a limited time. You should talk to your tax advisor about the availability of this deferral election and its requirements.
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Ordinary income dividends received by an individual shareholder from a regulated investment company such as the Fund are generally taxed at the same rates that apply to net capital gain (as discussed above), provided certain holding period requirements are satisfied and provided the dividends are attributable to qualifying dividends received by the Fund itself. The Fund will provide notice to its shareholders of the amount of any distribution which may be taken into account as a dividend which is eligible for the capital gains tax rates.
Sale of Shares
If you sell or redeem your shares, you will generally recognize a taxable gain or loss. To determine the amount of this gain or loss, you must subtract your tax basis in your shares from the amount you receive in the transaction. Your tax basis in your shares is generally equal to the cost of your shares, generally including sales charges. In some cases, however, you may have to adjust your tax basis after you purchase your shares. An election may be available to you to defer recognition of capital gain if you make certain qualifying investments within a limited time. You should talk to your tax advisor about the availability of this deferral election and its requirements.
Taxes on Purchase and Redemption of Creation Units
If you exchange securities for Creation Units you will generally recognize a gain or a loss. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units at the time and your aggregate basis in the securities surrendered and the cash component paid. If you exchange Creation Units for securities, you will generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between your basis in the Creation Units and the aggregate market value of the securities received and the cash redemption amount. The Internal Revenue Service, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of securities for Creation Units or Creation Units for securities cannot be deducted currently under the rules governing “wash sales,” or on the basis that there has been no significant change in economic position.
Treatment of Fund Expenses
Expenses incurred and deducted by the Fund will generally not be treated as income taxable to you.
Non-U.S. Tax Credit
If the Fund invests in non-U.S. securities, the tax statement that you receive may include an item showing non-U.S. taxes the Fund paid to other countries. In this case, dividends taxed to you will include your share of the taxes the Fund paid to other countries. You may be able to deduct or receive a tax credit for your share of these taxes.
Non-U.S. Investors
If you are a non-U.S. investor (i.e., an investor other than a U.S. citizen or resident or a U.S. corporation, partnership, estate or trust), you should be aware that, generally, subject to applicable tax treaties, distributions from the Fund will be characterized as dividends for federal income tax purposes (other than dividends which the Fund properly reports as capital gain dividends) and will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes, including withholding taxes, subject to certain exceptions described below. However, distributions received by a non-U.S. investor from the Fund that are properly reported by the Fund as capital gain dividends may not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes, including withholding taxes, provided that the Fund makes certain elections and certain other conditions are met. Distributions from the Fund that are properly reported by the Fund as an interest-related dividend attributable to certain interest income received by the Fund or as a short-term capital gain dividend attributable to certain net
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short-term capital gain income received by the Fund may not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes, including withholding taxes when received by certain non-U.S. investors, provided that the Fund makes certain elections and certain other conditions are met. For tax years after December 31, 2022, amounts paid to or recognized by a non-U.S. affiliate that are excluded from tax under the portfolio interest, capital gain dividends, short-term capital gains or tax-exempt interest dividend exceptions or applicable treaties, may be taken into consideration in determining whether a corporation is an “applicable corporation” subject to a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income.
Distributions may be subject to a U.S. withholding tax of 30% in the case of distributions to (i) certain non-U.S. financial institutions that have not entered into an agreement with the U.S. Treasury to collect and disclose certain information and are not resident in a jurisdiction that has entered into such an agreement with the U.S. Treasury and (ii) certain other non-U.S. entities that do not provide certain certifications and information about the entity’s U.S. owners. This withholding tax is also currently scheduled to apply to the gross proceeds from the disposition of securities that produce U.S. source interest or dividends. However, proposed regulations may eliminate the requirement to withhold on payments of gross proceeds from dispositions.
Investments in Certain Non-U.S. Corporations
If the Fund holds an equity interest in any “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”), which are generally certain non-U.S. corporations that receive at least 75% of their annual gross income from passive sources (such as interest, dividends, certain rents and royalties or capital gains) or that hold at least 50% of their assets in investments producing such passive income, the Fund could be subject to U.S. federal income tax and additional interest charges on gains and certain distributions with respect to those equity interests, even if all the income or gain is timely distributed to its shareholders. The Fund will not be able to pass through to its shareholders any credit or deduction for such taxes. The Fund may be able to make an election that could ameliorate these adverse tax consequences. In this case, the Fund would recognize as ordinary income any increase in the value of such PFIC shares, and as ordinary loss any decrease in such value to the extent it did not exceed prior increases included in income. Under this election, the Fund might be required to recognize in a year income in excess of its distributions from PFICs and its proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock during that year, and such income would nevertheless be subject to the distribution requirement and would be taken into account for purposes of the 4% excise tax. Dividends paid by PFICs are not treated as qualified dividend income.
Buying or Selling Shares Close to a Record Date
Buying Fund shares shortly before the record date for a taxable dividend or capital gain distribution is commonly known as “buying the dividend” and generally should be avoided by taxable investors. The entire distribution may be taxable to you even though a portion of the distribution effectively represents a return of your purchase price.
Cost Basis Method
You may elect a cost basis method to apply to shares held in your account with your financial intermediary. The cost basis method you select will determine the order in which such shares are sold and how your cost basis information is calculated and subsequently reported to you and to the Internal Revenue Service. Please consult your tax advisor to determine which cost basis method best suits your specific situation. Please contact your financial intermediary for instructions on how to make your election. If you do not make an election, your financial intermediary will choose its own default cost basis method.
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WASATCH FUNDS - OTHER INFORMATION
Premium/Discount Information
Information showing the number of days the market price of Shares was greater (at a premium) and less (at a discount) than the Fund’s NAV for the most recently completed calendar year, and the most recently completed calendar quarters since that year (or the life of the Fund, if shorter), is available at [_________].
Other Investment Companies
Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act restricts investments by investment companies in the securities of other investment companies. The SEC adopted Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act, which outlines the requirements under which an investment company may invest in the securities of another investment company beyond the limits prescribed in Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act. Any investment by another investment company in the Fund, or by the Fund in another investment company, must comply with Rule 12d1-4 in order to exceed the limits contained in Section 12(d)(1).
Continuous Offering
The Fund issues, on a continuous offering basis, its Shares in one or more groups of a fixed number of Fund Shares (each such group of such specified number of individual Fund Shares, a “Creation Unit). The method by which Creation Units of Fund Shares are created and traded may raise certain issues under applicable securities laws. Because new Creation Units of Shares are issued and sold by the Fund on an ongoing basis, a “distribution,” as such term is used in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) may occur at any point. Broker-dealers and other persons are cautioned that some activities on their part, may, depending on the circumstances, result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner which could render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the prospectus delivery requirement and liability provisions of the Securities Act.
For example, a broker-dealer firm or its client may be deemed a statutory underwriter if it takes Creation Units after placing an order with the distributor, breaks them down into constituent shares and sells such shares directly to customers, or if it chooses to couple the creation of a supply of new shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary market demand for Shares. A determination of whether one is an underwriter for purposes of the Securities Act must take into account all the facts and circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker-dealer or its client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that could lead to a characterization as an underwriter.
Broker-dealer firms should also note that dealers who are not “underwriter” but are affecting transactions in shares, whether or not participating in the distribution of shares, are generally required to deliver a prospectus. This is because the prospectus delivery exemption in Section 4(3) of the Securities Act is not available in respect of such transactions as a result of Section 24(d) of the 1940 Act. As a result, broker-dealer firms should note that dealers who are not underwriters but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted with ordinary secondary market transactions) and thus dealing with the shares that are part of an overallotment within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(C) of the Securities Act would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act. Firms that incur a prospectus delivery obligation with respect to shares are reminded that, under the Securities Act Rule 153, a prospectus delivery obligation under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act owed to a broker-dealer in connection with a sale on the Exchange is satisfied by the fact that the prospectus is available from the Exchange upon request. The prospectus delivery mechanism
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provided in Rule 153 is available with respect to transactions on a national securities exchange, a trading facility or an alternative trading system.
The Advisor or its affiliates, or a fund for which the Advisor or an affiliate serves as investment adviser (each, as applicable, a “Selling Shareholder”) may purchase Creation Units through a broker-dealer to “seed” (in whole or in part) the Fund as it is launched or thereafter, or may purchase Shares of a Fund through a broker-dealer or other investors, including in secondary market transactions. Because the Selling Shareholder or its affiliates may be deemed affiliates of such Fund, the Shares are being registered to permit the resale of these Shares from time to time after any such purchase. Such Fund will not receive any of the proceeds from the resale of such Shares.
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WASATCH FUNDS — FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The Small/Mid Cap ETF has not commenced operations as of the date of this prospectus, therefore no financial highlights are shown for the Fund.
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|
WASATCHGLOBAL.COM |
ACTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR INEFFICIENT MARKETS
| SMALL CAP | MICRO CAP | INTERNATIONAL | EMERGING MARKETS | FRONTIER MARKETS | GLOBAL |
Prospectus
wasatchglobal.com [800. . ]
For shareholder inquiries please contact your financial intermediary through whom you invest in the Fund.
You may obtain a free copy of the Fund’s SAI, annual or semi-annual reports, quarter-end portfolio holdings and other information such as the Fund’s financial statements on the Fund’s website at wasatchglobal.com or by contacting Wasatch at the telephone number listed above. You may make inquiries to the Funds via mail at Wasatch Funds, [ ], via email at [mail to: ] by calling the telephone number listed above, or though your financial intermediary through whom you invest in the Fund. Shareholder representatives are available Monday through Friday 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Central Time.
The SAI provides more details about the Fund and its policies. The SAI is incorporated into the prospectus by reference and is, therefore, legally part of this prospectus. Additional information about the Fund’s investments will be available in the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders and in Form N-CSR. In the Fund’s annual report, you will find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the Fund’s performance during its last fiscal year. In Form N-CSR, you will find the Fund’s annual and semi-annual financial statements. You can go the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov) to view these and other documents that Wasatch Funds has filed electronically with the SEC. Copies of this information also may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by making an electronic request at the following email address: [email protected].
Investment Company Act File Number: 811-4920
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SUBJECT TO COMPLETION STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION DATED APRIL 2, 2026
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
WASATCH FUNDS TRUST
505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor
Salt Lake City, UT 84108
| Ticker Symbol | Exchange | |||
| Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF | (_____) | (_____) |
[June 16, 2026]
WASATCH FUNDS TRUST (“Wasatch Funds” or the “Trust”) is an open-end management investment company issuing shares in 23 separate series, each of which is publicly offered and one of which is described herein: Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF (the “Small/Mid Cap ETF” or the “Fund” and together with the other series, the “Funds”).
This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) relates to the Fund. This is not a Prospectus but contains information in addition to, and more detailed than, that set forth in the Prospectus for the Fund and should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus. The Prospectus may be obtained by downloading it from Wasatch Funds’ website at wasatchglobal.com or without charge by calling 800.551.1700 or writing to Wasatch Funds at P.O. Box 2172, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-2172. The SAI and the related Prospectus are both dated [June 16, 2026]. Capitalized terms used herein and not defined have the same meanings as those used in the Prospectus.
P.O. Box 2172 Milwaukee, WI 53201-2172 ● wasatchglobal.com
Phone: 800.551.1700
Wasatch Funds are distributed by ALPS Distributors, Inc.
THE INFORMATION IN THIS SAI IS NOT COMPLETE AND MAY BE CHANGED. WE MAY NOT SELL THESE SECURITIES UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS EFFECTIVE. THIS SAI IS NOT AN OFFER TO SELL THESE SECURITIES AND IS NOT SOLICITING AN OFFER TO BUY THESE SECURITIES IN ANY STATE WHERE THE OFFER OR SALE IS NOT PERMITTED.
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| Information about Each Trustee’s Qualification, Experience, Attributes or Skills |
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| Management of Other Accounts and Potential Conflicts of Interest |
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| Wasatch Global Investors—Portfolio Management Team Compensation |
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST AND THE FUND
Wasatch Funds was incorporated under Utah law on November 18, 1986 and reincorporated as a Minnesota corporation in January 1998 and reorganized into a Massachusetts business trust on March 31, 2010. Wasatch Funds is an open-end, management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
The Wasatch Funds currently offering 23 separate series, one of which is described herein. The Fund is a non-diversified fund, which means that the Fund is permitted to invest its assets in a more limited number of issuers than other diversified investment companies. The Fund operates as an exchange-traded fund (an “ETF”).
The Fund intends to diversify its assets to the extent necessary to qualify for tax treatment as a regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To so qualify, the Code generally requires, among other things, (i) not more than 25% of the total value of the Fund’s assets may be invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. government securities and the securities of other regulated investment companies) or of any two or more issuers controlled by the Fund, which, pursuant to the regulations under the Code, may be deemed to be engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, and (ii) with respect to 50% of the total value of the Fund’s assets (a) not more than 5% of its total assets may be invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. government securities and the securities of other regulated investment companies) and (b) the Fund may not own more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. government securities and the securities of other regulated investment companies).
The Board of Trustees of the Trust (the “Board,” “Board of Trustees” or “Trustees”) is authorized to divide shares of the Trust into one or more series, which may be further divided into classes of shares. The Trustees shall have the power and authority to operate one or more of the Trust’s series as an open-end management investment company that operates as an ETF (an “ETF series”), such as the Fund, and one or more of the Trust’s series as an open-end management company that operates as a mutual fund (a “Mutual Fund series”), one or more classes of exchange-traded shares of a Mutual Fund series and one or more classes of an ETF series that are not exchange-traded and to list the ETF Shares on one or more securities exchanges and to cease such operation and/or listing at any time. The Trustees shall have the full power and authority to establish additional series and classes of shares in the future, to change those series or classes and to determine the designations, rights, preferences, privileges, limitations, restrictions and such other relative terms as shall be determined by the Trustees from time to time and to modify any of the relative rights, preferences, privileges, limitations, restrictions and other relative terms of a series or class established by the Trustees or redesignate any of the series or classes without any action or consent of shareholders. The Trust or any series or class thereof may be terminated at any time by the Board upon written notice to the shareholders. Under the Declaration of Trust (the “Declaration of Trust” or the “Declaration”), the number of authorized shares of each series and the number of shares of each series that may be issued shall be unlimited. The Trust shall have the right to refuse to issue shares at any time and for any reason or for no reason whatsoever.
Shareholders shall not have the power to vote on any matter except shareholders have the power to vote on the election or removal of Trustees to the extent and as provided in the Declaration and on any additional matters relating to the Trust as may be required by law or as the Trustees may consider and determine necessary or desirable. The Declaration provides that the Trustees may establish the number of Trustees and that vacancies on the Board may be filled by the remaining Trustees, except when election of Trustees by the shareholders is required under the 1940 Act. Trustees are then elected by a plurality of votes cast by shareholders at a meeting at which a quorum is present. The Declaration also provides that Trustees may be removed, with or without cause, by vote of shareholders holding at least two-thirds of the voting power of the Trust, or by a two-thirds of the remaining Trustees. Each whole share shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote as to any matter on which the holder is entitled to vote, and a fractional share shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote. Cumulative voting is not permitted in the election of Trustees or on any other matter submitted to a vote of the shareholders. On any matter submitted to a vote of the shareholders of the Trust, all shares of all series and classes then entitled to vote shall be voted together, except that (i) when required by the 1940 Act, the Declaration of Trust, or a Designation (as defined in the Declaration of Trust) to be voted by individual series or class, shares shall be voted by individual series or class, and (ii) when the Trustees have determined that the matter affects only the interests of shareholders of one or more series or classes, only shareholders of such one or more series or classes shall be entitled to vote thereon. Unless required by law or the Declaration, the Declaration permits the Trustees to take actions without seeking shareholder approval. For example, the Declaration gives the Trustees broad authority to approve reorganizations between the Fund and another entity, or the
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sale of all or substantially all of a Fund’s assets, or the termination of the Trust or the Fund without shareholder approval if the 1940 Act would not require such approval.
Each share of a series shall represent a beneficial interest in the net assets allocated or belonging to such series only, and such interest shall not extend to the assets of the Trust generally (except to the extent that “General Assets,” as defined in the Declaration of Trust, are allocated to such series), and shall be entitled to receive its pro rata share of the net assets of the series upon liquidation of the series subject to variations with respect to classes of such series, if any, as set forth in the Declaration of Trust. The shareholders shall not, as such holders, have any right to acquire, purchase, or subscribe for any shares or securities of the Trust that it may hereafter issue or sell, or have any preference, preemptive, appraisal, conversion or exchange rights, except as the Trustees may determine from time to time. All dividends and distributions on shares of a particular series shall be distributed only from the “Assets” belonging to that series, as defined in the Declaration, and shall be distributed pro rata to the shareholders of that series in proportion to the number of shares of that series held by such shareholders at the date and time of record for the payment of such dividends and distributions, subject to any variations with respect to classes of shares of such series, if any, and in a manner consistent with the 1940 Act and the Code.
Under Massachusetts law applicable to Massachusetts business trusts, shareholders of such a trust may, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for its obligations. However, the Declaration of Trust of the Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of this disclaimer be given in each note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking entered into or executed by the Trust or Trustees. The Declaration of Trust provides that no personal liability for any debt, liability or obligation or expense incurred by, contracted for, or otherwise existing with respect to, the Trust or any series or class shall attach to any shareholder or former shareholder of the Trust solely by reason of being or having been a shareholder. The Declaration of Trust further provides for indemnification out of the assets and property of the Trust for all losses and expenses of any shareholder held personally responsible for the obligations of the Trust under the terms set forth in the Declaration of Trust. More specifically, the Declaration of Trust provides that in case any shareholder or former shareholder of the Trust shall be held to be personally liable solely by reason of his being or having been a shareholder and not because of his acts or omissions or for some other reason, the shareholder or former shareholder (or his heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives or in the case of a corporation or other entity, its corporate or other general successor) shall be entitled out of the assets of the Trust or, if the Trust has more than one series, the applicable series, to be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability; provided, however, there shall be no liability or obligation of the Trust or series arising hereunder to reimburse any shareholder for taxes paid by reason of such shareholder’s ownership of any shares or for losses suffered by reason of any changes in value of any Trust assets. Under the Declaration, the Trust or applicable series shall, upon request by the shareholder or former shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against the shareholder for any act or obligation of the Trust or applicable series and satisfy any judgment thereon.
Further, no Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust shall be subject to personal liability whatsoever to any person, other than the Trust or any series or class, in connection with the affairs of the Trust or any series; and all persons shall look solely to the Trust property or the Trust property of a series or class for satisfaction of claims of any nature arising in connection with the affairs of the Trust or any series. A Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust shall not be liable to the Trust or any series or class for any action or failure to act (including without limitation the failure to compel in any way any former or acting Trustee to redress any breach of trust) except for his or her own bad faith, willful misfeasance, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of his or her duties involved in the conduct of the individual’s office, and for nothing else, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Declaration requires the Trust or applicable series to indemnify any person who is or has been a Trustee, officer, or employee of the Trust against any liability or expenses incurred by such person in connection with any claim, action, suit or proceeding in which such person is involved as a party by virtue of being or having been a Trustee, officer, employee or agent. In making a determination as to whether any person is entitled to advancement of expenses in connection with a claim for which indemnification is sought, such person is entitled to a rebuttable presumption.
The ownership of Trust property of every description and the right to conduct any business herein described is vested exclusively in the Trustees, acting in the name of the Trust, subject to Section 5.6 of the Declaration of Trust. The shareholders shall have no right or title in or to the Trust property or to call for any partition or division of any property, profits, rights or interests of the Trust or any series thereof and the shareholders shall have no interest therein other than the beneficial interest conferred by their shares. For the avoidance of doubt, unless expressly set forth therein and authorized
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by the Trustees, shareholders shall have no rights, privileges, claims, or remedies under any contract or agreement entered into by the Trust or any series or class with any service provider or other agent to or contractor with the Trust or a series or class, including, without limitation, any third party beneficiary rights.
The Declaration of Trust provides a detailed process for bringing derivative actions by shareholders in order to permit legitimate inquiries and claims to be made and considered while avoiding the time, expense, distraction and other harm that can be caused to the Trust and its shareholders as a result of spurious claims, demands, and derivative actions. The Declaration of Trust provides that no shareholder may bring a derivative or similar action or proceeding in the right of or name or on behalf of the Trust or any series or class to recover a judgment in its favor unless several specific conditions are satisfied. The Declaration details various information, certificates, undertakings and acknowledgements that must be included in the demand. Following receipt of the demand, the Trustees have a period of 90 days, which may be extended by an additional 60 days, to consider the demand. If a majority of the Trustees who are considered independent for the purposes of considering the demand determine that maintaining the suit would not be in the best interests of the Fund, the Trustees are required to reject the demand and the complaining shareholder may not proceed with the derivative action unless the shareholder is able to sustain the burden of proof that the decision of the Trustees not to pursue the requested action was not a good faith exercise of their business judgment on behalf of the Fund. If upon such consideration a majority of the independent Trustees determine that such a suit should be maintained, then the appropriate officers of the Trust shall cause the Trust to commence that suit and such suit shall proceed directly rather than derivatively or permit the complaining shareholders to proceed derivatively, provided however that any counsel representing the interests of the Trust shall be approved by the Trustees.
The Declaration of Trust further provides that a complaining shareholder who commences or maintains a derivative or direct action in violation of the provisions of the Declaration of Trust addressing derivative and direct actions shall, jointly and severally, reimburse the Trust for the costs and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by the Trust in connection with the action if the action is dismissed on the basis of failure to comply with such requirements. If a court determines that any derivative action has been brought without reasonable cause or for an improper purpose, the costs and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by the Trust in connection with the action shall be borne, jointly and severally, by each complaining shareholder who commenced the action.
No shareholder may bring a direct action claiming injury as a shareholder of the Trust, or an affected series or class, where the matters alleged (if true) would give rise to a claim by the Trust or by the Trust on behalf of an affected series or class, unless the shareholder has suffered an injury distinct from that suffered by the shareholders of the Trust, or the affected series or class, generally. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, claims to vindicate a shareholder’s contractual voting rights constitute direct claims only when the alleged injury to the shareholder relating to the claim about his, her, or its voting rights is distinct from injury alleged to be suffered by the shareholders of the Trust, or the affected series or class, generally. A shareholder bringing a direct claim must be a shareholder of the Trust or, as applicable, the affected series or class against which the direct action is brought at the time of the injury complained of, or has acquired the shares afterwards by operation of law from a person who was a shareholder at that time.
The Trust is not required to hold annual shareholder meetings. A meeting of shareholders shall be called whenever ordered by (i) a majority of Trustees then in office, (ii) the Chairperson of the Board or (iii) the President of the Trust. Meetings of shareholders of the Trust or of any series or class shall be called by order of the Trustees upon written request of shareholders holding shares representing in the aggregate not less than one-third of the voting power of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the matters specified in such written request provided that (1) such request shall state the purposes of such meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on, and (2) the shareholders requesting such meeting shall have paid to the Trust the reasonably estimated cost of preparing and mailing the notice thereof, which the Secretary shall determine and specify to such shareholders. No special meeting need be called upon the request of shareholders entitled to cast less than a majority of all votes entitled to be cast at that meeting to consider any matter which is substantially the same as a matter voted on at any meeting of the shareholders during the preceding 12 months.
Forum Selection. Any action commenced by a Shareholder, (i) directly against (A) the Trust or a series or class thereof, (B) its Trustees or officers related to, arising out of, or concerning the Trust or series or class, its business or operations, or (C) otherwise related to, arising out of, or concerning the Trust or series or class, its business or operations, or (ii) derivatively in the right or name of, or on behalf of, the Trust or series or class (collectively, the “Covered Actions”), shall be brought only in the United States District Court, District of Utah, or if such action may not be brought in that court, then such action
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shall be brought in the State of Utah, Salt Lake City District Court (each, a “Chosen Court”). The Trust, its Trustees, officers, employees, and Shareholders (a) consent to jurisdiction in the Chosen Courts, (b) waive any objection to venue in either Chosen Court, and (c) waive any objection that either Chosen Court is an inconvenient forum. Except to the extent prohibited by applicable law, if any Shareholder shall commence a Covered Action in any court other than a Chosen Court without the written consent of the Trust, then each such Shareholder shall be obligated, jointly and severally, to reimburse the Trust and any Trustee or officer of the Trust made a party to such proceeding, for the costs and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by the Trust and any Trustee or officer of the Trust in connection with any successful motion to dismiss, stay, or transfer such action on the basis of the failure to comply with the forum selection provision of the Declaration of Trust. The federal forum selection provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable or convenient for disputes with Trustees, officers or other agents of the Trust and its service providers. There may be questions regarding the enforceability of the exclusive federal forum provision since the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) and the 1940 Act permit shareholders to bring claims arising under these Acts in both state and federal courts. Similarly, the state forum selection provision, even as to non-federal securities law claims, also may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable or convenient.
Jury Waiver. The Declaration of Trust provides that there is no right to a trial by jury and such right is waived to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
The Declaration of Trust provides that every shareholder by virtue of purchasing shares and becoming a shareholder, shall be held to have expressly assented and agreed to the terms of the Declaration of Trust and any By-Laws adopted thereunder and shall be bound by it. The above and other provisions of the Declaration of Trust may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim against the Trustees, officers or other agents of the Trust and its service providers, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. No provision of the Declaration of Trust, however, will require a waiver of compliance with any provision of, or restrict any shareholder rights expressly granted by, the 1933 Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or the 1940 Act, or of any valid rule, regulation or order of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) thereunder. In addition, the Declaration of Trust provides that if any provision shall be held invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, in any jurisdiction, such invalidity or unenforceability shall attach only to such provision, or part or parts thereof, in such jurisdiction and shall not in any matter affect such provision in any other jurisdiction or any other provision of the Declaration of Trust in any jurisdiction.
The foregoing is a summary of certain provisions of the Declaration of Trust which contains additional information regarding the rights of shareholders, including the detailed process for shareholders to bring derivative actions, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Declaration of Trust. Please refer to the Declaration of Trust for additional information.
The Fund is advised by Wasatch Advisors LP doing business as Wasatch Global Investors (the “Advisor”). ALPS Advisors, Inc. (“ALPS Advisors” or the “Sub-Advisor”) serves as an investment Sub-Advisor to the Fund.
The Fund’s shares (the “Shares”) list and principally trade on NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “Exchange”). Shares will trade on the Exchange at market prices that may be below, at or above net asset value (“NAV”). ETFs, such as the Fund, do not sell or redeem individual Shares of the Fund. Instead, the Fund offers, issues and redeems Shares at NAV only in aggregations of a specified number of Shares (each a “Creation Unit”). Financial entities known as “authorized participants” (which are discussed in greater detail below) have contractual arrangements with the Fund or ALPS Distributors, Inc. (the “Distributor”) to purchase and redeem Shares directly with the Fund in Creation Units in exchange for the securities and other assets comprising the Fund and/or cash, or some combination thereof. Shares are only redeemable in Creation Units by authorized participants. Creation Units are typically a specified number of Shares, such as 10,000 or multiples thereof, except in the event of the liquidation of the Fund, where the Trust may lower the number of Shares in a Creation Unit. An authorized participant that purchases a Creation Unit of Shares deposits with the Fund a “basket” of securities, cash and/or other assets identified by the Fund that day, and then receives the Creation Unit of Shares in return for those assets. The redemption process is the reverse of the purchase process: the authorized participant redeems a Creation Unit of Shares for a basket of securities, cash and/or other assets. The basket is generally representative of the Fund’s portfolio, and together with a cash balancing amount, it is equal to the NAV of the Shares comprising the Creation Unit. Pursuant to Rule 6c-11 of the 1940 Act, the Fund may utilize baskets that are not representative of the Fund’s portfolio. Such “custom baskets” are discussed in the section entitled “Creations and Redemptions of Creation Units.” Transaction fees and other costs associated
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with creations or redemptions that include cash may be higher than the transaction fees and other costs associated with in-kind creations or redemptions. In all cases, conditions with respect to creations and redemptions of Shares and fees will be limited in accordance with the requirements of SEC rules and regulations applicable to management investment companies offering redeemable securities.
There can be no assurance that the requirements of the Exchange necessary to maintain the listing of Shares of the Fund will continue to be met. The Exchange may, but is not required to, remove the Shares of the Fund from listing if: (i) following the initial 12-month period beginning at the commencement of trading of the Fund, there are fewer than 50 beneficial owners of the Shares of the Fund for 30 or more consecutive trading days; (ii) if applicable, the value of the Fund’s index is no longer calculated or available; or (iii) such other event shall occur or condition exist that, in the opinion of the Exchange makes further dealings on the Exchange inadvisable. The Exchange will remove the Shares of the Fund from listing and trading upon termination of the Fund.
As in the case of other stocks traded on the Exchange, brokers’ commissions on transactions will be based on negotiated commission rates at customary levels.
The Fund reserves the right to adjust the price levels of Shares in the future to help maintain convenient trading ranges for investors. Any adjustments would be accomplished through stock splits or reverse stock splits, which would have no effect on the net assets of the Fund.
The Fund is required by the Exchange to comply with certain listing standards (which includes certain investment parameters) in order to maintain its listing on the Exchange. Compliance with these listing standards may compel the Fund to sell securities at an inopportune time or for a price other than the security’s then-current market value. The sale of securities in such circumstances could limit the Fund’s profit or require the Fund to incur a loss, and as a result, the Fund’s performance could be impacted.
Continuous Offering. The method by which Creation Units are created and traded may raise certain issues under applicable securities laws. Because new Creation Units are issued and sold by the Fund on an ongoing basis, at any point a “distribution,” as such term is used in the 1933 Act, may occur. Broker-dealers and other persons are cautioned that some activities on their part may, depending on the circumstances, result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner that could render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the prospectus delivery requirement and liability provisions of the 1933 Act.
For example, a broker-dealer firm or its client may be deemed a statutory underwriter if it takes Creation Units after placing an order with the Distributor, breaks them down into constituent Shares and sells such Shares directly to customers or if it chooses to couple the creation of new Shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary market demand for Shares. A determination of whether one is an underwriter for purposes of the 1933 Act must take into account all of the facts and circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker-dealer or its client in the particular case and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that could lead to a categorization as an underwriter.
Broker-dealer firms should also note that dealers who are not “underwriters” but are effecting transactions in Shares, whether or not participating in the distribution of Shares, generally are required to deliver a prospectus. This is because the prospectus delivery exemption in Section 4(a)(3) of the 1933 Act is not available in respect of such transactions as a result of Section 24(d) of the 1940 Act. As a result, broker-dealer firms should note that dealers who are not underwriters but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted with ordinary secondary market transactions) and thus dealing with the shares that are part of an overallotment within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(C) of the 1933 Act would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of the 1933 Act. Firms that incur a prospectus delivery obligation with respect to Shares of the Fund are reminded that, pursuant to Rule 153 under the 1933 Act, a prospectus delivery obligation under Section 5(b)(2) of the 1933 Act owed to an exchange member in connection with a sale on the Exchange generally is satisfied by the fact that the prospectus is available at the Exchange upon request. The prospectus delivery mechanism provided in Rule 153 is available only with respect to transactions on a national securities exchange, a trading facility, or an alternative trading system.
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The Advisor or its affiliates, or a fund for which the Advisor or an affiliate serves as investment adviser, (each, as applicable, a “Selling Shareholder”) may purchase Creation Units through a broker-dealer to “seed” (in whole or in part) the Fund as it is launched or thereafter, or may purchase Shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other investors, including in secondary market transactions. Because the Selling Shareholder may be deemed to be affiliates of the Fund, the Shares are being registered to permit the resale of these shares from time to time after any such purchase. The Fund will not receive any of the proceeds from the resale of such Shares.
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES
The Prospectus has a description concerning the investment objectives and policies of the Fund. The investment policies of the Fund, unless specifically designated as fundamental, are non-fundamental policies and may be changed by the Board without the authorization of the Fund’s shareholders. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its objective or goal.
The Trust has adopted the following restrictions and policies relating to the investment of assets of the Fund and its activities. These are fundamental policies that may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting shares of the Fund affected (which for this purpose and under the 1940 Act means the lesser of (i) 67% of the shares represented at a meeting at which more than 50% of the outstanding shares are represented or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding shares). A change in a fundamental policy of the Fund may be effected with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such Fund.
The Fund may not:
| 1. | Purchase or sell real estate, provided that the Fund may invest in securities secured by real estate or interests therein or issued by companies which invest in real estate or interests therein. |
| 2. | Purchase or sell physical commodities (including, by way of example and not by way of limitation, grains, oilseeds, livestock, meat, food, fiber, metals, petroleum, petroleum-based products or natural gas) or futures or options contracts with respect to physical commodities. This restriction shall not restrict the Fund from purchasing or selling any financial contracts or instruments which may be deemed commodities (including, by way of example and not by way of limitation, options, futures, and options on futures with respect, in each case, to interest rates, currencies, stock indexes, bond indexes or interest rate indexes) or any security which is collateralized or otherwise backed by physical commodities. |
| 3. | Make loans to other persons, except that the Fund may lend portfolio securities representing up to one-third of the value of its total assets. (The Fund, however, may purchase and hold debt instruments and enter into repurchase agreements in accordance with their investment objectives and policies.) |
| 4. | Underwrite securities of other issuers except insofar as the Fund may be deemed an underwriter under the Securities Act of 1933 in selling portfolio securities. |
| 5. | Invest more than 25% of total assets (taken at market value at the time of each investment) in the securities of issuers in any particular industry.* |
| 6. | Borrow money, except as permitted under the 1940 Act as interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
| 7. | Issue senior securities, except as permitted under the 1940 Act, as interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
*“Industry” means a “particular industry or group of industries”.
The following restrictions are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Trust’s Board of Trustees without shareholder vote.
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The Fund will not:
| 1. | Make investments for the purpose of exercising control or management. |
| 2. | Invest in other investment companies except to the extent permitted by 1940 Act, or any rules and regulations thereunder, and any exemptive relief granted by the SEC pursuant to which the Fund can rely. |
| 3. | Invest more than 15% of its net assets in all forms of illiquid investments, as determined pursuant to applicable SEC rules and interpretations. |
| 4. | Purchase or sell interests in oil, gas or other mineral exploration or development programs, although it may invest in the securities of issuers which invest in or sponsor such programs. |
| 5. | Invest more than 10% of its total assets (taken at market value at the time of each investment) in Special Situations, i.e., companies in the process of reorganization or buy-out). |
| 6. | Engage in short sales of securities when these transactions would cause the market value of all of the Fund’s securities sold short to exceed 15% of its net assets. Short sales against the box are not subject to this limitation. |
| 7. | Purchase securities on margin, except that the Fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of transactions. |
If any percentage restriction or requirement described above is satisfied at the time of investment, a later increase or decrease in such percentage resulting from a change in asset value will not constitute a violation of such restriction or requirement, except that any borrowing by the Fund that exceeds the investment restriction stated above must be reduced to meet such limitations within the period required by the 1940 Act (currently three days, excluding Sundays and holidays). More specifically, under the 1940 Act as currently in effect, the Fund is not permitted to issue senior securities, except that the Fund may borrow from any bank if immediately after such borrowing the value of the Fund’s total assets is at least 300% of the principal amount of all of the Fund’s borrowings (i.e., the principal amount of the borrowings may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets). In the event that such asset coverage shall at any time fall below 300%, the Fund shall within three calendar days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays), reduce the amount of its borrowings to the extent that the asset coverage of such borrowing shall be at least 300%. Notwithstanding the foregoing, derivative transactions complying with the Derivatives Rule (as defined below) are generally exempt from the restrictions on issuing senior securities and asset coverage provisions under the 1940 Act. In addition, should a change in NAV or other external events cause the Fund’s investments in illiquid securities, repurchase agreements with maturities in excess of seven days and other instruments in the Fund which are not readily marketable to exceed the limit set forth in the Fund’s Prospectus or herein for its investment in illiquid securities, the Fund will act to cause the aggregate amount of such securities to come within such limit as soon as reasonably practicable.
Except for the above restriction addressing borrowing or as otherwise required by applicable law, any investment restriction or limitation, fundamental or otherwise, appearing in the Prospectus or SAI, which involves a maximum percentage of securities or assets shall not be considered to be violated unless an excess over the percentage occurs immediately after an acquisition of securities or utilization of assets, and such excess results therefrom.
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISKS
The Fund’s principal investment strategies and the risks associated with those strategies are described in the Fund’s Prospectus. The following information supplements the discussion of the Fund’s investment objective, policies and strategies that appears in the prospectus. Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in the equity securities issued by small- to mid-capitalization companies. Fund shareholders are entitled to 60 days’ written notice prior to any change in this non-fundamental investment policy.
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Borrowing to Purchase Securities (Leveraging)
The Fund may use leverage, that is, borrow money to purchase securities. Leverage increases both investment opportunity and investment risk. If the investment gains on securities purchased with borrowed money exceed the borrowing costs (including interest), the NAV of the Fund will rise. On the other hand, if the investment gains fail to cover the borrowing costs or if there are losses, the NAV of the Fund will decrease.
The 1940 Act requires borrowings to have 300% net asset coverage, which means, in effect, that the Fund would be permitted to borrow up to an amount equal to one-third of the value of its total assets. If the Fund fails to meet this asset coverage test for any reason including adverse market conditions, it will be required to reduce borrowings within three business days to the extent necessary to meet the test. This requirement may make it necessary to sell a portion of the Fund’s securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so. The amount the Fund can borrow may also be limited by applicable margin limitations of the Federal Reserve Board. Briefly, these provide that banks subject to the Federal Reserve Act may not make loans for the purpose of buying or carrying margin stocks if the loan is secured directly or indirectly by a margin stock, to the extent that the loan is greater than the maximum loan value of the collateral securing the loan.
Despite the potential risks of leveraging, the Advisor believes there may be times when it may be advantageous to the Fund to borrow to make investments. For example, when a portfolio manager perceives unusual opportunities in the market or in a particular sector, the portfolio manager may want to be more than 100% invested. Borrowing may also be considered when stock prices and trading volume are not favorable for securities a portfolio manager wants to sell, but stock prices and trading volume are favorable for securities the portfolio manager wants to buy. In these situations, which arise infrequently, borrowing may allow a portfolio manager to take advantage of favorable opportunities to purchase desired securities without having to sell securities at unfavorable prices.
The Fund may invest in convertible securities, but it is a non-principal strategy of the Fund. These are generally bonds or preferred stocks that are convertible into a corporation’s common stock at a predetermined price. Convertible securities entitle the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or the dividend paid on preferred stock until the convertible securities mature or are redeemed, converted or exchanged. Prior to conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to ordinary debt securities or preferred stocks in that they normally provide a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stock of the same or similar issuers. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure and therefore generally entail less risk of loss of principal than the corporation’s common stock.
In selecting convertible securities for the Fund, the Advisor will consider, among other factors, its evaluation of the creditworthiness of the issuers of the securities; the interest or dividend income generated by the securities; the potential for capital appreciation of the securities and the underlying common stocks; the prices of the securities relative to other comparable securities and to the underlying common stocks; whether the securities are entitled to the benefits of sinking funds or other protective conditions; diversification of the Fund’s portfolio as to issuers; and whether the securities are rated by a rating agency and, if so, the ratings assigned.
The value of convertible securities is a function of their investment value (determined by yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and their conversion value (their worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of convertible securities is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline, and by the credit standing of the issuer and other factors. The conversion value of convertible securities is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible securities is governed principally by their investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible securities will be increasingly influenced by their conversion value. In addition, convertible securities generally sell at a premium over their conversion value determined by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding fixed income securities.
Capital appreciation for the Fund may result from an improvement in the credit standing of an issuer whose securities are held in the Fund or from a general lowering of interest rates, or a combination of both. Conversely, a reduction in the credit standing of an issuer whose securities are held by the Fund or a general increase in interest rates may be expected to result
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in capital depreciation to the Fund. Convertible securities may have mandatory sinking fund provisions prior to maturity, a negative feature when interest rates decline.
Refer to Appendix A for a description of preferred stock and long- and short-term debt ratings.
The Fund may invest in corporate bonds that are rated, at the time of purchase, in the four highest categories by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings, a division of McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“S&P”), or other nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (“NRSRO”) or unrated securities deemed by the Advisor to be of comparable quality. These high rated bonds are also known as “investment grade debt securities.” The Fund may also invest in corporate bonds that are lower rated (Moody’s Ba or lower or S&P BB or lower). These lower rated bonds are also known as “non-investment grade debt securities” or “junk bonds.” Investments in corporate bonds are subject to, among other things, interest rate risk and credit risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that a debt security’s value will decline due to changes in market interest rates. When interest rates change, the values of longer-duration debt securities usually change more than the values of shorter-duration debt securities. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer of a debt security will fail to repay principal and interest on the security when due. Credit risk is affected by the issuer’s credit status and is generally higher for non-investment grade securities. See “Non-Investment Grade Securities” below for additional information regarding these securities and their risks. See also Appendix A for a description of ratings on investment grade and non-investment grade debt securities.
The Fund may use derivatives, such as futures, options, options on futures, and forward foreign currency exchange contracts but it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in derivatives. A derivative generally is a financial instrument whose value is based on (or “derived from”), at least in part, a traditional security (such as a stock or bond), an asset (such as a commodity like gold), a market index (such as the S&P 500), a rate (e.g. the Euro Interbank Offered Rate), or the relative change in two or more reference assets, indices or rates. A derivative contract will obligate or entitle a Fund to deliver or receive an asset or cash payment based on the change in one or more securities, currencies, indices or other assets. The Fund may use derivatives for hedging purposes, including to attempt to protect against possible changes in the market value of securities held or to be purchased for the Fund’s portfolio resulting from securities markets, currency exchange rate or interest rate fluctuations (i.e., to hedge); protect the Fund’s unrealized gains reflected in the value of its portfolio securities; facilitate the sale of such securities for investment purposes; and as a substitute for buying or selling securities, securities indices or currencies. The Fund may also use derivatives for non-hedging (speculative) purposes including to enhance the Fund’s returns. The Fund may use any or all of these investment techniques and different types of derivative securities may be purchased at any time and in any combination. There is no particular strategy that dictates the use of one technique rather than another, as use of derivatives is a function of numerous variables, including market conditions.
In 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 (the “Derivatives Rule”) under the 1940 Act which established a new comprehensive framework for the use of derivatives by registered investment companies replacing the prior asset segregation regime. The Derivatives Rule defines derivatives transactions to include short sales and forward contracts in addition to instruments traditionally classified as derivatives, such as swaps, futures and options. The Derivatives Rule also regulates other types of leveraged transactions, such as reverse repurchase transactions and transactions deemed to be “similar to” reverse repurchase transactions. The Derivatives Rule also provides special treatment for reverse repurchase agreements, similar financing transactions and unfunded commitment agreements. Specifically, a fund may elect whether to treat reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions as “derivatives transactions” subject to the requirements of the Derivatives Rule or as senior securities equivalent to bank borrowings for purposes of Section 18 of the 1940 Act. Repurchase agreements are not subject to the Derivatives Rule, but are still subject to other provisions of the 1940 Act. In addition, when-issued or forward settling securities transactions that physically settle within 35 days are deemed not to involve a senior security.
The Derivatives Rule permits a registered investment company, subject to various conditions described below, to enter into derivatives transactions and certain other transactions notwithstanding the restrictions on the issuance of “senior securities” under Section 18 of the 1940 Act. Section 18 of the 1940 Act, among other things, prohibits open-end funds, including the Fund, from issuing or selling any “senior security,” other than borrowing from a bank (subject to a requirement to maintain 300% “asset coverage”). Registered investment companies engaging in derivatives transactions that do not qualify as “limited derivatives users” as defined below, are required by the Derivatives Rule to, among other things, (i) adopt and
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implement a derivatives risk management program (“DRMP”) and new testing requirements; (ii) comply with a relative or absolute limit on fund leverage risk calculated based on value-at-risk (“VaR”); and (iii) comply with new requirements related to Board and SEC reporting. The DRMP is administered by a “derivatives risk manager,” who is appointed by the Board and periodically reviews the DRMP and reports to the Board. The Derivatives Rule provides an exception from the DRMP, VaR limit and certain other requirements for a registered investment company that limits its “derivatives exposure” to no more than 10% of its net assets (as calculated in accordance with the Derivatives Rule) (a “limited derivatives user”), provided that the registered investment company establishes appropriate policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage derivatives risks, including the risk of exceeding the 10% “derivatives exposure” threshold.
The requirements of the Derivatives Rule may limit the Fund’s ability to engage in derivatives transactions as part of its investment strategies. These requirements may also increase the cost of the Fund’s investments and cost of doing business, which could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments and/or the performance of the Fund. The rule also may not be effective to limit the Fund’s risk of loss. In particular, measurements of VaR rely on historical data and may not accurately measure the degree of risk reflected in the Fund’s derivatives or other investments. There may be additional regulation of the use of derivatives transactions by registered investment companies, which could significantly affect their use. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives transactions may make them more costly, limit their availability or utility, and otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets.
The use of derivatives presents risks different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in traditional securities. Among the risks presented are market risk, credit risk, management risk and liquidity risk. The primary risk with many derivatives is that they can amplify a gain or loss, potentially earning or losing substantially more money than the actual cost of the derivative instrument. These risks are heightened when the management team uses derivatives to enhance the Fund’s return or as a substitute for a position or security, rather than solely to hedge (or offset) the risk of a position or security held by the Fund. In addition, certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited losses regardless of the size of the initial investment. Derivatives also involve the risk of mispricing or improper valuations (particularly, for non-standardized contracts) and the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the relevant assets, rates and indices. Derivatives may also be less liquid and may be difficult or impossible to sell or terminate at a desirable time or price. Derivatives may also involve credit risk which is the risk that a loss may be sustained as a result of the failure of a counterparty to comply with the terms of a derivative instrument. The counterparty risk for exchange-traded derivatives is generally less than for privately-negotiated or over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives, since generally a clearing agency, which is the issuer or counterparty to each exchange-traded instrument, provides a guarantee of performance. For privately-negotiated instruments, there is no similar clearing agency guarantee. Use of derivatives may also increase the amount and affect the timing and character of taxes payable by shareholders. The Fund may lose money on derivatives or may not fully benefit from the use of derivatives if changes in their value do not correspond accurately to changes in the value of the Fund’s holdings. The Fund’s ability to benefit from derivatives is largely dependent on the Advisor’s ability to use such strategies successfully. For more information about the various types of derivatives, see the sections in this SAI discussing such securities including Futures Contracts; Put and Call Options and Options and Futures Relating to Foreign Currencies.
Futures Contracts. The Fund may enter into futures contracts. Futures contracts are standardized, exchange-traded contracts that require delivery of the underlying financial instrument (such as a bond, currency or stock index) at a specified price, on a specified future date. The buyer of the futures contract agrees to buy the underlying financial instruments from the seller at a fixed purchase price upon the expiration of the contract. The seller of the futures contract agrees to sell the underlying financial instrument to the buyer at expiration at the fixed sales price. In most cases, delivery never takes place. Instead, both the buyer and the seller, acting independently of each other, usually liquidate their positions before the contract expires; the buyer sells futures and the seller buys futures.
The value of a futures contract tends to increase and decrease in tandem with the value of its underlying instrument. Therefore, purchasing futures contracts will tend to increase a Fund’s exposure to positive and negative price fluctuations in the underlying instrument, much as if it had purchased the underlying instrument directly. When the Fund sells a futures contract, by contrast, the value of its futures position will tend to move in a direction contrary to the market. Selling futures contracts, therefore, will tend to offset both positive and negative market price changes, much as if the underlying instrument had been sold.
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Futures may be used for hedging (i.e., to protect against adverse future price movements in the Fund’s portfolio securities, or in securities the Fund intends to purchase). For example, if the portfolio manager thinks that the stock market might decline, the portfolio manager could sell stock index futures to safeguard the Fund’s portfolio. If the market declines as anticipated, the value of stocks in the Fund’s portfolio would decrease, but the value of the Fund’s futures contracts would increase. The Fund may also use futures contracts to speculate on the market. For example, the portfolio manager might buy stock index futures on the expectation that the value of a particular index will rise, even though the stocks comprising the index are unrelated to stocks held or intended to be purchased by the Fund. Using futures for speculation, however, involves significant risk since futures contracts are highly leveraged instruments. When a portfolio manager enters into a futures contract, the manager needs to put up only a small fraction of the value of the underlying contract as collateral, yet gains or losses will be based on the full value of the contract.
The use of futures contracts would expose the Fund to additional investment risks and transaction costs. Risks include: the risk that securities prices will not move in the direction that the Advisor anticipates; an imperfect correlation between the price of the futures contract and movements in the prices of any securities being hedged; the possible absence of a liquid secondary market for any particular futures contract and possible exchange-imposed price fluctuation limits; and leverage risk, which is the risk that adverse price movements in a futures contract can result in a loss substantially greater than the Fund’s initial investment in that contract. A relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in an immediate and substantial loss (or gain) to the Fund.
Futures Margin Payments. The purchaser or seller of a futures contract is not required to deliver or pay for the underlying instrument unless the contract is held until the delivery date. However, both the purchaser and seller are required to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant (“FCM”), when the contract (or written options thereon) is entered into. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. If the value of either party’s position declines, that party will be required to make additional “variation margin” payments to settle the change in value on a daily basis. The party that has a gain may be entitled to receive all or a portion of this amount. Initial and variation margin payments do not constitute purchasing securities on margin for purposes of the investment limitations of the Fund. In the event of the bankruptcy of an FCM that holds margin on behalf of the Fund, the Fund may be entitled to a return of the margin owed only in proportion to the amount received by the FCM’s other customers, potentially resulting in losses to the Fund. Because of the low margin deposits required, futures trading involves an extremely high degree of leverage. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in a substantial loss (or gain), to an investor.
Options and Futures Relating to Foreign Currencies. The Fund may engage in options and futures transactions related to foreign currencies. Currency futures contracts are similar to forward currency exchange contracts, except that they are traded on exchanges (and have margin requirements) and are standardized as to contract size and delivery date. Most currency futures contracts call for payment or delivery in U.S. dollars. The underlying instrument of a currency option may be a foreign currency, which generally is purchased or delivered in exchange for U.S. dollars, or may be a futures contract. The purchaser of a currency call obtains the right to purchase the underlying currency. The purchaser of a currency put obtains the right to sell the underlying currency.
The uses and risks of currency options and futures are similar to options and futures relating to securities or indices, as discussed above. The Fund may purchase and sell currency futures and may purchase and write currency options to increase or decrease exposure to different foreign currencies. The Fund may also purchase and write currency options in conjunction with each other or with currency futures or forward contracts. Currency futures and options values can be expected to correlate with exchange rates, but may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the Fund’s investments. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments exactly over time.
Limitations on Futures and Commodity Options Transactions. With respect to the Fund, the Advisor has filed a notice of eligibility for exclusion from the definition of the term commodity pool operator under Commodity
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Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) Rule 4.5 and therefore is not subject to registration or regulation as a commodity pool operator thereunder. The Fund intends to comply with Section 4.5 of the regulations under the Commodity Exchange Act to the extent necessary for the Advisor to claim the exclusion from regulation as a commodity pool operator with respect to the Fund under CFTC Rule 4.5, as such rule may be amended from time to time.
Under Rule 4.5 as currently in effect, the Fund will limit its trading activity in CFTC-regulated futures, options on futures, and swaps (“CFTC Derivatives”) (excluding activity for “bona fide hedging purposes,” as defined by the CFTC) such that it meets one of the following tests:
Aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish its positions in CFTC Derivatives do not exceed 5% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio, after taking into account unrealized profits and losses on such positions (provided the in-the-money amounts for options that were in-the-money at the time of purchase may be excluded in the 5% computation); or
Aggregate net notional value of its positions in CFTC Derivatives does not exceed 100% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio, after taking into account unrealized profits and losses on such positions.
These limitations may restrict the Fund’s ability to pursue its investment strategy, increase the costs of implementing its strategy, increase its expenses and/or adversely affect its total return. The requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company may also limit the extent to which the Fund may invest in CFTC Derivatives. The Fund’s investments in futures contracts, commodity options and swaps, and the Fund’s policies regarding futures contracts, options and swaps discussed elsewhere in this SAI may be changed as regulatory agencies permit. If the CFTC or other regulatory authorities adopt different (including less stringent) or additional restrictions in the future that are applicable to the Fund, the Fund would seek to comply with such new restrictions.
The Fund’s transactions in futures contracts and options will be subject to special provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital, or short-term or long-term), may accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and may defer Fund losses. These rules could, therefore, affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders.
Put and Call Options. The Fund may purchase and write put and call options. Such options may relate to particular securities, indices or futures contracts, may or may not be listed on a domestic or non-U.S. securities exchange and may or may not be issued by the Options Clearing Corporation. A put option gives the purchaser the right to sell a security or other instrument to the writer of the option at a stated price during the term of the option. A call option gives the purchaser the right to purchase a security or other instrument from the writer of the option at a stated price during the term of the option. The Fund may use put and call options for a variety of purposes. For example, if the portfolio manager wishes to hedge a security owned by the Fund against a decline in price, the portfolio manager may purchase a put option on the underlying security; i.e., purchase the right to sell the security to a third party at a stated price. If the underlying security then declines in price, the portfolio manager can exercise the put option, thus limiting the amount of loss resulting from the decline in price. Similarly, if the portfolio manager intends to purchase a security at some date in the future, the portfolio manager may purchase a call option on the security today in order to hedge against an increase in its price before the intended purchase date. Put and call options also can be used for speculative purposes for the Fund. For example, if a portfolio manager believes that the price of stocks generally is going to rise, the manager may purchase a call option on a stock index, the components of which are unrelated to the stocks held or intended to be purchased.
Purchasing Put and Call Options. The Fund may purchase put and call options. By purchasing a put option, the Fund obtains the right (but not the obligation) to sell the option’s underlying instrument at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the option premium). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indexes of securities prices and futures contracts. The Fund may terminate its position in a put option it has purchased by allowing it to expire, by exercising the option or if able, by selling the option. If the option is allowed to expire, the Fund will lose the entire premium
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it paid. If the Fund exercises the option, it completes the sale of the underlying instrument at the strike price. The Fund may also terminate a put option position by closing it out in the secondary market at its current price, if a liquid secondary market exists.
The buyer of a typical put option can expect to realize a gain if a security’s price falls substantially. However, if the underlying instrument’s price does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer can expect to suffer a loss (limited to the amount of the premium paid, plus related transaction costs).
The features of call options are essentially the same as those of put options, except that the purchaser of a call option obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A call buyer typically attempts to participate in potential price increases of the underlying instrument with risk limited to the cost of the option if the security’s price falls. At the same time, the buyer can expect to suffer a loss if the security’s price does not rise sufficiently to offset the cost of the option.
The Fund will not invest more than 10% of the value of its net assets in purchased options.
Writing Put and Call Options. The Fund may write (i.e., sell) put and call options. When the Fund writes a put option, it takes the opposite side of the transaction from the option’s purchaser. In return for receipt of the premium, the Fund assumes the obligation to pay the strike price for the option’s underlying instrument if the other party to the option chooses to exercise it. When writing an option on a futures contract the Fund would be required to make margin payments to an FCM as described above for futures contracts. The Fund may seek to terminate its position in put options it writes before exercise by closing out the option in the secondary market at its current price. If the secondary market is not liquid for put options the Fund has written, however, the Fund must continue to be prepared to pay the strike price while the option is outstanding, regardless of price changes. If the underlying security’s price rises, however, a put writer would generally expect to profit, although its gain would be limited to the amount of the premium it received.
If the security’s price remains the same over time, it is likely that the put writer will also profit, because it should be able to close out the option at a lower price. If the security’s price falls, the put writer would expect to suffer a loss. This loss should be less than the loss from purchasing the underlying instrument directly, however, because the premium received for writing the option should mitigate the effects of the decline.
Writing a call option obligates the Fund to sell or deliver the option’s underlying instrument, in return for the strike price, upon exercise of the option. The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that writing calls generally is a profitable strategy if prices remain the same or fall. Through receipt of the option premium, a call writer mitigates the effects of a price decline. At the same time, because a call writer must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, even if its current value is greater, a call writer gives up some ability to participate in the security’s price increase.
OTC Options. The Fund may engage in OTC options transactions. Unlike exchange-traded options, which are standardized with respect to the underlying instrument, expiration date, contract size, and strike price, the terms of OTC options (options not traded on exchanges) generally are established through negotiation with the other party to the option contract. While this type of arrangement allows the Fund greater flexibility to tailor options to its needs, OTC options generally involve greater credit and default risk than exchange-traded options, which are guaranteed by the clearing organization of the exchanges where they are traded.
Additional Risks of Options and Futures Contracts.
Market Risk. Market risk is the risk that the value of the underlying assets may go up or down. Adverse movements in the value of an underlying asset can expose the Fund to losses. Market risk is the primary risk associated with derivative transactions, such as futures and options. Derivative instruments may include elements of leverage and, accordingly, fluctuations in the value of the derivative instrument in relation to the underlying asset may be magnified. The successful use of futures and options depends upon a variety of factors, particularly the portfolio manager’s ability to predict movements of the securities, currencies and commodities markets, which may
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require different skills than predicting changes in the prices of individual securities. There can be no assurance that any particular strategy adopted will succeed.
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the risk that a loss may be sustained as a result of the failure of a counterparty to comply with the terms of a derivative instrument. The counterparty risk for exchange-traded derivatives is generally less than for privately-negotiated or OTC derivatives, since generally a clearing agency, which is the issuer or counterparty to each exchange-traded instrument, provides a guarantee of performance. For privately-negotiated instruments, there is no similar clearing agency guarantee. In all transactions, the Fund will bear the risk that the counterparty will default, and this could result in a loss of the expected benefit of the derivative transactions and possibly other losses to the Fund.
Lack of Correlation of Price Changes. Because there are a limited number of types of exchange-traded options and futures contracts, it is likely that the standardized contracts available will not match the Fund’s current or anticipated investments exactly. The Fund may invest in options and futures contracts based on securities with different issuers, maturities, or other characteristics from the securities in which they typically invest, which involve a risk that the Fund’s options or futures positions will not track the performance of the Fund’s other investments.
Options and futures prices can also diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the underlying instruments match the Fund’s investments well. Options and futures prices are affected by such factors as current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract, which may not affect a security’s price the same way. Imperfect correlation may also result from differing levels of demand in the options and futures markets and the securities markets, from structural differences in how options, futures and securities are traded, or from imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or trading halts. The Fund may purchase or sell options and futures contracts with a greater or lesser value than the securities they wish to hedge or intend to purchase in order to attempt to compensate for differences in volatility between the contract and the securities, although this may not be successful in all cases. If price changes in the Fund’s options or futures positions are poorly correlated with other investments, the positions may fail to produce anticipated gains or result in losses that are not offset by gains in other investments.
Liquidity of Options and Futures Contracts. There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular option or futures contract at any particular time. Options may have relatively low trading volume and liquidity if their strike prices are not close to the underlying instrument’s current price. In addition, exchanges may establish daily price fluctuation limits for options and futures contracts, and may halt trading if a contract’s price moves upward or downward more than the limit in a given day. On volatile trading days when the price fluctuation limit is reached or a trading halt is imposed, it may be impossible for the Fund to enter into new positions or close out existing positions. In addition, if unable to close a future position, in the event of adverse price movements, the Fund would be required to make daily cash payments in order to maintain its required margin. In such situation, if the Fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell other portfolio securities at an inopportune time to meet daily margin requirements. If the secondary market for a contract is not liquid because of price fluctuation limits or otherwise, it could prevent prompt liquidation of unfavorable positions, and potentially could require the Fund to continue to hold a position or maintain assets in a segregated account until delivery or expiration regardless of changes in its value. There is no assurance that any derivative position can be sold or closed out at a time and price that is favorable to the Fund.
Systematic or “Interconnection Risk”. Systematic or interconnection risk is the risk that a disruption in the financial markets will cause difficulties for all market participants. In other words, a disruption in one market will spill over into other markets, perhaps creating a chain reaction. Much of the OTC derivatives market takes place among the OTC dealers themselves, thus creating a large interconnected web of financial obligations. This interconnectedness raises the possibility that a default by one large dealer could create losses for other dealers and destabilize the entire market for OTC derivative instruments.
Leverage Risk. Leverage risk is the risk that the Fund may be more volatile than if it had not been leveraged due to leverage’s tendency to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities. The use of leverage may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements.
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Regulatory Risk. The Dodd-Frank Act Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) had initiated a dramatic revision of the U.S. financial regulatory framework and covered a broad range of topics, including (among many others) a reorganization of federal financial regulators; a process intended to improve financial systemic stability and the resolution of potentially insolvent financial firms; and new rules for derivatives trading. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Act made broad changes to the OTC derivatives market, granted significant authority to the SEC and the CFTC to regulate OTC derivatives and market participants, and requires clearing and exchange trading of many OTC derivatives transactions. Requirements, such as capital requirements and mandatory clearing of OTC derivatives transactions, may impact the costs to the Fund of trading these instruments and, as a result, may affect returns to investors in the Fund. As noted, the Derivatives Rule established a comprehensive framework for the use of derivatives by investment companies. Instruments in which the Fund may invest, the issuers of such instruments, or investment strategies of the Fund may be affected by this legislation, rule and related regulations in ways that are unforeseeable and the ultimate impact from these regulatory actions remain uncertain.
The Fund may invest in other ETFs. ETFs are investment companies, the shares of which are bought and sold on a securities exchange but it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in other ETFs. The securities of an ETF are redeemable only in larger aggregation of a specified number of shares and generally on an in-kind basis. Generally, certain ETFs may represent a portfolio of securities designed to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portfolio of specific indexes, while other ETFs may be actively managed that do not track an index (generally referred to as actively-managed ETFs). The market prices of ETF investments will fluctuate in accordance with both changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which its shares are traded. The market price of an ETF may trade at a premium or discount to its NAV. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
There are many reasons why the Fund would purchase an ETF. For example, the Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. market or a foreign market while awaiting an opportunity to purchase securities directly. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities in which the ETF invests and the investment strategies of the ETF. However, lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the underlying portfolio of securities. In addition, ETFs have operating expenses, including management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying securities directly. As the shares of the ETFs trade on an exchange, they are subject to the risks of any exchange-listed security, including: (i) an active market for its shares may not develop or be maintained, (ii) market makers or authorized participants may decide to reduce their role or step away from these activities in times of stress, (iii) trading of its shares may be halted by the exchange, and (iv) its shares may be delisted from the exchange. The Fund may purchase ETFs to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act or rules thereunder. See also the description in “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below.
As described below, the Fund may invest in foreign securities as a principal strategy. The Fund therefore may hold foreign currency deposits from time to time and may convert dollars and foreign currencies in the foreign exchange markets primarily for the purpose of effecting foreign securities transactions. Because each foreign security transaction involves a foreign currency transaction, if investments in foreign securities are a principal investment strategy of the Fund, then foreign currency transactions will be part of executing this principal strategy of the Fund. Currency conversion may involve dealer spreads and other costs, although commissions usually are not charged. Additionally, certain countries may utilize formal or informal currency-exchange controls or “capital controls.” Capital controls may impose restrictions on the Fund’s ability to repatriate investments or income. Such capital controls can also have a significant effect on the value of the Fund’s holdings or cash held in the foreign jurisdiction. Currencies may be exchanged on a spot (i.e., cash) basis, or by entering into forward contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date and price. Forward contracts generally are traded on an interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. The parties to a forward contract may agree to offset or terminate the contract before its maturity, or may hold the contract to maturity and complete the contemplated currency exchange.
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The Fund may use currency forward contracts to manage currency risks and to facilitate transactions in foreign securities. The following discussion summarizes the principal currency management strategies involving forward contracts that could be used by the Fund.
In connection with purchases and sales of securities denominated in foreign currencies, the Fund may enter into currency forward contracts to fix a definite price for the purchase or sale in advance of the trade’s settlement date. This technique is sometimes referred to as a “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge.” The Advisor with respect to the Fund expects to enter into settlement hedges in the normal course of managing the Fund’s foreign investments. The Fund could also enter into forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency in anticipation of future purchases or sales of securities denominated in foreign currency, even if the specific investments have not yet been selected by the Advisor.
The Fund may also use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in a foreign currency. For example, if the Fund owned securities denominated in pounds sterling, it could enter into a forward contract to sell pounds sterling in return for U.S. dollars to hedge against possible declines in the pound’s value. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the pound sterling—for example, by entering into a forward contract to sell European Currency Units in return for U.S. dollars. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a simple hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
SEC guidelines require mutual funds to set aside appropriate liquid assets in a segregated custodial account to cover forward currency contracts.
Successful use of forward currency contracts will depend on the Advisor’s skill in analyzing and predicting currency values. Forward contracts may substantially change the Fund’s investment exposure to changes in currency exchange rates, and could result in losses to the Fund if currencies do not perform as the Advisor anticipates. For example, if a currency’s value rose at a time when the Advisor had hedged the Fund by selling that currency in exchange for U.S. dollars, the Fund would be unable to participate in the currency’s appreciation. If the Advisor hedges currency exposure through proxy hedges, the Fund could realize currency losses from the hedge and the security position at the same time if the two currencies do not move in tandem. Similarly, if the Advisor increases the Fund’s exposure to a foreign currency, and that currency’s value declines, the Fund will realize a loss. There is no assurance that the Advisor’s use of forward currency contracts will be advantageous to the Fund or that it will hedge at an appropriate time. The policies related to foreign currency transactions described in this section are non-fundamental policies of the Fund.
Investing in foreign securities (whether issued by foreign companies directly or through sponsored or un-sponsored American Depositary Receipts, Global Depositary Receipts or European Depositary Receipts) is a principal strategy of the Fund and investing in foreign securities may therefore be considered a principal risk of the Fund. Investments in depositary receipts may be subject to many of the same risks associated with direct investments in the securities of foreign companies.
The Fund may invest up to 20% of its total assets at the time of purchase in equity securities of foreign companies (companies that are incorporated in any country outside the United States and whose securities principally trade outside the United States).
Securities issued by foreign companies incorporated outside of the United States, but whose securities, are publicly traded in the United States, directly or through sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts, Global Depositary Receipts or European Depositary Receipts are not defined as “Foreign Companies” and are not, therefore, subject to limitations on investments in foreign securities, if applicable. Such securities, however, are still subject to many of the foreign securities risks, including but not limited to, political, economic, and regulatory risks. Investments in foreign countries involve certain risks which are not typically associated with U.S. investments.
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Additional Risks of Foreign Securities.
Foreign Securities Markets. Trading volume on foreign country and, in particular, emerging and frontier market stock exchanges is substantially less than that on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Further, securities of some foreign and, in particular, emerging and frontier market companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. Fixed commissions on foreign exchanges are generally higher than negotiated commissions on U.S. exchanges. The Fund endeavors to achieve the most favorable net results on its portfolio transactions and may be able to purchase securities on other stock exchanges where commissions are negotiable. Foreign stock exchanges, brokers, custodians and listed companies may be subject to less government supervision and regulation than in the United States. The customary settlement time for foreign securities may be longer than the customary two day settlement time for U.S. securities.
Companies in foreign countries are not generally subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and disclosure requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. Consequently, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign company than about a U.S. company. Certain markets may require payment for securities before delivery and delays may be encountered in settling securities transactions. In some foreign markets, there may not be protection against failure by other parties to complete transactions. There may be limited legal recourse against an issuer in the event of a default on a debt instrument.
Currency Risk. The value of the assets of the Fund, as measured in U.S. dollars may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in foreign currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. A change in the value of any foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar may cause a corresponding change in the dollar value of the Fund’s assets that are denominated or traded in that country. In addition, the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversion between various currencies. Additionally, certain countries may utilize formal or informal currency-exchange controls or “capital controls.” Capital controls may impose restrictions on the Fund’s ability to repatriate investments or income. Such capital controls can also have a significant effect on the value of the Fund’s holdings.
Political and Economic Risk. Foreign investments may be subject to heightened political and economic risks, particularly in underdeveloped or developing countries which may have relatively unstable governments and economies based on only a few industries. In some countries, there is the risk that the government could seize or nationalize companies, could impose additional withholding taxes on dividends or interest income payable on securities, could impose exchange controls or adopt other restrictions that could affect the Fund’s investments.
Regulatory Risk. Foreign companies not publicly traded in the U.S. are not subject to the regulatory requirements of U.S. companies. There may be less publicly available information about such companies. Foreign companies are not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies.
Delisting Risk. Securities of certain foreign companies may be listed on a U.S. stock exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. Congress passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which could cause the securities of foreign issuers to be de-listed from U.S. stock exchanges if those companies do not permit U.S. oversight of the auditing of their financial information. To the extent the Fund invests in securities of such companies listed in the U.S., delisting could impact the Fund’s ability to transact in such securities and could significantly impact their liquidity and market price. In addition, the Fund would have to seek other markets in which to transact in such securities which would also increase the Fund’s costs.
Foreign Tax Risk. The Fund’s income from foreign issuers may be subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes. The Fund may also be subject to taxes on trading profits or on transfers of securities in some countries. To the extent foreign income taxes are paid by the Fund, shareholders may be entitled to a credit or deduction for U.S. tax purposes.
Transaction Costs. Transaction costs of buying and selling foreign securities, including brokerage, tax and custody charges, are generally higher than those of domestic transactions.
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International Closed Market Trading Risk. Because certain securities held by the Fund trade on non-U.S. exchanges that are closed when the Fund’s primary listing exchange is open, there are likely to be deviations between the current price of an underlying security and the last quoted price for the underlying security (i.e., the Fund’s quote from the closed foreign market) used for purposes of calculating the Fund’s net asset value, resulting in premium or discounts to the Fund’s net asset value that may be greater than those experienced by other exchange-traded funds. In addition, shareholders may not be able to purchase and sell shares of the Fund on the listing exchange for the Fund, on days when the net asset value of the Fund could be significantly affected by events in the relevant foreign markets.
Valuation Risk. The Fund may hold securities or other assets that may be valued on the basis of factors other than market quotations. This may occur because the asset or security does not trade on a centralized exchange, or in times of market turmoil or reduced liquidity. There are multiple methods that can be used to value a portfolio holding when market quotations are not readily available. The value established for any portfolio holding at a point in time might differ from what would be produced using a different methodology or if it had been priced using market quotations. In addition, there is no assurance that the Fund could sell or close out a portfolio position for the value established for it at any time, and it is possible that the Fund would incur a loss because a portfolio position is sold or closed out at a discount to the valuation established by the Fund at any time. The Fund’s ability to value investments may be impacted by technological issues or errors by pricing services or other third-party service providers.
Emerging and Frontier Markets. The Fund may invest in securities issued by companies domiciled or economically tied to countries with emerging and frontier markets.
Investing in securities of issuers domiciled in emerging or frontier markets entail greater risks than investing in securities of issuers domiciled in countries with more mature securities markets. These risks may include (i) less social, political and economic stability; (ii) small current size of markets for such securities and low or nonexistent trading volume, which result in lack of liquidity and greater price volatility; (iii) certain national policies which may restrict the Fund’s investment opportunities, including restrictions on investments in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to national interests; (iv) foreign taxation; (v) inaccurate, incomplete or misleading financial information of companies in which the Fund invests; (vi) the prices at which securities of companies may trade may not be consistent with traditional valuation measures; (vii) the expropriation or confiscation of assets or property which could result in the loss of the Fund’s entire investment in that market; (viii) limited government oversight over securities markets and brokerage businesses; and (ix) the absence of developed structures governing private or foreign investment or allowing for judicial redress for injury to private property.
Many emerging and frontier market countries suffer from uncertainty and corruption in their legal frameworks. Legislation may be difficult to interpret and laws may be too new to provide any precedential value. Laws regarding foreign investment and private property may be weak or non-existent. Sudden changes in governments may result in policies which are less favorable to investors, such as policies designed to expropriate or nationalize “sovereign” assets. Certain emerging and frontier market countries in the past have expropriated large amounts of private property, in many cases with little or no compensation, and there can be no assurance that such expropriation will not occur in the future.
Many developing countries in which the Fund may invest lack the social, political and economic stability characteristics of the U.S. Political instability in these developing countries can be common and may be caused by an uneven distribution of wealth, social unrest, labor strikes, civil wars and religious oppression. Economic instability in market countries may take the form of (i) high interest rates; (ii) high levels of inflation, including hyperinflation; (iii) high levels of unemployment or underemployment; (iv) changes in government economic and tax policies, including confiscatory taxation; and (v) imposition of trade barriers.
Currencies of emerging and frontier market countries are subject to significantly greater risks than currencies of developed countries. Many of these developing countries have experienced steady declines or even sudden devaluations of their currencies relative to the U.S. dollar. Some emerging and frontier market currencies also may not be internationally traded or may be subject to strict controls by local governments, resulting in undervalued or overvalued currencies. The U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s investments and of dividends and interest earned by the
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Fund may be significantly affected by changes in currency exchange rates. The value of the Fund’s assets denominated in foreign currencies will increase or decrease in response to fluctuations in the value of those foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar. Some emerging market countries have experienced balance of payment deficits and shortages in foreign exchange reserves. Governments have responded by restricting currency conversions. Restrictive exchange controls could prevent or restrict a company’s ability to make dividend or interest payments in the original currency of the obligation (usually U.S. dollars). In addition, even though the currencies of some of these developing countries may be convertible into U.S. dollars, the conversion rates may be artificial to their actual market values. Additionally, certain countries, including the People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”), may utilize formal or informal currency-exchange controls or “capital controls.” Capital controls may impose temporary or long-term restrictions on the Fund’s ability to repatriate investments or income. Such capital controls can also have a significant effect on the value of the Fund’s holdings.
In the past, governments within developing countries have become overly reliant on the international capital markets and other forms of foreign credit to finance large public spending programs which cause huge budget deficits. Often, interest payments have become too overwhelming for the governments to meet, representing a large percentage of total gross domestic product. These foreign obligations have become the subject of political debate and served as fuel for political parties of the opposition, which pressure the government not to make payments to foreign creditors, but instead to use these funds for social programs. Either due to an inability to pay or submission to political pressure, foreign governments have been forced to seek a restructuring of their loan and/or bond obligations, have declared a temporary suspension of interest payments or have defaulted. These events have adversely affected the values of securities issued by foreign governments and corporations domiciled in foreign countries and have negatively affected not only their cost of borrowing, but also their ability to borrow in the future.
Stock exchanges in developing markets have in the past experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices of their listed securities. They have also experienced problems such as temporary exchange closures, broker defaults, settlement delays and broker strikes that, if they occur again, could affect the market price and liquidity of the securities in which the Fund invests. In addition, the governing bodies of certain stock exchanges have from time to time imposed restrictions on trading in certain securities, limitations on price movements and margin requirements. Disputes have also occurred from time to time among listed companies, the stock exchanges and other regulatory bodies, and in some cases those disputes have had a negative effect on overall market sentiment. There have been delays and errors in share allotments relating to initial public offerings, which in turn affect overall market sentiment and lead to fluctuations in the market prices of the securities of those companies and others in which the Fund may invest.
In addition, brokerage commission, custodial fees, withholding taxes, and other costs relating to investment in foreign markets may be higher than in the United States. The operating expense ratio of the Fund may be expected to be higher than that of a fund investing primarily in the securities of U.S. issuers.
Legal principles related to corporate affairs and the validity of corporate procedures, directors’ fiduciary duties and liabilities and shareholders’ rights may differ from those that may apply in the United States and other more developed countries, shareholders rights’ may not be as extensive as those that exist under the laws of the United States and other more developed countries. The Fund may therefore have more difficulty asserting shareholder rights than it would as a shareholder of a comparable U.S. company.
Disclosure and regulatory standards of emerging and frontier market countries are in many respects less stringent than U.S. standards. Issuers are subject to accounting, auditing and financial standards and requirements that differ, in some cases significantly, from those applicable to issuers in the United States or other more developed countries. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of an issuer may not reflect financial positions or results of operations in the way they would be reflected if applying U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. There is substantially less publicly available information about emerging market or frontier market companies.
Small emerging and frontier countries generally have smaller economies or less developed capital markets than traditional emerging market countries, and as a result, the risks of investing in emerging markets described above are magnified for small emerging market and frontier countries.
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Share Blocking. In addition, investing in foreign markets including in emerging and frontier markets includes the risk of share blocking. Share blocking refers to a practice, in certain foreign markets, where voting rights related to an issuer’s securities are predicated on these securities being blocked from trading at the custodian or sub-custodian level, for a period of time around a shareholder meeting. These restrictions have the effect of prohibiting securities to potentially be voted (or having been voted), from trading within a specified number of days before, and in certain instances, after the shareholder meeting.
Share blocking may prevent the Fund from buying or selling securities for a period of time. During the time that shares are blocked, trades in such securities will not settle. The specific practices may vary by market and the blocking period can last from a day to several weeks, typically terminating on a date established at the discretion of the issuer. Once blocked, the only manner in which to remove the block would be to withdraw a previously cast vote, or to abstain from voting altogether. The process for having a blocking restriction lifted can be very difficult, with the particular requirements varying widely by country. In certain countries, the block cannot be removed at all.
Share blocking may present operational challenges for the Fund, including the effect that an imposed block would have on pending trades. Pending trades may be caused to fail and could potentially remain unsettled for an extended period of time. Fails may also expose the transfer agent and the Fund to “buy in” situations, where, if unable to deliver shares after a certain period of time, a counterparty has the right to go to market, purchase a security at the current market price and have any additional expense borne by the Fund or the transfer agent.
Investments in depositary receipts may be subject to many of the same risks associated with direct investments in the securities of foreign companies. The Fund may invest in securities of foreign issuers in the form of depositary receipts. A depositary receipt is issued by a bank or trust company to evidence its ownership of securities of a non-local corporation. The Fund may invest in both sponsored and unsponsored depositary receipts, including American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”). ADRs are receipts or shares typically issued by an American bank or trust company that evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation and are alternatives to purchasing the underlying securities directly in their national markets and currencies. EDRs are receipts in bearer form traded in the European securities markets that evidence a similar ownership arrangement, and GDRs are receipts issued throughout the world that also evidence a similar ownership arrangement. Investments in depositary receipts may be subject to many of the same risks associated with direct investments in the securities of foreign companies, such as currency, political, liquidity, regulatory, economic and market risks because their values depend on the performance of non-dollar denominated underlying foreign securities. The depositary receipts may also involve higher expenses and may trade at a discount (or premium) to the underlying security and their values may change materially at times when the U.S. markets are not open for trading. In addition, the currency of a depositary receipt may be different than the currency of the underlying securities into which they may be converted. Movements in the exchange rate between the local currency of the foreign security and the currency in which the depositary receipt is denominated may adversely affect the value of the depositary receipt even if the price of the foreign security does not change on its market. Even if the depositary receipt is denominated in U.S. currency, the depositary receipts are subject to currency risk if the underlying security is denominated in a foreign currency. The Fund also may invest in sponsored or unsponsored depositary receipts. A sponsored depositary receipt is issued by a depositary that has a relationship with the issuer of the underlying security. Unsponsored depositary receipts are organized independently and without the cooperation of the issuer of the underlying securities. As a result, the holder of an unsponsored depositary receipt may have limited voting rights and may not receive as much information or as current of information as would a holder of a sponsored depositary receipt since the issuer is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the underlying issuer or to pass through voting rights to the holders of unsponsored depositary receipts. Unsponsored receipts may also involve higher expenses, be less liquid and have more volatile prices.
The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in “illiquid securities” which are generally defined under SEC rules as any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Illiquid securities may include a wide variety of instruments including, but are not limited to, certain restricted securities (securities the disposition
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of which is restricted under the federal securities laws). However, the Fund will not acquire illiquid securities if, immediately after the acquisition, such Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. The Board of Trustees, or its delegate, has the ultimate authority to determine, to the extent permissible under the federal securities laws, which securities are liquid or illiquid for purposes of the 15% limitation. The Advisor, as administrator to the Fund’s liquidity risk management program, shall monitor the Fund’s portfolio to determine if the aggregate percentage of the Fund’s assets considered illiquid exceeds the 15% net asset limit. If the Advisor determines that the Fund holds more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets, the Advisor will report such event to the Board with an explanation of the extent and causes of the occurrence and how the Fund plans to bring its illiquid investments that are assets to or below the 15% threshold within a reasonable period of time. If the amount of the Fund’s illiquid investments that are assets is still above 15% of its net assets 30 days from the occurrence (and at each consecutive 30-day period thereafter), the Fund’s Board, including a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust, as such term is defined in the 1940 Act (“Independent Trustees”), will assess whether the plan to reduce the illiquid securities continues to be in the best interests of the Fund. Illiquid securities will be priced at fair value as determined by the Pricing Committee of the Advisor with oversight by the Board of Trustees in accordance with Board-approved Pricing Policies and Procedures. Given the inherent uncertainties of estimating fair market value, there can be no assurance that the value placed on a security will be appropriate in terms of how the security may be ultimately valued on the public market. These securities may never be publicly traded and the Fund may have difficulty selling such securities over an indefinite period of time. The Fund may not be able to sell the illiquid securities when the Advisor considers it desirable to do so or may have to sell such securities at a price that is lower than the price that could be obtained if the securities were more liquid. In addition, the sale of illiquid securities also may require more time and may result in higher dealer discounts and other selling expenses than does the sale of securities that are not illiquid. Depreciation in the prices of the illiquid securities may cause the net asset value of the Fund to decline.
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) Risk
The Fund may invest in IPOs, from time to time, and is considered a principal strategy and principal risk of the Fund. IPOs involve a higher degree of risk not normally associated with offerings of more seasoned companies. Companies involved in IPOs generally have limited operating histories and their prospects for future profitability are uncertain. Prices of IPOs may also be unstable due to such factors as the absence of a prior public market, the small number of shares available for trading and limited investor information. Shares purchased in IPOs may be difficult to sell at a time or price that is desirable.
Lending of Portfolio Securities
Consistent with applicable regulatory requirements, the Fund may lend its portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and financial institutions, provided that outstanding loans do not exceed in the aggregate 33 1⁄3% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and provided that such loans are callable at any time by the Fund and are at all times secured by cash or equivalent collateral that is at least equal to the market value, determined daily, of the loaned securities. The advantage of such loans is that the Fund continues to receive interest and dividends from the loaned securities, while at the same time earning interest either directly from the borrower or on the collateral which will be invested in short-term obligations. It is not a principal strategy of any Fund to lend its portfolio securities.
A loan may be terminated by the borrower on one business day’s notice or by the Fund at any time. If the borrower fails to maintain the requisite amount of collateral, the loan automatically terminates, and the Fund could use the collateral to replace the securities while holding the borrower liable for any excess of replacement cost over collateral. As with any extensions of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery and in some cases loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially. However, these loans of portfolio securities will only be made to firms determined to be creditworthy pursuant to procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. On termination of the loan, the borrower is required to return the securities to the Fund and any gain or loss in the market price during the loan would be borne by the Fund.
Since voting or consent rights which accompany loaned securities pass to the borrower, the Fund will follow the policy of calling the loan, in whole or in part as may be appropriate, to permit the exercise of such rights if the matters involved would have a material effect on the Fund’s investment in the securities which are the subject of the loan. The Fund will pay reasonable finders, administrative and custodial fees in connection with loans of securities or may share the interest earned on collateral with the borrower.
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The primary risk in securities lending is default by the borrower as the value of the borrowed security rises, resulting in a deficiency in the collateral posted by the borrower. The Fund seeks to minimize this risk by computing the value of the security loaned on a daily basis and requiring additional collateral if necessary.
The Fund may invest in a variety of money market instruments for pending investments, to meet anticipated redemption requests and/or to retain the flexibility to respond promptly to changes in market, economic or political conditions, when the Advisor takes temporary defensive positions, including when the Advisor is unable to locate attractive investment opportunities, or when the Advisor considers market, economic or political conditions to be unfavorable for profitable investing. Money market instruments include, but are not limited to, the following instruments. Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by banks or bank holding companies, corporations and finance companies. Issues of commercial paper normally have maturities of less than nine months and fixed rates of return. The Fund may purchase commercial paper consisting of issues rated at the time of purchase by one or more appropriate NRSRO (e.g., S&P’s and Moody’s) in one of the two highest rating categories for short-term debt obligations. The Fund may also invest in commercial paper that is not rated but that is determined by the Advisor to be of comparable quality to instruments that are so rated by an NRSRO that is neither controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the issuer of, or any issuer, guarantor, or provider of credit support for, the instruments. Certificates of deposit are generally negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or a savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return. Bankers’ acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange, normally drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are “accepted” by a bank, meaning, in effect, that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on maturity. Bankers’ acceptances invested in by the Fund will be those guaranteed by domestic and foreign banks having, at the time of investment, capital, surplus, and undivided profits in excess of $100,000,000 (as of the date of their most recently published financial statements). Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time deposits may be withdrawn on demand by the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties that vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. There are no contractual restrictions on the right to transfer a beneficial interest in a fixed time deposit to a third party, although there is no market for such deposits. Bank notes and bankers’ acceptances rank junior to deposit liabilities of the bank and pari passu with other senior, unsecured obligations of the bank. Bank notes are classified as “other borrowings” on a bank’s balance sheet, while deposit notes and certificates of deposit are classified as deposits. Bank notes are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any other insurer. Deposit notes are insured by the FDIC only to the extent of $250,000 per depositor per bank. Certificates of deposit and demand and time deposits will be those of domestic banks and savings and loan associations, if (a) at the time of investment the depository institution has capital, surplus, and undivided profits in excess of $100,000,000 (as of the date of its most recently published financial statements), or (b) the principal amount of the instrument is insured in full by the FDIC.
The Fund may, consistent with its investment objectives and policies, invest in mortgage-related securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities or issued by nongovernmental entities. It is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in mortgage-related securities.
Mortgage-related securities, for purposes of the Prospectus and this SAI, represent pools of mortgage loans assembled for sale to investors by various governmental agencies such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) and government-related organizations such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), as well as by nongovernmental issuers such as commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers and private mortgage insurance companies. Although certain mortgage-related securities are guaranteed by a third party or otherwise similarly secured, the market value of the security, which may fluctuate, is not so secured. If the Fund purchases a mortgage-related security at a premium, that portion may be lost if there is a decline in the market value of the security whether resulting from changes in interest rates or prepayments in the underlying mortgage collateral. As with other interest-bearing securities, the prices of such securities are inversely affected by changes in interest rates. However, though the value of a mortgage-related security may decline when interest rates rise, the converse is not necessarily true, since in periods of declining interest rates the mortgages underlying the securities are prone to prepayment, thereby shortening the average life of the security and shortening the period of time over which income at the higher rate is received. Conversely, when interest rates are rising, the rate of prepayment tends to decrease, thereby lengthening the average life of the security and lengthening the
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period of time over which income at the lower rate is received. For these and other reasons, a mortgage-related security’s average maturity may be shortened or lengthened as a result of interest rate fluctuations and, therefore, it is not possible to predict accurately the security’s return to the Fund. In addition, regular payments received in respect of mortgage-related securities include both interest and principal. No assurance can be given as to the return the Fund will receive when these amounts are reinvested.
The Fund may also invest in mortgage-related securities which are collateralized mortgage obligations structured on pools of mortgage pass-through certificates or mortgage loans. Mortgage-related securities will be purchased only if rated in the three highest bond rating categories assigned by one or more appropriate NRSROs, or, if unrated, which the Advisor deems to be of comparable quality.
There are a number of important differences among the agencies and instrumentalities of the U.S. Government that issue mortgage-related securities and among the securities that they issue. Mortgage-related securities issued by the GNMA include GNMA Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates (also known as “Ginnie Maes”) which are guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by GNMA and such guarantee is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. GNMA is a wholly-owned U.S. Government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. GNMA certificates also are supported by the authority of GNMA to borrow funds from the U.S. Treasury to make payments under its guarantee. Mortgage-related securities issued by the FNMA include FNMA Guaranteed Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates (also known as “Fannie Maes”) which are solely the obligations of the FNMA and are not backed by or entitled to the full faith and credit of the United States. FNMA is a government-sponsored organization owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Maes are guaranteed as to timely payment of the principal and interest by FNMA. Mortgage-related securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) include FHLMC Mortgage Participation Certificates (also known as “Freddie Macs” or “PCs”). FHLMC is a corporate instrumentality of the United States, created pursuant to an Act of Congress, which is owned entirely by Federal Home Loan Banks. Freddie Macs are not guaranteed by the United States or by any Federal Home Loan Banks and do not constitute a debt or obligation of the United States or of any Federal Home Loan Bank. Freddie Macs entitle the holder to timely payment of interest, which is guaranteed by FHLMC. FHLMC guarantees either ultimate collection or timely payment of all principal payments on the underlying mortgage loans. When FHLMC does not guarantee timely payment of principal, FHLMC may remit the amount due on account of its guarantee of ultimate payment of principal at any time after default on an underlying mortgage, but in no event later than one year after it becomes payable. In September 2008, FNMA and FHLMC were placed into conservatorship overseen by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”). As conservator, FHFA will succeed to the rights, titles, powers and privileges of the company and any stockholder, officer or director of such company with respect to the company and its assets and title to all books, records and assets of the company held by any other custodian or third party. The conservator is then charged with operating the company.
The Fund may invest in taxable municipal securities or in municipal securities whose interest, in the opinion of the securities’ counsel, is exempt from federal income tax and/or from the federal alternative minimum tax, but it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in municipal obligations. The Advisor or the Fund does not guarantee that this opinion is correct, and there is no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will agree with such counsel’s opinion. If certain types of investments the Fund buys as tax-exempt are later ruled to be taxable, a portion of the Fund’s income could be taxable. To the extent that the Fund invests in municipal securities from a given state or geographic region, its share price and performance could be affected by local, state and regional factors, including erosion of the tax base and changes in the economic climate. National governmental actions, such as the elimination of tax-exempt status, also could affect performance. The Fund may be more sensitive to adverse economic, business or political developments if it invests a substantial portion of its assets in municipal securities financing similar projects. A change that affects one project, such as proposed legislation on the financing of the project, a shortage of the materials needed for the project, or a declining need for the project, may affect similar projects and the overall municipal securities market.
Non-Investment Grade Securities
The Fund may invest up to 10% of its total assets in non-investment grade securities. Such securities include high yield (junk) bonds, convertible bonds, preferred stocks and convertible preferred stocks.
Non-investment grade bonds are debt securities rated Ba or lower by Moody’s or BB or lower by S&P. They generally offer greater returns in the form of higher average yields than investment grade debt securities (rated Baa or higher by Moody’s
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or BBB or higher by S&P). Non-investment grade debt securities involve greater risks than investment grade debt securities including greater sensitivity to changes in interest rates, the economy, the issuer’s solvency and liquidity in the secondary trading market. See Appendix A for a description of corporate bond ratings.
Yields on non-investment grade debt securities will fluctuate over time. The prices of non-investment grade debt securities have been found to be less sensitive to interest rate changes than investment grade debt securities, but more sensitive to adverse economic changes or individual issuer developments. During an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers may experience financial stress which would adversely affect their ability to pay principal and interest obligations, meet projected business goals and to obtain additional financing. If the issuer of a debt security held by the Fund defaulted, the Fund might incur additional expenses seeking to recover the issuer’s defaulted obligation. In addition, periods of economic uncertainty and changes can be expected to result in increased volatility of market prices of non-investment grade debt securities and the Fund’s NAV. Furthermore, the market prices of non-investment grade debt securities structured as zero coupon or payment-in-kind securities are affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes and tend to be more volatile than securities that pay interest periodically and in cash.
Non-investment grade debt securities present risks based on payment expectations. For example, they may contain redemption or call provisions. If an issuer exercises these provisions in a declining interest rate market, the Fund would have to replace the security with a lower-yielding security, resulting in a decreased return for investors. A high-yielding security’s value will decrease in a rising interest rate market and will result in a corresponding decrease in the value of the Fund’s assets. Unexpected net redemptions may force the Fund to sell securities including, but not limited to, non-investment grade debt securities, without regard to their investment merits, thereby decreasing the asset base upon which the Fund’s expenses can be spread and possibly reducing the rate of return.
To the extent that there is no established secondary market, there may be thin trading of non-investment grade securities, including high yield bonds, convertible bonds, preferred stocks and convertible preferred stocks held by the Fund. This may adversely affect the ability of the Pricing Committee of the Advisor or the Fund’s Board of Trustees to accurately value the Fund’s non-investment grade securities and the Fund’s assets and may also adversely affect the Fund’s ability to dispose of the securities. In the absence of an established secondary market, valuing securities becomes more difficult and judgment plays a greater role in valuation because there is less reliable, objective data available. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the value and liquidity of non-investment grade securities, especially in a thinly traded market. Illiquid or restricted non-investment grade securities purchased by the Fund may involve special registration responsibilities, liabilities and costs, and liquidity and valuation difficulties.
Certain risks are associated with applying ratings as a method for evaluating non-investment grade securities. For example, credit ratings for bonds evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments, not the market value risk of such securities. Credit rating agencies may fail to timely change credit ratings to reflect subsequent events. The Advisor continuously monitors the issuers of non-investment grade debt securities held by the Fund to determine if the issuers will have sufficient cash flow and profits to meet required principal and interest payments and to assure the securities’ liquidity. The Fund may be more dependent upon the Advisor’s own analysis of non-investment grade securities than is the case for investment grade securities. Also, the Fund may retain a portfolio security whose rating has been changed if the security otherwise meets the Fund’s investment criteria.
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer of a debt security will fail to make payments on the security when due. Securities rated non-investment grade are particularly subject to credit risk. These securities are predominantly speculative and are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” To the extent the Fund purchases or holds convertible or other non-investment grade securities, the Fund may be exposed to greater risk that the issuer will not repay principal, or pay interest or dividends on such securities in a timely manner.
Ratings published by rating agencies seek to measure credit risk (Rating agencies’ descriptions of non-investment grade securities are contained in Appendix A of this SAI). The lower a bond issue is rated by an agency, the more credit risk it is considered to represent. Lower-rated bonds generally pay higher yields to compensate investors for the greater risk.
Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed-rate debt security will decline due to changes in market interest rates. Even though some interest-bearing securities are investments which offer a stable stream of income
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at relatively high current yield, the prices of such securities are affected by changes in interest rates and are therefore subject to market price fluctuations. The value of fixed income securities varies inversely with changes in market interest rates. When interest rates rise, the value of the Fund’s fixed income securities, and therefore its net asset value per share, generally will decline. In general, the value of fixed-rate debt securities with longer maturities is more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than the value of such securities with shorter maturities. Thus, if the Fund is invested in fixed income securities with longer weighted average maturities, the net asset value of the Fund should be expected to have greater volatility in periods of changing market interest rates.
The Fund may invest in “Participatory Notes,” which are contracts or similar instruments evidencing the indirect ownership of an underlying basket of securities held by banks or other parties, and are used by investors to obtain exposure to an equity investment, including common stocks and warrants, in a local market where direct ownership is not permitted, however, it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in participatory notes. In countries where direct ownership by a foreign investor is not allowed by local law (e.g., Saudi Arabia), an investor may gain exposure to the market through Participatory Notes, which derives their value from a basket of underlying equity securities. Such instruments are intended to reflect the performance of the underlying equity securities on a one-to-one basis so that investors will not normally gain more in absolute terms than they would have had the invested in the underlying securities directly, and will not normally lose more than they would have lost had they invested in the underlying securities directly.
In addition to otherwise providing access to otherwise closed markets, Participatory Notes can also act as a less expensive alternative to direct investment in markets where foreign ownership is permitted by reducing registration and transaction costs. It should not be assumed that Participatory Notes will lessen the liquidity risks of the Fund.
Participatory Notes are generally structured and sold by a local branch of a bank or broker-dealer that is permitted to purchase equity securities in the local market. Pursuant to the terms of the instrument created, the Fund may tender the instrument for cash payment in an amount that reflects the current market value of the underlying investments, less program expenses, such as trading costs, taxes and duties. The instruments represent unsecured, unsubordinated contractual rights of the issuer. They do not typically confer any right, title or interest in respect to the underlying equity securities or provide rights against the issuer of the underlying securities.
The purchase of Participatory Notes involves risks that are in addition to the risks normally associated with a direct investment in the underlying securities. The Fund is subject to the risk that the issuer of the instrument (i.e., the issuing bank or broker-dealer) is unable or refuses to perform under the terms of the instrument, also known as counter-party risk. While the holder of such instrument is entitled to receive from the issuer any dividends or other distributions paid on the underlying securities, the holder is not entitled to the same rights as an owner of the underlying securities, such as voting rights. Participatory Notes are also not traded on exchanges, are privately issued, and may be illiquid. There can be no assurance that the trading price or value of the instrument will equal the value of the underlying value of the equity securities to which they are linked.
The Fund may invest in preferred stock. Preferred stock, unlike common stock, may offer a stated dividend rate payable from the issuer’s earnings. Preferred stock dividends may be cumulative, non-cumulative, participating or auction rate. If interest rates rise, the fixed dividend on preferred stocks may be less attractive, causing the price of preferred stocks to decline. Preferred stock may have mandatory sinking fund provisions, as well as call/redemption provisions prior to maturity, a negative feature when interest rates decline. For a description of preferred stock ratings, see Appendix A. Because preferred securities are generally junior to most other forms of debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred securities than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
As with call provisions, a redemption by the issuer may negatively impact the return of a security held by the Fund. Generally, preferred security holders have no voting rights with respect to the issuing company unless preferred dividends have been in arrears for a specified number of periods, at which time the preferred security holders may elect a number of directors to the issuer’s board. Generally, once all the arrearages have been paid, the preferred security holders no longer have voting rights. In the case of certain preferred securities issued by trusts or special purpose entities, holders generally have no voting rights except if a declaration of default occurs and is continuing. In such an event, preferred security holders
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generally would have the right to appoint and authorize a trustee to enforce the trust’s or special purpose entity’s rights as a creditor under the agreement with its operating company.
Generally, preferred securities may be subject to provisions that allow an issuer, under certain conditions, to skip (“non-cumulative” preferred securities) or defer (“cumulative” preferred securities) distributions without any adverse consequences to the issuer. Non-cumulative preferred securities can skip distributions indefinitely. Cumulative preferred securities typically contain provisions that allow an issuer, at its discretion, to defer distributions payments for up to 10 years. If the Fund owns a preferred security that is deferring its distribution, the Fund may be required to report income for tax purposes although it has not yet received such income. In addition, recent changes in bank regulations may increase the likelihood of issuers deferring or skipping distributions.
The dividend or interest rates on preferred securities may be floating, or convert from fixed to floating at a specified future time. The market value of floating rate securities may fall in a declining interest rate environment and may also fall in a rising interest rate environment if there is a lag between the rise in interest rates and the reset. This risk may also be present with respect to fixed rate securities that will convert to a floating rate at a future time. A secondary risk associated with declining interest rates is the risk that income earned by the Fund on floating rate securities may decline due to lower coupon payments on the floating-rate securities.
Preferred securities may be substantially less liquid than many other securities, such as U.S. government securities or common stock. Less liquid securities involve the risk that the securities will not be able to be sold at the time desired by a Fund or at prices approximating the values at which the Fund is carrying the securities on its books.
The preferred securities market is comprised predominately of securities issued by companies in the financial services industry. Therefore, preferred securities present substantially increased risks at times of financial turmoil, which could affect financial services companies more than companies in other sectors and industries.
The Fund may invest in preferred securities or other securities the federal income tax treatment of which may not be clear or may be subject to recharacterization by the Internal Revenue Service. It could be more difficult for the Fund to comply with the tax requirements applicable to regulated investment companies if the tax characterization of the Fund’s investments or the tax treatment of the income from such investments were successfully challenged by the Internal Revenue Service.
Issuers of preferred securities may be in industries that are heavily regulated and that may receive government funding. The value of preferred securities issued by these companies may be affected by changes in government policy, such as increased regulation, ownership restrictions, deregulation or reduced government funding.
Private Investments in Public Equity
The Fund may purchase equity securities in a private placement that are issued by issuers who have outstanding, publicly-traded equity securities of the same class (“private investments in public equity” or “PIPES”). Shares in PIPES generally are not registered with the SEC until after a certain time period from the date the private sale is completed. This restricted period can last many months. Until the public registration process is completed, PIPES may be restricted as to resale and the Fund cannot freely trade the securities. Generally, such restrictions may cause the PIPES to be illiquid during this time. PIPEs may contain provisions that the issuer will pay specified financial penalties to the holder if the issuer does not publicly register the restricted equity securities within a specified period of time, but there is no assurance that the restricted equity securities will be publicly registered, or that the registration will remain in effect.
The Fund may invest in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). REITs pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income producing real estate or real estate loans or interests. A REIT is not taxed on income distributed to shareholders if it complies with several requirements relating to its organization, ownership, assets, and income and a requirement that it distribute to its shareholders at least 95% of its taxable income (other than net capital gains) for each taxable year. While there are many types of REITs, all REITs can generally be classified as Equity REITs, Mortgage REITs and Hybrid REITs. Equity REITs, which invest the majority of their assets directly in real property, derive their income primarily from rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs, which invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages, derive their income primarily from interest payments. Hybrid REITs combine the characteristics of both Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. The Fund will not invest in real estate
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directly, but only in securities issued by real estate companies. The risks of investing in REITs include declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, dependency on management skill, heavy cash flow dependency, possible lack of availability of mortgage funds, overbuilding, extended vacancies of properties, increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, losses due to costs resulting from the clean-up of environmental problems, liability to third parties for damages resulting from environmental problems, casualty or condemnation losses, limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, the appeal of properties to tenants and changes in interest rates.
In addition to these risks, Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for the beneficial tax treatment available to REITs under the Code, or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. The above factors may also adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting investments.
The Fund may agree to purchase securities from financial institutions (including clearing firms registered with the SEC that provide comparison, netting and settlement services to their members with respect to repurchase agreement transactions), and the corporate parents or affiliates of such financial institutions or clearing firms, subject to the seller’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed upon date and price (“repurchase agreements”). Although the underlying securities’ collateral related to a repurchase agreement may bear maturities exceeding one year, the term and settlement for the repurchase agreement security will never be more than one year and normally will be within a shorter period of time (often one business day). Underlying securities’ collateral related to repurchase agreements is held either by the Fund’s custodian or sub-custodian (if any). The seller, under a repurchase agreement, will be required to maintain the value of the securities subject to the agreement in an amount exceeding the repurchase price (including accrued interest). Repurchase agreements may be considered loans to the seller, collateralized by the underlying securities. The risk to the Fund includes the ability of the seller to pay the agreed upon sum on the repurchase date; in the event of default, the repurchase agreement provides that the Fund is entitled to sell the underlying securities’ collateral. If the value of the collateral declines after the agreement is entered into, however, and if the seller defaults under a repurchase agreement when the value of the underlying collateral is less than the repurchase price, the Fund could incur a loss of both principal and interest. The Fund’s custodian monitors the value of the collateral at the time the action is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement. This is done in an effort to determine whether the value of the collateral always equals or exceeds the agreed upon repurchase price to be paid to the Fund. If the seller were to be subject to a federal bankruptcy proceeding, the ability of the Fund to liquidate the collateral could be delayed or impaired because of certain provisions of the bankruptcy laws.
In addition, the Fund may invest in repurchase agreements for pending investments, to meet anticipated redemption requests, to retain the flexibility to respond promptly to changes in market, economic or political conditions when the Advisor takes temporary defensive positions, when the Advisor is unable to locate attractive investment opportunities, and/or when the Advisor considers market, economic or political conditions to be unfavorable for profitable investing.
The Fund may invest in restricted securities. Restricted securities may be sold only in privately negotiated transactions or in a public offering with respect to which a registration statement is in effect under the 1933 Act. Where registration is required, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable period may elapse between the time of the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than that which prevailed when it decided to sell.
The securities in which the Fund may invest include securities issued by corporations without registration under the 1933 Act, such as securities issued in reliance on the so-called “private placement” exemption from registration which is afforded by Section 4(2) of the 1933 Act (“Section 4(2) securities”). Section 4(2) securities are restricted as to disposition under the Federal securities laws, and generally are sold to institutional investors such as the Fund who agrees that they are purchasing
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the securities for investment and not with a view to public distribution. The resales of these securities may also have to be made in an exempt transaction.
The Fund may also purchase securities which, while privately placed, are eligible for purchase and sale under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. This rule permits certain qualified institutional buyers, such as the Fund, to trade privately placed securities even though such securities are not registered under the 1933 Act. The Board has delegated to the Advisor the responsibility to determine the liquidity of Rule 144A restricted securities. If these securities are determined to be liquid, such securities would be excluded from the 15% illiquid securities limit.
The Fund may borrow funds by entering into reverse repurchase agreements in accordance with that Fund’s investment restrictions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Fund would sell portfolio securities to financial institutions such as banks and broker-dealers, and agree to repurchase the securities at a mutually agreed-upon date and price. The Fund intends to enter into reverse repurchase agreements only to avoid otherwise selling securities during unfavorable market conditions to meet redemptions. At the time the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will place in a segregated custodial account assets such as U.S. Government securities or other liquid securities consistent with the Fund’s investment restrictions having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest), and will subsequently continually monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained at all times. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund may decline below the price at which the Fund is obligated to repurchase the securities. Reverse repurchase agreements are considered to be borrowings by the Fund under the 1940 Act. Reverse repurchase agreements are also considered derivatives under Rule 18f-4, subject to the risks and requirements disclosed above. The Derivatives Rule provides special treatment for reverse repurchase agreements, similar financing transactions and unfunded commitment agreements. Specifically, a fund may elect whether to treat reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions as “derivatives transactions” subject to the requirements of the Derivatives Rule or as senior securities equivalent to bank borrowings for purposes of Section 18 of the 1940 Act. See “Derivatives” for a further discussion of the Derivatives Rule.
Securities of Other Investment Companies
The Fund may purchase the securities of other investment companies, including foreign and domestic registered and unregistered open-end funds, closed-end funds, unit investment trusts and ETFs if the purchase is in compliance with the 1940 Act or rules thereunder. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund would bear its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses would be in addition to the expenses the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. If the Fund invests in securities of other investment companies, the return on any such investment will be reduced by the operating expenses, including investment advisory and administrative fees, of such investment companies. (The Fund indirectly absorbs its pro rata share of the other investment companies’ expenses.) However, the Advisor believes that at times the return and liquidity features of these securities may be more beneficial than other types of securities. Shareholders would also be exposed not only to the risks associated with the Fund, but also the portfolio investments and investment strategies of the underlying investment companies.
Except as described in the following paragraph, the Fund currently intends to limit investments in securities issued by other investment companies so that, as determined immediately after a purchase of such securities is made: (i) not more than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets will be invested in the securities of any one investment company; (ii) not more than 10% of the value of its total assets will be invested in the aggregate in securities of investment companies as a group; and (iii) not more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of any one investment company will be owned by the Fund. These limitations do not apply to investments in investment companies through a master-feeder type arrangement. In addition, to the extent allowed by law or regulation, the Fund may invest its assets in securities of investment companies that are money market funds, including those advised by the Advisor or otherwise affiliated with the Advisor, in excess of the limits discussed above.
The SEC recently adopted Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act, which permits registered investment companies to invest in the securities of other investment companies beyond the limits described above under certain conditions. Accordingly, subject to certain conditions on both an acquired fund and acquiring fund, Rule 12d1-4 provides an exemption to permit the acquiring fund to invest in the securities of other registered investment companies in excess of the above limits of Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act. The Fund will only invest in the securities of other investment companies in compliance with applicable law and the rules thereunder.
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The Fund may make short sales of securities, but it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to make short sales of securities. Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. The Fund must borrow the security to deliver to the buyer upon the short sale. The Fund is then obligated to replace the borrowed security by purchasing it at a later date. A short sale provides a possible hedge against the market risk of the value of other investments and protects the Fund in a declining market. As noted above, the Derivatives Rule permits investment companies to enter into derivatives transactions which is defined to include short sales subject to various conditions. The Fund may engage in short sales of securities subject to applicable law, including the Derivatives Rule. See the Section entitled “Derivatives” for additional information regarding the Derivatives Rule.
Short sales are subject to the risk that the Fund will incur a loss if the price of a security sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date the Fund closes the short sale. Any gain on a short sale will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale. An increase in the value of a security sold short by the Fund over the price at which it was sold short will result in a loss to the Fund, and there can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to close out the position at any particular time or at an acceptable price. Except in the case of short sales “against the box,” the Fund’s market risk is unlimited in that the potential for increase in the market price of the security sold short is unlimited. Short sales “against the box” mean that the Fund owns securities identical to those sold short.
When a short position is closed out, it may result in a short-term capital gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. In a generally rising market, if the Fund maintains short positions in securities rising with the market, the net asset value of the Fund would increase to a lesser extent than if it had not engaged in short sales or may decrease.
The Advisor may consider short selling when the Advisor finds companies it believes are intrinsically overvalued. Short selling may also be considered in arbitrage and hedge situations, and short selling might also be used under certain circumstances to defer taxes.
The Fund will not engage in short sales of securities when these transactions would cause the market value of all of its securities sold short to exceed 15% of its net assets subject to the following. The value of the securities of any one issuer that may be shorted by the Fund is limited to the lesser of 5% of the value of the Fund’s net assets or 5% of the securities of any class of the issuer. All short sales must be fully collateralized. The Fund maintains the collateral in a segregated account with their custodian. The collateral consists of cash, U.S. Government securities or any other liquid securities equal to the market value of the securities at the time of the short sale. The Fund will thereafter maintain, on a daily basis, the collateral to ensure that it is equal to the current market value of the securities sold short. Short sales against the box are not subject to the 15% limitation. A capital gain or loss is recognized immediately upon the sale of a short against the box. The Fund may only engage in short sale transactions in securities listed on one or more U.S. or foreign securities exchanges or on EASDAQ or Nasdaq.
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies
The Fund may invest in equity securities of special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) which are also known as “blank check companies.” A SPAC is a company with no commercial operations that is formed solely to raise capital from investors for the purpose of acquiring one or more existing private companies. SPACs often have pre-determined time frames to make an acquisition (typically two years) or the SPAC will liquidate. The Fund may purchase units or shares of SPACs that have completed an IPO on a secondary market, during a SPAC’s IPO or through a PIPEs offering. See “Private Investments in Public Companies” above. Unless and until an acquisition is made, a SPAC generally will invest in U.S. government securities, money market securities or cash. Other than seeking an acquisition, a SPAC does not have an operating history or ongoing business and therefore, the value of the SPAC’s securities is particularly dependent on its ability to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. A SPAC may not be able to identify and complete an acquisition and the any completed acquisition may not be profitable. A SPAC may complete a business acquisition even if the public shareholders do not support the acquisition as certain stockholders, such as those affiliated with the management of the SPAC, may have sufficient voting power to approve the acquisition without the affirmative vote by the public shareholders. SPACs often acquire private companies that are unseasoned with limited track records and reporting history. The securities of companies acquired by the SPAC are subject to extreme price volatility and speculative trading. As venture capitalists and private equity investors may take large holdings in SPAC derived companies and seek to sell such securities in the
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public market after the lock-up period following the business combination expires, such sales contribute to additional price volatility and downward price pressure on such securities at such time.
The Fund may purchase Treasury receipts and other “stripped” securities that evidence ownership in either the future interest payments or the future principal payments on U.S. Government obligations. These participations, which may be issued by the U.S. Government (or a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality) or by private issuers such as banks and other institutions, are issued at a discount from their “face value,” and may include stripped mortgage-backed securities (“SMBS”). Stripped securities, particularly SMBS, may exhibit greater price volatility than ordinary debt securities because of the manner in which their principal and interest are returned to investors.
SMBS are usually structured with two or more classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions from a pool of mortgage-backed obligations. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving all of the interest, while the other class receives all of the principal. However, in some cases, one class will receive some of the interest and most of the principal while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. If the underlying obligations experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal the Fund may fail to fully recoup its initial investment. The market value of the class consisting entirely of principal payments can be extremely volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The yields on a class of SMBS that receives all or most of the interest are generally higher than prevailing market yields on other mortgage-backed obligations because their cash flow patterns are also volatile and there is a greater risk that the initial investment will not be fully recouped.
SMBS issued by the U.S. Government (or a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality) may be considered liquid under guidelines established by the Board of Trustees if they can be disposed of promptly in the ordinary course of business at a value reasonably close to that used in the calculation of the Fund’s per share net asset value.
The Treasury Department has facilitated transfers of ownership of zero coupon securities by accounting separately for the beneficial ownership of particular interest coupon and principal payments on Treasury securities through the Federal Reserve book-entry record-keeping system. The Fund may purchase securities registered in the STRIPS program. Under the STRIPS program, the Fund will be able to have beneficial ownership of zero coupon securities recorded directly in the book-entry record-keeping system in lieu of having to hold certificates or other evidence of ownership of the underlying U.S. Treasury securities.
In addition, the Fund may acquire U.S. Government obligations and their unmatured interest coupons that have been separated (“stripped”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Having separated the interest coupons from the underlying principal of the U.S. Government obligations, the holder will resell the stripped securities in custodial receipt programs with a number of different names, including “Treasury Income Growth Receipts” (“TIGRs”) and “Certificate of Accrual on Treasury Securities” (“CATS”). The stripped coupons are sold separately from the underlying principal, which is usually sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. The underlying U.S. Treasury bonds and notes themselves are held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (i.e., unregistered securities which are ostensibly owned by the bearer or holder), in trust on behalf of the owners. Counsel to the underwriters of these certificates or other evidences of ownership of U.S. Treasury securities have stated that, in their opinion, purchasers of the stripped securities most likely will be deemed the beneficial holders of the underlying U.S. Government obligations for Federal tax purposes. The Advisor is unaware of any binding legislative, judicial or administrative authority on this issue.
The Fund may enter into credit default swaps, interest rate swaps and currency swaps but it is not a principal strategy of the Fund. In a typical interest rate swap, one party agrees to make regular payments equal to a floating interest rate multiplied by a “notional principal amount,” in return for payments equal to fixed rate multiplied by the same amount, for a specified period of time. If a swap agreement provides for payments in different currencies, the parties might agree to exchange the notional principal amount as well. The credit default swap allows the Fund to manage credit risk through buying and selling credit protection on specific names or a basket of names. A “buyer” of credit protection agrees to pay a counterparty to assume the credit risk of an issuer upon the occurrence of certain events. The “seller” of credit protection receives a premium
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and agrees to assume the credit risk of an issuer upon the occurrence of certain events. The Fund will segregate the notional principal amount to cover the exposure created by the swap.
Swap agreements will tend to shift the Fund’s investment exposure from one type of investment to another. Depending on how they are used, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the Fund’s investments and its share price and yield.
The Fund may enter into swaps with members of the Federal Reserve System, members of the New York Stock Exchange or other entities determined by the Advisor to be creditworthy.
United States Government Securities
To the extent consistent with its investment objective, the Fund may invest in a variety of U.S. Treasury obligations consisting of bills, notes and bonds, which principally differ only in their interest rates, maturities and time of issuance. The Fund may also invest in other securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. Obligations of certain agencies and instrumentalities, such as GNMA, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury; others, such as those of the Export-Import Bank of the United States, are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the Treasury; others, such as those of FNMA, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase the agency’s obligations; still others, such as those of the Student Loan Marketing Association (“SLMA”), are supported only by the credit of the instrumentalities. Obligations of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (also known as the World Bank) are supported by subscribed, but unpaid, commitments of its member countries. There is no assurance that these commitments will be undertaken or complied with in the future.
In addition, in September 2008 FNMA and FHLMC were placed into conservatorship overseen by the FHFA. As conservator, FHFA will succeed to the rights, titles, powers and privileges of each company and any stockholder, officer or director of such company with respect to the company and its assets and title to all books, records and assets of the company held by any other custodian or third party. The conservator is then charged with operating the company.
Securities guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities are deemed to include: (a) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. Government or an agency or instrumentality thereof; and (b) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are so guaranteed. The secondary market for certain of these participations is limited. Such participations will therefore be regarded as illiquid. No assurance can be given that the U.S. Government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities if it is not obligated to do so by law.
U.S. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)
The Fund may invest in TIPS but it is not a principal strategy of the Fund. Inflation-protected securities are a type of marketable book-entry security issued by the United States Department of Treasury (“Treasury”) with a nominal return linked to the inflation rate in prices. The index used to measure inflation is the non-seasonally adjusted U.S. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”).
The value of the principal is adjusted for inflation, and every six months the security pays interest, which is an amount equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted value of the principal. The final payment of principal of the security will not be less than the original par amount of the security at issuance.
The principal of the inflation-protected security is indexed to the non-seasonally adjusted CPI-U. To calculate the inflation-adjusted principal value for a particular valuation date, the value of the principal at issuance is multiplied by the index ratio applicable to that valuation date. The index ratio for any date is the ratio of the reference Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) applicable to such date to the reference CPI applicable to the original issue date. Semi-annual coupon interest is determined by multiplying the inflation-adjusted principal amount by one-half of the stated rate of interest on each interest payment date.
Inflation-adjusted principal or the original par amount, whichever is larger, is paid on the maturity date as specified in the applicable offering announcement. If at maturity the inflation-adjusted principal is less than the original principal value of the security, an additional amount is paid at maturity so that the additional amount plus the inflation-adjusted principal equals the original principal amount. Some inflation-protected securities may be stripped into principal and interest
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components. In the case of a stripped security, the holder of the stripped principal component receives this additional amount. The final interest payment, however, is based on the final inflation-adjusted principal value, not the original par amount.
The reference CPI for the first day of any calendar month is the CPI-U for the third preceding calendar month. (For example, the reference CPI for December 1 is the CPI-U reported for September of the same year, which is released in October.) The reference CPI for any other day of the month is calculated by a linear interpolation between the reference CPI applicable to the first day of the month and the reference CPI applicable to the first day of the following month.
Any revisions the Bureau of Labor Statistics (or successor agency) makes to any CPI-U number that has been previously released will not be used in calculations of the value of outstanding inflation-protected securities. In the case that the CPI-U for a particular month is not reported by the last day of the following month, the Treasury will announce an index number based on the last year-over-year CPI-U inflation rate available. Any calculations of the Treasury’s payment obligations on the inflation-protected security that need that month’s CPI-U number will be based on the index number that the Treasury has announced. If the CPI-U is rebased to a different year, the Treasury will continue to use the CPI-U series based on the base reference period in effect when the security was first issued as long as that series continues to be published. If the CPI-U is discontinued during the period the inflation-protected security is outstanding, the Treasury will, in consultation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (or successor agency), determine an appropriate substitute index and methodology for linking the discontinued series with the new price index series. Determinations of the Secretary of the Treasury in this regard are final.
Inflation-protected securities are held and transferred in either of two book-entry systems: the commercial book-entry system (“TRADES”) and TREASURY DIRECT. The securities are maintained and transferred at their original par amount, i.e., not their inflation-adjusted value. The Federal Reserve program was established by the Treasury Department and is known as “STRIPS” or “Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities.” STRIPS components are maintained and transferred in TRADES at their value based on their original par amount of the fully constituted security.
Variable Amount Master Demand Notes
The Fund may invest in variable amount master demand notes; however, it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in variable amount master demand notes. Variable amount master demand notes are unsecured demand notes that permit the indebtedness thereunder to vary and provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate according to the terms of the instrument. Because master demand notes are direct lending arrangements between the Fund and the issuer, they are not normally traded. Although there is no secondary market in the notes, the Fund may demand payment of principal and accrued interest at any time within 30 days. While such notes are not typically rated by credit rating agencies, issuers of variable amount master demand notes (which are normally manufacturing, retail, financial and other business concerns), must satisfy, for purchase by the Fund, the same criteria for commercial paper for the Fund. The Advisor will consider the earning power, cash flow, and other liquidity ratios of the issuers of such notes and will continuously monitor their financial status and ability to meet payment on demand. In determining weighted average portfolio maturity, a variable amount master demand note will be deemed to have a maturity equal to the longer of the period of time remaining until the next interest rate adjustment or the period of time remaining until the principal amount can be recovered from the issuer through demand.
Variable and Floating Rate Securities
The Fund may acquire variable and floating rate securities, subject to the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, however, it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in variable and floating rate securities. A variable rate security is one with terms providing for the adjustment of its interest rate on set dates and which, upon such adjustment, can reasonably be expected to have a market value that approximates its par value. A floating rate security is one with terms providing for the adjustment of its interest rate whenever a specified interest rate changes and which, at any time, can reasonably be expected to have a market value that approximates its par value. Such securities are frequently not rated by credit rating agencies; however, unrated variable and floating rate securities purchased by the Fund will be determined by the Advisor to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase to rated instruments eligible for purchase under the Fund’s investment policies. In making such determinations, the Advisor will consider the earning power, cash flow and other liquidity ratios of the issuers of such notes (such issuers include financial, merchandising, bank holding and other companies) and will continuously monitor their financial condition. Although there may be no active secondary market with respect to a particular variable or floating rate security purchased by the Fund, the Fund may resell the security at any time to a third party. The absence of an active secondary market, however, could make it difficult for the Fund to dispose of a
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variable or floating rate security in the event the issuer of the security defaulted on its payment obligations and the Fund could, as a result or for other reasons, suffer a loss to the extent of the default. To the extent that there exists no readily available market for such security and the Fund is not entitled to receive the principal amount of a note within seven days, such a security will be treated as illiquid for purposes of calculating the Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities, as set forth in the Fund’s investment restrictions. Variable or floating rate securities may be secured by bank letters of credit.
Investing in warrants and rights is a non-principal strategy of the Fund. A warrant gives the Fund the right to buy a specified amount of an underlying stock at a predetermined “exercise” price during a set period of time. The Fund has no obligation to exercise the warrant and buy the stock, and a warrant will only have value if the Fund is able to exercise it or sell it before it expires. If the price of the underlying stock does not rise above the exercise price before the warrant expires, typically the warrant will expire without any value and the Fund will lose any amount it paid for the warrant. Warrants convey no rights to dividends or voting. Similarly, a stock right entitles the Fund to purchase new shares issued by a corporation at a predetermined price (normally at a discount to the stock’s current market price) in proportion to the number of shares already owned. Issued rights are only exercisable for a short period of time, after which they expire.
The Fund may purchase securities on a “when-issued” basis (i.e., for delivery beyond the normal settlement date at a stated price and yield), however, it is not a principal strategy of the Fund to invest in “when-issued” securities. When the Fund agrees to purchase securities on a “when-issued” basis, the Fund’s custodian will set aside cash or liquid portfolio securities equal to the amount of the commitment in a separate account. Normally, the Fund’s custodian will set aside portfolio securities to satisfy the purchase commitment, and in such a case, the Fund may be required subsequently to place additional assets in the separate account in order to assure that the value of the account remains equal to the amount of the Fund’s commitment. It may be expected that the Fund’s net assets will fluctuate to a greater degree when it sets aside portfolio securities to cover such purchase commitments than when it sets aside cash. In addition, because the Fund will set aside cash or liquid portfolio securities to satisfy its purchase commitments in the manner described above, the Fund’s liquidity and the ability of the Advisor to manage it might be affected in the event its commitments to purchase “when-issued” securities ever exceeded 25% of the value of its total assets. Under normal market conditions, however, the Fund’s commitment to purchase “when-issued” or “delayed-delivery” securities will not exceed 25% of the value of its total assets.
When the Fund engages in “when-issued” transactions, it relies on the seller to consummate the trade. Failure of the seller to do so may result in the Fund’s incurring a loss or missing the opportunity to obtain a price considered to be advantageous. The Fund will engage in “when-issued” delivery transactions only for the purpose of acquiring portfolio securities consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies and not for investment leverage. When-issued or forward settling securities transactions physically settling within 35 days are deemed not to involve a senior security. When-issued or forward settling securities transactions that do not physically settle within 35 days are required to be treated as derivatives transactions in compliance with the Derivatives Rule as outlined in the “Derivatives” section.
Information and technology systems relied upon by the Fund, Advisor and Fund’s service providers (including, but not limited to, Fund accountants, custodians, transfer agents, administrators, distributors and other financial intermediaries) and/or the issuers of securities in which the Fund invests may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from computer viruses, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration by unauthorized persons, security breaches, usage errors, power outages and catastrophic events (such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes and earthquakes). The failure of these systems and/or of disaster recovery plans could cause significant interruptions in the operations of the Fund, Advisor, the Fund’s service providers and/or issuers of securities in which the Fund invests and may result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to investors (and the beneficial owners of investors). Such a failure could also harm the reputation of the Fund, the Advisor, the Fund’s services providers and/or issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, and subject such entities and their respective affiliates to legal claims or otherwise affect their business and financial performance.
Current Market and Economic Conditions Risk
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Current market and economic conditions risk is the risk that a particular investment, or Shares of the Fund in general, may fall in value due to current market and economic conditions or events. For example, actions taken by the Federal Reserve or foreign central banks may at times result in unusually high market volatility, may negatively impact companies, including banks and financial services companies, and negatively impact Fund performance. As a means to fight inflation, the Federal Reserve and certain foreign central banks have raised interest rates, however, the Federal Reserve has begun to lower interest rates and may continue to do so. U.S. regulators have also proposed from time to time changes to market and issuer regulations which may impact the Fund, and any regulatory changes adopted could adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment strategies or make certain investments. Potential future bank failures could result in disruption to the broader banking industry or markets generally and reduce confidence in financial institutions and the economy as a whole, which may also heighten market volatility and reduce liquidity. The ongoing adversarial political climate in the United States, as well as political and diplomatic events both domestic and abroad, have and may continue to have an adverse impact on the U.S. regulatory landscape, markets and investor behavior, which could have a negative impact on the Fund’s investments and operations.
The change in administration resulting from the 2024 United States national election could result in significant impacts to international trade relations, tax and immigration policies, and other aspects of the national and international political and financial landscape, which could affect, among other things, inflation and securities markets generally. Other unexpected political, regulatory and diplomatic events within the U.S. and abroad may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy. For example, ongoing armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine in Europe and among Israel, Iran, Hamas and other militant groups in the Middle East, have caused and could continue to cause significant market disruptions and volatility within the markets in Russia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States. The continuing conflicts and their escalation could negatively impact other regional and global economic markets of the world, companies in such countries and various sectors, industries and markets for securities and commodities globally, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, the Chinese government is engaged in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan, continually threatening an invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt invading Taiwan, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or worsen, economies, markets and individual securities may be adversely affected, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down. Accordingly, the hostilities and sanctions resulting from these hostilities may have a negative effect on certain Fund investments, including investments extending beyond any direct or indirect exposure the Fund may have to issuers of such countries or those of adjoining geographic regions.
The economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as the financial markets generally, may be adversely impacted by trade disputes and other matters. For example, the U.S. recently has been in the process of renegotiating many of its global trade relationships and has imposed or threatened to impose significant import tariffs, including with respect to China. Such actions could lead to price volatility and overall decline in U.S. and global investment markets. It is difficult to predict the outcome and impact of any trade negotiations.
In addition, a public health crisis and ensuing policies enacted by governments and central banks may cause significant volatility and uncertainty in global financial markets, negatively impacting global growth prospects. As the COVID-19 pandemic illustrated, such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others.
Advancements in technology may also adversely impact markets and the overall performance of the Fund. For instance, the economy may be significantly impacted by the advanced development and increased regulation of artificial intelligence. Additionally, cybersecurity breaches of both government and non-government entities could have negative impacts on infrastructure and the ability of such entities, including the Fund, to operate properly. Further, the interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. These events, and any other future events, may adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio investments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets.
Failure to Qualify as a Regulated Investment Company Risk.
If, in any year, the Fund fails to qualify as a regulated investment company under the applicable tax laws, that Fund would be taxed as an ordinary corporation. In such circumstances, the Fund’s taxable income would be subject to tax at the Fund level and to a further tax at the shareholder level when such income is distributed and the Fund could be required to
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recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment. This would cause investors to incur higher tax liabilities than they otherwise would have incurred and would have a negative impact on Fund returns. If the Fund fails to qualify as a regulated investment company, distributions to the Fund’s shareholders generally would be eligible (i) for treatment as qualified dividend income in the case of individual shareholders and (ii) for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporation shareholders. See “Federal Tax Matters.”
The value of the Fund’s investments may be impacted by global health crises or other events. Health crises caused by the outbreak of infectious diseases or other public health issues, may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social, economic, market and financial risks. The impact of any such events could negatively affect the global economy as well as the economies of individual countries, the financial performance of individual companies, sectors and industries, and the markets in general in significant and unforeseen ways. The impact of such infectious diseases in developing or emerging market countries may be greater due to less established healthcare systems. Any such impact could adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the securities and other instruments in which the Funds invest and negatively impact the Fund’s investment return. For example, an outbreak of the respiratory disease designated as Covid-19 was first detected in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread internationally. The transmission of Covid-19 and efforts to contain its spread have resulted in international, national and local border closings and other significant travel restrictions and disruptions; significant disruptions to business operations across many industries, to supply chains and to customer activity; and have resulted in event cancellations and restrictions; service cancellations, reductions and other changes; significant challenges in health care service preparation and delivery; and quarantines, as well as general concern and uncertainty that has negatively affected the economic environment. In addition, the operations of the Fund, the Advisor and the Fund’s other service providers may be significantly impacted or even temporarily or permanently halted as a result of government quarantine measures, voluntary and precautionary restrictions on travel or meetings and other factors related to a public health emergency, including its potential adverse impact on the health of any such entity’s personnel.
A future public health crisis and ensuing policies enacted by governments and central banks may cause significant volatility and uncertainty in global financial markets, negatively impacting global growth prospects. There is no guarantee that any vaccines would be developed to be effective against emerging future variants of the disease or new diseases. As the Covid-19 pandemic illustrated, such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others. Less developed countries and their health systems may be more vulnerable to these impacts.
For the Fund, market risk is the risk that a particular security, or shares of the Fund in general, may fall in value and is a principal risk for the Fund. Securities are subject to market fluctuations caused by such factors as economic, political, regulatory or market developments, changes in interest rates and perceived trends in securities prices. Shares of the Fund could decline in value or underperform other investments due to market movements over the short-term or longer periods during more prolonged market downturns. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues, recessions, or other events could have a significant negative impact on the Fund and its investments. Such events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors and industries more significantly than others. Such events could adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio securities or other instruments and could result in disruptions in the trading markets. Any of such circumstances could have a materially negative impact on the value of the Fund’s shares and result in increased market volatility.
From time to time, various legislative initiatives are proposed and/or enacted in the United States and abroad, which may have a negative impact on certain companies in which a Fund invests. In addition, litigation regarding any of the issuers of the securities owned by a Fund, or industries represented by these issuers, may negatively impact the value of the securities. Such legislation or litigation may cause a Fund to lose value or may result in higher portfolio turnover if the Advisor determines to sell such a holding.
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CALCULATION OF PORTFOLIO TURNOVER
The portfolio turnover rate for the Fund is calculated by dividing the lesser of the amounts of purchases and sales of portfolio investments for the reporting period by the monthly average value of the portfolio investments owned during the reporting period. The calculation excludes all securities, including options, with maturities or expiration dated at the time of acquisition of one year or less. Portfolio turnover may vary greatly from year-to-year as well as within a particular year. The Fund is not restricted with regard to portfolio turnover and will make changes in investment portfolios from time to time as business conditions as well as market prices may dictate. Significant variations in portfolio from year-to-year are generally the result of fluctuations in the size of a Fund or changes in the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
The business affairs of Wasatch Funds are overseen by its Board of Trustees. The Board consists of four Independent Trustees. Each of the Independent Trustees will serve until their successors are qualified, appointed or elected in accordance with the Trust’s Declaration of Trust and By-Laws. All Trustees were elected by shareholders.
The Trustees and executive officers of Wasatch Funds and their principal occupations for at least the last five years are set forth below. The Advisor retains proprietary rights to the Trust name.
| Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with Wasatch Funds |
Term of Office1 and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupation(s) during Past 5 Years |
Number of Fund Complex Overseen
by |
Other Directorships Held by Trustees Years | |||||
| Independent Trustees |
||||||||||
| Kristen M. Fletcher 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1953 |
Trustee and Chair of the Board | Indefinite
Served as Trustee since 2014 |
Trustee, Woodlands Commercial Bank (a/k/a Lehman Brothers Commercial Bank) from 2009 to 2012. Chairman and CEO, ABN AMRO, Inc. and U.S. Country Representative, ABN AMRO Bank, NV from 2002 to 2004. | [23] | Director, Youth Sports Alliance from 2015 to 2021. Trustee, Woodlands Commercial Bank (a/k/a Lehman Brothers Commercial Bank) from 2009 to 2012. Director Emeritus, Utah Symphony/Utah Opera since September 2017. Director, Utah Symphony/Utah Opera from 2005 to September 2017. Director, Utah Museum of Fine Arts since 2021. | |||||
| Heikki Rinne 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1952 |
Trustee | Indefinite
Served as Trustee since 2012 |
Chief Executive Officer of the Halton Group Ltd. (an indoor environmental control manufacturing and technology company), from 2002 to 2016. A Founder and Principal Owner of Sitoumus LLC (a training and consulting firm focusing on empowering organizational and individual engagement as well as general consulting), January 2017 to present. | [23] | Director, Halton Foundation since 2010. Director, Halton Group Ltd. from 2016 to 2020. Director, Valkoinen Pingviini Oy since March 2025. |
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| Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with Wasatch Funds |
Term of Office1 and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupation(s) during Past 5 Years |
Number of Fund Complex Overseen
by |
Other Directorships Held by Trustees Years | |||||
| Mark Robinson 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1958 |
Trustee and Chair of the Audit Committee | Indefinite
Served as Trustee since 2020 |
Chief Financial Officer of Truckstop.com LLC from 2016 to 2019. Chief Financial Officer of SABA Software, Inc. from 2013 to 2015. | [23] | Chairman of Vita Vis Nutrition, Inc. from 2014 to 2016. | |||||
| Kate M. Fleming 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1962 |
Trustee and Chair of the Governance and Nominating Committee | Indefinite
Served as Trustee since July 2023 |
President, Northwestern Mutual Series Fund, Inc. from 2013 to 2021 and Vice President from 2004 to 2013. President, Mason Street Advisors, LLC from 2015 to 2021, Vice President from 2004 to 2014 and Treasurer from 2008 to 2014 and again from 2020 to 2021. President since 2014, Rath Foundation (a private foundation that funds endowments at various universities). | [23] | Director, Rath Foundation since 2002. Director, Wisconsin Deferred Compensation Board since 2022. |
1 Except upon his/her death, resignation, removal or retirement, each Trustee shall hold office until the next meeting of shareholders called for the purpose of considering the election or re-election of such Trustee or of a successor to such Trustee, and until his/her successor, if any, is elected, qualified and serving as a trustee. Each Independent Trustee shall retire as Trustee at the end of the calendar year in which he/she attains the age of 75 years. The Board of Trustees reserves the right to permit continued service after the mandatory retirement age for any individual Trustee in its sole discretion.
| Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with Trust |
Term of Office and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupation(s) during Past 5 Years | |||
| Officers | ||||||
| Michael K. Yeates 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1982 |
President | Indefinite
Served as President since January 2026 |
President for Wasatch Funds since January 2026. Treasurer for Wasatch Funds from May 2018 to December 2023. Chief Executive Officer of the Advisor since January 2025. Chief Financial Officer of the Advisor since September 2007. | |||
| Russell L. Biles 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1967 |
Chief Compliance Officer, Vice President and Secretary | Indefinite
Served as Chief Compliance Officer and Vice President since February 2007 and Secretary since November 2008 |
Chief Compliance Officer and Vice President for Wasatch Funds since February 2007. Secretary for Wasatch Funds since November 2008. Counsel for the Advisor since October 2006. | |||
| Kara H. Becker 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1983 |
Treasurer | Indefinite
Served as Treasurer since January 2024 |
Treasurer for Wasatch Funds since January 2024. Assistant Treasurer for Wasatch Funds from May 2018 to January 2024. Controller for the Advisor since January 2012. | |||
| David Corbett 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1972 |
Assistant Vice President | Indefinite
Served as Assistant Vice President since August 2012 |
Assistant Vice President for Wasatch Funds since August 2012. Director of Mutual Fund Services for the Advisor since June 2007. |
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| Name, Address and Year of Birth |
Position(s) Held with Trust |
Term of Office and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupation(s) during Past 5 Years | |||
| Cheryl Reich 505 Wakara Way 3rd Floor Salt Lake City, UT 84108 1983 |
Assistant Secretary | Indefinite
Served as Assistant Secretary since February 2017 |
Assistant Secretary for Wasatch Funds since February 2017. Compliance Associate for the Advisor since September 2012. |
The Board of Trustees oversees the operations and management of the Funds, including the duties performed for the Funds by the Advisor and other service providers. The Board is currently composed of four Independent Trustees. Like all mutual funds, the day-to-day responsibility for the management and operation of the Funds is the responsibility of various service providers to the Funds, such as the Funds’ Advisor, distributor, administrator, custodian, and transfer agent, each of which is discussed in greater detail in this SAI. The Board approves all significant agreements between the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, and its service providers, including the agreements with the Advisor, distributor, administrator, custodian and transfer agent. The Board has appointed various officers of the Trust who also report to the Board on the Funds’ day-to-day operations. In conducting this oversight responsibility, the Board receives regular reports from these officers and service providers regarding the Trust’s operations. The Board has appointed the Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”), who administers the Trust’s compliance program and regularly reports to the Board on compliance matters. These reports may be provided as part of the formal “Board Meetings” which are typically held quarterly, in person, and involve the Board’s review of recent Fund operations, or the Board may also hold special in-person and/or telephone meetings and informal conference calls to discuss specific matters that may require action prior to the next regularly scheduled meeting. In conjunction with the regularly scheduled Board meetings and committee meetings, the Independent Trustees (who also comprise the Audit Committee) also meet in executive session periodically (but at least annually), and separately, with Trust officers, with personnel of the Service Providers, and with the Trust’s CCO. The Independent Trustees may also meet in executive session among themselves and periodically with independent legal counsel. In all cases, however, the role of the Board and of any individual Trustee is one of oversight and not of management of the day-to-day affairs of the Trust and its oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Trust’s or Funds’ investments, operations or activities.
Board Leadership Structure and Committees
The Board has structured itself in a manner that it believes allows it to effectively perform its oversight function. In an effort to enhance the independence of the Board, the Board has a Chair that is an Independent Trustee. The Board recognizes that the chair can perform an important role in setting the Board agenda, establishing the boardroom culture, serving as a point person on behalf of the Board with fund management, facilitating communications among Trustees and with Service Providers, and reinforcing the Board’s focus on the long-term interests of shareholders. The Board also recognizes that a chair may be able to better perform these functions without any conflicts of interests arising from a position with fund management. Currently, Ms. Kristen Fletcher serves as the independent Chair of the Board. Under the Trust’s By-laws, the Chair (or, if the Chair is unable to attend any such meeting, the Chair’s designee) shall preside at all meetings of the Trustees and the shareholders.
Although the Board has direct responsibility over various matters (such as advisory contracts, underwriting contracts and Fund performance), the Board also exercises certain of its oversight responsibilities through its committees, the Audit Committee and the Governance and Nominating Committee (the “Governance Committee”), standing committees that it has established which report back to the Board. The Audit Committee is comprised entirely of the Independent Trustees and operates under a written charter adopted and approved by the Board. Accordingly, Mr. Rinne, Mr. Robinson, Ms. Fletcher, and Ms. Fleming are each a member of the Audit Committee with Mr. Robinson serving as Chair. Under the charter, the primary responsibilities of the Audit Committee include to oversee the Funds’ accounting and financial reporting policies and practices, its internal controls and the internal controls of the Funds’ accounting, administration, transfer agency and custody service providers; to oversee the quality and integrity of the Funds’ financial statements and independent audit thereof; to assist the Board’s oversight of the Funds’ compliance with legal and regulatory requirements that relate to the Fund’s accounting and financial reporting, internal control over financial reporting and independent audits; to act as a liaison between the Funds’ independent public accountants and the full Board of Trustees; to assist the Board oversight of the Funds’ internal audit function (if any); and to approve prior to appointment, the engagement of the Funds’ independent public accountants and, in connection therewith, to review and evaluate the qualifications, independence and performance
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of the Funds’ independent public accountants. The Audit Committee is also responsible for establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and consideration of any complaints received by a Fund regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters affecting the Fund. To fulfill its oversight duties, the Audit Committee receives annual and semi-annual reports and has regular meetings with the external auditors for the Funds. The Audit Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.
In addition to the Audit Committee, the Board has also established the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee is comprised entirely of the Independent Trustees and operates under a written charter adopted and approved by the Board. Accordingly, Mr. Rinne, Mr. Robinson, Ms. Fletcher, and Ms. Fleming are each a member of the Governance Committee with Ms. Fleming serving as Chair. Under the charter, the primary responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: adopting policies and procedures with respect to the activities and responsibilities of the Governance Committee as it may deem necessary or appropriate; determining matters of corporate governance (including the evaluation of Board and committee performance, committee processes, and trustee compensation); evaluating the composition of the Board and any constituent committees thereof and the process by which Board and committee chairs are selected; identification, consideration and nomination of candidates to become Board members; and other duties and responsibilities as may from time to time be delegated to the committee by the Board. The Governance Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders. Recommendations should be submitted to the Governance and Nominating Committee in care of the Secretary of the Wasatch Funds, Attn: Russell Biles, 505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84108. The Governance Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.
The Board believes that the committee structure is an effective means to permit Trustees to focus on particular operations or issues affecting the Funds. In addition to the standing committees, the Board may also from time to time create ad hoc committees or additional standing committees to focus on particular issues as the need arises.
The Board has determined that its leadership structure, including its committee structure permitting certain areas of responsibility to be allocated to the Independent Trustees together with its Independent Chair, is appropriate given the characteristics of the Trust and Funds.
Board Oversight of Risk Management
The Board’s oversight responsibilities extend also to risk oversight, including but not limited to, risks related to investments and operations. Because risk management is a broad concept comprised of many elements (including, for example, but not limited to, investment risks, issuer risks, compliance risks, valuation risks, counterparty risks, operational risks, business continuity risks, and legal, compliance and regulatory risks) the oversight of different types of risks is addressed through various risk management reports and assessments received from the relevant management personnel and service providers. Through its direct oversight role, and indirectly through its Audit Committee, the Board performs a risk oversight function for the Funds which may consist of, among other things, the following activities: (1) receiving and reviewing reports related to the performance and operations of the Funds, including but not limited to investment, compliance, liquidity, valuation and operation risks; (2) reviewing and approving, as applicable, compliance policies and procedures of the Fund; (3) meeting with portfolio management teams to review investment strategies, techniques and processes and the investment risks associated therewith; (4) reviewing reports generated by and/or meeting with representatives of key service providers to review and discuss the risks associated with their activities for the Fund and any measures taken to mitigate those risks; (5) receiving written and/or oral reports of the CCO, meeting privately with the CCO, and receiving the annual report of the CCO regarding the operations of the Funds’ Compliance Program, the CCO’s evaluation of the service providers’ compliance programs (including material issues that have arisen with the effectiveness of service providers’ compliance programs and changes resulting thereof, and third-party evaluations of the effectiveness of service providers’ operational effectiveness, if any) as well as any recommendations for modifications thereto; and (6) the Audit Committee meeting with the Treasurer and the Trust’s independent public accounting firm to discuss, among other things, the internal control structure of the Trust’s financial reporting function.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the Fund’s goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to certain limitations.
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Information about Each Trustee’s Qualification, Experience, Attributes or Skills
The Board believes that each Trustee’s experience, qualifications, attributes or skills on an individual basis and in combination with those of the other Trustees lead to the conclusion that the Board possesses the requisite attributes and skills. In addition to the information provided in the table above, listed below for each Trustee is additional information concerning the experiences, qualifications and attributes that led to the conclusion, as of the date of this SAI that each current Trustee should serve as a trustee. References to the qualifications, attributes and skills of trustees are pursuant to requirements of the SEC, do not constitute holding out of the Board or any Trustee as having any special expertise and shall not impose any greater responsibility or liability on any such person or on the Board by reason thereof.
Kristen M. Fletcher. Ms. Fletcher has served as an Independent Trustee of the Trust since October 1, 2014 and Chairperson of the Board since January 1, 2026. Ms. Fletcher’s experience, skills and education qualify her to serve as a Trustee of the Trust. Ms. Fletcher has over 35 years of experience in commercial and investment banking and over five years of service on private and non-profit boards of directors. Since 2021, Ms. Fletcher has served as a Director of the Utah Museum of Fine Arts. Since 2017, Ms. Fletcher is an Emeritus member of the Utah Symphony/Utah Opera Board of Directors. From 2015 to 2021, Ms. Fletcher served on the Board of Trustees of the Youth Sports Alliance, a non-profit organization supporting winter sports activities, while promoting good sportsmanship and healthy lifestyles through participation, education and competition. From 2005 to 2017, Ms. Fletcher served on the Board of Directors of the Utah Symphony/Utah Opera and on the Governance, Finance and Strategic Planning Committees. From 2009 to 2012, Ms. Fletcher served as a Trustee of Woodlands Commercial Bank a.k.a. Lehman Brothers Commercial Bank, where she also served as Chairman of its Finance Committee, and a member of its Audit Committee and its Special Committee of independent Board members formed to negotiate settlement terms with the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy estate. From 2002 to 2004, Ms. Fletcher served as the Chairman and CEO of ABN AMRO, Inc., ABN AMRO Bank’s U.S. broker-dealer, and was the head of ABN AMRO North America Wholesale Client Services, which was accountable for regulatory relationships and local implementation of ABN AMRO strategy related to large corporate and institutional clients. From 2000 to 2004, Ms. Fletcher served as Corporate Managing Director/Executive Vice President for the Global Trade & Advisory Group of ABN AMRO Bank, NV, in Amsterdam, Netherlands. From 1993 to 1999, Ms. Fletcher served as Senior Vice President of the North American Trade Group of ABN AMRO Bank NV, where she was the Head of Structured Trade Finance, and subsequently all trade finance, for ABN AMRO North America, including LaSalle Bank. Prior to her tenure at ABN AMRO, Ms. Fletcher served in various capacities at First Interstate Bank, Ltd./Standard Chartered Bank, Export-Import Bank of the U.S., and Wells Fargo Bank. Ms. Fletcher received her Bachelor of Arts in Government from Hamilton College (Kirkland College) in 1975, and her Master of Science in Accounting from Georgetown University in 1984. Ms. Fletcher also served as an intern to the United States Senate in 1974 and to the United States Chamber of Commerce in 1976.
Heikki Rinne, Ph.D. Dr. Rinne has served as an Independent Trustee of the Trust since October 1, 2012. He served as Chairperson of the Board from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2025. Dr. Rinne’s experience, skills and education qualify him to serve as a Trustee of the Trust. From 2002 to 2016, Dr. Rinne served as the Chief Executive Officer of Halton Group, an indoor environmental control manufacturing and technology company, with multiple business areas, and operating in 32 countries. Halton Group is headquartered in Finland, with regional headquarters in the USA and Malaysia. Dr. Rinne first served on the Board of Halton Group from 1995 to 2001 and returned to serve on the Board beginning January 2016 to 2020, was President of Halton Systems Division from 1995 to 1997, and was an independent consultant to Halton Group from 1982 to 1995. Additionally, Dr. Rinne served as the Dean of the College of Business at California State University, Chico, from 1999 to 2001, a Professor of Business and the Head of the Consumer Sciences department at Purdue University from 1997 to 1999, and a Professor of Business at Brigham Young University from 1984 to 1995. Dr. Rinne also served on the Board of Touchfon International from 1991 to 2009, and Infosto Group from 1993 to 2009. Dr. Rinne received his Bachelor of Science in business from Brigham Young University in 1975, his Master of Business Administration from the University of Oregon in 1976, and his doctorate in Business Administration and Marketing from Purdue University in 1981.
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Mark Robinson. Mr. Robinson has served as an Independent Trustee of the Trust since April 2020. Mr. Robinson’s experience, skills and education qualify him to serve as a Trustee of the Trust. Mr. Robinson has over 20 years of leadership experience in cloud, software, hardware, professional services, manufacturing, transportation, consumer goods and medical device industries. From 2016 to 2019, Mr. Robinson served as Chief Financial Officer of Truckstop.com LLC, a freight transportation cloud solution provider, where he drove strategy and planning to shift the company to a SaaS recurring revenue managed company, and closing the majority of the sale of the company in April 2019. Prior to his tenure at Truckstop.com, Mr. Robinson served as Chief Financial Officer from 2013 to 2015 of SABA Software, Inc., a NASDAQ traded multinational talent management cloud solutions company, and helped restructure and turn around such company which sold itself to a private venture capital group in April 2015. From 2008 to 2013, Mr. Robinson served as Chief Financial Officer for Calypso Technology, Inc., a multinational Fintech software and professional services company, and Discus Dental, a multinational medical device and consumer goods manufacturing company. From 2005 through 2007, Mr. Robinson served as the Chief Financial Officer of Q Comm International, a publicly traded point-of-sale distribution and activation company. From 1983 to 2004, Mr. Robinson served as Chief Financial Officer, Controller, and held other finance and business develop positions at Silicon Valley technology and communications companies. In addition, Mr. Robinson was Chairman of the Board of Directors of Vita Vis Nutrition, Inc. from 2014 to 2016 and served as a Director of Clickguard in 2001 and 2002. Mr. Robinson earned his Bachelor of Science, Finance and Marketing, from the University of Utah in 1983, and his Master of Business Administration from the University of Utah in 1988.
Kate M. Fleming. Ms. Fleming has served as an Independent Trustee of the Trust since July 2023. Ms. Fleming’s experience, skills and education qualify her to serve as a Trustee of the Trust. Ms. Fleming has over 34 years of experience in financial services, investment management, and related legal and regulatory sectors. Ms. Fleming has 23 years of management, business, and legal experience at The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company (“Northwestern”), where she served as President and Board member of the company’s wholly owned subsidiary investment adviser, Mason Street Advisors, LLC (“MSA”) from 2015-2021, as Vice President from 2004-2014 and as Treasurer for a number of years. She also served as President of the Northwestern Mutual Series Fund (“Northwestern Funds”) from 2013-2021 and as Vice-President from 2004-2013, and was an Assistant General Counsel to Northwestern from 1998-2003. During her tenure with the Northwestern Funds and MSA, Ms. Fleming gained broad experience with the regulatory, compliance and legal matters involved with operating investment companies and investment advisers through her various leadership roles including, among other things, overseeing the selection and monitoring of sub-advisers and other service providers, helping to design a risk management program for the fund complex, serving on the pricing committee for the Northwestern Funds, functioning as the Chief Financial Officer of MSA and serving as the business liaison between MSA and Northwestern and the Board of Directors of the Northwestern Funds. Prior to her time at Northwestern, Ms. Fleming was a partner at Michael Best & Friedrich, where her practice focused on, among other things, corporate finance, corporate governance, investment advisers and investment companies. In 2022, Ms. Fleming was appointed by the Governor of the State of Wisconsin to serve as a Director on the Wisconsin Deferred Compensation Board, which has oversight over the Wisconsin state employees deferred compensation program. Ms. Fleming has also served as a Director (since 2002) and the President (since 2014) of the Rath Foundation, a private foundation funding full-ride scholarships through endowments at several universities across the country. Ms. Fleming received her Juris Doctorate from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1987 and her Bachelor of Science in Behavioral Science and Law from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1984.
As of December 31, 2025, the Trustees owned shares of the Fund as set forth in the table below. The following are the ranges: none, $1-$10,000, $10,001-$50,000, $50,001-$100,000 or over $100,000.
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|
Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Fund |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities in All Registered Investment Companies Overseen by Trustees in Family of Investment Companies1 | |||
| Independent Trustees |
||||
| Heikki Rinne |
Over $100,000 | |||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
None | |||
| Kristen M. Fletcher |
Over $100,000 | |||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
None | |||
| Mark Robinson |
Over $100,000 | |||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
None | |||
| Kate Fleming2 |
Over $100,000 | |||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
None |
1 As of December 31, 2025, there are 22 separate series in the Trust.
Beginning in the calendar year 2025, the Trust’s method of compensating Trustees is to pay each Independent Trustee a retainer of $160,000 per year for services rendered and a fee of $32,000 for each regularly scheduled Board of Trustees meeting, including the executive session held with respect to the investment advisory contract renewal process for the Funds, whether attended in person or telephonically (including any committee meeting attended) (collectively, the “2025 Base Compensation”). Trustees receive an additional $12,000 for in-person attendance of any special Board meeting or committee meeting (or any combination thereof), and $6,000 for telephonic attendance of any special Board meeting or committee meeting (or any combination thereof). In addition, the Chair of the Board receives an additional 25% of the 2025 Base Compensation and the Chair of a committee receives an additional 15% of the 2025 Base Compensation. Accordingly, to implement this additional compensation for services as a Chair, the Chair of the Board receives an additional fee of $80,000 a year as Chair and the Chair of the Audit Committee and the Chair of the Nominating Committee each receives an additional $48,000 per year as Chair.
In the calendar year 2024, each Independent Trustee was paid a retainer of $155,000 per year for services rendered and a fee of $31,000 for each regularly scheduled Board of Trustees meeting, including the executive session held with respect to the investment advisory contract renewal process for the Funds, whether attended in person or telephonically (including any committee meeting attended) (collectively, the “2024 Base Compensation”). Trustees received an additional $12,000 for in-person attendance of any special Board meeting or committee meeting (or any combination thereof), and $6,000 for telephonic attendance of any special Board meeting or committee meeting (or any combination thereof). In addition, the Chair of the Board received an additional 25% of the 2024 Base Compensation and the Chair of a committee received an additional 15% of the 2024 Base Compensation. Accordingly, to implement this additional compensation for services as a Chair, the Chair of the Board received an additional fee of $77,500 a year as Chair and the Chair of the Audit Committee and the Chair of the Nominating Committee each received an additional $46,500 per year as Chair.
The Trust also may reimburse the Independent Trustees for travel expenses incurred in order to attend meetings of the Board of Trustees and for continuing education expenses. The table below sets forth the compensation paid to the Trust’s Trustees during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 (exclusive of out-of-pocket expenses reimbursed).
| Name of Trustee | Aggregate Compensation from Trust1 |
Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as part of Fund Expenses |
Total Compensation from Trust and Fund Complex paid to Trustees |
|||||||||
| Independent Trustees |
||||||||||||
| Kristen M. Fletcher |
$364,375 | $0 | $364,375 | |||||||||
| Heikki Rinne |
$396,125 | $0 | $396,125 | |||||||||
| Mark Robinson |
$364,375 | $0 | $364,375 | |||||||||
| Kate M. Fleming |
$316,750 | $0 | $316,750 | |||||||||
1 There were 20 operating separate series in the Trust as of the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.
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Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings
The Trust has adopted a policy regarding the disclosure of information about the Fund’s portfolio holdings. The Board of Trustees and/or Audit Committee must approve all material amendments to this policy. The Fund’s portfolio holdings will be disclosed daily in accordance with Rule 6c-11 under the 1940 Act. The Fund’s portfolio holdings are publicly disseminated each day the Fund is open for business through financial reporting and news services, including publicly accessible Internet websites. In addition, a basket composition file, which includes the security names and share quantities to deliver in exchange for Fund shares, together with estimates and actual cash components, is publicly disseminated each day the NYSE is open for trading via the National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”). The Fund’s portfolio holdings may be made available without delay to the Fund’s authorized participants, Sub-Advisor, market makers, custodian, Distributor, and other service providers or third parties who facilitate the creation of Fund baskets and the issuance and offering of Fund Shares. The Fund’s current portfolio holdings are also available on a daily basis at [insert website]. Nothing in the policy is intended to prevent the disclosure of portfolio holding information as may be required by applicable law. No compensation or other consideration may be received by the Advisor, the Fund or any affiliated party in regard to this disclosure. The Trust, the Advisor, Sub-Advisor and the Distributor will not disseminate non-public information concerning the Trust.
The Trust is required to disclose on a quarterly basis the complete schedule of the Fund’s portfolio holdings for each month in a fiscal quarter with the SEC on Form N-PORT within 60 days after the end of the relevant fiscal quarter. Portfolio holdings information for the third month on each fiscal quarter will be publicly available on the SEC’s website at https://www.sec.gov. The Fund’s complete schedule of portfolio holdings for the second and fourth quarters of each fiscal year is included in the semi-annual and annual financial statements and other information provided to shareholders, respectively, and is filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR. A semi-annual and annual financial statements and other information provided for the Fund will become available to investors within 60 days after the period to which it relates. The Fund’s Forms N-PORT and Forms N-CSR are available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act is designed to prevent abuses that could occur as a result of conflicts of interest arising out of personal trading by persons involved with or with access to information about a Fund’s investment activities. The Fund, the Advisor, Sub-Advisor and ALPs Distributor, Inc. (“ADI” or the “Distributor”) have each adopted a Code of Ethics regarding personal investing by their personnel pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. The Codes of Ethics each require personnel who are “access persons” of any Fund within the meaning of Rule 17j-1 to comply with the respective Code of Ethics adopted pursuant to Rule17j-1, subject to sanctions by the Advisor, Sub-Advisor and Distributor, as applicable, in the event of non-compliance.
The Codes of Ethics place certain restrictions on the trading activities of its access persons. Under the Advisor’s Code, access persons (with the exception of the Fund’s Trustees) are required to pre-clear with the Compliance department each personal transaction in a non-exempt security. The Advisor’s Code of Ethics generally prohibits personnel from investing in securities that may be purchased by the Fund, however, it does permit personnel subject to the Code of Ethics in limited circumstances to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund. The pre-clearance process is designed to prevent transactions that conflict with interests of the Wasatch Funds. Access persons under the Advisor’s Code of Ethics are also required to report their non-exempt personal securities transactions on a quarterly basis.
Under the Code of Ethics of the Sub-Advisor and Distributor, the personnel may invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund. Under this Code of Ethics, investment persons (i.e., access persons who make investment decisions for ALPs Advisor or clients) also must request and receive pre-clearance prior to engaging in the purchase or sale of a Covered Security (as defined therein), subject to certain exemptions.
The Trust’s and the Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures are attached as Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust on behalf of each of its series (except the Small/Mid Cap ETF, the Wasatch Global Small Cap Value Fund and the Wasatch International Small Cap Value Fund) has filed with the SEC each series voting records on Form N-PX for the 12-month period ended June 30, 2025. Form N-PX must be filed by the Trust on behalf of its series each year by August
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31. Once filed, the most recent Form N-PX will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 800.551.1700 or visiting the Trust’s website at wasatchglobal.com or the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
As of the date of this SAI, the Advisor owned all of the outstanding shares of the Fund. As a result, as of such date the Advisor owned a controlling interest in the Fund, and shareholders with a controlling interest could affect the outcome of proxy voting or the direction of management of the Fund. As of the date of this SAI, the Trustees and Officers owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Fund.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
As described above and in the Prospectus, the Advisor is responsible for making investment decisions and providing services for Wasatch Funds under an advisory and service contract (the “Advisory and Service Contract”) with the Trust on behalf of the respective Funds. The Advisor, organized in September 1975, has been in the business of investment management since November 1975, and had total assets under management, including the assets of the Funds, of approximately $23.28 billion as of December 31, 2025. In January 2023, the Advisor underwent a corporate restructuring. Under the new structure Wasatch Advisors, Inc. converted into Wasatch Advisors LP. Wasatch Advisor Holdings, LP was created to act as a holding company of the Advisor. In turn, the holding company is 100% owned by the employees of the Advisor through two separate entities, Wasatch Employee Partners, LP and WA Holdings, Inc. Each of the foregoing limited partnership entities has a common general partner, Wasatch GP LLC, which is indirectly owned and controlled by employees of the Advisor. The new structure was implemented to provide tax efficiency and flexibility to the Advisor in administering its employee equity program.
Michael K. Yeates is President of the Trust and an Officer and Director of the Advisor. The principal executive officers and directors of the Advisor are: Michael K. Yeates, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Director, and Daniel D. Thurber, General Counsel, Vice President, Secretary, and Chief Compliance Officer.
Under the Advisory and Service Contract, the Fund pays the Advisor a monthly fee computed on average daily net assets as set forth below.
| Fund | Annual Rate | |||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
[0.75]% |
The Advisor provides an investment program for, and carries out the investment policy and manages the portfolio assets of, the Fund and administers its affairs to the extent requested by and subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees. The Advisor is authorized, subject to the control of the Board of Trustees of the Trust, to determine the selection, quantity and time to buy or sell securities for the Fund. In addition to providing investment services, the Advisor pays for office space and facilities for the Trust.
The Advisor and the Fund have adopted a unitary fee structure for the Fund. During the term of the Advisory and Service Contract, the Advisor will pay all of the expenses of the Fund (including the cost of transfer agency, sub-advisory, custody, fund administration, legal, audit and other services and license fees, if any) but excluding (a) the fee payment under the Advisory and Service Contract, (b) fees and expenses incurred in borrowing securities and selling portfolio securities short including enhanced custody fees (which include borrowing costs, financing fees and other charges paid in connection with borrowing the security to be sold short, and maintaining related margin collateral) and dividend expense on short sales/interest expenses, (c) acquired fund fees and expenses, (d) interest, [(e) liquidity program service fees], (f) taxes, (g) brokerage commissions and other investment-related costs, (h) distribution and service fees payable pursuant to a Rule 12b-1 plan (if any), (i) proxy and shareholder meeting expenses, including proxy solicitation expenses (except for proxies caused by the Advisor or the Sub-Advisor, such as a change of control of the Advisor or Sub-Advisor as determined by a majority of the Independent Trustees), (j) litigation expenses (including in connection with any arbitration, litigation, or pending or threatened arbitration or litigation, including any settlements in connection therewith) and (k) any extraordinary expenses
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and other expenses not incurred in the ordinary course of business (as determined by a majority of the Independent Trustees of the Trust).
The Advisory and Service Contract will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act and rules and regulations thereunder). In addition, the Advisory and Service Contract is terminable at any time, without penalty, by the Board of Trustees or by a vote of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities on 60 days’ written notice to the Advisor, or by the Advisor upon 60 days’ written notice to the other party. The Advisory and Service Contract shall continue in effect for an initial period as set forth in the agreement for the Fund and thereafter year to year only so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually in the manner required by the 1940 Act (after taking into effect any exemptive order, no-action assurances, or other relief, rule or regulation upon which the Trust may rely). Under the 1940 Act, the initial period of an advisory agreement may be up to two years from the date of execution.
The Advisor has engaged ALPS Advisors, Inc. (the Sub-Advisor) to serve as investment Sub-Advisor to the Fund pursuant to an investment sub-advisory agreement (the “Sub-Advisory Agreement”). [The Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustee, has approved the Sub-Advisory Agreement.] The Sub-Advisor will coordinate the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund, in accordance with the terms of this Sub-Advisory Agreement and subject to the direction and supervision of the Advisor and Board. In this regard, ALPS Advisors is responsible for, among other things, handling the day-to-day management of the Fund’s trading process (including the creation and/or redemption basket processing). The Sub-Advisor is a registered investment adviser with its offices at 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203. The Sub-Advisor is an indirect subsidiary of SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. As compensation for its services, the Advisor has agreed to pay the Sub-Advisor an annual sub-advisory fee based upon the Fund’s average daily net assets, payable monthly, subject to a minimum fee as follows:
| Description |
Fees | |
| Minimum Fee |
$35,000 per year | |
| Asset Based Fee |
||
| First $250 million of Fund’s AUM |
3 basis points | |
| Next $250 million of Fund’s AUM |
2 basis points | |
| Fund AUM above $500 million |
1 basis point |
In addition, the Advisor shall be responsible for extraordinary expenses incurred by the Sub-Advisor in connection with the performance of its duties hereunder, including, without limitation, expenses incurred with respect to proxy voting execution if directed to engage in such voting by the Advisor pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, advice and reporting, provided that, any specific expenses or related out-of-expenses that exceed $1,000 must be pre-approved by the Investment Adviser. The Advisor is responsible for paying the entire amount of the Sub-Advisor’s sub-advisory fee. The Fund does not directly pay the Sub-Advisor. The Sub-Advisory Agreement shall continue in effect for an initial period as set forth in the agreement for the Fund and thereafter year to year only so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually in the manner required by the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder (after taking into effect any exemptive order, no-action assurances or other relief, rule or regulation upon which the Fund may rely) . Under the 1940 Act, the initial period of an advisory agreement may be up to two years from the date of execution. The Sub-Advisory Agreement may also be terminated with respect to the Fund at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by a vote of the majority of the Trustees, by the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or the Advisor on sixty (60) days’ written notice to the Sub-Advisor, and the Advisor as appropriate. In addition, the Agreement may be terminated with respect to the Fund by the Sub-Advisor upon sixty (60) days’ written notice to the Advisor. The Sub-Advisory Agreement will automatically terminate, without the payment of any penalty in the event the Advisory and Service Contract terminates, is assigned or is not renewed and upon the Sub-Advisory Agreement’s assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act).
The Advisor has applied for an exemptive order with the SEC pursuant to which the Advisor will have the authority to select sub-advisors, replace sub-advisors and amend sub-advisory agreements without shareholder approval, subject to oversight of the Board of Trustees (the “Manager-of-Managers Order”). If granted, the Fund will operate under the manager-of-managers structure in reliance of the order. Under the Manager-of-Managers Order, shareholders will be notified within 90 days of the hiring of a new sub-advisor for any sub-advised fund relying on the exemptive order.
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The Trust has entered into an administration agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street” or the “Administrator”), 801 Pennsylvania Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri 64105, pursuant to which State Street provides administrative services to Wasatch Funds. Pursuant to an administration agreement effective March 31, 2010, as amended, the Administrator is responsible for (i) the general administrative duties associated with the day-to-day operations of Wasatch Funds; (ii) conducting relations with the custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel and other service providers; (iii) providing regulatory reporting; and (iv) providing necessary office space, equipment, personnel, compensation and facilities for handling the affairs of Wasatch Funds. In performing its duties and obligations under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator shall have no liability for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss or damage resulting from the negligence or nonperformance of its duties under the administration agreement unless solely caused by or resulting from the negligence or willful misconduct of the Administrator, its officers or employees. Such liability is limited to the total annual compensation earned by the Administrator with respect to the Fund and fees payable under the agreement for the Compensation Period as defined in the administrative agreement. As compensation for its services, the Administrator receives an annual fee based upon a percentage of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
Wasatch Funds has entered into an agreement with State Street pursuant to which State Street provides daily accounting services for the Trust. Under the agreement with State Street, the cost to the Fund is its allocable portion of the fee based upon Wasatch Funds’ assets computed daily and payable monthly, at the annual rate of 0.0140% and decreasing if the assets exceed $3.5 billion.
ALPS Distributors, Inc. (“ADI” or the “Distributor”), 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203, serves as the distributor of the Funds and principal underwriter of the Creation Units of the Fund. The Distributor has entered into a Distribution Agreement with the Trust pursuant to which it distributes Fund shares. Shares are continuously offered for sale by the Fund through the Distributor only in Creation Units, as described below under the heading “Creation and Redemption of Creation Units.” The Distributor is an affiliated person of the Sub-Advisor.
The Advisor may, from time to time and from its own resources, pay, defray or absorb costs relating to distribution, including payments out of its own resources to the Distributor, or to otherwise promote the sale of Shares. The Advisor’s available resources to make these payments include profits from advisory fees received from the Fund. The services the Advisor may pay for include, but are not limited to, advertising and attaining access to certain conferences and seminars, as well as being presented with the opportunity to address investors and industry professionals through speeches and written marketing materials. Since the inception of the Fund, there has been no underwriting commissions with respect to the sale of Fund shares, and the Distributor did not receive compensation on redemptions for the Fund for that period.
Aggregations. Shares of the Fund in less than Creation Units are not distributed by the Distributor. The Distributor will deliver the Prospectus and, upon request, this SAI to Authorized Participants purchasing Creation Units and will maintain records of both orders placed with it and confirmations of acceptance furnished by it. The Distributor is a broker-dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended the (“1934 Act”) and a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”).
The Distribution Agreement provides that it may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, on at least 60 days’ written notice by the Trust to the Distributor (i) by vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees; or (ii) by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act).
The Distributor may also enter into agreements with participants that utilize the facilities of the Depository Trust Company (the “DTC Participants”), which have international, operational, capabilities and place orders for Creation Units of the Fund’s shares. Participating Parties (as defined in “Procedures for Creation of Creation Units” below) shall be DTC Participants (as defined in “DTC Acts as Securities Depository for Fund Shares” below).
The only relationship that the Exchange has with the Advisor or the Distributor in connection with the Fund is that the Exchange lists the shares of the Fund pursuant to its listing agreement with the Trust. The Exchange is not responsible for
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and has not participated in the determination of pricing or the timing of the issuance or sale of the shares of the Fund or in the determination or calculation of the NAV of the Fund. The Exchange has no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Fund.
State Street also serves as the Funds’ transfer agent and dividend paying agent. As transfer agent, State Street will, among other things, manage accounts for Authorized Participants, process purchase and redemption orders of Creation Units, facilitate the processing and settlement of Creation units through clearing organizations, and keeps records of shareholder accounts and transactions.
State Street also serves as Wasatch Funds’ custodian of the assets of the Funds and is responsible for, among other things, safeguarding and controlling the Funds’ cash and securities. Wasatch Funds pays State Street a custodian fee based upon assets and transactions of the Trust.
Legal Counsel to Wasatch Funds and Independent Trustees
Chapman and Cutler LLP, 320 S. Canal Street, Chicago, IL 60606, acts as legal counsel to the Trust and its Independent Trustees and reviews certain legal matters for the Trust in connection with the shares offered by the Prospectus.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
[ ], is the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm. In this capacity the firm is responsible for auditing the financial statements of the Trust and reporting thereon. In addition to auditing services, [ ] also provides assistance on accounting, tax and related matters.
The Advisor may enter into service agreements with various financial intermediaries pursuant to which the financial intermediaries provide certain administrative services with respect to their customers who are beneficial owners of shares of the Funds. Pursuant to these service agreements, the Advisor compensates the financial intermediary for the administrative services provided, which compensation is usually based on the aggregate assets of their customers who are invested in the Funds.
The Advisor and/or its affiliates may make payments to broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks or other intermediaries (together, “intermediaries”) related to marketing activities and presentations, educational training programs, conferences, the development of technology platforms and reporting systems, data provision services, or their making Shares of the Fund and certain other Wasatch funds available to their customers generally and in certain investment programs. Such payments, which may be significant to the intermediary, are not made by the Fund. Rather, such payments are made by the Advisor and/or its affiliates from their own resources, which come directly or indirectly in part from fees paid by the Wasatch Funds’ complex. Payments of this type are sometimes referred to as revenue sharing payments. A financial intermediary may make decisions about which investment options it recommends or makes available, or the level of services provided, to its customers based on the payments it is eligible to receive. Therefore, such payments to an intermediary create conflicts of interest between the intermediary and its customers and may cause the intermediary to recommend the Fund or other Wasatch Funds over another investment.
As described in the Prospectus, the Fund is managed by a team of Advisor portfolio managers and analysts led by one or more portfolio managers. The Advisor portfolio managers select the investments for the Fund. These individuals may also have responsibility for the day-to-day management of accounts other than the Wasatch Funds. The Sub-Advisor portfolio managers are responsible for, among other things, handling the day-to-day management of the Fund’s trading process (including the creation and/or redemption basket processing). The trading decisions including the execution of the creation and redemption process and the rebalancing of the portfolio are made under the direction of the portfolio managers of the Sub-Advisor. The Sub-Advisor does not select investments for the Fund.
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Management of Other Accounts and Potential Conflicts of Interest
The following table lists the number and types of accounts managed by each portfolio manager and assets under management in those accounts as of [_____,2026].
Accounts Managed by Portfolio Managers1
| Registered Investment Company Accounts2 |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicle Accounts |
Other Accounts3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Portfolio Manager | Number of Accounts |
Assets Managed ($) |
Number of Accounts |
Assets Managed ($) |
Number of Accounts |
Assets Managed ($) |
||||||||||||||||||
| Wasatch Global Investors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub-Advisor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1If an account is managed by a team, the total number of accounts and assets have been allocated to each respective team member. Therefore, most accounts and assets have been counted two or more times.
2Includes each series of Wasatch Funds separately. None of the Wasatch Funds charges a performance-based fee.
3For the Advisor, other accounts would include, but are not limited to, individual and institutional accounts, pension and profit sharing plans, charitable organizations and state and municipal government entities. Wrap programs, advised by the Advisor, are represented as a single account. The number of accounts and the assets managed with performance-based fees are as follows:
| Other Accounts with Performance-Based Fees | ||||||||
| Portfolio Manager | Number of Accounts |
Assets Managed ($) | ||||||
| Wasatch Global Investors |
||||||||
|
Sub-Advisor |
||||||||
There may be certain inherent conflicts of interest that arise in connection with a portfolio manager’s management of the Fund’s investments and the investments of any other fund, client or proprietary accounts the Advisor, Sub-Advisor or the Fund’s individual team members, respectively, also manage. Such conflicts include allocation of investment opportunities among the Fund and other accounts managed by the respective Advisor, Sub-Advisor or the portfolio manager; the aggregation of purchase and sale orders believed to be in the best interest of more than one account managed by the Advisor, Sub-Advisor or the portfolio manager and the allocation of such orders across such accounts; and any soft dollar arrangements that the Advisor may have in place that could benefit the Fund and/or other accounts. Additionally, some Funds or accounts managed by a portfolio manager may have different fee structures, including performance fees, which are, or have the potential to be, higher or lower than the fees paid by another fund or account. To minimize the effects of these inherent conflicts of interest, the Advisor and Sub-Advisor has adopted and implemented policies and procedures, including trade aggregation and allocation procedures, that it believes are reasonably designed to mitigate the potential conflicts associated with managing portfolios for multiple clients, including the Fund, and seeks to ensure that no one client is intentionally favored at the expense of another. These policies and procedures are discussed in more detail under the section entitled “Brokerage Allocation and Other Practices” of this SAI.
Wasatch Global Investors—Portfolio Management Team Compensation
As of September 30, 2025, the Advisor’s Compensation Committee and Executive Committee reviewed and determined its portfolio managers’ compensation. The committees may use independent third party investment industry compensation survey results in evaluating competitive market compensation for its investment professionals. The committees may also consult with professional industry recruiters. The elements of total compensation for the portfolio managers are base salary,
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performance-based bonus, profit sharing and other benefits. The Advisor seeks to balance the components of compensation to provide portfolio managers with an incentive to focus on both shorter and longer term performance. By design, portfolio manager compensation levels fluctuate — both up and down — with the relative investment performance of the Funds they manage.
Each portfolio manager is paid a base salary, a potential bonus based on performance, potential deferred bonus grants based on performance and possibly stock dividends.
| | Base Salary. Each portfolio manager is paid a fixed base salary depending upon their tenure. |
| | Bonuses. A large portion of a portfolio manager’s potential compensation is in the form of bonus compensation, including a partner bonus, a research performance bonus, a team bonus, a subjective bonus, and profit sharing. At the end of the year, the Board of Directors of the Advisor will allocate a bonus pool that will loosely mirror firm revenues less operating expenses, stock buybacks and deferred compensation payouts. |
Portfolio managers are annually considered for a partner bonus that is calculated as a percentage of the total revenue of the firm. The size of the bonus is not linked to performance of a product or an employee’s equity ownership. Instead, each individual will be given a partner percentage which will be based on several factors including, among other things: experience, leadership, performance, process, products managed, etc.
In addition to partner bonuses, a large portion of a portfolio manager’s potential compensation may be in the form of a research performance bonus. The research performance bonus is based on pre-tax performance and is calculated based on the 1, 3, and 5-year pre-tax performance (equally weighted) of the applicable portfolios. The research performance bonus seeks to reward the portfolio managers with significant economics for achieving the top quartile performance relative to the performance of the applicable peer group over both the short and long term. Peer groups are utilized to evaluate performance. The size of the research performance bonus is also influenced by the total revenues of the team which manages the product (such as the domestic, international developed markets or emerging markets team). For portfolio managers who manage multiple products, the performance bonus may be weighted between multiple products (including Funds and separate accounts).
Aside from the research performance bonus, a portfolio manager may also earn a team bonus which provides each team member with the opportunity to earn a bonus based on the weighted-average performance of all products managed by their respective teams (generally divided primarily between the domestic and international research teams). The team bonus is based on the 1, 3 and 5-year performance (equally weighted) of the products managed by the team compared to applicable peer groups. The potential size of the bonus is influenced by the revenue of the Advisor.
At the discretion of the Board of Directors of the Advisor, additional bonuses may be awarded based upon subjective criteria (such as teamwork, communication, investment process, etc.). Subjective bonuses are generally paid to select individuals for strong performance but may be paid to individuals who have not earned a performance bonus based on peer performance, but whose fund may have performed well relative to its primary benchmark.
Bonus pool funds that are not allocated as either a partner bonus, a performance bonus, a team bonus or a subjective bonus will be allocated to employees via profit sharing. Profit sharing will be allocated similar to the partner bonus in that it will be based on experience, leadership, performance, process, products managed, etc.
| | Deferred Bonus Grants. Portfolio managers are also eligible for deferred bonus grants payable in six years from the date of the grant, with their value directly tied to the Advisor’s revenues. Each portfolio manager’s grant size will be based on individual performance factors similar to those used to determine the annual performance bonus. |
| | Stock/Dividends. Certain portfolio managers are shareholders of the Advisor and the Advisor’s Board of Directors may grant additional or new stock of the Advisor to portfolio managers. The relative amount of stock |
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| owned by a portfolio manager is at the discretion of the Advisor’s Board and will evolve over time, with bigger long-term contributors holding higher levels of ownership. The grants of Advisor stock provided to portfolio managers vest over time (which may range from immediately to over seven years) based upon, among other things, the tenure of the portfolio manager at the time of issuance. |
It is possible that certain profits of the Advisor could be paid out to shareholders through a stock dividend. However, there are no current plans or expectations for such a dividend.
Research Analysts
Research analysts are similarly paid through a mix of base salary, a potential bonus based on performance, potential deferred bonus grants based on performance, and possibly stock/dividends.
Since analysts do not manage a specific portfolio, their performance is primarily determined by the contributions of their stock picks to the Wasatch Funds and accounts separately managed by Wasatch Advisors. There is a small subjective component which is based on how each analyst has helped the research team succeed, and their contributions to the investment process & collaborative culture.
| | Other Benefits. Portfolio managers are also eligible to participate in broad-based benefit plans offered generally to the Advisor’s full-time employees, including 401(k), health and other employee benefit plans. |
Sub-Advisor—Portfolio Management Team Compensation
Ryan Mischker and Charles Perkins are paid a base salary, plus a discretionary bonus. The bonus for Ryan Mischker is determined by the business unit’s revenue and profitability as well as contribution to the business unit. The bonuses for Ryan Mischker and Charles Perkins are discretionary and not based specifically on portfolio performance.
Portfolio Managers Fund Ownership
As of the date of this SAI, the portfolio managers owned shares of the Fund as set forth in the table below. The following are the ranges: none, $1-$10,000, $10,001-$50,000, $50,001-$100,000, $100,001-$500,000, $500,001-$1,000,000, or over $1,000,000.
| Name of Portfolio Manager | Name of Fund | Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Fund | ||
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
The brokerage practices of the Advisor and Sub-Advisor are monitored quarterly by the Board of Trustees including the Independent Trustees of the Trust. The Advisor is responsible for the management of the Fund and has delegated trade execution responsibilities to the Sub-Advisor. Pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the Sub-Advisor is authorized to place orders for the purchase and sale of securities for the Fund with or through such brokers, dealers or banks as the Sub-Advisor may select.
The Sub-Advisor is responsible for selecting the broker or dealer to execute transactions for the Funds and for negotiating and determining any commission rates to be paid for such transactions. The Sub-Advisor is also responsible for the placement of transaction orders for other investment companies and accounts for which it or its affiliates act as investment adviser or investment sub-adviser. Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”) permits an investment advisor, under certain circumstances, to cause an account to pay a broker or dealer who supplies brokerage and research services a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction (“Best Execution”). Best Execution is generally understood to mean the most favorable cost or net proceeds reasonably obtainable under the circumstances. The Sub-Advisor owes a
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fiduciary duty to its clients to seek to provide Best Execution on trades effected. In selecting a broker/dealer for each specific transaction, the Sub-Advisor chooses the broker/dealer deemed most capable of providing the services necessary to obtain the most favorable execution. The full range of brokerage services applicable to a particular transaction may be considered when making this judgment, which may include, but is not limited to: liquidity, price, commission, timing, aggregated trades, capable floor brokers or traders, competent block trading coverage, ability to position, capital strength and stability, reliable and accurate communications and settlement processing, use of automation, knowledge of other buyers or sellers, arbitrage skills, administrative ability, underwriting and provision of information on a particular security or market in which the transaction is to occur. The specific criteria will vary depending upon the nature of the transaction, the market in which it is executed, and the extent to which it is possible to select from among multiple broker/dealers. The Sub-Advisor will also use electronic crossing networks (“ECNs”) when appropriate.
Subject to the foregoing policies, brokers or dealers selected to execute the Fund’s portfolio transactions may include the Fund’s Authorized Participants or their affiliates. An Authorized Participant or its affiliates may be selected to execute the Fund’s portfolio transactions in conjunction with an all-cash creation unit order or an order including “cash-in-lieu” so long as such selection is in keeping with the foregoing policies. The Fund may determine to not charge a variable fee on certain orders when the Sub-Advisor has determined that doing so is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, e.g., for creation orders that facilitate the rebalance of the Fund’s portfolio in a more tax efficient manner than could be achieved without such order, even if the decision to not charge a variable fee could be viewed as benefiting the Authorized Participant or its affiliate selected to executed the Fund’s portfolio transactions in connection with such orders.
The Fund may deal with affiliates in principal transactions to the extent permitted by exemptive order or applicable rule or regulation. The Sub-Advisor is responsible, subject to oversight by the Board and the Advisor, for placing orders on behalf of the Fund for the purchase or sale of portfolio securities. If purchases or sales of portfolio securities of the Fund and one or more other investment companies or clients supervised by the Sub-Advisor are considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities are allocated among the several investment companies and clients in a manner deemed equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to all by the Sub-Advisor. In some cases, this procedure could have a detrimental effect on the price or volume of the security so far as the Fund is concerned. However, in other cases, it is possible that the ability to participate in volume transactions and to negotiate lower brokerage commissions will be beneficial to the Fund.
In certain instances, the Sub-Advisor may find it efficient for purposes of seeking to obtain Best Execution, to aggregate or “bunch” certain contemporaneous purchases or sale orders of its advisory accounts and advisory accounts of affiliates. In general, all contemporaneous trades for client accounts under management by the same portfolio manager or investment team will be bunched in a single order if the trader believes the bunched trade would provide each client with an opportunity to achieve a more favorable execution at a potentially lower execution cost. The costs associated with a bunched order will be shared pro rata among the clients in the bunched order. Generally, if an order for a particular portfolio manager or management team is filled at several different prices through multiple trades, all accounts participating in the order will receive the average price (except in the case of certain international markets where average pricing is not permitted). While in some cases this practice could have a detrimental effect upon the price or value of the security as far as the Fund are concerned, in other cases it could be beneficial to the Fund. Transactions effected by Sub-Advisor or the other affiliates on behalf of more than one of its clients during the same period may increase the demand for securities being purchased or the supply of securities being sold, causing an adverse effect on price. The trader will give the bunched order to the broker-dealer that the trader has identified as being able to provide the best execution of the order. Orders for purchase or sale of securities will be placed within a reasonable amount of time of the order receipt and bunched orders will be kept bunched only long enough to execute the order. The primary consideration is prompt execution of orders at the most favorable net price.
The Sub-Advisor may deal, trade and invest for its own account in the types of securities in which the Fund may invest.
The Fund may acquire securities or its regular broker-dealers or the parent of its regular broker-dealers. As of the date of this SAI, the Fund did not own securities of its regular broker-dealers or a parent of its regular broker-dealers.
The Fund may deal with affiliates in principal transactions to the extent permitted by exemptive order, or applicable rule or regulation.
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From time to time, the Advisor is given the opportunity to purchase an allocation of shares in an initial public offering (“IPO”). These allocations may be offered to the Advisor in part as a result of its past usage of various brokerage firms or previous private investments. If the aggregate order is partially filled, the Advisor will generally allocate securities purchased in these offerings to the accounts the Advisor manages (including the Fund) within the designated investment style(s) for which the security is best suited using a pro-rata or other method believed equitable by it, unless the total allocation to the Advisor or a particular investment style is de minimis. The Fund also expects that securities will be purchased at times in underwritten offerings (such as IPOs) where the price includes a fixed amount of compensation, usually referred to as the underwriter’s concessions or discount. On occasion, purchases may also be made from the issuers.
Purchases and sales of fixed income securities will usually be principal transactions. Such securities are often purchased or sold from or to dealers serving as market makers for the securities at a net price. Generally, fixed income securities are traded on a net basis and do not involve brokerage commissions. The cost of executing fixed income securities transactions with dealers consists primarily of dealer spreads (i.e., a spread between the bid and asked prices). On occasion, purchases may also be made from the issuers. Purchases of new issues from underwriters of securities typically include a commission or concession paid by the issuer to the underwriter.
The Fund has adopted a plan (the “Plan”) pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act. Rule 12b-1 provides, in substance, that an open-end management investment company may not engage directly or indirectly in financing any activity which is primarily intended to result in the sale of shares, except pursuant to a plan adopted under the rule. The Plan authorizes the Fund to pay up to 0.25% of its average daily net assets in distribution fees to the Distributor. However, no distribution fees are currently charged to the Fund; there are no plans to impose distribution fees, and no such fees will be charged for at least twelve months from the date of this prospectus. Additionally, the implementation of any such fees would require approval by the Board of Trustees prior to implementation.
The Plan may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by a vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities. The Plan may be renewed from year to year if approved by a vote of the Board and a vote of the Independent Trustees who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on the Plan. The Plan may be continued only if the trustees who vote to approve such continuance conclude, in the exercise of reasonable business judgment and in light of their fiduciary duties under applicable law, that there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plan will benefit the Fund and its shareholders. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the cost which shares may bear under the Plan without approval of shareholders, and any other material amendments of the Plan must be approved by the Independent Trustees by a vote case in person at a meeting called for the purpose of considering such amendments. During the continuance of the Plan, the selection and nomination of the Independent Trustees of the Trust will be committed to the discretion of the Independent Trustees then in office.
The following information supplements and should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus.
DTC Acts as Securities Depository for Fund Shares
Shares of the Fund are represented by securities registered in the name of The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) or its nominee, Cede & Co., and deposited with, or on behalf of, DTC.
DTC, a limited-purpose trust company, was created in 1973 to enable electronic movement of securities between its participants (“DTC Participants”), and National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”) was established in 1976 to provide a single settlement system for securities clearing and to serve as central counterparty for securities trades among DTC Participants. In 1999, DTC and NSCC were consolidated within The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”) and became wholly-owned subsidiaries of DTCC. The common stock of DTCC is owned by the DTC Participants, but the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and FINRA, through subsidiaries, hold preferred shares in DTCC that provide them with the right to elect one member each to the DTCC board of directors. Access to the DTC system is
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available to entities, such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies, that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or indirectly (“Indirect Participants”).
Beneficial ownership of shares is limited to DTC Participants, Indirect Participants and persons holding interests through DTC Participants and Indirect Participants. Ownership of beneficial interests in shares (owners of such beneficial interests are referred to herein as “Beneficial Owners”) is shown on, and the transfer of ownership is effected only through, records maintained by DTC (with respect to DTC Participants) and on the records of DTC Participants (with respect to Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners that are not DTC Participants). Beneficial Owners will receive from or through the DTC Participant a written confirmation relating to their purchase and sale of shares.
Conveyance of all notices, statements and other communications to Beneficial Owners is effected as follows. Pursuant to a letter agreement between DTC and the Trust, DTC is required to make available to the Trust upon request and for a fee to be charged to the Trust a listing of the shares of the Fund held by each DTC Participant. The Trust shall inquire of each such DTC Participant as to the number of Beneficial Owners holding shares, directly or indirectly, through such DTC Participant. The Trust shall provide each such DTC Participant with copies of such notice, statement or other communication, in such form, number and at such place as such DTC Participant may reasonably request, in order that such notice, statement or communication may be transmitted by such DTC Participant, directly or indirectly, to such Beneficial Owners. In addition, the Trust shall pay to each such DTC Participants a fair and reasonable amount as reimbursement for the expenses attendant to such transmittal, all subject to applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
Fund distributions shall be made to DTC or its nominee, Cede & Co., as the registered holder of Shares of the Fund. DTC or its nominee, upon receipt of any such distributions, shall immediately credit DTC Participants’ accounts with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in shares of the Fund as shown on the records of DTC or its nominee. Payments by DTC Participants to Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners of shares held through such DTC Participants will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in a “street name,” and will be the responsibility of such DTC Participants.
The Trust has no responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to or notices to Beneficial Owners, or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in such shares, or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to such beneficial ownership interests, or for any other aspect of the relationship between DTC and the DTC Participants or the relationship between such DTC Participants and the Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners owning through such DTC Participants.
DTC may decide to discontinue providing its service with respect to Shares of the Fund at any time by giving reasonable notice to the Trust and discharging its responsibilities with respect thereto under applicable law. Under such circumstances, the Trust shall take action to find a replacement for DTC to perform its functions at a comparable cost.
CREATION AND REDEMPTION OF CREATION UNITS
ETFs, such as the Fund, generally issue and redeem their shares in primary market transactions through a creation and redemption mechanism and do not sell or redeem individual shares. Instead, financial entities, known as “Authorized Participants,” have contractual arrangements with an ETF or one of the ETF’s service providers to purchase and redeem ETF shares directly with the ETF in large blocks of shares known as “Creation Units.” Prior to start of trading on each business day, an ETF publishes through the NSCC the “basket” of securities, cash or other assets that it will accept in exchange for a Creation Unit of the ETF’s shares. An Authorized Participant that wishes to effectuate a creation of an ETF’s shares deposits with the ETF the “basket” of securities, cash or other assets identified by the ETF that day, and then receives the Creation Unit of the ETF’s shares in return for those assets. After purchasing a Creation Unit, the Authorized Participant may continue to hold the ETF’s shares or sell them in the secondary market. The redemption process is the reverse of the purchase process: the authorized participant redeems a Creation Unit of ETF shares for a basket of securities, cash or other assets. The combination of the creation and redemption process with secondary market trading in ETF shares and underlying securities provides arbitrage opportunities that are designed to help keep the market price of ETF shares at or close to the NAV per share of the ETF.
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An “Authorized Participant” is a member or participant of a clearing agency registered with the SEC that has a written agreement with the Fund or one of its service providers that allows the Authorized Participant to place orders for the purchase or redemption of Creation Units (a “Participant Agreement”). Orders to purchase Creation Units must be delivered through an Authorized Participant that has executed a Participant Agreement and must comply with the applicable provisions of such Participant Agreement. Investors wishing to purchase or sell shares generally do so on an exchange. Institutional investors other than Authorized Participants are responsible for making arrangements for a redemption request to be made through an Authorized Participant.
A “Business Day” is generally any day on which the NYSE, the Exchange and the Trust are open for business. As of the date of this SAI, the NYSE observes the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The Business Day on which an order to purchase or redeem Creation Units is received in proper form is referred to as the “Transmittal Date.”
Basket Composition and Custom Baskets. Rule 6c-11(c)(3) under of the 1940 Act requires an ETF relying on the exemptions offered by Rule 6c-11 to adopt and implement written policies and procedures governing the construction of baskets and the process that the ETF will use for the acceptance of baskets. In general, in connection with the construction and acceptance of baskets, the Advisor may consider various factors, including, but not limited to: (1) whether the securities, assets and other positions comprising a basket are consistent with the ETF’s investment objective(s), policies and disclosure; (2) whether the securities, assets and other positions can legally and readily be acquired, transferred and held by the ETF and/or Authorized Participant(s), as applicable; (3) whether to utilize cash, either in lieu of securities or other instruments or as a cash balancing amount; and (4) in the case of an ETF that tracks an index, whether the securities, assets and other positions aid index tracking.
The Fund may utilize a pro-rata basket or a custom basket in reliance on Rule 6c-11. A “pro-rata basket” is a basket that is a pro rata representation of the ETF’s portfolio holdings, except for minor deviations when it is not operationally feasible to include a particular instrument within the basket, except to the extent that the Fund utilized different baskets in transactions on the same Business Day.
Rule 6c-11 defines “custom baskets” to include two categories of baskets. First, a basket containing a non-representative selection of the ETF’s portfolio holdings would constitute a custom basket. These types of custom baskets include, but are not limited to, baskets that do not reflect: (i) a pro rata representation of the Fund’s portfolio holdings; (ii) a representative sampling of an ETF’s portfolio holdings; or (iii) changes due to a rebalancing or reconstitution of an ETF’s securities market index, if applicable. Second, if different baskets are used in transactions on the same Business Day, each basket after the initial basket would constitute a custom basket. For example, if an ETF exchanges a basket with either the same or another Authorized Participant that reflects a representative sampling that differs from the initial basket, that basket (and any such subsequent baskets) would be a custom basket. Similarly, if an ETF substitutes cash in lieu of a portion of basket assets for a single Authorized Participant, that basket would be a custom basket.
Under a variety of circumstances, an ETF and its shareholders may benefit from the flexibility afforded by custom baskets. In general terms, the use of custom baskets may reduce costs, increase efficiency and improve trading. Because utilizing custom baskets provides a way for an ETF to add, remove and re-weight portfolio securities without transacting in the market, it may help the ETF to avoid transaction costs and adverse tax consequences. Rule 6c-11 provides an ETF with flexibility to use “custom baskets” if the ETF has adopted written policies and procedures that: (1) set forth detailed parameters for the construction and acceptance of custom baskets that are in the best interests of the ETF and its shareholders, including the process for any revisions to, or deviations from, those parameters; and (2) specify the titles or roles of employees of the ETF’s investment adviser who are required to review each custom basket for compliance with those parameters.
The use of baskets that do not correspond to pro rata to an ETF’s portfolio holdings has historically created concern that an Authorized Participant could take advantage of its relationship with an ETF and pressure the ETF to construct a basket that favors an Authorized Participant to the detriment of the ETF’s shareholders. For example, because ETFs rely on Authorized Participants to maintain the secondary market by promoting an effective arbitrage mechanism, an Authorized Participant holding less liquid or less desirable securities potentially could pressure an ETF into accepting those securities in its basket in exchange for liquid ETF shares (i.e., dumping). An Authorized Participant also could pressure the ETF into including in
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its basket certain desirable securities in exchange for ETF shares tendered for redemption (i.e., cherry-picking). In either case, the ETF’s other investors would be disadvantaged and would be left holding shares of an ETF with a less liquid or less desirable portfolio of securities. The Fund has adopted policies and procedures designed to mitigate these concerns but there is ultimately no guarantee that such policies and procedures will be effective.
Basket Dissemination. Basket files are published for consumption through the NSCC, a subsidiary of Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation, and can be utilized for pricing, creations, redemptions, rebalancing and custom scenarios. In most instances, pro rata baskets are calculated and supplied by the ETF’s custodial bank based on ETF holdings, whereas non-pro rata, custom and forward-looking pro rata baskets are calculated by a fund’s investment adviser and disseminated by the ETF’s custodial bank through the NSCC process. Prior to the opening of business of the Exchange (currently 9:30 a.m., Eastern Time), the Fund publishes this information for the day subject to correction of any errors) and is made available through the NSCC to effectuate creations or redemptions of Creation Units of the Fund until the next list is announced on the next Business Day.
Placement of Creation or Redemption Orders. All orders to purchase or redeem Creation Units are to be governed according to the applicable Participant Agreement that each Authorized Participant has executed. In general, all orders to purchase or redeem Creation Units must be received by the transfer agent in the proper form required by the Participant Agreement no later than the closing time of the regular trading session of the NYSE (ordinarily 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) on each day the NYSE is open for business (the “Closing Time”) in order for the purchase or redemption of Creation Units to be effected based on the NAV of shares of the Fund as next determined on such date after receipt of the order in proper form. At its discretion, the Fund may also require an Authorized Participant to submit orders to purchase or redeem Creation Units be placed earlier in the day (such as instances where an applicable market for a security comprising a creation or redemption basket closes earlier than usual).
All orders from investors who are not Authorized Participants to create Creation Units shall be placed with an Authorized Participant, in the form required by such Authorized Participant. In addition, the Authorized Participant may request the investor to make certain representations or enter into agreements with respect to the order, e.g., to provide for payments of cash, when required. Investors should be aware that their particular broker may not have executed a Participant Agreement and that, therefore, orders to create Creation Units of the Fund have to be placed by the investor’s broker through an Authorized Participant that has executed a Participant Agreement. In such cases there may be additional charges to such investor. At any given time, there may be only a limited number of broker-dealers that have executed a Participant Agreement. Those persons placing orders should ascertain the deadlines applicable to DTC and the Federal Reserve Bank wire system by contacting the operations department of the broker or depository institution effectuating such transfer of Deposit Instruments (as defined below) and Cash Component (as defined below). Those placing orders for Creation Units through the Clearing Process should afford sufficient time to permit proper submission of the order to the Distributor prior to the end of the Order Window. Order for Creation Units that are effected outside of the Clearing Process are likely to require transmittal by the DTC Participant earlier on the Transmittal Date than orders effected using the Clearing Process. The delivery of Creation Units created through the Clearing Process will occur no later than the first Business Day following the Transmittal Date (T+1).
A “Deposit Instrument” (an in-kind deposit of a designated portfolio of securities and other instruments) must be delivered to the Trust through DTC or NSCC, and Deposit Instruments which are non-U.S. securities, if applicable, must be delivered to an account maintained at the applicable local subcustodian of the Trust on or before the International Contractual Settlement Date, as defined below. If a Deposit Security is an ADR or similar domestic instrument, it may be delivered to the Custodian. Deposit Instruments must be delivered to the Fund through the applicable processes set forth in the Participant Agreement.
Beneficial Owners of the Fund’s shares may sell their shares in the secondary market, but must accumulate enough shares to constitute a Creation Unit to redeem through the Fund. The Fund will not redeem shares in amounts less than Creation Units and there can be no assurance that there will be sufficient liquidity in the public trading market at any time to permit assembly of a Creation Unit. Investors should expect to incur customary brokerage and other costs in connection with assembling a sufficient number of the Fund’s shares to constitute a redeemable Creation Unit. Redemption requests must be placed by or through an Authorized Participant. Creation Units will be redeemable at their NAV per Creation Unit next determined after receipt of a request for redemption by the Fund.
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In connection with taking delivery of shares of non-U.S. Fund Securities, if applicable, upon redemption of shares of the Fund, a redeeming Beneficial Owner, or Authorized Participant acting on behalf of such Beneficial Owner, must maintain appropriate security arrangements with a qualified broker-dealer, bank or other custody provider in each jurisdiction in which any of the Fund Securities are customarily traded, to which account the Fund Securities will be delivered.
To the extent contemplated by an Authorized Participant’s agreement, in the event the Authorized Participant has submitted a redemption request in proper form but is unable to transfer all or part of the Creation Unit to be redeemed to the Fund’s transfer agent, the transfer agent will nonetheless accept the redemption request in reliance on the undertaking by the Authorized Participant to deliver the missing shares as soon as possible. Such undertaking shall be secured by the Authorized Participant’s delivery and maintenance of collateral consisting of cash having a value (marked to market daily) at least equal to 102% (105% for international securities), which the Advisor may change from time to time, of the value of the missing shares.
Purchase and Issuance of Creation Units. The consideration for purchase of a Creation Unit of shares of the Fund generally consists of Deposit Instruments and an amount of cash computed as described below (the “Cash Component” sometimes also referred to as the “Balancing Amount”). Together, the Deposit Instruments (and/or any cash with respect to cash purchases and cash-in-lieu amounts) and the Cash Component constitute the “Fund Deposit,” which represents the minimum initial and subsequent investment amount for a Creation Unit of the Fund. The Cash Component serves the function of compensating for any differences between the NAV per Creation Unit and the “Deposit Amount” (an amount equal to the aggregate market value of the Deposit Instruments and/or cash in lieu of all or a portion of the Deposit Instruments).
A Creation Unit will generally not be issued until the transfer of good title to the applicable Fund of the Deposit Instruments and the payment of the Cash Component, the Creation Transaction Fee (as discussed below) and any other required cash amounts have been completed. To the extent contemplated by the applicable Participant Agreement, Creation Units of the Fund will be issued to such Authorized Participant notwithstanding the fact that the corresponding Fund Deposits have not been received in part or in whole, in reliance on the undertaking of the Authorized Participant to deliver the missing Deposit Instruments as soon as possible, which undertaking shall be secured by such Authorized Participant’s delivery and maintenance of collateral consisting of cash in the form of U.S. dollars in immediately available funds having a value (marked to market daily) at least equal to 102% (105% for international securities) which Advisor may change from time to time of the value of the missing Deposit Instruments. Such cash collateral must be delivered no later than 2:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the contractual settlement date. The Participant Agreement will permit the Fund to use such collateral to buy the missing Deposit Instruments at any time and will subject the Authorized Participant to liability for any shortfall between the cost to the applicable Fund of purchasing such securities and the value of the collateral.
Delivery of Redemption Proceeds. Deliveries of securities to Authorized Participants in connection with redemption orders are generally expected to be made within one Business Day. Due to the schedule of holidays in certain countries, however, the delivery of in-kind redemption proceeds for the Fund may take longer than one Business Day after the day on which the redemption request is received in proper form. Section 22(e) of the 1940 Act generally prohibits a registered open-end management investment company from postponing the date of satisfaction of redemption requests for more than seven days after the tender of a security for redemption. This prohibition can cause operational difficulties for ETFs that hold foreign investments and exchange in-kind baskets for Creation Units. For example, local market delivery cycles for transferring foreign investments to redeeming investors, together with local market holiday schedules, can sometimes require a delivery process in excess of seven days. However, Rule 6c-11 grants relief from Section 22(e) to permit an ETF to delay satisfaction of a redemption request for more than seven days if a local market holiday, or series of consecutive holidays, or the extended delivery cycles for transferring foreign investments to redeeming Authorized Participants, or the combination thereof prevents timely delivery of the foreign investment included in the ETF’s basket. Under this exemption, an ETF must deliver foreign investments as soon as practicable, but in no event later than 15 days after the tender to the ETF. The exemption therefore will permit a delay only to the extent that additional time for settlement is actually required, when a local market holiday, or series of consecutive holidays, or the extended delivery cycles for transferring foreign investments to redeeming authorized participants prevents timely delivery of the foreign investment included in the ETF’s basket. If a foreign investment settles in less than 15 days, Rule 6c-11 requires an ETF to deliver it pursuant to the standard settlement time of the local market where the investment trades. Rule 6c-11 defines “foreign investment” as any security, asset or other position of the ETF issued by a foreign issuer (as defined by Rule 3b-4 under the 1934 Act), and that is traded on a trading market outside of the United States. This definition is not limited to “foreign securities,” but also includes other investments that
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may not be considered securities. Although these other investments may not be securities, they may present the same challenges for timely settlement as foreign securities if they are transferred in kind.
The redemption proceeds for a Creation Unit generally consist of the Deposit Instruments—as announced on the Business Day of the request for redemption received in proper form—plus or minus cash in an amount equal to the difference between the net asset value of the Fund shares (per Creation Unit) being redeemed, as next determined on the Transmittal Date after receipt of a request in proper form on the Submission Date, and the aggregate market value of the Deposit Instruments (the “Cash Redemption Amount”), less the applicable Redemption Transaction Fee (as described below) and, if applicable, any operational processing and brokerage costs, transfer fees or stamp taxes. In the event that the Deposit Instruments have an aggregate market value greater than the net asset value of the Fund’s shares (per Creation Unit), a compensating cash payment equal to the difference plus the applicable Redemption Transaction Fee and, if applicable, any operational processing and brokerage costs, transfer fees or stamp taxes, is required to be made by or through an Authorized Participant by the redeeming shareholder.
Creation and Redemption Orders Outside the Clearing Process. As described above, the Clearing Process is the process of creating or redeeming Creation Units through the Continuous Net Settlement System of the NSCC. Fund Deposits made outside the Clearing Process must be delivered through a DTC Participant that has executed a Participant Agreement with the Trust, the Distributor and the Administrator. A DTC Participant who wishes to place an order creating Creation Units to be effected outside the Clearing Process need not be a Participating Party, but such orders must state that the DTC Participant is not using the Clearing Process and that the creation of Creation Units will instead be effected through a transfer of securities and cash directly through DTC. The Fund Deposit transfer must be ordered by the DTC Participant on the Submission Date in a timely fashion so as to ensure the delivery of the requisite number of Deposit Securities through DTC to the account of the Trust by no later than 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, of the next Business Day immediately following the Transmittal Date. All questions as to the number of Deposit Instruments to be delivered, and the validity, form and eligibility (including time of receipt) for the deposit of any tendered securities, will be determined by the Trust, whose determination shall be final and binding. The cash equal to the Cash Component must be transferred directly to the Administrator through the Federal Reserve wire system in a timely manner so as to be received by the Administrator no later than 2:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the next Business Day immediately following the Transmittal Date. An order to create Creation Units outside the Clearing Process is deemed received by the Distributor on the Transmittal Date if (i) such order is received by the Distributor during the Order Window on the Submission Date; and (ii) all other procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement are properly followed. However, if the Administrator does not receive both the requisite Deposit Securities and the Cash Component by 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., respectively, on the next Business Day immediately following the Transmittal Date, such order will be cancelled. Upon written notice to the Distributor, such cancelled order may be resubmitted the following Business Day using the Fund Deposit as newly constituted to reflect the then current NAV of the Fund. The delivery of Creation Units so created will occur no later than the second Business Day following the Transmittal Date (T+1).
Creation Units may be created in advance of receipt by the Trust of all or a portion of the applicable Deposit Instruments as described below. In these circumstances, the initial deposit will have a value greater than the NAV of the shares on the Transmittal Date in proper form since in addition to available Deposit Instruments, cash must be deposited in an amount equal to the sum of (i) the Cash Component, plus (ii) 102% (105% for international securities) of the market value of the undelivered Deposit Securities (the “Additional Cash Deposit”). The order shall be deemed to be received on the Submission Date provided that the order is placed in proper form during the Order Window on such date and federal funds in the appropriate amount are deposited with the Administrator by 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on the Business Day following the Transmittal Date. If the order is not placed in proper form during the Order Window on the Submission Date or federal funds in the appropriate amount are not received by 11:00 a.m. on the Business Day following the Transmittal Date, then the order may be deemed to be rejected and the investor shall be liable to the Trust for losses, if any, resulting therefrom. An additional amount of cash shall be required to be deposited with the Trust, pending delivery of the missing Deposit Instruments to the extent necessary to maintain the Additional Cash Deposit with the Trust in an amount at least equal to 102% (105% for international securities) of the daily marked to market value of the missing Deposit Instruments. To the extent that missing Deposit Instruments are not received by 1:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the second Business Day following the Transmittal Date or in the event a mark to market payment is not made within one Business Day following notification by the Distributor that such a payment is required, the Trust may use the cash on deposit to purchase the missing Deposit Instruments. Authorized Participants will be liable to the Trust for the costs incurred by the Trust in connection with any such purchases. These costs will be deemed to include the amount by which the actual purchase price of the Deposit
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Instruments exceeds the market value of such Deposit Instruments on the Transmittal Date by the Distributor plus the brokerage and related transaction costs associated with such purchases. The Trust will return any unused portion of the Additional Cash Deposit once all of the missing Deposit Instruments have been properly received by the Administrator or purchased by the Trust and deposited into the Trust. In addition, a transaction fee will be charged in all cases. The delivery of Creation Units of the applicable Fund so created will occur no later than the second Business Day following the Transmittal Date. However, as discussed in the section below, the Fund reserves the right to settle Creation Unit transactions on a basis other than the second Business Day following the Transmittal Date to accommodate foreign market holiday schedules, to account for different treatment among foreign and U.S. markets of dividend record dates and ex-dividend dates (that is the last day the holder of a security can sell the security and still receive dividends payable on the security), and in certain other circumstances. The Authorized Participant shall be liable to the applicable Fund for losses, if any, resulting from unsettled orders.
Orders to redeem Creation Units outside the Clearing Process must be delivered through a DTC Participant that has executed the Participant Agreement. A DTC Participant who wishes to place an order for redemption of Creation Units to be effected outside the Clearing Process need not be a Participating Party, but such orders must state that the DTC Participant is not using the Clearing Process and that redemption of Creation Units will instead be effected through transfer of Shares directly through DTC. An order to redeem Creation Units outside the Clearing Process is deemed received by the Administrator on the Transmittal Date if (i) such order is received by the Administrator during the Order Window on the Submission Date; (ii) such order is accompanied or proceeded by the requisite number of shares of the applicable Fund and/or the Cash Redemption Amount specified in such order, which delivery must be made through DTC to the Administrator no later than 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., respectively, Eastern Time, on the next Business Day following the Transmittal Date (the “DTC Cut-Off-Time”); and (iii) all other procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement are properly followed.
After the Administrator has deemed an order for redemption outside the Clearing Process received, the Administrator will initiate procedures to transfer the requisite Fund Securities, which are expected to be delivered within two Business Days, and/or the Cash Redemption Amount to the Authorized Participant, on behalf of the redeeming Beneficial Owner, by the second Business Day following the Transmittal Date on which such redemption order is deemed received by the Administrator.
The calculation of the value of the Fund Securities and the Cash Redemption Amount to be delivered upon redemption will be made by the Administrator according to the Fund’s established evaluation procedures computed on the Transmittal Date. Therefore, if a redemption order in proper form is submitted to the Administrator by a DTC Participant during the Order Window on the Submission Date, and the requisite number of shares of the Fund are delivered to the custodian prior to the DTC Cut-Off-Time, then the value of the Fund Securities and/or the Cash Redemption Amount to be delivered will be determined by the Administrator on such Transmittal Date. If, however, a redemption order is submitted to the Administrator by a DTC Participant during the Order Window on the Submission Date, but either (1) the requisite number of shares of the Fund are not delivered by the DTC Cut-Off-Time as described above on the next Business Day following the Transmittal Date or (2) the redemption order is not submitted in proper form, then the redemption order will not be deemed received as of the Submission Date. In such case, the value of the Fund Securities and the Cash Redemption Amount to be delivered will be computed on the Business Day that such order is deemed received by the Administrator, i.e., the Business Day on which the shares of the Fund are delivered through DTC to the Administrator by the DTC Cut-Off-Time on such Business Day pursuant to a properly submitted redemption order.
If it is not possible to effect deliveries of the Fund Securities, the Trust may in its discretion exercise its option to redeem such shares in cash, and the redeeming Beneficial Owner will be required to receive its redemption proceeds in cash. In addition, an investor may request a redemption in cash which the Fund may, in its sole discretion, permit. In either case, the investor will receive a cash payment equal to the NAV of its Shares based on the NAV of shares of the Fund next determined on the Transmittal Date (minus a redemption transaction fee and additional charge for requested cash redemptions specified above, to offset the Trust’s brokerage and other transaction costs associated with the disposition of Fund Securities). The Fund may also, in its sole discretion, upon request of a shareholder, provide such redeemer a portfolio of securities which differs from the exact composition of the Fund Securities but does not differ in NAV.
Redemptions of shares for Fund Securities will be subject to compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws and the Fund (whether or not it otherwise permits cash redemptions) reserves the right to redeem Creation Units for cash to the extent that the Fund could not lawfully deliver specific Fund Securities upon redemptions or could not do so without
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first registering the Fund Securities under such laws. An Authorized Participant or an investor for which it is acting subject to a legal restriction with respect to a particular stock included in the Fund Securities applicable to the redemption of a Creation Unit may be paid an equivalent amount of cash. The Authorized Participant may request the redeeming Beneficial Owner of shares of the Fund to complete an order form or to enter into agreements with respect to such matters as compensating cash payment, beneficial ownership of Shares or delivery instructions. The Trust also reserves the right to offer an “all cash” option for redemptions of Creation Units for the Fund.
Creation Transaction Fees. The Fund imposes fees in connection with the purchase of Creation Units. These fees may vary based upon various facts-based circumstances, including, but not limited to, the composition of the securities included in the Creation Unit or the countries in which the transactions are settled. The price for each Creation Unit will equal the daily NAV per share of the Fund times the number of shares in a Creation Unit, plus the fees described above and, if applicable, any operational processing and brokerage costs, transfer fees, stamp taxes and part or all of the spread between the expected bid and offer side of the market related to the securities comprising the creation basket. The maximum creation transaction fee charged by the Fund in connection with purchases of Creation Units is detailed below. The creation transaction fee listed below for the Fund is current as of the date of this SAI and is subject to change. In addition to this fee, the Fund may also charge up to a 2% variable fee on the creation of Creation Units.
| Creation Transaction Fee
|
||||
| Fund |
Standard Creation Transaction Fee |
Maximum Additional Charge for Creations* | ||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
$150 | 2.00% |
*As a percentage of the NAV per Creation Unit.
Redemption Transaction Fees. The Fund imposes fees in connection with the redemption of Creation Units. These fees may vary based upon various facts-based circumstances, including, but not limited to, the composition of the securities included in the Creation Unit or the countries in which the transactions are settled. The price received for each Creation Unit will equal the daily NAV per share of the Fund times the number of shares in a Creation Unit, minus the fees described above and, if applicable, any operational processing and brokerage costs, transfer fees, stamp taxes and part or all of the spread between the expected bid and offer side of the market related to the securities comprising the redemption basket. Investors who use the services of a broker or other such intermediary in addition to an Authorized Participant to effect a redemption of a Creation Unit may also be assessed an amount to cover the cost of such services. The redemption fee charged by the Fund will comply with Rule 22c-2 of the 1940 Act which limits redemption fees to no more than 2% of the value of the shares redeemed. The maximum redemption transaction fee charged in connection with redemptions of Creation Units for the Fund is detailed below. The redemption transaction fee listed below for the Fund is current as of the date of this SAI and is subject to change. The Fund may charge up to a 2% variable fee on the redemption of Creation Units (inclusive of the standard redemption transaction fee).
| Redemption Transaction Fee
|
||||
| Fund |
Standard Redemption Transaction Fee |
Maximum Additional Charge for Redemptions* | ||
| Small/Mid Cap ETF |
$150 | 2.00% |
*As a percentage of the NAV per Creation Unit, inclusive in the case of redemptions, of the standard redemption transaction fee.
Suspension of Creations. The SEC has stated its position that an ETF generally may suspend the issuance of Creation Units only for a limited time and only due to extraordinary circumstances, such as when the markets on which the ETF’s portfolio holdings are traded are closed for a limited period of time. The SEC has also stated that an ETF could not set transaction fees so high as to effectively suspend the issuance of Creation Units. The Fund will accept all orders for Creation Units that are in good order. Circumstances under which the Fund may not accept a creation order include, but are not limited to: (i) the order is not in proper form; (ii) the purchaser or group of related purchasers, upon obtaining the Creation Units of
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Fund shares ordered, would own 80% or more of the currently outstanding shares of the Fund; (iii) the required consideration is not delivered; (iv) the acceptance of the Fund Deposit would, in the opinion of the Fund, be unlawful; or (v) there exist circumstances outside the control of the Fund that make it impossible to process orders of Creation Units for all practical purposes. Examples of such circumstances include: acts of God or public service or utility problems such as fires, floods, extreme weather conditions and power outages resulting in telephone, telecopy and computer failures; market conditions or activities causing trading halts; systems failures involving computer or other information systems affecting the Fund, the Advisor, the Distributor, DTC, NSCC, the transfer agent, the custodian, any sub-custodian or any other participant in the purchase process; and similar extraordinary events. The Transfer Agent shall notify a prospective creator of a Creation Unit and/or the Authorized Participant acting on behalf of such prospective creator of the rejection of the order of such person. The Trust, the Fund, the Transfer Agent, the custodian, any sub-custodian and the Distributor are under no duty, however, to give notification of any defects or irregularities in the delivery of Fund Deposits, nor shall any of them incur any liability for the failure to give any such notification.
Suspension of Redemptions. An ETF may suspend the redemption of Creation Units only in accordance with Section 22(e) of the 1940 Act. Section 22(e) stipulates that no registered investment company shall suspend the right of redemption, or postpone the date of payment or satisfaction upon redemption of any redeemable security in accordance with its terms for more than seven days after the tender of such security to the company or its agent designated for that purpose for redemption, except (1) for any period (A) during which the NYSE is closed other than customary week-end and holiday closings or (B) during which trading on the NYSE is restricted; (2) for any period during which an emergency exists as a result of which (A) disposal by the investment company of securities owned by it is not reasonably practicable or (B) it is not reasonably practicable for such company fairly to determine the value of its net assets; or (3) for such other periods as the SEC may by order permit for the protection of security holders of the investment company.
Exceptions to Use of Creation Units. Under Rule 6c-11 of the 1940 Act, ETFs are permitted to sell or redeem individual shares on the day of consummation of a reorganization, merger, conversion, or liquidation. In these limited circumstances, an ETF may need to issue or redeem individual shares and may need to transact without utilizing Authorized Participants.
The Fund generally intends to effect deliveries of Creation Units and securities in its portfolio (“Portfolio Securities”) on a basis of “T” plus one Business Day (i.e., days on which the NYSE is open). The Fund may effect deliveries of Creation Units and portfolio securities on a basis other than “T” plus two in order to accommodate local holiday schedules, to account for different treatment among foreign and U.S. markets of dividend record dates and ex-dividend dates, or under certain other circumstances. The ability of the Trust to effect in-kind creations and redemptions within two Business Days of receipt of an order in good form is subject, among other things, to the condition that, within the time period from the date of the order to the date of delivery of the securities, there are no days that are holidays in the applicable foreign market. For every occurrence of one or more intervening holidays in the applicable foreign market that are not holidays observed in the U.S. equity market, the redemption settlement cycle will be extended by the number of such intervening holidays. In addition to holidays, other unforeseeable closings in a foreign market due to emergencies may also prevent the Trust from delivering securities within the normal settlement period.
The longest redemption cycle for the Fund is a function of the longest redemption cycle among the countries whose securities comprise the Fund. The securities delivery cycles currently practicable for transferring Portfolio Securities to redeeming investors, coupled with foreign market holiday schedules, will require a delivery process longer than seven calendar days for the Fund in certain circumstances. Although certain holidays may occur on different dates in subsequent years, the number of days required to deliver the redemption proceeds in any given year is not expected to exceed 14 days. The proclamation of new holidays, the treatment by market participants of certain days as “informal holidays” (e.g., days on which no or limited securities transactions occur, as a result of substantially shortened trading hours), the elimination of existing holidays, or changes in local securities delivery practices, could affect the information set forth herein at some time in the future.
This section summarizes some of the main U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning shares of the Fund. This section is current as of the date of the SAI. Tax laws and interpretations change frequently, and these summaries do not describe all of the tax consequences to all taxpayers. For example, these summaries generally do not describe your situation if you are
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a corporation, a non-U.S. person, a broker-dealer, or other investor with special circumstances. In addition, this section does not describe your state, local or foreign tax consequences.
This federal income tax summary is based in part on the advice of counsel to the Fund. The Internal Revenue Service could disagree with any conclusions set forth in this section. In addition, our counsel may not have been asked to review, and may not have reached a conclusion with respect to the federal income tax treatment of the assets to be deposited in the Fund. This may not be sufficient for prospective investors to use for the purpose of avoiding penalties under federal tax law.
As with any investment, prospective investors should seek advice based on their individual circumstances from their own tax advisor.
The Fund intends to qualify annually and to elect to be treated as a regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”).
To qualify for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to regulated investment companies, the Fund must, among other things, (a) derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies or other income derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, or net income derived from interests in certain publicly traded partnerships; (b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the Fund’s assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with such other securities of any one issuer generally limited for the purposes of this calculation to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and not greater than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer, or two or more issuers which the Fund controls which are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more of certain publicly traded partnerships; and (c) distribute at least 90% of its investment company taxable income (which includes, among other items, dividends, interest and net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses) and at least 90% of its net tax-exempt interest income each taxable year. There are certain exceptions for failure to qualify if the failure is for reasonable cause or is de minimis, and certain corrective action is taken and certain tax payments are made by the Fund.
As a regulated investment company, the Fund generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code, but without regard to the deduction for dividends paid) and net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), if any, that it distributes to shareholders. The Fund intends to distribute to its shareholders, at least annually, substantially all of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain. If the Fund retains any net capital gain or investment company taxable income, it will generally be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. In addition, amounts not distributed on a timely basis in accordance with a calendar year distribution requirement are subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax unless, generally, the Fund distributes during each calendar year an amount equal to the sum of (1) at least 98% of its ordinary income (not taking into account any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year, (2) at least 98.2% of its capital gains in excess of its capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 of the calendar year, and (3) any ordinary income and capital gains for previous years that were not distributed during those years. In order to prevent application of the excise tax, the Fund intends to make its distributions in accordance with the calendar year distribution requirement. A distribution will be treated as paid on December 31 of the current calendar year if it is declared by the Fund in October, November or December with a record date in such a month and paid by the Fund during January of the following calendar year. Such distributions will be taxable to shareholders in the calendar year in which the distributions are declared, rather than the calendar year in which the distributions are received.
Subject to certain reasonable cause and de minimis exceptions, if the Fund fails to qualify as a regulated investment company or fails to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement in any taxable year, the Fund would be taxed as an ordinary corporation on its taxable income (even if such income were distributed to its shareholders) and all distributions out of earnings and profits would be taxed to shareholders as ordinary income.
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Dividends paid out of the Fund’s investment company taxable income are generally taxable to a shareholder as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits, whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional shares. However, certain ordinary income distributions received from the Fund may be taxed at capital gains tax rates. In particular, ordinary income dividends received by an individual shareholder from a regulated investment company such as the Fund are generally taxed at the same rates that apply to net capital gain, provided that certain holding period requirements are satisfied and provided the dividends are attributable to qualifying dividends received by the Fund itself. The Fund will provide notice to its shareholders of the amount of any distributions that may be taken into account as a dividend which is eligible for the capital gains tax rates. The Fund cannot make any guarantees as to the amount of any distribution which will be regarded as a qualifying dividend.
Income from the Fund may also be subject to a 3.8% “Medicare tax.” This tax generally applies to net investment income if the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income exceeds certain threshold amounts, which are $250,000 in the case of married couples filing joint returns and $200,000 in the case of single individuals.
A corporation that owns shares generally will not be entitled to the dividends received deduction with respect to many dividends received from the Fund because the dividends received deduction is generally not available for distributions from regulated investment companies. However, certain ordinary income dividends on shares that are attributable to qualifying dividends received by the Fund from certain domestic corporations may be reported by the Fund as being eligible for the dividends received deduction.
Distributions of net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), if any, properly reported as capital gain dividends are taxable to a shareholder as long-term capital gains, regardless of how long the shareholder has held Fund shares. An election may be available to you to defer recognition of the gain attributable to a capital gain dividend if you make certain qualifying investments within a limited time. You should talk to your tax advisor about the availability of this deferral election and its requirements. Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of additional shares, rather than cash, generally will have a tax basis in each such share equal to the value of a share of the Fund on the reinvestment date. A distribution of an amount in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated by a shareholder as a return of capital which is applied against and reduces the shareholder’s basis in his or her shares. To the extent that the amount of any such distribution exceeds the shareholder’s basis in his or her shares, the excess will be treated by the shareholder as gain from a sale or exchange of the shares.
Shareholders will be notified annually as to the U.S. federal income tax status of distributions, and shareholders receiving distributions in the form of additional shares will receive a report as to the value of those shares.
Sale or Exchange of Fund Shares
Upon the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund, which a shareholder holds as a capital asset, such a shareholder may realize a capital gain or loss which will be long-term or short-term, depending upon the shareholder’s holding period for the shares. Generally, a shareholder’s gain or loss will be a long-term gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than one year. An election may be available to you to defer recognition of capital gain if you make certain qualifying investments within a limited time. You should talk to your tax advisor about the availability of this deferral election and its requirements.
Any loss realized on a sale or exchange will be disallowed to the extent that shares disposed of are replaced (including through reinvestment of dividends) within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after disposition of shares or to the extent that the shareholder, during such period, acquires or enters into an option or contract to acquire, substantially identical stock or securities. In such a case, the basis of the shares acquired will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss. Any loss realized by a shareholder on a disposition of Fund shares held by the shareholder for six months or less will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any distributions of long-term capital gain received by the shareholder with respect to such shares.
Taxes on Purchase and Redemption of Creation Units
If a shareholder exchanges securities for Creation Units the shareholder will generally recognize a gain or a loss. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units at the time and the shareholder’s
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aggregate basis in the securities surrendered and the Cash Component paid. If a shareholder exchanges Creation Units for securities, then the shareholder will generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the shareholder’s basis in the Creation Units and the aggregate market value of the securities received and the Cash Redemption Amount. The Internal Revenue Service, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of securities for Creation Units or Creation Units for securities cannot be deducted currently under the rules governing “wash sales,” or on the basis that there has been no significant change in economic position.
Certain of the Fund’s investment practices are subject to special and complex federal income tax provisions that may, among other things, (i) disallow, suspend or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions, (ii) convert lower taxed long-term capital gain into higher taxed short-term capital gain or ordinary income, (iii) convert an ordinary loss or a deduction into a capital loss (the deductibility of which is more limited), (iv) cause the Fund to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash, (v) adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of stock or securities is deemed to occur and (vi) adversely alter the characterization of certain complex financial transactions.
The Fund’s transactions in futures contracts and options will be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital, or short-term or long-term), may accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and may defer Fund losses. These rules could, therefore, affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also (a) will require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of the positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), and (b) may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement for qualifying to be taxed as a regulated investment company and the distribution requirements for avoiding excise taxes.
Investments in Certain Foreign Corporations
If the Fund holds an equity interest in any “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”), which are generally certain foreign corporations that receive at least 75% of their annual gross income from passive sources (such as interest, dividends, certain rents and royalties or capital gains) or that hold at least 50% of their assets in investments producing such passive income, the Fund could be subject to U.S. federal income tax and additional interest charges on gains and certain distributions with respect to those equity interests, even if all the income or gain is timely distributed to its shareholders. The Fund will not be able to pass through to its shareholders any credit or deduction for such taxes. The Fund may be able to make an election that could ameliorate these adverse tax consequences. In this case, the Fund would recognize as ordinary income any increase in the value of such PFIC shares, and as ordinary loss any decrease in such value to the extent it did not exceed prior increases included in income. Under this election, the Fund might be required to recognize in a year income in excess of its distributions from PFICs and its proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock during that year, and such income would nevertheless be subject to the distribution requirement and would be taken into account for purposes of the 4% excise tax (described above). Dividends paid by PFICs are not treated as qualified dividend income.
The Fund may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax from all taxable distributions and sale proceeds payable to shareholders who fail to provide the Fund with their correct taxpayer identification number or fail to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the Internal Revenue Service that they are subject to backup withholding. Corporate shareholders and certain other shareholders specified in the Code generally are exempt from such backup withholding. This withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability.
U.S. taxation of a shareholder who, as to the United States, is a nonresident alien individual, a foreign trust or estate, a foreign corporation or foreign partnership (“non-U.S. shareholder”) depends on whether the income of the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by the shareholder.
In addition to the rules described in this section concerning the potential imposition of withholding on distributions to non-U.S. persons, distributions to non-U.S. persons that are “financial institutions” may be subject to a withholding tax of 30% unless an agreement is in place between the financial institution and the U.S. Treasury to collect and disclose information
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about accounts, equity investments, or debt interests in the financial institution held by one or more U.S. persons or the institution is resident in a jurisdiction that has entered into such an agreement with the U.S. Treasury. For these purposes, a “financial institution” means any entity that (i) accepts deposits in the ordinary course of a banking or similar business, (ii) holds financial assets for the account of others as a substantial portion of its business, or (iii) is engaged (or holds itself out as being engaged) primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, partnership interests, commodities or any interest (including a futures contract or option) in such securities, partnership interests or commodities. This withholding tax is also currently scheduled to apply to the gross proceeds from the disposition of securities that produce U.S. source interest or dividends. However, proposed regulations may eliminate the requirement to withhold on payments of gross proceeds from dispositions.
Distributions to non-financial non-U.S. entities (other than publicly traded foreign entities, entities owned by residents of U.S. possessions, foreign governments, international organizations, or foreign central banks) will also be subject to a withholding tax of 30% if the entity does not certify that the entity does not have any substantial U.S. owners or provide the name, address and TIN of each substantial U.S. owner. This withholding tax is also currently scheduled to apply to the gross proceeds from the disposition of securities that produce U.S. source interest or dividends. However, proposed regulations may eliminate the requirement to withhold on payments of gross proceeds from dispositions.
Income Not Effectively Connected. If the income from the Fund is not “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by the non-U.S. shareholder, distributions of investment company taxable income will generally be subject to a U.S. tax of 30% (or lower treaty rate), which tax is generally withheld from such distributions.
Distributions of capital gain dividends and any amounts retained by the Fund which are properly reported by the Fund as undistributed capital gains will not be subject to U.S. tax at the rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate) unless the non-U.S. shareholder is a nonresident alien individual and is physically present in the United States for more than 182 days during the taxable year and meets certain other requirements. However, this 30% tax on capital gains of nonresident alien individuals who are physically present in the United States for more than the 182 day period only applies in exceptional cases because any individual present in the United States for more than 182 days during the taxable year is generally treated as a resident for U.S. income tax purposes; in that case, he or she would be subject to U.S. income tax on his or her worldwide income at the graduated rates applicable to U.S. citizens, rather than the 30% U.S. tax. In the case of a non-U.S. shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the Fund may be required to withhold U.S. income tax from distributions of net capital gain unless the non-U.S. shareholder certifies his or her non-U.S. status under penalties of perjury or otherwise establishes an exemption. If a non-U.S. shareholder is a nonresident alien individual, any gain such shareholder realizes upon the sale or exchange of such shareholder’s shares of the Fund in the United States will ordinarily be exempt from U.S. tax unless the gain is U.S. source income and such shareholder is physically present in the United States for more than 182 days during the taxable year and meets certain other requirements.
In addition, capital gain distributions attributable to gains from U.S. real property interests (including certain U.S. real property holding corporations) will generally be subject to United States withholding tax and will give rise to an obligation on the part of the non-U.S. shareholder to file a United States tax return.
Distributions from the Fund that are properly reported by the Fund as an interest-related dividend attributable to certain interest income received by the Fund or as a short-term capital gain dividend attributable to certain net short-term capital gain income received by the Fund may not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes, including withholding taxes when received by certain non-U.S. shareholders, provided that the Fund makes certain elections and certain other conditions are met. For tax years after December 31, 2022, amounts paid to or recognized by a non-U.S. affiliate that are excluded from tax under the portfolio interest, capital gain dividends, short-term capital gains or tax-exempt interest dividend exceptions or applicable treaties, may be taken into consideration in determining whether a corporation is an “applicable corporation” subject to a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income.
Income Effectively Connected. If the income from the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by a non-U.S. shareholder, then distributions of investment company taxable income and capital gain dividends, any amounts retained by the Fund which are properly reported by the Fund as undistributed capital gains and any gains realized upon the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund will be subject to U.S. income tax at the graduated rates applicable to U.S. citizens, residents and domestic corporations. Non-U.S. corporate shareholders may also be subject to the branch profits tax imposed by the Code. The tax consequences to a non-U.S. shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of an applicable tax
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treaty may differ from those described herein. Non-U.S. shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.
For shares acquired on or after January 1, 2012, you may elect a cost basis method to apply to all existing and future accounts you may establish. The cost basis method you select will determine the order in which shares are redeemed and how your cost basis information is calculated and subsequently reported to you and to the Internal Revenue Service. Please consult your tax advisor to determine which cost basis method best suits your specific situation. If you hold your account directly with the Fund, please contact the Fund for instructions on how to make your election. If you hold your account with a financial intermediary, please contact that financial intermediary for instructions on how to make your election. If you hold your account directly with the Fund and do not elect a cost basis method, your account will default to the average cost basis method. The average cost basis method generally calculates cost basis by determining the average price paid for Fund shares that may have been purchased at different times for different prices. Financial intermediaries choose their own default cost basis method.
Under the Regulated Investment Company Modernization Act of 2010, net capital losses of the Fund incurred in taxable years beginning after December 22, 2010 may be carried forward indefinitely, and their character is retained as short-term and/or long-term losses. To the extent that these loss carry-forwards are used to offset future capital gains, it is probable that the capital gains so offset will not be distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund is subject to certain limitations, under U.S. tax rules, on the use of capital loss carry-forwards and net unrealized built-in losses. These limitations generally apply when there has been a 50% change in ownership.
Fund shareholders may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes on their Fund distributions. Shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
The following information supplements and should be read in conjunction with the section in the Prospectus entitled “Net Asset Value.”
The Fund’s portfolio securities and other assets for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value. A market quotation is readily available if that quotation is a quoted price (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund can access at the measurement date provided that the quotation will not be readily available if it is not reliable. Readily available market quotations primarily are provided by independent pricing services. Market value for equity securities is generally determined on the basis of (i) the official close price if the market provides an official close price, (ii) if the official close price is unavailable, the last quoted sale price from the exchange or market on which the securities is primarily traded, (iii) if (i) or (ii) are unavailable, the mean between the last bid and ask on the primary exchange or market as provided by a pricing service or (iv) if (i), (ii) or (iii) are unavailable, the previous trading day’s price as provided by a pricing service.
Investments for which market quotations are believed to be inaccurately stated, considered unreliable or otherwise determined to no longer have a readily available market quotation are valued at fair value pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act. Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act requires the fair valuation of all portfolio investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board has appointed the Advisor as its valuation designee for all portfolio investments, subject to its oversight. The Advisor shall carry out its designated responsibilities as Valuation Designee through its pricing committee. Valuing the Fund’s assets using fair value pricing introduces an element of subjectivity to the pricing of securities. As a result, the price of a security determined through fair valuation techniques may differ from the price quoted or published by other sources and may differ from current market valuations. It is possible that these valuations could be materially different from the value the Fund realizes upon the sale of an instrument.
Fair value determinations are made in accordance with procedures adopted by the Advisor and Fund, subject to oversight by the Board. Securities with may be fair valued generally include, but are not limited to, debt investments, investments in
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private companies, PIPEs, commitments to invest in a future PIPE, warrants, securities for which trading has halted or has not traded over a specified period, rights and similar instruments.
Pursuant to these procedures, debt securities with a remaining maturity greater than sixty (60) days generally shall be valued in accordance with the evaluated bid price provided by a pricing service. Debt securities with a remaining maturity of sixty (60) days or less at the time of purchase generally shall be valued by the amortized cost method (i.e., valuation at acquisition cost increased each day by an amount equal to the daily accretion of the discount or amortization of premium) unless it is determined that the amortized cost method would not represent fair value, in which case the securities may be marked to market. Certain securities may not be able to be priced by pre-established pricing methods. Further, the Valuation Designee may change a selected methodology if a different methodology is equally or more representative of the fair value of Fund investments. Securities denominated in foreign currencies are converted to U.S. dollars at the prevailing currency exchange rate as quoted by a pricing service. The Fund may hold portfolio securities, such as those traded on foreign exchanges, that trade on weekends or other days when the Fund’s share price is not calculated. Therefore, the value of the Fund’s Shares may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or sell Shares.
The Fund’s portfolio securities are valued (and NAV per share is determined) as of the regular close of trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern time) on each day the NYSE is open for trading. The NAV will not be calculated when the NYSE is closed (scheduled or unscheduled), or on holidays the NYSE observes, including: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington’s Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. NYSE holidays are subject to change without notice. The NYSE may close early on the day before each of these holidays and on the day after Thanksgiving and Christmas.
The following information supplements and should be read in conjunction with the section in the Prospectus entitled “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes.”
Dividends from net investment income of the Fund, if any, are declared and paid at least annually. Distributions of net realized securities gains, if any, generally are declared and paid once a year, but the Trust may make distributions on a more frequent basis. The Trust reserves the right to declare special distributions if, in its reasonable discretion, such action is necessary or advisable to preserve the status of the Fund as a regulated investment company or to avoid imposition of income or excise taxes on undistributed income.
Dividends and other distributions of Fund shares are distributed, as described below, on a pro rata basis to Beneficial Owners of such shares. Dividend payments are made through DTC Participants and Indirect Participants to Beneficial Owners then of record with proceeds received from the Fund.
No reinvestment service is provided by the Trust. Broker-dealers may make available the DTC book-entry Dividend Reinvestment Service for use by Beneficial Owners of the Fund for reinvestment of their dividend distributions. Beneficial Owners should contact their brokers in order to determine the availability and costs of the service and the details of participation therein. Brokers may require beneficial owners to adhere to specific procedures and timetables. If this service is available and used, dividend distributions of both income and realized gains will be automatically reinvested in additional whole shares of the Fund purchased in the secondary market.
To obtain the Fund’s most current performance information, please call ________ or visit the Fund’s website at _________. From time to time, the Fund’s performance information, such as yield or total return, may be quoted in advertisements or in communications to present or prospective shareholders. Performance quotations represent the Fund’s past performance and should not be considered as representative of future results. The Fund will calculate its performance in accordance with the requirements of the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act, as they may be revised from time to time.
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This SAI and the Fund’s Prospectus do not contain all the information included in the Fund’s registration statement filed with the SEC under the 1933 Act with respect to the securities offered hereby, certain portions of which have been omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The registration statement, including the exhibits filed therewith, may be examined at the offices of the SEC in Washington, D.C. Text-only versions of fund documents can be viewed online or downloaded from the SEC at http:\\www.sec.gov.
Statements contained herein and in the Fund’s Prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other documents referred to are not necessarily complete, and, in such instance, reference is made to the copy of such contract or other documents filed as an exhibit to the Fund’s registration statement, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference.
As of the date of this SAI, the Fund has not yet commenced operations and therefore no financial statements are provided for this Fund.
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S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”)—A brief description of the applicable S&P’s rating symbols and their meanings (as published by S&P) follows:
Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings
| AAA | An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong. |
| AA | An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong. |
| A | An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong. |
| BBB | An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. |
Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
| BB | An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. |
| B | An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. |
| CCC | An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. |
| CC | An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default. |
| C | An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher. |
| D | An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within the next five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or the next 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a |
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| bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. A rating on an obligation is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed debt restructuring. |
Plus (+) or Minus (-): Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.
| NR | This indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned. |
Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
| A-1 | A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong. |
| A-2 | A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory. |
| A-3 | A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. |
| B | A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments. |
| C | A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. |
| D | A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. A rating on an obligation is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed debt restructuring. |
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.—A brief description of the applicable Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) rating symbols and their meanings (as published by Moody’s) follows:
Long-Term Corporate Obligation Ratings
| Aaa | Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk. |
| Aa | Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk. |
| A | Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk. |
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| Baa | Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics. |
| Ba | Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk. |
| B | Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk. |
| Caa | Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk. |
| Ca | Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest. |
| C | Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest. |
Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.*
*By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Short-Term Ratings
| P-1 | Ratings of Prime-1 reflect a superior ability to repay short-term obligations. |
| P-2 | Ratings of Prime-2 reflect a strong ability to repay short-term obligations. |
| P-3 | Ratings of Prime-3 reflect an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations. |
| NP | Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories. |
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Wasatch Funds Trust
PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES
The Board of Trustees of Wasatch Funds Trust (the “Trust”) hereby adopts the following policy and procedures with respect to voting proxies relating to portfolio securities held by the Trust’s investment portfolios (each, a “Fund,” collectively, the “Funds”):
| I. | Policy |
It is the policy of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the “Board”) to delegate the responsibility for voting proxies relating to portfolio securities held by the Funds to Wasatch Advisors LP d/b/a Wasatch Global Investors (the “Advisor”). The Advisor may retain one or more independent service providers to assist in reconciling and processing proxy ballots and providing record-keeping and vote disclosure services, as well as research and recommendations on proxy issues, provided however that the Advisor will make the decision as to how proxies should be voted consistent with the Advisor’s policies and this policy.
| II. | Fiduciary Duty |
The right to vote a proxy with respect to portfolio securities held by the Funds is an asset of the Trust. The Advisor, to which authority to vote on behalf of the applicable Funds is delegated, acts as a fiduciary to the Funds and must vote proxies in a manner consistent with the best interest of the Funds and their shareholders.
| III. | Procedures |
The following are the procedures adopted by the Board for the administration of this policy:
A. Review of Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures. The Advisor shall present to the Board its policy, guidelines and procedures for voting proxies at least annually and must notify the Board promptly of material changes to this document.
B. Voting Record Reporting. No less than annually, the Advisor shall report to the Board a record of each proxy voted which deviated from its Proxy Voting Policy, Guidelines and Procedures with respect to portfolio securities of the applicable Funds during the year. With respect to those proxies of the Funds that the Advisor has identified as involving a material conflict of interest1, the Advisor shall submit a report indicating the nature of the conflict of interest and how that conflict was resolved with respect to the voting of the proxy.
| IV. | Revocation |
The delegation by the Board of the authority to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities of the Funds is entirely voluntary and may be revoked by the Board, in whole or in part, at any time.
| V. | Annual Filing |
The Trust shall file an annual report of each proxy voted with respect to portfolio securities of the Funds during the 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX no later than August 31 of each year.
| VI. | Disclosures |
| A. | The Trust shall include in its registration statement: |
1 See the Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policy, Guidelines and Procedures, Section III, Conflicts of Interest
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1. A description of this policy and of the policy and procedures used by the Advisor and any sub-advisor, as applicable, to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities; and
2. A statement disclosing that information regarding how the Trust voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available without charge, upon request, by calling the Trust’s toll-free telephone number; or through a specified Internet address; or both; and on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the “SEC”) website.
| B. | The Trust shall include in its annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders: |
1. A statement disclosing that a description of the policy and procedures used by or on behalf of the Trust to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities of the Funds is available without charge, upon request, by calling the Trust’s toll-free telephone number; or through a specified Internet address; or both; and on the SEC’s website; and
2. A statement disclosing that information regarding how the Trust voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available without charge, upon request, by calling the Trust’s toll-free telephone number; or through a specified Internet address; or both; and on the SEC’s website.
| VII. | Review of Policy |
At least annually, the Board shall review this policy to determine its sufficiency and shall make and approve any changes that it deems necessary from time to time.
Adopted by Wasatch Funds Trust: November 11, 2009
Amended: January 28, 2009; May 14, 2019 (to eliminate the reference to 1st Source Corporation as Sub-Advisor); March 11, 2024 (to change the name of Wasatch Advisors, Inc. to Wasatch Advisors LP)
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WASATCH GLOBAL INVESTORS
PROXY VOTING POLICY
Regulatory Background - Proxy Voting Provisions of the Investment Advisers Act
Rule 206(4)-6 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 requires that, for an investment adviser to exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, the adviser must:
| ● | Adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes client securities in the best interest of clients, which procedures must include how the adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between the adviser’s interests and those of the adviser’s clients; |
| ● | Disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser about how the adviser voted with respect to their securities; and |
| ● | Describe to clients the adviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy of the policies and procedures to the requesting client. |
In accordance with our obligations under the Rule, Wasatch Global Investors (“Wasatch”) has adopted and implemented the following Proxy Voting Policy to ensure that client proxies are voted in the best interest of clients at all times.
| I. | POLICY OVERVIEW |
At Wasatch, our goal is to maximize the economic value of the investments we make for our separate account clients and our mutual fund shareholders. In pursuit of this goal, we buy and hold securities we believe will appreciate in value. When the investment potential of a security becomes diminished, we sell it and attempt to reinvest the proceeds in more attractive opportunities. In short, the primary means by which we serve our shareholders and clients and protect their interests is the purchase and sale of securities. A secondary means by which we fulfill our fiduciary responsibility is the exercising of our proxy voting rights. Corporate governance, including but not limited to, compensation plans, corporate actions and the composition of a board of directors, can have a significant influence upon the behavior of a management team and the value of a corporation. The proxy voting process is the primary means by which investors are able to influence such activities. As such, Wasatch considers how we vote proxies to be an important activity.
One fundamental tenet of Wasatch’s investment philosophy is to invest in companies with high quality management teams. We spend a significant amount of time evaluating the performance, behavior, and actions of company executives in order to gain an understanding of how they think about protecting and increasing shareholder value. As a result of being invested with high quality management teams, Wasatch generally supports the recommendations of the boards of directors when voting proxies. However, we ultimately vote for or against recommendations based on the fundamental premise that at all times we are attempting to maximize the value of our investments for the benefit of our clients. Wasatch also has a long history of investing in companies with small market capitalizations, which often have a significant amount of common stock owned by existing and former members of management. While this high degree of inside ownership could cause some concerns regarding a lack of independence for the board of directors, certain board committees or other areas of corporate governance, we generally believe high inside ownership to be a positive characteristic as it helps to ensure that the interests of management and shareholders are closely aligned.
Wasatch has developed the following proxy voting guidelines to assist us in making decisions about how to vote proposals concerning certain issues. We have attempted to address those issues that we believe are most relevant to creating shareholder value or that occur most frequently in the types of securities in which we invest. However, these guidelines are not exhaustive and do not purport to cover all of the potential issues, for the variety of issues on which shareholders may be asked to vote is unlimited. The disclosure of these guidelines is intended to provide clients and shareholders with a better understanding of how Wasatch attempts to maximize shareholder value via the proxy voting process.
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| II. | GENERAL GUIDELINES |
Board of Directors
Wasatch considers the board of directors to be an important component of strong corporate governance. The board is responsible for overseeing the management team of a company and helping to ensure that it acts in the best interest of shareholders. The primary means by which Wasatch can influence the board of directors is to vote for the election of directors who have relevant and valuable experience that will enhance the management of the company. Further, Wasatch prefers that a board of directors have a majority of independent directors because we believe that a board with such a composition is generally a strong advocate for shareholders.
However, while we endorse proposals that support the creation of boards with a majority of independent directors as well as proposals which call for the audit, compensation and nominating committees to be comprised solely of independent directors, the failure of the company to nominate only independent directors or to have only independent directors serve on key committees may not cause us to vote against the election of a director who lacks independence. Wasatch appreciates the importance of these standards but we do not believe it is always in the best interest of shareholders to blindly vote against all directors who may not be considered independent. For example, a large shareholder who serves as a director is not considered independent but may be a very important advocate for investors since his interests are closely aligned with those of shareholders.
Generally, Wasatch will vote for those nominees recommended by the board of directors. However, in each election we will review a wide variety of criteria including but not limited to:
| ● | Long-term performance of the company. |
| ● | Composition of the board and key committees. |
| ● | Stock ownership by directors. |
| ● | Decisions regarding executive pay and director compensation. |
| ● | Corporate governance provisions and takeover activity. |
| ● | Attendance at board meetings. |
| ● | Interlocking directorships and related party transactions. |
In addition to evaluating nominees for the board of directors based on the aforementioned criteria, Wasatch generally will support proposals:
| ● | To declassify a board of directors. |
| ● | That allow cumulative voting and confidential voting. |
Wasatch generally will not support:
| ● | Nominees who are independent and receive compensation for services other than serving as a director. |
| ● | Nominees who attend less than 75% of board meetings without valid reasons for absences. |
| ● | Nominees who are party to an interlocking directorship. |
| ● | Efforts to adopt classified board structures. |
Wasatch supports diversity of board membership with respect to gender, race, and ethnicity. If a company’s board lacks at least one gender-diverse and one racially- or ethnically-diverse director, then the vote for the nominee for the chair of the nominating committee will be referred to Wasatch to vote on a case-by-case basis.
Executive Compensation
Wasatch supports compensation plans which are designed to align the interests of management and shareholders as well as relate executive compensation to the performance of the company. To evaluate compensation plans, we use quantitative criteria that measure the total cost to shareholders if a plan is passed. Factors considered include:
| ● | The estimated dollar cost for every award type under the proposed plan and all continuing plans. |
| ● | The maximum shareholder wealth that would be transferred from the company to executives. |
| ● | Long-term corporate performance (on an absolute basis and relative to a standard industry peer group and an appropriate market index) pegged to market capitalization. |
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| ● | Cash compensation pegged to market capitalization. |
| ● | Other features of proposed compensation plans such as administration, payment terms, plan duration, and whether the administering committee is permitted to reprice underwater stock options without shareholder approval. |
After the cost of the plan is estimated, it is compared to a company-specific dilution cap. The allowable cap is industry specific, market cap based, and pegged to the average amount paid by companies performing in the top quartile of their peer groupings. If the total plan cost exceeds the allowable cap, Wasatch will generally vote against the proposed plan. In addition, Wasatch generally will not support stock option plans that permit:
| ● | The repricing of stock options without shareholder approval. |
| ● | The options to be priced at less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying security on the date of the grant. |
Capital Structure
Wasatch may be asked to vote on proposals pertaining to changes in the capital structure of a company. Such proposals include, but are not limited to, common stock authorizations, capital issuance requests, share repurchase programs, stock splits, and debt restructurings. We will vote for board-recommended capital structure changes so long as the proposals are well aligned with shareholder interests. Wasatch generally will support proposals:
| ● | Requesting the authorization of additional common stock. |
| ● | To institute share repurchase plans. |
| ● | To implement stock splits. Proposals to implement reverse stock splits will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. |
Wasatch will review, on a case-by-case basis, all other proposals to change the capital structure of a company, including the authorization of common stock with special voting rights, the authorization of stock relating to certain transactions, the issuance of preferred stock (including “blank check” preferred stock) and the restructuring of debt securities. These proposals typically address a set of company-specific circumstances and proposals recommended by the board of directors may or may not be in the best interest of shareholders.
Mergers, Acquisitions and Other Transactions
Companies may undertake a variety of strategic transactions aimed at enhancing shareholder value including mergers, acquisitions, recapitalizations, spin-offs, asset sales, and liquidations. In evaluating proposed transactions, we will consider the benefits and costs to shareholders over both the short and long term. Specific items we will consider include the financial impact of the transaction on future operating results, the increase or decrease in shareholder value, and any changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights. When shareholders are asked to vote on mergers, acquisitions and other similar proposals, they are considered to be material to the company and could require the analysis of a wide variety of factors in order to determine if the transaction is in the best interest of shareholders. As a result, Wasatch will review and vote each proposal on a case-by-case basis.
Anti-Takeover Provisions
In an attempt to prevent a company from being acquired without the approval of the board of directors, shareholders may be asked to vote on a variety of proposals such as shareholder rights plans (commonly referred to as “poison pills”), supermajority voting, blank check preferred stock, fair price provisions, and the creation of a separate class of stock with disparate voting rights. Wasatch recognizes that such proposals may enhance shareholder value in certain situations. However, Wasatch will review proposals pertaining to anti-takeover provisions on a case-by-case basis and vote against those proposals merely intended to entrench management and prevent the company from being acquired at a fair price.
Auditors
An audit of a company’s financial statements is an important part of the investment process, for while an audit cannot fully protect investors against fraud, it does verify that the financial statements accurately represent the position and performance of the company. Wasatch generally votes for proposals to ratify auditors unless the auditors do not appear to be independent. Auditor independence may be compromised if the auditor has a financial interest and/or association with the company or receives substantial compensation for non-audit related services. Wasatch also generally votes for proposals to authorize the board of directors to determine the remuneration of the auditors unless there is evidence of excessive compensation relative to the size and nature of the company.
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Environmental, Social and Governance Issues
Wasatch believes corporations which act responsibly towards all stakeholders will generally perform better over the long-term. Wasatch will consider Environmental, Social and Governance issues in proxy proposals, but will determine on a case-by-case basis whether the proposals are economically advantageous to shareholders and whether or not to support the issues.
Foreign Issuers
With respect to some non-U.S. issuers, the exercise of voting rights can cause an account to incur a cost or cause the underlying shares to be blocked from trading. Although we recognize the importance of the right to vote, Wasatch believes that clients may be better served by avoiding unnecessary costs and preserving the right to trade shares promptly should conditions warrant. Accordingly, there may be times when no vote is cast because Wasatch’s analysis of a particular proxy leads us to believe that the cost of voting the proxy exceeds the expected benefit to clients (e.g., when casting a vote on a foreign security requires that Wasatch engage a translator or travel to a foreign country to vote in person, or results in shares being blocked from trading). This position complies with the Department of Labor’s Interpretive Bulletin 94-2.
Certain foreign countries require additional documentation in order to permit voting of shares. For example, Wasatch clients are at times required to provide a power of attorney to the local sub-custodian to facilitate Wasatch voting the shares held in the client accounts. While Wasatch will attempt to assist clients in preparing and submitting this documentation, at times Wasatch is unable to vote shares held by some clients in certain foreign countries.
| III. | EXCLUSIONS AND EXCEPTIONS |
Wasatch has developed the general guidelines to assist us in making decisions about how to vote proposals concerning anticipatable issues. However, we recognize that the general guidelines are not exhaustive and cannot anticipate all of the potential issues, or the facts and circumstances surrounding a particular vote. Although we have general guidelines, in the situations covered below Wasatch may supplement or deviate from them.
Case-by-case Issues
Several of the issues mentioned above in the general guidelines recognize that the proper vote to maximize shareholder value will be dependent upon the facts in the actual situation. These facts cannot be anticipated and will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis with the aim of maximizing shareholder value. In addition, any issues that are not addressed by the foregoing guidelines will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Exceptions
From time to time Wasatch will review an issue that is addressed by the foregoing guidelines and determine that in the specific case it is appropriate to vote against the recommendation provided in the guidelines with the aim of maximizing shareholder value. At these times it is permissible for Wasatch to vote against the general guidelines, but it is required that the rationale behind the deviation from the guidelines is sufficiently documented.
Conflicts of Interest
Wasatch will at all times make its best effort to vote proxies in the best interest of clients and avoid material conflicts of interest. A material conflict of interest refers to a situation in which Wasatch or affiliated persons of Wasatch have a financial interest in a matter presented by a proxy which could potentially compromise Wasatch’s independence of judgment and action with respect to the voting of the proxy. We will attempt to identify any material conflicts that may exist by, among other things, reviewing the identity of each issuer soliciting proxy votes to determine if the issuer or an affiliate of the issuer (i) is a client of Wasatch, (ii) has a relationship with Wasatch, (iii) there is a reasonable expectation that the issuer or an affiliate would become a client of Wasatch or develop a material relationship with Wasatch, or (iv) Wasatch holds a significant amount2 of the issuer’s shares outstanding. In addition, any Wasatch employee with knowledge of a personal conflict of interest (e.g., a familial relationship with company management) relating to an issuer soliciting
2 Wasatch’s relative level of ownership of certain issuer’s soliciting proxy votes, as a percent of the company’s shares outstanding, may give the appearance of control. Wasatch clients hold the issuer’s stock solely for investment purposes, with no intent to control the business or affairs of the issuer. In such instances, Wasatch may instruct ISS to vote that meeting in accordance with ISS’ published recommendation.
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proxy votes must disclose that conflict to the Proxy Manager and Compliance and remove himself or herself from the proxy voting process for that issuer. Any questions regarding whether a particular issue may present a material conflict of interest with respect to Wasatch’s voting of client proxies should be directed to Compliance.
In the event that Wasatch has a material conflict of interest in any proposal that is the subject of a proxy to be voted for a client account, Wasatch will instruct ISS to vote that proposal in accordance with ISS’ published recommendation. In such cases, any vote recommended by ISS is binding and may not be overridden by Wasatch. Proposals on the same proxy ballot for which Wasatch does not have a material conflict of interest will be voted in accordance with Wasatch’s Proxy Voting Policy.
Private Funds
In addition to its other clients, Wasatch provides investment management services to private investment funds. Every vote made in the private funds will be considered a case-by-case vote. All voting decisions made for the private funds will be made independent of the voting decisions made for other Wasatch clients. In order to ensure this independence, Wasatch will document that different individuals have made these voting decisions independent of one another.
Securities on Loan
Wasatch is not involved in lending shares for its clients’ or affiliated mutual funds, either directly or indirectly, and is not a party to any clients’ securities lending agreements. Wasatch is not involved in decisions to lend securities or recall loaned securities for accounts who have lending agreements with other service providers. Wasatch generally does not recall, exercise voting power, or report on loaned securities for accounts with such lending agreements, unless required by law.
| IV. | PROCEDURES |
ISS’s Role
Wasatch has retained an independent service provider, Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”), to assist in reconciling and processing proxy ballots and providing record-keeping and vote disclosure services, as well as research on proxy issues. ISS tracks which securities are held by Wasatch and receives notice of the proxy votes that these companies send to shareholders. ISS then reviews the Wasatch Proxy Voting Policy and prepares recommendations on how the votes should be cast based on the policy (the “ISS Recommendations”). ISS then provides these recommendations to Wasatch. On matters not adequately covered by the Wasatch Proxy Voting Policy, ISS merely notes these as case-by-case indicating they require additional review by Wasatch. After the ISS Recommendations are provided to Wasatch, the matters are voted by ISS in accordance with the recommendations unless ISS receives instructions from Wasatch to vote otherwise.
Proxy Manager’s Role
Wasatch has designated a member of our Operations team as Proxy Manager to assist in coordinating and voting securities. The Proxy Manager sends a proxy meeting calendar to research analysts detailing upcoming shareholder meetings, including an indication whether items are set to be voted per the ISS Recommendations or whether they need additional review and determination by Research. The Proxy Manager then is responsible for ensuring all votes are cast, documenting the basis for voting decisions on any contrary votes or case-by-case votes, and monitoring Wasatch’s proxy voting procedures.
Research Team’s Role
The members of Wasatch’s Research team are responsible for reviewing the proxies of the companies they follow and the ISS Recommendation for the proxies. The Research team needs to provide the Proxy Manager with vote recommendations in case-by-case votes and any time they wish to vote contrary to the ISS Recommendation.
Proxy Committee
Wasatch has established a Proxy Committee to oversee the implementation and monitoring of this Policy. The Proxy Committee provides a written report on a regular basis to the Wasatch’s Corporate Governance and Audit Committee as well as the Wasatch Funds Trust’s Board of Directors.
No less than annually, the Proxy Committee shall:
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| ● | Review a sample of the record of voting delegation, including ERISA accounts, maintained by the Proxy Manager to determine if Wasatch is exercising its authority to vote proxies on portfolio securities held in the selected accounts; |
| ● | Request and review voting data to determine if accurate and timely communication of proxy votes is reasonably accomplished during the period reviewed; |
| ● | Meet with the Proxy Manager to review the voting of proxies, communication of proxy votes, and the general functioning of this policy; and |
| ● | Prepare a written report to the Audit Committee with respect to the results of this review. |
Report of Proxy Voting Record
Wasatch must file an annual report on Form N-PX containing its proxy voting record for each shareholder vote with respect to how Wasatch voted (or determined not to vote) on say-on-pay votes over which it exercised voting power. Say-on-pay votes include the approval of executive compensation and on the frequency of such executive compensation approval votes, as well as votes to approve “golden parachute” compensation in connection with a merger or acquisition.
Form N-PX will be filed not later than August 31 of each year for the prior 12-month period ended June 30.
| V. | Recordkeeping, Training and Maintenance |
Recordkeeping
Under rule 204-2, Wasatch must retain the following:
| a) | proxy voting policies; |
| b) | proxy statements received regarding client securities – Wasatch has delegated the responsibility for maintaining these records to ISS; |
| c) | records of votes they cast on behalf of clients – Wasatch has delegated the responsibility for maintaining these records to ISS; |
| d) | any documents prepared by Wasatch that were material to making a decision how to vote, or that memorialized the basis for the decision – this will generally be the proxy policy and documentation regarding any votes cast contrary to the policy; |
| e) | Record of the voting resolution of any conflict of interest; |
| f) | Records of any client requests for information on how a client’s proxies were voted and records of Wasatch’s responses to client requests; |
| g) | Training attendance records; and |
| h) | All written reports arising from annual reviews of the policy. |
Wasatch has retained ISS to assist in providing record-keeping. Wasatch may also use the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR database for the items referred to in item b above. Records not maintained by ISS shall be maintained by Wasatch for a period of not less than five years from the end of the Wasatch’s fiscal year during which the last entry was made on the record.
Training
At least annually, appropriate personnel will be trained regarding the Proxy Voting Policy. Such training program will review applicable laws, regulations, procedures and recent trends in proxy voting and their relation to Wasatch’s business. Training may be conducted in person or online, and completion records will be retained for a five-year period.
Annual Certification
Each Wasatch employee who is involved in the proxy voting process is required to certify annually that he or she has read, understands and has complied with, to the best of his or her knowledge, Wasatch’s Proxy Voting Policy.
ERISA
Wasatch acknowledges our responsibility to vote proxies for ERISA clients in a manner that ensures the exclusive benefit for the underlying participants and beneficiaries. Wasatch casts such proxy votes for the sole purpose of extending benefits
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to participants and beneficiaries while using the care, skill and diligence that a prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use under the circumstances then prevailing.
Undue Influence
Any attempts by any of Wasatch’s personnel to influence the voting of client proxies in a manner that is inconsistent with Wasatch’s Policy should be reported to Wasatch’s Compliance Officer. If the Compliance Officer is the person attempting to influence the voting, the report should be made to Wasatch’s President.
| VI. | Disclosure to Clients |
Interested Clients are encouraged to request information on how Wasatch has voted their proxies. In order to request this information, separate account clients should contact their Client Relations representative. Wasatch Funds’ proxy voting record is available on the Funds’ website at www.wasatchfunds.com and the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov no later than August 31 for the prior 12 months ending June 30.
Adopted as of September 30, 2004
Amended as of June 8, 2010; March 10, 2015; November 14, 2017; February 25, 2022, February 28, 2024
Last Reviewed: May 21, 2025.
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PART C
OTHER INFORMATION
| Item 28. | Exhibits |
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| Item 29. | Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with Registrant |
Registrant is controlled by its Board of Trustees. Registrant neither controls any person nor is under common control with any other person.
| Item 30. | Indemnification |
Under Section 9.2 of the Registrant’s Declaration of Trust, no person who is or has been a Trustee, officer, or employee of the Registrant shall be subject to any personal liability whatsoever to any party, including natural persons, corporations, partnerships, limited partnerships, business trusts, limited liability partnerships, statutory trusts, limited liability companies, trusts, associations, joint ventures, estates, nominees and any other entity in its own or any representative capacity, whether or not legal entities, and governments and agencies and political subdivisions thereof, in each case whether domestic or foreign, (“Person”) other than the Registrant or any series or class, in connection with the affairs of the Registrant or any series; and all Persons shall look solely to the property of the Registrant or of a series or class for satisfaction of claims of any nature arising in connection with the affairs of the Registrant or such series or class, respectively.
The Declaration of Trust provides that every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate, share or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Registrant, a series or class, or the Trustees or any of them in connection with the Registrant, or a series, or class, shall be conclusively deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to their or his or her capacity as Trustees or Trustee and neither such Trustees or Trustee nor the Registrant’s shareholders shall be personally liable thereon.
The Declaration of Trust provides that all Persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Registrant or a series or a class shall look only to the assets of the property of the Registrant or such series or class for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Trustees, nor any of the Registrant’s officers or employees, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.
The Declaration of Trust provides that no person who is or has been a Trustee, officer or employee of the Registrant shall be liable to the Registrant or any series or class for any action or failure to act (including without limitation the failure to compel in any way any former or acting Trustee to redress any breach of trust) except for his or her own bad faith, willful misfeasance, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties involved in the conduct of the individual’s office, and for nothing else, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law.
Furthermore, the Declaration of Trust provides that without limiting the foregoing limitations of liability contained in Section 9.2, a Trustee shall not be responsible for or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, employee, investment adviser, sub-adviser, principal underwriter, custodian, transfer agent or other agent or independent contractor of the Registrant or a series, nor shall any Trustee be responsible or liable for the act or omission of any other Trustee (or for the failure to compel in any way any former or acting Trustee to redress any breach of trust), except in the case of such Trustee’s own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
The Declaration of Trust also provides that every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate, or undertaking made or issued by the Trustees or by any officers or officer on behalf of the Trust, a series or a class shall give notice that the Declaration is on file with the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, shall recite that the same was executed or made by or on behalf of the Trust or series or class by them as Trustees or as officers and not individually and that the obligations of such instrument are not binding upon any of them or the shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Trust or applicable series or class, and may contain such further recitals as they or he or she may deem appropriate, but the omission thereof shall not operate to bind any Trustees or officers or shareholders individually.
Section 9.5 of the Registrant’s Declaration of Trust provides that subject to certain exceptions and limitations contained in Section 9.5 of the Declaration, every person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer, or employee of the Registrant, including persons who serve at the request of the Registrant as directors, trustees, officers, employees or agents of another organization in which the Registrant has an interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise (hereafter, a “Covered Person”), shall be indemnified by the Registrant or applicable series to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him in connection with any claim, action, suit
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or proceeding in which he becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of his being or having been such a Trustee, director, officer, employee or agent and against amounts paid or incurred by him in settlement thereof. No indemnification shall be provided to a Covered Person to the extent such indemnification is prohibited by applicable federal law.
The rights of indemnification provided in the Declaration of Trust may be insured against by policies maintained by the Registrant or its series, shall be severable, shall not affect any other rights to which any Covered Person may not or hereafter be entitled, shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be such a Covered Person, and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.
Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to Trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a Trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such Trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. Subject to applicable federal law, expenses of preparation and presentation of a defense to any claim, action, suit or proceeding subject to a claim for indemnification under Section 9.5 of the Declaration of Trust shall be advanced by Registrant or the applicable series prior to final disposition thereof upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the recipient to repay such amount if it is ultimately determined that he is not entitled to indemnification under Section 9.5 of the Declaration of Trust.
To the extent that any determination is required to be made as to whether a Covered Person engaged in conduct for which indemnification is not provided as described in the Declaration, or as to whether there is reason to believe that a Covered Person ultimately will be found entitled to indemnification, the Person or Persons making the determination shall afford the Covered Person a rebuttable presumption that the Covered Person has not engaged in such conduct and that there is reason to believe that the Covered Person ultimately will be found entitled to indemnification.
As used in Section 9.5 of the Declaration, the words “claim,” “action,” “suit,” or “proceeding” shall apply to all claims, demands, actions, suits, investigations, regulatory inquiries, proceedings or any other occurrence of a similar nature, whether actual or threatened and whether civil, criminal, administrative or other, including appeals, and the words “liability” and “expenses” shall include without limitation, attorneys’ fees, costs, judgments, amounts paid in settlement fines, penalties, and other liabilities.
Section 13 of the Distribution Agreement by and between Wasatch Funds Trust (the “Fund”) on behalf of all series of the Fund except for Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF and ALPS Distributors, Inc., a Colorado corporation (“ALPS”) provides that:
Indemnification – The Fund agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Distributor and each of its directors and officers and each person, if any, who controls the Distributor within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act, against any loss, liability, claim, damages or expenses (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending any alleged loss, liability, claim, damages or expense and reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith) arising by reason of any person acquiring any Shares, based upon the ground that the registration statement, prospectus, statement of additional information, shareholder reports or other information filed or made public by the Fund (as from time to time amended) included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated or necessary in order to make the statements not misleading under the 1933 Act, the 1940 Act or any other statute or the common law. However, the Fund does not agree to indemnify the Distributor or hold it harmless to the extent that the statement or omission was made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Fund by or on behalf of the Distributor. In no case (i) is the indemnity of the Fund in favor of the Distributor or any person indemnified to be deemed to protect the Distributor or any person against any liability to the Fund or its security holders to which the Distributor or such person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under this Agreement, or (ii) is the Fund to be liable under its indemnity agreement contained in the paragraph with respect to any claim made against the Distributor or any person indemnified unless the Distributor or person, as the case may be, shall have notified the Fund in writing of the claim promptly after the summons or other first written notification giving information of the nature of the claims shall have been served upon the Distributor or any such person (or after the Distributor or such person shall have received notice of service on any designated agent). However, failure to notify the Fund of any claim shall not relieve the Fund from any liability which it may have to any person against whom such action is brought otherwise than on account of its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph. The Fund shall be entitled to participate at its own expense in the defense, or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any claims, and if the Fund elects to assume the defense, the defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by the Fund. In the event the Fund elects to assume the defense of any suit and retain counsel, the Distributor, officers or directors or controlling person(s), defendant(s) in the suit, shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel retained by them. If the Fund does not elect to assume the defense of any suit, it will reimburse the Distributor, officers or directors or controlling person(s) or defendant(s) in the suit for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel retained by them. The Fund agrees to notify the Distributor promptly of the commencement of any litigation or proceeding against it or any of its officers in connection with the issuance or sale of any of the Shares.
The Distributor also covenants and agrees that it will indemnify and hold harmless the Fund and each of its officers and person, if any, who controls the Fund within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act, against any loss, liability, damages, claims or expense (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending any alleged loss, liability, damages, claim or expense and reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith) arising by reason of any person acquiring any Shares, based upon the 1933 Act, the 1940 Act or any other statute or common law, alleging (a) any wrongful act of the Distributor or any of its employees or (b) that any sales literature, advertisements, information, statements or representations used or made by the Distributor or any of its affiliates or employees or that the registration statement, prospectus, statement of additional information, (as from time to time amended) included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated or necessary in order to make the statements not misleading, insofar as the statement or omission was made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Fund by or on behalf of the Distributor. In no case (i) is the indemnity of the Distributor in favor of the Fund or any person indemnified to be deemed to protect the Fund or any person against any liability to which the Fund or such person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under this Agreement, or (ii) is the Distributor to be liable under its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph with respect to any claim made against the Fund or any person indemnified unless the Fund or person, as the case may be, shall have notified the Distributor in writing of the claim promptly after the summons or other first written notification giving information of the nature of the claim shall have been served upon the Fund or any such person (or after the Fund or such person shall have received notice of service on any designated agent). However, failure to notify the Distributor of any claim shall not relieve the Distributor from any liability which it may have to the Fund or any person against whom the action is brought otherwise than on account of its indemnity agreement contained in this paragraph. In the case of any notice to the Distributor it shall be entitled to participate, at its own expense, in the defense or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce the claim, and if the Distributor elects to assume the defense, the defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by it and satisfactory to the Fund, to its officers and to any controlling person(s) or defendant(s) in the suit. In the event that the Distributor elects to assume the defense of any suit and retain counsel, the Fund or controlling person(s), defendant(s) in the suit, shall bear the fees and expense of any additional counsel retained by them. If the Distributor does not elect to assume the defense of any suit, it will reimburse the Fund, officers or controlling person(s), defendant(s) in the suit, for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel retained by them. The Distributor agrees to notify the Fund promptly of the commencement of any litigation or proceedings against it in connection with the Fund and sale of any of the Shares.
Section 6.1 of the Distribution Services Agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) by and between Wasatch Funds Trust (the “Trust”) on behalf of the Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF and ALPS Distributors, Inc., a Colorado corporation (“ALPS”) provides that:
ALPS shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless the Trust, the Fund and their Trustees, officers, employees and agents for “Losses” (as defined in the Distribution Agreement) finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to have resulted solely from the breach of the Distribution Agreement or the gross negligence, willful misconduct or fraud of ALPS in the performance of ALPS’ duties or obligations under the Distribution Agreement or an “Authorized Participant Agreement” (as defined in the Distribution Agreement). The Trust shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless ALPS and each of its affiliates, members, shareholders, directors, officers, partners, employees, agents, successors or assigns (the “ALPS Associates”) from and against Losses (including legal fees and costs to enforce this provision) that ALPS Associates suffer, incur, or pay as a result of any “Third Party Claim” or “Claim” (as such terms are defined in the Distribution Agreement) among the parties to the Distribution Agreement arising out of the subject matter of or otherwise in any way related to the Distribution Agreement or an Authorized Participant Agreement.
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| Item 31. | Business and Other Connections of Investment Advisor |
Wasatch Advisors LP (doing business as Wasatch Global Investors)
Wasatch Global Investors (the “Advisor”) acts as the investment advisor for employee benefit plans, other tax-free plans including individual retirement accounts, Keoghs, endowments and foundations, and taxable accounts in addition to the twenty-two series of the Registrant. The Advisor, organized in September 1975, has been in the business of investment management since November 1975. In January 2023, the Advisor underwent a corporate restructuring. Under the new structure Wasatch Advisors, Inc. converted into Wasatch Advisors LP. Wasatch Advisor Holdings, LP was created to act as a holding company of the Advisor. In turn, the holding company is 100% owned by the employees of the Advisor through two separate entities, Wasatch Employee Partners, LP and WA Holdings, Inc. Each of the LP entities has a common general partner, Wasatch GP LLC, which is indirectly owned and controlled by employees of the Advisor. The new structure was implemented to provide tax efficiency and flexibility to the Advisor in administering its employee equity program.
Certain information regarding each officer and director of the Advisor including each business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which each such person is or has been engaged at any time during the past two fiscal years is set forth below.
| Name | Position with Advisor |
Other Substantial Business, Profession, Vocation or Employment | ||
| Michael K. Yeates |
President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and Director |
-- | ||
| Daniel D. Thurber |
General Counsel, Vice President, Secretary, Chief Compliance Officer, and Director |
-- | ||
| Jeffrey Cardon |
Director |
-- | ||
| James Taylor |
Director |
-- | ||
| Ajay Krishnan |
Portfolio Manager and Director |
-- | ||
| Hollie Strasburg |
Director of Operations and Director |
-- | ||
| Catherine Swenson |
Director of Client Relations and Director |
-- | ||
| Dustin McCarty |
Head of Global Client and Distribution and Director |
-- | ||
| Ryan Snow |
Portfolio Manager and Director |
-- | ||
| Mike Valentine |
Portfolio Manager and Director |
-- |
For further information relating to the Advisor’s officers, reference is made to Form ADV filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 by Wasatch Global Investors – SEC File No. 801-11095.
Hoisington Investment Management Company
Hoisington Investment Management Company (“HIMCO” or the “Sub-Advisor”) is the sub-advisor to the Wasatch-Hoisington U.S. Treasury Fund. HIMCO is a Texas corporation, and its principal place of business is 6836 Bee Caves Road, Building 2, Suite 100, Austin, Texas 78746-6464. The principal executive officers of the Sub-Advisor and their positions are:
| Name | Position with Sub-Advisor |
Other Substantial Business, Profession, Vocation or Employment | ||
| Hoisington, Van Robert |
Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Strategic Investment Committee |
-- | ||
| Hoisington, Jr., Van Robert |
President, Chief Operating Officer, Treasurer, Member of Strategic Investment Committee |
-- | ||
| Hoisington, David Maxwell |
Executive Vice President, Vice Chairman of the Strategic Investment Committee, Chief Compliance Officer, Secretary |
-- | ||
| Hunt, Lacy Harris |
Executive Vice President, Chief Economist, Member of Strategic Investment Committee |
-- | ||
| Dahlheim, John |
Senior Vice President, Member of Strategic Investment Committee |
-- |
For further information relating to the Sub-Advisor’s officers, reference is made to Form ADV filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 by Hoisington Investment Management Company – SEC File No. 801-15602.
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ALPS Advisors, Inc.
ALPS Advisors, Inc. (“ALPS Advisor” or the “Sub-Advisor”) is the sub-advisor to the Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF. The Sub-Advisor is a registered investment adviser with its offices at 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203. The Sub-Advisor is an indirect subsidiary of SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. The principal executive officers of the Sub-Advisor and their positions are:
| Name | Position with Sub-Advisor | Other Substantial Business, Profession, Vocation or Employment | ||
| Richard C. Noyes | Senior Vice President, General Counsel | -- | ||
| Matthew Sutula | Chief Compliance Officer | -- | ||
| Laton Sphar | President, Director | -- | ||
| Eric Hewitt | Co-Chief Investment Officer | -- | ||
| Alex Hagmeyer | Co-Chief Investment Officer | -- |
For further information relating to the Sub-Advisor’s officers, reference is made to Form ADV filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 by ALPS Advisors, Inc. – SEC File No. 801-67135.
| Item 32. | Principal Underwriters |
| (a) | ALPS Distributors, Inc. acts as the distributor for the Registrant and the following investment companies: |
1290 Funds
1WS Credit Income Fund
Aberdeen Income Credit Strategies Fund
abrdn ETFs
abrdn Funds
abrdn Global Premier Properties Fund
abrdn Income Credit Strategies Fund
Accordant ODCE Index Fund
Alpha Alternative Assets Fund
ALPS Series Trust
Alternative Credit Income Fund
Apollo Diversified Credit Fund
Apollo Diversified Real Estate Fund
AQR Funds
Axonic Alternative Income Fund
Axonic Funds
BBH Trust
Bluerock High Income Institutional Credit Fund
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Bluerock Total Income+ Real Estate Fund
Bridge Builder Trust
Cambria ETF Trust
CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund
CION Grosvenor Infrastructure Fund
Columbia ETF Trust
Columbia ETF Trust I
Columbia ETF Trust II
Columbia Seligman Premium Technology Growth Fund, Inc.
CRM Mutual Fund Trust
DBX ETF Trust
Diameter Dynamic Credit Fund
Eagle Point Defensive Income Trust
Eagle Point Enhanced Income Trust
EA Series Trust (Cambria Series)
ETF Series Solutions (Vident Series)
Financial Investors Trust
Firsthand Funds
FS Credit Income Fund
FS Credit Opportunities Corp.
FS MVP Private Markets Fund
Gemcorp Commodities Alternative Products Fund
Goehring & Rozencwajg Investment Funds
Goldman Sachs ETF Trust
Goldman Sachs ETF Trust II
Graniteshares ETF Trust
Hartford Funds Exchange-Traded Trust
Heartland Group, Inc.
Investment Managers Series Trust II (AXS-Advised Funds)
Investment Managers Series Trust II (Alternative Access-Advised Fund)
Janus Detroit Street Trust
Lattice Strategies Trust
Litman Gregory Funds Trust
Longleaf Partners Funds Trust
Manager Directed Portfolios (Spyglass Growth Fund)
Meridian Fund, Inc.
Natixis ETF Trust
Natixis ETF Trust II
New York Life Investments Active ETF Trust
New York Life Investments ETF Trust
Opportunistic Credit Interval Fund
PRIMECAP Odyssey Funds
Principal Exchange-Traded Funds
RiverNorth Funds
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.
RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc.
RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc.
RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc.
RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc.
RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc.
RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc.
RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc.
SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Trust
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust
SPDR S&P MidCap 400 ETF Trust
Sphinx Opportunity Fund II
Sprott Funds Trust
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The Arbitrage Funds
Themes ETF Trust
Tidal Trust II (Cambria Series)
Thornburg ETF Trust
Thrivent ETF Trust
Trust for Professional Managers (PT Asset Management Series)
USCF ETF Trust
USVC Venture Capital Access Fund
Valkyrie ETF Trust II
Wasatch Funds
Wilmington Funds
X-Square Balanced Fund
(b) To the best of Registrant’s knowledge, the directors and executive officers of ALPS Distributors, Inc., are as follows:
| Name* | Position with Underwriter | Positions with the Trust | ||
| Stephen J. Kyllo |
President, Chief Operating Officer, Director, Chief Compliance Officer |
None | ||
| Brian N. Schell** |
Vice President, Treasurer |
None | ||
| Eric Parsons |
Vice President, Controller, Assistant Treasurer |
None | ||
| Jason White*** |
Secretary |
None | ||
| Richard C. Noyes |
Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Assistant Secretary |
None | ||
| Eric Theroff^ |
Assistant Secretary |
None | ||
| Adam Girard^^ |
Tax Officer |
None | ||
| Liza Price |
Vice President, Managing Counsel |
None | ||
| Jed Stahl |
Vice President, Managing Counsel |
None | ||
| Terence Digan |
Vice President |
None | ||
| James Stegall |
Vice President |
None | ||
| Hilary Quinn |
Vice President |
None |
* Except as otherwise noted, the principal business address for each of the above directors and executive officers is 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203.
** The principal business address for Mr. Schell is 100 South Wacker Drive, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606.
*** The principal business address for Mr. White is 4 Times Square, New York, NY 10036.
^ The principal business address for Mr. Theroff is 1055 Broadway Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64105.
^^ The principal business address for Mr. Girard is 80 Lamberton Road, Windsor, CT 06095.
| (c) | None |
| Item 33. | Location of Accounts and Records |
| 1. | Wasatch Global Investors, 505 Wakara Way, 3rd Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 (records relating to its function as investment advisor). |
| 2. | State Street Bank and Trust Company, 801 Pennsylvania Avenue, Kansas City, MO 64105 and One Congress Street, Boston, MA 02114 (records relating to its function as custodian, administrator, fund accounting servicing agent and transfer agent to Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF). |
| 3. | ALPS Distributors, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203 (records relating to its function as distributor). |
| 4. | ALPS Advisors, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80203 (records relating to its function as sub-advisor to Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF). |
| 5. | UMB Fund Services, Inc. 235 West Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212 (records relating to its function as transfer agent and shareholder servicing agent for all series of the Registrant except Wasatch Small/Mid Cap ETF). |
| 6. | Hoisington Investment Management Company, 6836 Bee Caves Road, Building 2, Suite 100, Austin, Texas 78746-6464 (records relating to its function as sub-advisor to Wasatch-Hoisington U.S. Treasury Fund). |
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| Item 34. | Management Services |
Other than as set forth under the section “Management” in the Prospectus constituting Part A of the Registration Statement and under the captions “Management of the Trust” and “Investment Advisory and Other Services” in the Statement of Additional Information constituting Part B of the Registration Statement, Registrant is not a party to any management-related service contract.
| Item 35. | Undertakings |
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 133 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Post-Effective Amendment No. 135 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Salt Lake City, and the State of Utah on the 2nd day of April, 2026.
| WASATCH FUNDS TRUST | ||
| By |
/s/ Michael K. Yeates | |
| Michael K. Yeates | ||
| President | ||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated.
| Signature |
Title | Date | ||
| /s/ Michael K. Yeates Michael K. Yeates |
President (principal executive officer) |
April 2, 2026 | ||
| /s/ Kara H. Becker Kara H. Becker |
Treasurer (principal financial and accounting officer) |
April 2, 2026 | ||
| Heikki Rinne* Heikki Rinne |
Trustee |
April 2, 2026 | ||
| Kristen M. Fletcher* Kristen M. Fletcher |
Trustee |
April 2, 2026 | ||
| Mark Robinson* Mark Robinson |
Trustee |
April 2, 2026 | ||
| Kate Fleming* Kate Fleming |
Trustee |
April 2, 2026 | ||
| */s/ Russell L. Biles |
| Russell L. Biles |
| Attorney-in-Fact |
| April 2, 2026 |
*Signed pursuant to a power of attorney incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit q-1 in Post-Effective Amendment No. 65 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A filed with the Commission on October 2, 2012, a power of attorney incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit q-2 in Post-Effective Amendment No. 87 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A filed with the Commission on January 28, 2015, power of attorney incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit q-3 in Post-Effective Amendment No. 111 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A filed with the Commission on August 31, 2020 and power of attorney incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit q-4 in Post-Effective Amendment No. 124 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A filed with the Commission on January 26, 2024.
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