Explainer-Why new war in Ethiopia’s Tigray threatens to trigger wider conflict
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FILE PHOTO: Ethiopia’s Prime Minister, Abiy Ahmed, addresses the commencement of construction of the Bishoftu International Airport in Abusera, Ethiopia, January 10, 2026. REUTERS/Tiksa Negeri/File Photo
By David Lewis
LONDON, Sept 23 (Reuters) - Regional forces in northern Ethiopia's Tigray on Wednesday seized control of three airports and clashed in multiple locations with federal troops, signalling the start of a major offensive after months of growing tensions.
The move shatters a peace deal that ended the 2020-2022 conflict between the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and federal forces, and comes amid a backdrop of deteriorating ties between Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan's civil war, tensions over Red Sea access, and the Horn of Africa being dragged into Middle East conflicts.
WHY DOES NEW FIGHTING IN TIGRAY THREATEN A WIDER WAR IN ETHIOPIA?
The Pretoria Agreement, which formally ended a conflict that killed hundreds of thousands of people, has been under strain for months, each side accusing the other of violating the deal.
The peace process began to unravel after splits emerged within the TPLF, and a hardline faction of the party reasserted control over the region, kicking out an interim administration.
Most recently, the TPLF formed an alliance with six other armed groups from across Ethiopia, including former enemies from the war, aimed at overthrowing Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's government.
It is not clear how many members of the alliance were involved in clashes on Wednesday but Ethiopia is home to many heavily armed regional groups.
Abiy's government has accused Eritrea of financially backing members of the alliance, allegations Asmara has denied.
WHAT ROLE WILL ERITREA PLAY?
As the situation unfolds, all eyes will be on Asmara, which has endured a turbulent relationship with Addis Ababa since independence in 1993.
Soon after coming to power, Abiy won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 for ending two decades of hostility between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
When the civil war erupted the following year, Eritrean forces then supported Ethiopia's federal army. Relations have deteriorated since the Pretoria peace agreement, which Eritrea was not party to despite having fought in the war.
Access to the Red Sea is another flash point.
Landlocked Ethiopia had a coastline for decades until Eritrea broke away. Since then, Addis Ababa has repeatedly argued that restoring access to the sea - specifically the port of Assab - is vital for its long term security and economic development. Asmara has said it fears Addis Ababa will try to take Assab by force.
Earlier this month, the US government lifted sanctions on Eritrean Defense Forces and other entities.
It is not clear what impact removing sanctions would have on any conflict in Ethiopia, but the move is seen as a nod by the Trump administration to Eritrea’s strategic coastline opposite Saudi Arabia, and warning Ethiopia not to go to war with Asmara.
WHICH REGIONAL RISKS RAISE THE STAKES THIS TIME AROUND?
Diplomats warn that a renewed Tigray war would no longer be a largely isolated Ethiopian conflict.
Instead, it would unfold as the Horn of Africa faces its most volatile security environment in years, with war raging in Sudan, persistent instability in Somalia, tensions over the Nile and expanding war and geopolitics from the Middle East spilling into the region.
Ethiopia has been accused of backing the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) paramilitary group, which is fighting Sudan’s army in one of the world’s deadliest conflicts.
This support, which Ethiopia denies, is in line with its close relationship with the United Arab Emirates, the most active Gulf power in the region which UN experts say is also supporting the RSF. The UAE has denied the accusations.
For its part, Eritrea is closer to Sudan and has cultivated relatively close ties with Egypt, which is a long-time rival of Ethiopia. Egypt and Sudan both see Ethiopia's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, built on a tributary of the Nile, as a serious threat to their vital water supplies.
(Editing by Alexandra Hudson)
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