Second Quarter 2023 Net Loss per Diluted Share of $0.07

Second Quarter 2023 Core Income per Diluted Share of $0.06

• Second quarter net loss of $14 million and core income of $15 million.
• Consolidated combined ratio of 106.5%.
• Catastrophe losses of $1.481 billion pre-tax compared to $746 million pre-tax in the prior year quarter.
• Consolidated underlying combined ratio improved 1.7 points compared to the prior year quarter to an excellent 91.1%.
• Record net written premiums of $10.318 billion, up 14% compared to the prior year quarter.
• Very strong production in all three segments, including renewal premium change in Business Insurance which accelerated to a record 12.8%.
• Total capital returned to shareholders of $633 million, including $400 million of share repurchases.
• Book value per share of $95.46, down 1% from June 30, 2022, driven by higher interest rates; adjusted book value per share of $115.45, up 3% over June 30, 2022.
• Board of Directors declares regular cash dividend of $1.00 per share.

NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- The Travelers Companies, Inc. today reported a net loss of $14 million, or $0.07 per diluted share, for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, compared to net income of $551 million, or $2.27 per diluted share, in the prior year quarter. Core income in the current quarter was $15 million, or $0.06 per diluted share, compared to $625 million, or $2.57 per diluted share, in the prior year quarter. Core income decreased primarily due to higher catastrophe losses. The underlying underwriting gain (i.e., excluding net prior year reserve development and catastrophe losses) was higher, while net favorable prior year reserve development was lower. Net realized investment losses in the current quarter were $35 million pre-tax ($29 million after-tax), compared to $95 million pre-tax ($74 million after-tax) in the prior year quarter. Per diluted share amounts benefited from the impact of share repurchases.

“This quarter we reported strong underlying results and investment returns, as well as net favorable prior year reserve development, which were essentially offset by an historic level of industry-wide catastrophe losses,” said Alan Schnitzer, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. “The fact that we were able to generate positive core income notwithstanding $1.5 billion of pre-tax catastrophe losses reflects the strength of our franchise and the resiliency of our underlying business model.

“We are very pleased with the underlying fundamentals of our business. Pre-tax underlying underwriting income of $781 million for the quarter was up 38% over the prior year quarter, driven by record net earned premiums of $9.2 billion and a consolidated underlying combined ratio which improved by 1.7 points to an excellent 91.1%. Earned premiums were higher in all three of our business segments. The underlying combined ratio in our Business Insurance segment improved by three points to an excellent 89.4%; the underlying combined ratio in our Bond & Specialty Insurance business was higher but still strong at 87.8%; and the underlying combined ratio in Personal Insurance improved by two points to 94.1%. Our high-quality investment portfolio continued to perform well, generating after-tax net investment income of $594 million. As a reflection of our confidence in our business, we returned $633 million of excess capital to our shareholders this quarter, including $400 million of share repurchases.

“Excellent marketplace execution across all three segments delivered growth of $1.3 billion, or 14%, in net written premiums to a record $10.3 billion. In Business Insurance, we grew net written premiums by 18%. Renewal premium change in the segment was a record high at 12.8%, driven by renewal rate change which accelerated 2.5 points sequentially to 7.2%, while retention remained very strong at 88%. New business increased 36% led by the property line. In Bond & Specialty Insurance, record net written premiums were about even with the prior year quarter. Given the attractive returns, we are very pleased with the strong production results in both of our commercial business segments. In Personal Insurance, 13% top-line growth was driven by higher pricing. Renewal premium change was 19.2% in our Homeowners and Other business and increased to a record high 16.1% in our Auto business.

“We are very confident in the outlook for our business. We have terrific underlying fundamentals in our commercial businesses, improving underlying results in our personal insurance business and steadily rising investment returns in our fixed income portfolio. Across the organization, we are leveraging our scale, expertise and proven track record of execution to invest in exciting new capabilities to advance our ambitious innovation agenda. With that momentum and the best talent in the industry, we are well positioned to continue to deliver industry-leading returns and shareholder value over time.”

Second Quarter 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. second quarter 2022, unless noted otherwise)

The Company reported a net loss of $14 million compared to net income of $551 million in the prior year quarter. Core income of $15 million decreased $610 million, primarily due to higher catastrophe losses. The underlying underwriting gain was higher, while net favorable prior year reserve development was lower. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes. Net realized investment losses were $35 million pre-tax ($29 million after-tax), compared to $95 million pre-tax ($74 million after-tax) in the prior year quarter.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 106.5% increased 8.2 points due to higher catastrophe losses (7.1 points) and lower net favorable prior year reserve development (2.8 points), partially offset by a lower underlying combined ratio (1.7 points).

• The underlying combined ratio of 91.1% improved 1.7 points. See below for further details by segment.

• Net favorable prior year reserve development in Bond & Specialty Insurance and Personal Insurance was partially offset by net unfavorable prior year reserve development in Business Insurance. See below for further details by segment.

• Catastrophe losses resulted from numerous severe wind and hail storms in multiple states.

Net investment income of $712 million pre-tax ($594 million after-tax) increased 1%. Income from the fixed income investment portfolio increased over the prior year quarter due to a higher average yield and growth in fixed maturity investments. Income from the non-fixed income investment portfolio was solid but decreased from very strong levels in the prior year quarter, primarily due to lower private equity and real estate partnership returns. Non-fixed income returns are generally reported on a one-quarter lagged basis and directionally follow the broader equity markets.

Net written premiums of $10.318 billion increased 14%. See below for further details by segment.

Year-to-Date 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. year-to-date 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Net income of $961 million decreased $608 million, due to lower core income, partially offset by lower net realized investment losses. Core income of $985 million decreased $677 million, primarily due to higher catastrophe losses. The underlying underwriting gain was higher, while net favorable prior year reserve development was lower. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes. The underlying underwriting gain in the current year period also included a one-time tax benefit of $211 million due to the expiration of the statute of limitations with respect to a tax item, while the prior year period included a $47 million reduction in income tax expense as a result of the resolution of prior year tax matters. These tax benefits are included in the income tax line in the Consolidated Statement of Income (Loss) and accordingly do not impact the combined ratio or the underlying combined ratio. Net realized investment losses were $29 million pre-tax ($24 million after-tax), compared to $118 million pre-tax ($93 million after-tax) in the prior year period.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 101.1% increased 6.3 points due to higher catastrophe losses (5.7 points) and lower net favorable prior year reserve development (1.8 points), partially offset by a lower underlying combined ratio (1.2 points).

• The underlying combined ratio of 90.8% improved 1.2 points. See below for further details by segment.

• Net favorable prior year reserve development in Bond & Specialty Insurance and Personal Insurance was partially offset by net unfavorable prior year reserve development in Business Insurance. See below for further details by segment.

• Catastrophe losses included the second quarter events described above, as well as severe wind and hail storms in multiple states in the first three months of 2023.

Net investment income of $1.375 billion pre-tax ($1.151 billion after-tax) increased 2% driven by the same factors described above for second quarter 2023.

Net written premiums of $19.714 billion increased 13%. See below for further details by segment.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity of $21.855 billion increased 1% over year-end 2022, primarily due to net income of $961 million and lower net unrealized investment losses, partially offset by common share repurchases and dividends to shareholders. Net unrealized investment losses included in shareholders’ equity were $5.815 billion pre-tax ($4.576 billion after-tax), compared to $6.220 billion pre-tax ($4.898 billion after-tax) at year-end 2022. The decrease in net unrealized investment losses was driven by lower interest rates. Book value per share of $95.46 decreased 1% from June 30, 2022, and increased 3% over year-end 2022. Adjusted book value per share of $115.45, which excludes net unrealized investment gains (losses), increased 3% over June 30, 2022, and increased 1% over year-end 2022.

The Company repurchased 2.2 million shares during the second quarter at an average price of $180.13 per share for a total cost of $400 million. At June 30, 2023, the Company had $6.205 billion of capacity remaining under its share repurchase authorizations approved by the Board of Directors. At the end of the quarter, statutory capital and surplus was $22.934 billion, and the ratio of debt-to-capital was 26.9%. The ratio of debt-to-capital excluding after-tax net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in shareholders’ equity was 23.3%, within the Company’s target range of 15% to 25%.

The Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly dividend of $1.00 per share. The dividend is payable September 29, 2023, to shareholders of record at the close of business on September 8, 2023.

Second Quarter 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. second quarter 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Segment income for Business Insurance was $402 million after-tax, a decrease of $264 million. Segment income decreased primarily due to net unfavorable prior year reserve development compared to net favorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2022 and higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by a higher underlying underwriting gain. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 100.1% increased 6.9 points due to net unfavorable prior year reserve development compared to net favorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2022 (7.0 points) and higher catastrophe losses (2.9 points), partially offset by a lower underlying combined ratio (3.0 points).

• The underlying combined ratio improved 3.0 points to a very strong 89.4%, primarily driven by a lower level of property losses and the benefit of earned pricing.

• Net unfavorable prior year reserve development was primarily driven by higher than expected loss experience in several liability lines in the domestic operations and the Company’s run-off operations, partially offset by better than expected loss experience in the workers’ compensation product line.

Net written premiums of $5.175 billion increased 18%, reflecting strong renewal premium change and retention, as well as higher levels of new business. The increase in net written premiums also included the impact of the Company’s quota share reinsurance agreement with subsidiaries of Fidelis Insurance Holdings Limited effective January 1, 2023, which is included in the segment’s International results.

Year-to-Date 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. year-to-date 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Segment income for Business Insurance was $1.158 billion after-tax, a decrease of $177 million. Segment income decreased primarily due to net unfavorable prior year reserve development compared to net favorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2022 and higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by a higher underlying underwriting gain. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes. The underlying underwriting gain in the current year period also included a one-time tax benefit of $171 million due to the expiration of the statute of limitations with respect to a tax item, while the prior year period included a $3 million reduction in income tax expense as a result of the resolution of prior year tax matters.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 96.9% increased 4.8 points due to net unfavorable prior year reserve development compared to net favorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2022 (4.7 points) and higher catastrophe losses (2.7 points), partially offset by a lower underlying combined ratio (2.6 points).

• The underlying combined ratio improved 2.6 points to a very strong 89.5%, primarily driven by a lower level of property losses and the benefit of earned pricing.

• Net unfavorable prior year reserve development was primarily driven by higher than expected loss experience in several liability lines in the domestic operations and the Company’s run-off operations, partially offset by better than expected loss experience in the workers’ compensation product line.

Net written premiums of $10.332 billion increased 16%, reflecting the same factors described above for the second quarter of 2023.

Second Quarter 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. second quarter 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Segment income for Bond & Specialty Insurance was $230 million after-tax, an increase of $2 million. Segment income increased primarily due to higher net favorable prior year reserve development and higher net investment income, partially offset by a lower underlying underwriting gain and higher catastrophe losses. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 77.1% increased 3.1 points due to a higher underlying combined ratio (5.6 points) and higher catastrophe losses (1.9 points), partially offset by higher net favorable prior year reserve development (4.4 points).

• The underlying combined ratio increased 5.6 points, primarily driven by losses from a small number of surety accounts and a higher expense ratio.

• Net favorable prior year reserve development was primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in the general liability product line for management liability coverages lines and in the domestic operations’ fidelity and surety product for recent accident years.

Net written premiums of $964 million increased slightly over the very strong prior year quarter, reflecting strong retention and new business and positive renewal premium change in management liability, as well as strong production in surety.

Year-to-Date 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. year-to-date 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Segment income for Bond & Specialty Insurance was $437 million after-tax, a decrease of $8 million. Segment income decreased primarily due to a lower underlying underwriting gain and higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by higher net favorable prior year reserve development and higher net investment income. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes. The underlying underwriting gain in the current year period included a one-time tax benefit of $9 million due to the expiration of the statute of limitations with respect to a tax item, while the prior year period included a $24 million reduction in income tax expense as a result of the resolution of prior year tax matters.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 78.5% increased 2.5 points due to a higher underlying combined ratio (4.7 points) and higher catastrophe losses (1.2 points), partially offset by higher net favorable prior year reserve development (3.4 points).

• The underlying combined ratio increased 4.7 points, primarily driven by losses from a small number of surety accounts, loss activity related to the disruption in the banking sector and a higher expense ratio.

• Net favorable prior year reserve development was primarily driven by the same factors described above for the second quarter of 2023.

Net written premiums of $1.850 billion increased slightly over the very strong prior year period, reflecting the same factors described above for the second quarter of 2023.

Second Quarter 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. second quarter 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Segment loss for Personal Insurance was $538 million after-tax, compared with a segment loss of $193 million in the prior year quarter. Segment loss increased driven by higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by a higher underlying underwriting gain and higher net favorable prior year reserve development. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 122.0% increased 10.8 points due to higher catastrophe losses (13.5 points), partially offset by a lower underlying combined ratio (2.0 points) and higher net favorable prior year reserve development (0.7 points).

• The underlying combined ratio of 94.1% improved 2.0 points, reflecting an improvement in the underlying combined ratio in Homeowners and Other, partially offset by an increase in the underlying combined ratio in Automobile.

• Net favorable prior year reserve development was primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in the domestic operations’ homeowners and other product line for recent accident years.

Net written premiums of $4.179 billion increased 13%, primarily reflecting higher pricing in both Domestic Homeowners and Other and Domestic Automobile.

Year-to-Date 2023 Results
(All comparisons vs. year-to-date 2022, unless noted otherwise)

Segment loss for Personal Insurance was $455 million after-tax, compared with segment income of $32 million in the same period of 2022. The decrease was driven by higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by a higher underlying underwriting gain and higher net favorable prior year reserve development. The underlying underwriting gain benefited from higher business volumes. The underlying underwriting gain in the current year period included a one-time tax benefit of $31 million due to the expiration of the statute of limitations with respect to a tax item, while the prior year period included a $20 million reduction in income tax expense as a result of the resolution of prior year tax matters.

Combined ratio:

• The combined ratio of 112.0% increased 8.6 points due to higher catastrophe losses (10.3 points), partially offset by a lower underlying combined ratio (1.0 points) and higher net favorable prior year reserve development (0.7 points).

• The underlying combined ratio of 93.5% improved 1.0 points, reflecting an improvement in the underlying combined ratio in Homeowners and Other, partially offset by an increase in the underlying combined ratio in Automobile.

• Net favorable prior year reserve development was primarily driven by the same factors described above for the second quarter of 2023.

Net written premiums of $7.532 billion increased 13%, reflecting the same factors described above for the second quarter of 2023.

Financial Supplement and Conference Call

The information in this press release should be read in conjunction with the financial supplement that is available on our website at www.travelers.com. Travelers management will discuss the contents of this release and other relevant topics via webcast at 9 a.m. Eastern (8 a.m. Central) on Thursday, July 20, 2023. Investors can access the call via webcast at http://investor.travelers.com or by dialing 1.888.440.6281 within the United States or 1.646.960.0218 outside the United States. Prior to the webcast, a slide presentation pertaining to the quarterly earnings will be available on the Company’s website.

Following the live event, replays will be available via webcast for one year at http://investor.travelers.com and by telephone for 30 days by dialing 1.800.770.2030 within the United States or 1.647.362.9199 outside the United States. All callers should use conference ID 5449478.

About Travelers

The Travelers Companies, Inc. (NYSE: TRV) is a leading provider of property casualty insurance for auto, home and business. A component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Travelers has more than 30,000 employees and generated revenues of approximately $37 billion in 2022. For more information, visit www.travelers.com.

Travelers may use its website and/or social media outlets, such as Facebook and Twitter, as distribution channels of material Company information. Financial and other important information regarding the Company is routinely accessible through and posted on our website at http://investor.travelers.com, our Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/travelers and our Twitter account (@Travelers) at https://twitter.com/travelers. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about Travelers when you enroll your email address by visiting the Email Notifications section at http://investor.travelers.com.

Travelers is organized into the following reportable business segments:

Business Insurance - Business Insurance offers a broad array of property and casualty insurance products and services to its customers, primarily in the United States, as well as in Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and throughout other parts of the world, including as a corporate member of Lloyd’s.

Bond & Specialty Insurance - Bond & Specialty Insurance offers surety, fidelity, management liability, professional liability, and other property and casualty coverages and related risk management services to its customers, primarily in the United States, and certain surety and specialty insurance products in Canada, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, as well as Brazil through a joint venture, in each case utilizing various degrees of financially-based underwriting approaches.

Personal Insurance - Personal Insurance offers a broad range of property and casualty insurance products and services covering individuals’ personal risks, primarily in the United States, as well as in Canada. Personal Insurance’s primary products of automobile and homeowners insurance are complemented by a broad suite of related coverages.

* * * * *

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains, and management may make, certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, may be forward-looking statements. Words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “likely,” “probably,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “believes,” “views,” “estimates” and similar expressions are used to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements include, among other things, the Company’s statements about:

• the Company’s outlook, the impact of trends on its business, such as the impact of elevated industrywide loss costs in Personal Insurance, and its future results of operations and financial condition;
• the impact of legislative or regulatory actions or court decisions;
• share repurchase plans;
• future pension plan contributions;
• the sufficiency of the Company’s asbestos and other reserves;
• the impact of emerging claims issues as well as other insurance and non-insurance litigation;
• the cost and availability of reinsurance coverage;
• catastrophe losses and modeling;
• the impact of investment, economic and underwriting market conditions, including interest rates, inflation and disruption in the banking and commercial real estate sectors;
• the Company’s approach to managing its investment portfolio;
• the impact of changing climate conditions;
• strategic and operational initiatives to improve profitability and competitiveness;
• the Company’s competitive advantages and innovation agenda, including executing on that agenda with respect to artificial intelligence;
• new product offerings;
• the impact of developments in the tort environment; and
• the impact of developments in the geopolitical environment.

The Company cautions investors that such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond the Company’s control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, the forward-looking information and statements.

Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to, the following:

Insurance-Related Risks

• high levels of catastrophe losses;
• actual claims may exceed the Company’s claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, or the estimated level of claims and claim adjustment expense reserves may increase, including as a result of, among other things, changes in the legal/tort, regulatory and economic environments, including increased inflation;
• the Company’s potential exposure to asbestos and environmental claims and related litigation;
• the Company is exposed to, and may face adverse developments involving, mass tort claims; and
• the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on the Company’s business are uncertain, and court decisions or legislative changes that take place after the Company issues its policies can result in an unexpected increase in the number of claims.

Financial, Economic and Credit Risks

• a period of financial market disruption or an economic downturn;
• the Company’s investment portfolio is subject to credit and interest rate risk, and may suffer reduced or low returns or material realized or unrealized losses;
• the Company is exposed to credit risk related to reinsurance and structured settlements, and reinsurance coverage may not be available to the Company;
• the Company is exposed to credit risk in certain of its insurance operations and with respect to certain guarantee or indemnification arrangements that it has with third parties;
• a downgrade in the Company’s claims-paying and financial strength ratings; and
• the Company’s insurance subsidiaries may be unable to pay dividends to the Company’s holding company in sufficient amounts.

Business and Operational Risks

• the ongoing impact of COVID-19 and related risks, and any future pandemics (including new variants of COVID-19);
• the intense competition that the Company faces, including with respect to attracting and retaining employees, and the impact of innovation, technological change and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which it operates;
• disruptions to the Company’s relationships with its independent agents and brokers or the Company’s inability to manage effectively a changing distribution landscape;
• the Company’s efforts to develop new products or services, expand in targeted markets, improve business processes and workflows or make acquisitions may not be successful and may create enhanced risks;
• the Company’s pricing and capital models may provide materially different indications than actual results;
• loss of or significant restrictions on the use of particular types of underwriting criteria, such as credit scoring, or other data or methodologies, in the pricing and underwriting of the Company’s products; and
• the Company is subject to additional risks associated with its business outside the United States.

Technology and Intellectual Property Risks

• as a result of cyber attacks (the risk of which could be exacerbated by geopolitical tensions) or otherwise, the Company may experience difficulties with technology, data and network security or outsourcing relationships;
• the Company’s dependence on effective information technology systems and on continuing to develop and implement improvements in technology, including with respect to artificial intelligence; and
• the Company may be unable to protect and enforce its own intellectual property or may be subject to claims for infringing the intellectual property of others.

Regulatory and Compliance Risks

• changes in regulation, including higher tax rates; and
• the Company’s compliance controls may not be effective.

In addition, the Company’s share repurchase plans depend on a variety of factors, including the Company’s financial position, earnings, share price, catastrophe losses, maintaining capital levels appropriate for the Company’s business operations, changes in levels of written premiums, funding of the Company’s qualified pension plan, capital requirements of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, other investment opportunities (including mergers and acquisitions and related financings), market conditions, changes in tax laws (including the Inflation Reduction Act) and other factors.

Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release or as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update forward-looking statements. For a more detailed discussion of these factors, see the information under the captions “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Forward Looking Statements” in the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on July 20, 2023, and in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 16, 2023, in each case as updated by our periodic filings with the SEC.

GLOSSARY OF FINANCIAL MEASURES AND RECONCILIATIONS OF GAAP MEASURES TO NON-GAAP MEASURES

The following measures are used by the Company’s management to evaluate financial performance against historical results, to establish performance targets on a consolidated basis and for other reasons as discussed below. In some cases, these measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they are not displayed as separate line items in the consolidated financial statements or are not required to be disclosed in the notes to financial statements or, in some cases, include or exclude certain items not ordinarily included or excluded in the most comparable GAAP financial measure. Reconciliations of these measures to the most comparable GAAP measures also follow.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, a discussion of these measures provides investors, financial analysts, rating agencies and other financial statement users with a better understanding of the significant factors that comprise the Company’s periodic results of operations and how management evaluates the Company’s financial performance.

Some of these measures exclude net realized investment gains (losses), net of tax, and/or net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of tax, included in shareholders’ equity, which can be significantly impacted by both discretionary and other economic factors and are not necessarily indicative of operating trends.

Other companies may calculate these measures differently, and, therefore, their measures may not be comparable to those used by the Company’s management.

RECONCILIATION OF NET INCOME (LOSS) TO CORE INCOME AND CERTAIN OTHER NON-GAAP MEASURES

Core income (loss) is consolidated net income (loss) excluding the after-tax impact of net realized investment gains (losses), discontinued operations, the effect of a change in tax laws and tax rates at enactment, and cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles when applicable. Segment income (loss) is determined in the same manner as core income (loss) on a segment basis. Management uses segment income (loss) to analyze each segment’s performance and as a tool in making business decisions. Financial statement users also consider core income (loss) when analyzing the results and trends of insurance companies. Core income (loss) per share is core income (loss) on a per common share basis.

RECONCILIATION OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY TO ADJUSTED SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND CALCULATION OF RETURN ON EQUITY AND CORE RETURN ON EQUITY

Adjusted shareholders’ equity is shareholders’ equity excluding net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of tax, included in shareholders’ equity, net realized investment gains (losses), net of tax, for the period presented, the effect of a change in tax laws and tax rates at enactment (excluding the portion related to net unrealized investment gains (losses)), preferred stock and discontinued operations.