UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

OR

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

OR

For the transition period from                  to                 

OR

Date of event requiring this shell company report                 

For the transition period from                  to                 

Commission file number: 001-36427

Cheetah Mobile Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Building No. 8

Hui Tong Times Square

Yaojiayuan

South Road

Beijing 100123

People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Thomas Jintao Ren

Chief Financial Officer

Cheetah Mobile Inc.

Building No. 8

Hui Tong Times Square

Yaojiayuan South Road

Beijing 100123

People’s Republic of China

Tel: +86-10-6292-7779

Email: [email protected]

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange of American depositary shares, each representing ten Class A ordinary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

NONE

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

NONE

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 435,084,177 Class A ordinary shares and 957,985,982 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.000025 per share, as of December 31, 2019.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13 (a) of the Exchange Act.

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.    ☐  Item 17    ☐  Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.    ☐  Yes    ☐  No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only:

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to,” “project,” “continue,” “potential,” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with other sections of this annual report, in particular the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in a rapidly evolving environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statement. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law.

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PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information of our company. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) data for each of the three years ended December 31, 2019 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) data for each of the two years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, excluding the financial data of Kingsoft Japan Inc., or Kingsoft Japan, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future period. You should read the following selected financial data in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report.

In January 2016, we obtained control of Kingsoft Japan. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions and Agreements with Kingsoft Corporation and its Subsidiaries—Purchase of Equity Interest in Kingsoft Japan”. As we and Kingsoft Japan were under common control by Kingsoft Corporation both before and after our acquisition of control over Kingsoft Japan, the consolidated financial data presented below have been prepared as if we had owned the assets and liabilities of and operated Kingsoft Japan throughout the periods presented, and the consolidated financial data for the year ended December 31, 2015 have been retrospectively adjusted accordingly. The consolidated financial data set forth below as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 may not necessarily reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows we would have experienced with respect to Kingsoft Japan if we had owned and operated Kingsoft Japan throughout that year.

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Starting from January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from contracts with customers or ASC 606, which reclassifies value added tax from the cost of revenues to net against revenues. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 presented below have been prepared in accordance with ASC 606, while the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 presented below have been prepared in accordance with ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition or ASC 605.

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We present our financial results in RMB. This annual report contains translations of RMB amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of RMB into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.9618 to US$1.00, the exchange rate on December 31, 2019 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amount could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

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Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Our mobile monthly active users in our key markets, including the United States, Europe and China decreased in the past year and may continue to decrease in the future, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

The size of our user base and our users’ level of engagement in our key markets are critical to our success. Our business and financial performance have been and will continue to be significantly determined by our success in retaining and engaging active users in our key markets. We have been consistently anticipating user demand and developing innovative products and services to attract and retain users. However, the internet industry, including the mobile internet industry, is characterized by constant and rapid technological changes. As a result, users may switch from one set of products to others more quickly than in other sectors. Our success will become increasingly dependent on our ability to increase levels of user engagement and monetization in our key markets. Our user engagement could be adversely affected if:

We received in the past and may continue to receive, complaints from users regarding our mobile applications primarily regarding privacy settings and certain third-party website promotion activities on our mobile applications. While we did not incur any material costs to address the complaints, we may need to incur substantial expenditures in the future. If we are unable to address user complaints timely or at all, our reputation may be harmed, and our user base in China, the United States, and Europe may continue to decline. Our efforts to avoid or address any of these events could require us to incur substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our products, services or infrastructure. If we fail to retain our user base in our key markets, or if our users decrease their engagement with our products in these markets, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Because a limited number of customers contribute to a significant portion of our revenues, our revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if we were to lose a significant customer or a significant portion of its business.

Currently, a limited number of customers contribute a significant portion of our revenues. Our customers primarily comprise mobile application developers, mobile game developers, mobile advertising networks,

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e-commerce companies and search engines to which we refer traffic and sell advertisements and individual customers. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, our five largest customers in aggregate contributed approximately 44.7%, 41.3% and 35.0% of our revenues, respectively. We expect that a limited number of our customers will continue to contribute a significant portion of our revenues in the near future. If we lose any of these customers, or if revenues generated from a significant customer are substantially reduced due to, for example, increased competition, a significant change in the customer’s business policy or operation, suspected breach or violation to the underlying contract or policy, any deterioration in customer relationship, or significant delays in payments for our services, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. For example, some of overseas business partners have discontinued the placement of ads on mobile phone lock screens since May 2017 and January 2018, respectively, which adversely affected our revenues from utility products and related services. In addition, on November 26, 2018, a third party made certain allegations about some of our products. Although we have made a number of public statements to clarify the matter, these allegations did cause a disruption to our business, and as a result, our revenues from utility products and related services decreased by 49.6% from RMB3,119.5 million in 2018 to RMB1,573.0 million (US$226.0 million) in 2019. Furthermore, on February 20, 2020, our Google Play Store, Google AdMob and Google AdManager accounts were disabled, which adversely affected our ability to attract new users and generate revenue from Google. Google has been our largest customer since 2017, and contributed 21.9% of our total revenue including revenues from the mobile advertising business and revenues from the purchase and consumption of virtual items by users via Google as a channel in 2019.

We are subject to risks and uncertainties faced by companies in a rapidly evolving industry.

We operate in the rapidly evolving internet industry, which makes it difficult to predict our future results of operations. Accordingly, our future prospects are subject to the risks and uncertainties experienced by companies in this evolving industry. Some of these risks and uncertainties relate to our ability to, among others:

If we fail to address any of the above risks and uncertainties, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Additionally, certain of our technologies, such as artificial intelligence technologies, are characterized by rapid technological changes, new product introductions, enhancements, and evolving industry standards. The prospects of our products and business based on such technologies would depend on our ability to develop new products and applications in new markets that develop as a result of technological and scientific advances, while

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improving the performance and cost-effectiveness. New technologies, techniques or products that might offer better combinations of price and performance than our products could emerge. It is important that we anticipate changes in technology and market demand. If we do not successfully innovate and introduce new technology into our anticipated product lines or effectively manage the transitions of our technology to new product offerings, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

If we fail to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We face intense competition in our businesses. In the mobile space, we compete with other mobile application developers, including those developers that offer products purported to perform similar functions as Clean Master, Security Master, CM Launcher, mobile casual games and our artificial intelligence-related products. In the internet space, we mainly compete with 360 Security Technology Inc., or 360, in China’s internet security and anti-virus market. In the mobile utility product space, we mainly compete with CooTek (Cayman) Inc., a global mobile internet company that offers mobile utility applications in the overseas markets. In the mobile games space, we mainly compete with Voodoo, a French-based global mobile casual game publisher. In the artificial intelligence space, we compete with other companies offering similar product offerings in China. In addition, we compete with all major internet companies for user attention and advertising spend.

Some of our competitors have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial, technological and marketing resources than we do and, in turn, have an advantage in attracting and retaining users and customers. If we are not able to effectively compete in any aspect of our business or if our reputation is harmed by negative publicity relating to us, our products and services or our key management, our user base may decrease, which could make us less attractive to customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We have a limited operating history in international markets. If we fail to meet the challenges presented by our globalized operations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business has continued to experience some challenges in the international markets. Revenues from overseas markets decreased to RMB3,010.6 million in 2018 from RMB3,335.5 million in 2017, and further decreased to RMB2,199.6 million in 2019. While we recently chose to scale back from the international markets, our existing overseas business may continue exposing to a number of risks, including:

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Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by these and other risks associated with our increasingly globalized operations.

Our business has been and is likely to continue to be materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China.

Recently, there was an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19), which has spread rapidly to many parts of the world. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID19 a pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, the temporary closure of stores and facilities, and reducing budgets for advertising and marketing globally for the past few months.

Consequently, our results of operations will likely be adversely, and may be materially, affected, to the extent that COVID-19 harms the Chinese and global economy in general. Any potential impact to our results will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. Potential impacts include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Because of the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 outbreak, the financial impact related to the outbreak of and response to the coronavirus cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but our consolidated results for the first quarter of and full year 2020 may be adversely affected. We expect our total revenues in the first quarter of 2020 to decrease year over year, and there is no guarantee that our total revenues will grow or remain at the similar level year over year in the next three quarters of 2020. We may have to record downward adjustments or impairment in the fair value of investments in the first quarter of 2020, if conditions have not been significantly improved and global stock markets have not stabilized from recent fluctuations.

If users do not widely adopt versions of our applications developed for various mobile devices, our business could be adversely affected.

The number of people who access the internet through mobile devices is increasing dramatically. The varying display sizes, functionality, and memory associated with mobile devices make the use of our applications on such devices more difficult and the versions of our applications developed for these devices may not be compelling to users, manufacturers or distributors of devices. Each manufacturer or distributor may establish unique technical standards for its devices, and our applications may not work or be compatible with these devices. Some manufacturers may also elect not to include our applications on their devices. As new devices and new platforms are continually being released, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in developing versions of our applications for use on these mobile devices and we may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support, and maintenance of our applications tailored for such devices. If we are unable to attract and retain a substantial number of mobile device manufacturers, distributors, and users to adopt and use our applications, or if we are slow to develop products and technologies that are more compatible with mobile devices, our business could be adversely affected.

If major mobile application distribution channels change their standard terms and conditions in a manner that is detrimental to us, or terminate their existing relationship with us, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on third-party mobile application distribution channels such as Google Play and iOS App Store and various advertising platforms to distribute most of our mobile applications to users. In China, where Google Play is not available, we collaborate with similar local distribution channels to distribute our mobile applications. We expect a substantial number of downloads of our mobile applications will continue to be derived from these distribution channels. As such, the promotion, distribution and operation of our applications are subject to such distribution channels’ standard terms and policies for application developers, which are subject to the interpretation of, and frequent changes by, these distribution channels. On February 20, 2020, our company’s Google Play Store, Google AdMob and Google AdManager accounts were disabled, which adversely affected our ability to attract new users and generate revenue from Google. According to Google, the decision was made because some of our company’s apps had not been compliant with Google policies, resulting in certain invalid traffic. If iOS App Store or any other major distribution channel changes their standard terms and conditions in a manner that is detrimental to us, or terminate their existing relationship with us, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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If our utility products and related services fail to optimize system performance or provide attractive personalized experiences, we may lose users, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our users rely on our utility products and related services to optimize the performance of their mobile devices, provide real time protection against security threats, and gain personalized mobile device experience. Our applications are highly technical and complex and, when deployed, may contain defects or security vulnerabilities. Some errors in our products may only be discovered after a product has been installed and used by our users.

Our applications for users rely on our cloud-based data analytics engines to optimize system performance and protect against security threats. The data analytics engines include our most up-to-date security threats library and application behavior library in the cloud, and our applications only include a subset of these libraries on the users’ end devices. If our data analytics engines do not function properly, or if the infrastructure supporting the data analytics engine malfunctions, our applications may not achieve optimal results.

Our cloud-based data analytics engines employ a heuristic, or experience-based, approach to detect unknown security threats and behavior of unknown mobile applications. However, new malware and malicious applications are constantly appearing and evolving, and our detection technologies may not detect all forms of security threats or malicious applications encountered by our users. In addition, our applications may not work properly with the Windows, Android or iOS operating systems if we cannot promptly upgrade our applications following any changes or updates to these operating systems. We previously experienced system disruption due to compatibility issues resulting from an update to the Windows operating system.

Any of these defects, vulnerabilities or failures could result in damage to our reputation, decrease in our user base and loss of customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If any system failure, interruption or downtime occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Although we seek to reduce the possibility of disruptions and other outages, our applications may be disrupted by problems with our own cloud-based technology and system, such as malfunctions in our software or other facilities or network overload. Our systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption caused by telecommunication failures, power loss, human error, computer attacks or viruses, earthquakes, floods, fires, terrorist attacks, change of relevant laws, regulations or policies and similar events. Our IT systems may not be fully redundant or backed up, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of natural disasters, policy changes or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities or similar events affecting our ability to use necessary online resources could result in interruptions in the availability of our products and services. In particular, we may be required to expand and adapt our technology and infrastructure to continue to reliably store, process and analyze user content as well as to ensure smooth delivery of high quality content. Any interruption in the ability of our users to use our applications could damage our reputation, reduce our future revenues, harm our future profits, subject us to regulatory scrutiny and lead users to seek alternative products.

We mostly use third party cloud-based services, such as AWS, instead of self-owned servers. These third-party services may experience downtime from time to time, and we have limited control over the quality and reliability of these services. Any scheduled or unscheduled interruption in our ability to use such services could result in service disruption, which could result in an immediate, and possibly substantial, loss of revenues. If any such incidents take place, our brands and user perception of the reliability of our systems may be adversely affected.

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As most of our core mobile utility products are created for Android devices, a decrease in the popularity of the Android ecosystem may materially and adversely affect our business.

Most of our core mobile utility applications are created for Android devices. Any significant downturn in the overall popularity of the Android ecosystem or the use of Android devices could materially and adversely affect the demand for and revenues generated from these mobile utility applications. Although the Android ecosystem has grown rapidly in recent years, it is uncertain whether it will continue to grow at a similar rate in the future. In addition, due to the constantly evolving nature of the mobile industry, another operating system for mobile devices may eclipse Android and decrease its popularity. To the extent that our mobile utility applications continue to mainly support Android devices, our utility related products and services would be vulnerable to any decline in popularity of the Android operating system.

If our newly developed or sourced games cannot achieve continued popularity, our mobile game revenues may be materially and adversely affected.

We derive a portion of our revenues from mobile game business. Revenues from mobile game business increased to RMB925.0 million in 2018 from RMB624.0 million in 2017, and further increased to RMB1,173.0 million in 2019.

We have developed widely popular mobile games in-house and have grown some acquired or jointly-operated third-party games into popular games in the past. These games attracted a large user base which in turn helps generate significant advertising revenues for us. We have also been trying to add in-game purchase features to our existing and future games, which may increase the monetization efficiency of these games.

If our newly developed or sourced games cannot achieve continued popularity, our existing flagship games cannot retain popularity, or the in-game purchase features are not well received by our users, our mobile game business may be materially and adversely affected.

We have been named as a defendant in putative shareholder class action lawsuit that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

We will have to defend against a putative shareholder class action lawsuit described in “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings,” including any appeals of such lawsuit should our initial defense be unsuccessful. We are currently unable to estimate the possible loss or possible range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of this lawsuit. In the event that our initial defense of this lawsuit is unsuccessful, there can be no assurance that we will prevail in any appeal. Any adverse outcome of this case, including any plaintiff’s appeal of a judgment in this lawsuit, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. In addition, there can be no assurance that our insurance carriers will cover all or part of the defense costs, or any liabilities that may arise from this matter. The litigation process may utilize a significant portion of our cash resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We also may be subject to claims for indemnification related to this matter, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results.

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, service marks, patents, domain names, trade secrets, proprietary technologies know-how and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and patent law, trade secret protection and confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and third parties to protect our proprietary rights. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview— Intellectual Property” for a description for our intellectual property. There can be no assurance that any of our

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pending patent, trademark or other intellectual property applications will be issued or registered. Any intellectual property rights we have obtained or may obtain in the future may not be sufficient to provide us with a competitive advantage, and could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. Given the potential cost, effort, risks and disadvantages of obtaining patent protection, we have not and do not plan to apply for patents or other forms of intellectual property protection for certain of our key technologies. If some of these technologies are later proven to be important to our business and are used by third parties without our authorization, especially for commercial purposes, our business and competitive position may be harmed.

Monitoring for infringement or other unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain that we can effectively prevent such infringement or unauthorized use of our intellectual property, particularly in countries where laws may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as in the United States. From time to time, we may need to resort to litigation or other proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial cost and diversion of resources. Our efforts to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights may be ineffective and could result in the invalidation or narrowing of the scope of our intellectual property or expose us to counterclaims from third parties, any of which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition, it is often difficult to create and enforce intellectual property rights in China and other countries outside of the United States. Even where adequate, relevant laws exist in China and other countries outside of the United States, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of such laws, or to enforce court judgments or arbitration awards delivered in another jurisdiction. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights in such countries. Additional uncertainty may result from changes to intellectual property laws enacted in the jurisdictions in which we operate, and from interpretations of intellectual property laws by applicable courts and government bodies.

Our confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and third parties, such as consultants and contractors, may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of such unauthorized use or disclosure. Trade secrets and know-how are difficult to protect, and our trade secrets may be disclosed, become known or be independently discovered by others. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider confidential and proprietary. If we are not able to adequately protect our trade secrets, know-how and other confidential information, intellectual property or technology, our business and operating results may be adversely affected.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement lawsuits which could result in our payment of substantial damages or license fees, disruption to our product and service offerings and reputational harm.

Third parties, including our competitors, may assert claims against us for alleged infringements of their technology patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and internet content. Our internal procedures and licensing practices may not be effective in completely preventing the unauthorized use of copyrighted materials or the infringement of other rights of third parties by us or our users. The validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries, particularly in China, is uncertain and still evolving. If a claim of infringement brought against us in China or another jurisdiction is successful, we may be required to pay substantial penalties or other damages and fines, enter into license agreements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all or be subject to injunction or court orders. We may be subject to injunction or court orders or required to redesign our products or technology, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if allegations or claims lack merit, defending against them could be both costly and time-consuming and could significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management and other personnel. In addition, regardless of the outcome of the lawsuit, we could suffer reputational harm.

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For example, we changed our corporate name, company logo and trademark to reflect our new name Cheetah Mobile in the first half of 2014. Cheetah is commonly used in corporate names in China, the United States and elsewhere. Although we believe in good faith that our use of Cheetah Mobile does not infringe on any third-party intellectual property rights and we have filed trademark applications in certain categories in China, third parties may bring trademark and other intellectual property infringement claims against us, which could distract our management attention and result in us incurring significant cost to defend ourselves.

Further, we license and use technologies from third parties in our applications. These third-party technology licenses may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms or at all, and may expose us to liability. Any such liability, or our inability to use any of these third-party technologies, could result in disruptions to our business that could materially and adversely affect our operating and financial results.

Some of our applications contain open source software, which may pose increased risk to our proprietary software.

We use open source software in some of our applications, including our Cheetah Browser, which incorporates Chromium browser technology, and will use open source software in the future. In addition, we regularly contribute source code to open source software projects and release internal software projects under open source licenses, and anticipate doing so in the future. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to sell or distribute our applications. Additionally, we may from time to time face threats or claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the alleged open source software or derivative works we developed using such software, which could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These threats or claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated applications unless and until we can re-engineer them to avoid infringement. Such a re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to complete it successfully. In addition to risks related to license requirements, our use of certain open source software may lead to greater risks than use of third- party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Additionally, because any software source code we contribute to open source projects is publicly available, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights with respect to such software source code may be limited or lost entirely, and we are unable to prevent our competitors or others from using such contributed software source code. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and, if not addressed, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not have internal manufacturing capabilities and rely on third-party contract manufacturers to produce our products. If we encounter issues with these contract manufacturers, our business, brand and results of operations could be harmed.

In 2018, Cheetah Mobile and Beijing OrionStar Technology Co., Ltd. or Beijing OrionStar introduced several robotics products, including Cheetah Translator, a portable AI-based voice translation device that allows translations with a single touch from Chinese into English, Japanese, Korean and certain other languages, and vice versa. We do not maintain our own manufacturing capabilities and rely on contract manufacturers to produce our products. We assign the production of these products to third-party manufacturers. We may experience operational difficulties with our manufacturers, including reductions in the availability of production capacity, failures to comply with product specifications, insufficient quality control, failures to meet production deadlines, insolvency of the manufacturers, increases in manufacturing costs and longer lead time required. Our manufacturers may experience disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor strikes or shortages, natural disasters, component or material shortages, cost increases or other problems. In addition, we may not be able to renew contracts with our contract manufacturers or identify manufacturers who are capable of producing new products we target to launch in the future.

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We are susceptible to supply shortages, long lead time for raw materials and components, and supply changes, any of which could disrupt our supply chain and harm our results of operation.

Most of the components and raw materials used to produce our AI-driven products, such as, Cheetah Translator, a portable AI-based voice translation device that allows translations with a single touch from Chinese into English, Japanese, Korean and certain other languages, and vice versa., are sourced from third-party suppliers, and some of these components are sourced from a limited number of or a single supplier. We also rely on licensing from certain third-parties to use certain technologies necessary for our AI-driven products. Therefore, we are subject to risks of shortages or discontinuation in licensing, supply, long lead time, cost increases and quality control issues with the limited sources of suppliers. In addition, as many of electronics component suppliers are concentrated in East and Southeast Asia, there have been industry-wide conditions, natural disasters and global events in the past that have caused material shortages for components. While component shortages have historically been immaterial, they could be material in the future.

In the event of a component shortage or supply interruption from suppliers of key components, we will need to identify alternate sources of supply, which can be time-consuming, difficult and costly. We may not be able to source these components on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our production requirements or to fill our orders in a timely manner. This could cause delays in shipment of our products, harm our relationships with our customers, distributors and users, and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our operating results could be materially harmed if we are unable to accurately forecast consumer demand for our products and services or manage our inventory.

To ensure adequate inventory supply for our products, we procure raw materials and components based on sales and production forecasts. The ability to accurately forecast demand for our products and services could be affected by many factors, including changes in customer demand for our products and services, sales promotions by us, sales channel inventory levels, and unanticipated changes in general market and economic conditions. In addition, as we continue to introduce new products and services, we may also face challenges managing the production plan of our existing products, which may in turn affect the inventory management for our existing products. If we or our customers fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale. Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which may cause our gross margin to suffer and could impair the strength of our brand. On the other hand, in the case we experience shortage of products, we may be unable to meet the demand for our products, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our management team, key employees and skilled personnel, and our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our future success depends substantially on the continued efforts of our management team and key employees, in particular, Mr. Sheng Fu, our chief executive officer. The loss of Mr. Fu or any of our management team members could harm our business. In addition, if our key employees were unable or unwilling to continue their services with us, we may not be able to replace them easily, in a timely manner, or at all, which could result in significant disruptions to our business. The integration of any replacement personnel could be time-consuming, expensive and cause additional disruption to our business. If any of our management team members or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, know-how and staff.

Each of our executive officers and key employees has agreed to non-competition obligations. However, these agreements may not be enforceable in China, where our executives and key employees reside, in light of uncertainties relating to China’s legal system. If any of our executive officers or key employees violates the

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terms of their non-competition or other employment agreements with us, or their legal duties by diverting business opportunities from us, it will result in our loss of corporate opportunities. Although we have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics to help restrict conflicts of interest involving directors and officers, any violation of this code by our directors or officers may materially and adversely affect our business operations, prospects and reputation.

Allegations or lawsuits against us or our management may harm our reputation and have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We have been, and may become, subject to allegations or lawsuits brought by our competitors, customers, business partners, short sellers, investment research firms or other individuals or entities, including claims of breach of contract or unfair competition. Any such allegation or lawsuit, with or without merit, or any perceived unfair, unethical, fraudulent or inappropriate business practice by us or perceived malfeasance by our management could harm our reputation and user base and distract our management from our daily operations. Allegations or lawsuits against us or our management may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which may materially and adversely affect our user base and our ability to attract customers. In addition to the related cost, managing and defending litigation and related indemnity obligations can significantly divert management’s attention. We may also need to pay damages or settle the litigation with a substantial amount of cash. All of these could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation and cash flows.

Our chief executive officer, Mr. Sheng Fu, is named in a lawsuit filed by Qihoo in Hong Kong, and there is uncertainty as to the outcome of this lawsuit and its impact on us.

In September 2011, Mr. Sheng Fu, our chief executive officer, was named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by Qihoo 360 Technology Co., Ltd., or Qihoo, the previous U.S. listed entity of 360, in the High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The complaint was subsequently amended in May 2012, July 2012 and January 2014. The amended complaint alleges that Mr. Fu has breached his contractual obligations of confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation and non-disparagement under the agreements Mr. Fu had entered into with a subsidiary of Qihoo prior to his resignation from the subsidiary in August 2008. The complaint asserts that Mr. Fu was a product manager of Qihoo and was responsible for, and participated in, product design and research of certain anti-virus products, including 360 Anti-virus and 360 Safe Guard, and had access to the related confidential information, trade secret, technology and know-how.

In connection with the above claims, the complaint specifically alleges that Mr. Fu: (i) used confidential information of Qihoo to develop, by himself or through Beijing Conew Technology Development Co. Ltd., or Beijing Conew, and Conew Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Conew Network, an anti-virus product released around May 2010 that was allegedly substantially similar to Qihoo’s 360 Anti-virus and 360 Safe Guard and infringed upon the confidential information, trade secrets and other rights of Qihoo; (ii) engaged in or dealt with businesses and products that directly competed with the businesses and/or products of Qihoo within the 18-month restricted period; (iii) employed employees of Qihoo within the 18-month restricted period, including Mr. Ming Xu, our former president, who was the then director of technology of 360 Safe Guard, a division of Qihoo; and (iv) publicly made certain negative statements about Qihoo.

Qihoo is seeking a court declaration that Qihoo’s repurchase of its shares previously granted to Mr. Fu under Qihoo’s share incentive plan at a nominal value was valid, a court order that Mr. Fu cease to use any confidential information or know-how of Qihoo, damages for disparagement, and a court order that Mr. Fu account to Qihoo for any profits that he earned as a result of the alleged breach.

Mr. Fu joined us in October 2010 when we acquired Conew.com Corporation for which Mr. Fu served as the chief executive officer prior to the acquisition. Our product offerings do not include, and are not derived from, the anti-virus products referenced in the complaint. Mr. Fu believes that Qihoo’s allegations are without

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merit and intends to contest them vigorously. However, it is inherently difficult to predict the length, process and outcome of any court proceedings. Any litigation, regardless of the merits, can be time-consuming and can divert Mr. Fu’s attention away from our business. Should Qihoo prevail in the lawsuit against Mr. Fu, Mr. Fu’s reputation may be harmed and he may be ordered to cease using such confidential information. Moreover, although we have not been named as a defendant in the lawsuit, we cannot guarantee that Qihoo or 360 will not initiate proceedings against us in the future, which could adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.

We have made and intend to continue to make significant capital investment in a number of strategic investments, acquisitions and partnerships, which may not be successful and may have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.

We have made and intend to continue to make significant capital investment in strategic investments, acquisitions and partnerships to complement our organic business expansion. We have also made a number of investments in securities and minority investments in companies with strategic value for us. These investments and acquisitions require a significant amount of capital, which decreases the amount of cash available for working capital or capital expenditures. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we have paid for investments and acquisitions in an aggregate amount of RMB462.0 million, RMB529.5 million and RMB523.1 million (US$75.1 million), respectively. If these investments and acquisitions do not perform as we have expected, become less valuable to our business due to a change in our overall business strategy, or if the industry, regulatory or economic environments deteriorate, they could result in significant impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and investments. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, our impairment of investments were RMB275.0 million, RMB94.9 million and RMB168.0 million (US$24.1 million), respectively, primarily due to some non-cash write-downs of certain investment assets, as we considered the fair value of such investment assets less than carrying value. As our market capitalization was lower than the carrying amount of the net assets, we performed impairment assessment for the goodwill of all reporting units using the two-step process, and recognized impairment loss of RMB545,665 (US$78,380) for the year ended December 31, 2019. These write-downs were the result of lower-than-expected performance and financial position of the investment assets. In addition, acquisitions of businesses and assets may increase our capital and expenses in integrating new businesses and personnel into our own, require significant management attention and result in a diversion of resources away from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations. Further, acquisitions could result in increased leverage, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. The costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may also be significant. In addition to possible shareholders’ approval, we may also have to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities for the acquisitions and comply with applicable laws and regulations, which could result in increased costs and delays.

In the future, if appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. However, we may fail to select appropriate acquisition targets, negotiate acceptable arrangements (including arrangements to finance acquisitions) or integrate the acquired businesses and their personnel into our own. In addition, strategic partnerships could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information and non-performance by third parties. We may not be able to monitor or control the actions of our strategic partners and, to the extent any such strategic partner suffers negative publicity or harm to its reputation from events relating to its own business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by association.

If we fail to effectively resume our growth or implement our business strategies, our business and operating results could be harmed.

Our business experienced the first full year revenue decrease in 2019. Total revenues decreased to RMB3,587.7 million in 2019 from RMB4,981.7 million in 2018. As our business continues to face some challenges, we may not be able to resume our growth in the near future. In addition, resuming our growth

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requires significant expenditures and allocation of valuable management time and resources. To execute our business plan and strategy, we need to continuously improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, and expand, train, manage and maintain good relations with our employee base. Further, we must expand and continue to engage or maintain our relationships with a growing number of users, customers and business partners. Resumed growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliable service for our users, customers and business partners. We operate in a dynamic and rapidly evolving market and investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future operating performance. Any failure to effectively manage our growth or implement our business strategies may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on certain assumptions to calculate our mobile monthly active user and mobile installation figures, and real or perceived inaccuracies may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

We derive the number of mobile monthly active users of our applications using a combination of our internal statistics and data provided by a third-party research firm, and we derive the number of mobile devices installed with our applications using our internal statistics. Our internal statistics have not been independently verified. While we believe third-party data we use are reliable, we have not independently verified such data. Furthermore, there are inherent challenges in measuring usage across our large user base. For example, we calculate the number of active users of our mobile applications based on the number of unique devices. We count each device on which one or more of our mobile applications have been installed or downloaded as a single user. As such, a single individual using our applications on multiple devices is counted as multiple users, while multiple individuals sharing a device on which our applications are installed or downloaded is counted as a single user.

Since 2018, the Android 8 operating system discontinued to support for publishers with multiple applications to measure the number of monthly active users by unique device. The move caused difficulties for publishers like us to measure the number of our overall mobile monthly active user by devices given that we have a rich mobile product portfolio and there may be multiple of our applications installed in a single Android device. We have already begun to adjust our models to respond to Google’s policy adjustment. However, our measures of user base and user activity may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by our competitors due to differences in methodology. If customers or investors do not perceive our user metrics to be accurate representations of our user base or user activity, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our user metrics, our reputation may be harmed and customers may be less willing to allocate their spending or resources to us, which could negatively affect our business and operating results.

Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations due to a number of factors, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to seasonality and other fluctuations in our business. Revenues from our utility products and related services are affected by seasonality in advertising spending in both China and the overseas markets. In 2019, revenues from our utility products and related services accounted for 43.8% of our total revenues. We believe that such seasonality in advertising spending affects our quarterly results, resulting in significant growth in our revenues from utility products and related services between the third and the fourth quarters but a decline from the fourth quarter to the next quarter. In addition, revenues from our mobile game operation are affected by the numbers of holiday seasons in both China and the overseas countries, given that our players tend to spend longer time on our games during their holidays. We believe that such seasonality caused by player behavior affects our quarterly results, resulting in soft second quarter gaming revenues as there are less holidays in the second quarters. Thus, our operating results for one or more future quarters or years may fluctuate substantially or fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. In such event, the trading price of the ADSs may fluctuate significantly.

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If we fail to build, maintain and enhance our brands, incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We believe that building, maintaining and enhancing our brands are critical to the success of our business and our ability to compete. Well-recognized brands are important to increasing our number of users and expanding our business.

Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, are important to maintaining and enhancing our brands and may negatively impact our brands and reputation if not properly managed, such as:

As we expand, we may conduct various marketing and brand promotion activities. We cannot assure you, however, that these activities will be successful or that we will be able to achieve the outcomes we expect. In addition, any negative publicity in relation to our applications, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brands and reputation.

Non-compliance on the part of third parties with whom we conduct business could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Third parties with whom we conduct our business, including our game developers, may be subject to regulatory penalties or punishments because of their regulatory compliance failures, which may disrupt our business. Any legal liabilities of, or regulatory actions against, such third parties may affect our business activities and reputation and, in turn, our results of operations. For example, we conduct part of our online game publishing services through joint operating arrangements, in which we cooperate with game developers to publish their games through our mobile and PC applications. The online game industry is highly regulated in China and many other jurisdictions, and online game operators like our game developers are generally required to obtain licenses and permits, to complete filing procedures for specific mobile games and to comply with various requirements when conducting business. We require our game developers to provide their licenses, permits or filing documents relating to the relevant online games before entering into cooperation arrangements with them, but we cannot assure you that our existing or future game developers will continue to maintain all applicable permits and approvals, and any non-compliance on their part may cause potential liabilities to us and disrupt our operations.

If we fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals or otherwise comply with the laws and regulations under the complex regulatory environment applicable to our businesses in China as well as our outbound investment, or if we are required to take actions that are time-consuming or costly, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The internet industry, including the mobile internet industry, is highly regulated in China. Our VIEs are required to obtain and maintain applicable licenses and approvals from different regulatory authorities in order to

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provide their current services. Under the current PRC regulatory scheme, a number of regulatory agencies, including but not limited to the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, or SARFT, which has been reformed and become National Radio and Television Administration, or NRTA, the Ministry of Culture, or MOC, which were consolidated with the National Tourism Administration and has been reformed and become the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, or MCT, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT, the State Council Information Office, or SCIO, and the Cyberspace Administration of China, or CAC, jointly regulate all major aspects of the internet industry, including mobile and PC internet businesses. Operators must obtain various government approvals and licenses for relevant internet or mobile business.

We have obtained Internet Content Provider Licenses, or ICP Licenses, for the provision of internet information services Internet Culture Operation Licenses for the operation of online games and music entertainment products, and Computer Information System Security Products Sales License for our mobile and PC security applications. These licenses are essential to the operation of our business and are generally subject to regular government review or renewal. However, we cannot assure you that we can successfully renew these licenses in a timely manner or that these licenses are sufficient to conduct all of our present or future business.

Pursuant to the Decision of Ministry of Culture and Tourism on Abolishing Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games and the Measures for the Administration of Tourism Development Plans, which was promulgated by the MCT on 10 July 2019, the Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games was abolished. On May 14, 2019, the general office of MCT promulgated the Notice on Adjustment of the Approval Scope of Internet Cultural Operation Licenses and Further Regulating the Approval Work, or the No. 81 Notice. According to the No. 81 Notice, the MCT no longer assumes the online game industry management responsibility. Upon receiving the No. 81 Notice, the provincial cultural and tourism administrative departments no longer approve and issue the Internet Culture Operation Licenses covering business scope of “operating gaming products through the internet” or “operating gaming products through the internet, including the issuance of virtual currency”. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Online Games and Foreign Ownership Restrictions.

A number of online games currently offered on our platform are developed by and jointly operated with game developers, whereas several online games were developed and are currently operated by us. We are required to obtain an Internet Publishing License from SARFT for the operation and distribution of games through mobile and PC internet networks. As it is difficult to acquire Internet Publishing License in practice, we have not obtained an Internet Publishing License from SARFT for the operation and distribution of games on mobile and PC internet. Due to the lack of Internet Publishing License for operating and distributing games through mobile and PC internet networks, we may be prohibited from carrying out the abovementioned activities and may be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings, fines or even criminal liabilities. Additionally, each online game is also required to be filed with SARFT prior to the commencement of its operations in China. While we endeavor to comply with the registration requirements, a few developers of the games we publish (including our subsidiaries), who have contractual obligations to file the games with SARFT, have not made such filings. We cannot assure you that we or our game developers will be able to obtain all the required permits, approvals or licenses or complete all the required filings in a timely manner, or at all. If we or any of such game developers fails to do so, we may have to modify our online game publishing services in a manner disruptive to our business or may not be able to continue to operate the affected online games, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations. Besides, our subsidiary is operating the website of www.duba.com, providing links pertaining to news reporting and commentary on politics, economy, military affairs, diplomacy, public emergencies and other public affairs, which eventually will be viewed by users of other websites. Pursuant to regulations relating to internet news information services, the abovementioned activities may be regarded as providing internet news information reprinting services and communication platform services, and the operator of the website of www.duba.com may be required to obtain an internet news information service license, or an INIS License. However, our subsidiary has not obtained such license. Therefore, our subsidiary may be

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prohibited from carrying out the abovementioned activities and may be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings, fines, or even criminal liabilities.

Considerable uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations governing our current business activities and new industries or businesses we may expand into. For example, we once commenced an online lottery sales business in April 2014 but suspended such business in March 2015 due to regulatory uncertainty in China. We have then disposed of and deconsolidated the online lottery business in May 2016. We cannot assure you that we will not be found in violation of any future laws and regulations or any of the laws and regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities’ implementation or interpretation of these laws and regulations. If we fail to complete, obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, or otherwise fail to comply with the laws and regulations, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of revenues that were generated through the unlicensed internet or mobile activities, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations. Any such penalties may disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our subsidiaries are operating the websites of www.duba.com and www.v.duba.com, and have edited and arranged the information pertaining to audio/video programs broadcasted on the internet on their websites, users can access internet audio/video programs by clicking the links on such websites. Pursuant to relevant regulations on audio/ video program transmission through the internet, such activities falling into the scope of Category III internet audio/video program services and the operators of such websites shall obtain an internet audio/video program transmission license issued by the SARFT. However, our subsidiaries have not obtained such license. Therefore, our subsidiaries may be prohibited from providing audio/video programs service and may be imposed by administrative penalties, such as warnings, fines, or even criminal liabilities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Broadcasting Audio/Video Programs through the Internet” for further details.

Pursuant to NDRC Order 11, any sensitive outbound investment project carried out by overseas enterprise controlled by a PRC natural person shall be subject to a verification and approval procedure, and any non-sensitive outbound investment project, with the total investment amount from any Chinese investor via overseas enterprise under its control exceeding US$300 million, shall be reported to NDRC before the implementation of the project. On February 12, 2017, Kingsoft Corporation have entered into a voting proxy agreement with Mr. Sheng Fu, which became effective on October 1, 2017. According to such agreement, Kingsoft Corporation have delegated to Mr. Sheng Fu its approximately 39.9% voting power of our company. Mr. Sheng Fu has approximately 47% voting power of our company so far. As we and our overseas subsidiaries may be considered as companies under control of Mr. Sheng Fu pursuant to NDRC Order 11, verification and approval procedure or reporting may be required when we or our subsidiaries make investments outside China. While we endeavor to comply with NDRC Order 11 and other regulations regarding outbound investment, we cannot assure you that our existing or future subsidiaries will maintain all applicable outbound investment procedures in a timely manner, and any non-compliance on their part may cause potential liabilities to us and disrupt our operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations— Regulations on Outbound Investment” for further details.

Actual or alleged failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could damage our reputation, discourage current and potential users from using our applications and subject us to damages, administrative penalties and criminal liabilities, which could have material adverse effects on our business and results of operations.

Concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation, business and results of operations. We are subject to the data privacy and protection laws and regulations adopted by PRC and foreign governmental agencies. Data privacy laws restrict our storage, use, processing, disclosure, transfer and protection of non-public personal information provided to us by our users.

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In recent years, new laws and regulations were issued by the standing committee of the PRC National People’s Congress, MIIT, CAC and other authorities, such as the Supreme People’s Court of PRC and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of PRC, to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. The laws and regulations also require internet operators to take measures to ensure confidentiality of user information. In 2019, CAC, MIIT and other authorities have carried out special campaigns against illegal acts of mobile internet application programs collecting and using personal information, several new guidelines and circulars were released for App operators as a reference for self-assessment, management mechanisms, technical safeguards and business procedures, in respect of personal information protection. We are also subject to regulations under U.S. state law regarding the publication and dissemination of our privacy policy with respect to user data. It is possible that we may become subject to additional U.S. state or federal legislation or rules and regulations of governmental authorities outside China regarding the use of personal information or privacy-related matters. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union. It addresses the export of personal data outside the EU. The GDPR became enforceable on May 25, 2018. Failure to comply with GDPR may result in punitive actions from EU authorities, reputation damage, user loss, and revenue loss. Complying with any additional or new regulatory requirements could force us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices.

While we strive to protect our users’ privacy and comply with all applicable data protection laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure to do so may result in proceedings or actions against us by government entities or others, and could damage our reputation, discourage current and potential users from using our applications and subject us to damages, administrative penalties and criminal liabilities. From time to time we may be subject to claims or allegations of infringement of users’ privacy or breach of data protections laws. Negative publicity in relation to our applications, regardless of its veracity, could seriously harm our reputation, which in turn may discourage current and potential users from using our applications, which could have material adverse effects on our business and results of operations. In addition, user and regulatory attitudes towards privacy are evolving, and future regulatory or user concerns about the extent to which personal information is used by, accessible to or shared with customers or others may adversely affect our ability to share certain data with customers.

Security breaches or hacking incidents could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business prospects and results of operations.

Any significant breach of the security of our computer systems could significantly harm our business, reputation and results of operations and expose us to lawsuits brought by our users and customers and to sanctions by governmental authorities in the jurisdictions in which we operate and may result in significant damage to our internet security brand. We cannot assure you that our IT systems will be completely secure from future security breaches or hacking incidents. Anyone who is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate proprietary information, including the personal information of our users, obtain users’ names and passwords and enable hackers to access users’ other online and mobile accounts, if those users use identical user names and passwords. They could also misappropriate other information, including financial information, uploaded by our users in a secure environment. These circumventions may cause interruptions in our operations or damage our brand image and reputation. Our servers may be vulnerable to computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions, which could cause system interruptions, website slowdown or unavailability, delays in communication or transactions, or loss of data. We may be required to incur significant additional costs to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches. Any significant security breach or attack on our system could result in a material adverse impact on our reputation, business prospects and results of operations.

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Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, and other matters both within and outside China. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business.

In addition to PRC laws and regulations, we face additional regulatory risks and costs outside China as our products and services are increasingly offered in overseas markets. Our overseas revenues accounted for 61.4% of our total revenues in 2019. We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in foreign jurisdictions that involve matters central to our business, including privacy and data protection, rights of publicity, content, intellectual property, advertising, marketing, distribution, data security, data retention and deletion, personal information, national security, electronic contracts and other communications, virtual currencies, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, telecommunications, taxation, and economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions. The introduction of new products, services or expansion of our activities in certain jurisdictions may subject us to additional laws and regulations. In addition, foreign data protection, privacy, and other laws and regulations can be more restrictive than those in China and in the United States.

Similar to PRC laws and regulations, these foreign laws and regulations are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. For example, regulatory or legislative actions affecting the manner in which we display content to our users could adversely affect user growth and engagement, and legislations implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services.

The existing and proposed laws and regulations, as well as any associated inquiries, investigations, or actions, can be costly to comply with and can delay or impede the development of new products, result in negative publicity, increase our operating costs, require significant management time and attention, and subject us to remedies that may harm our business, including fines or demands or orders that we modify or cease existing business practices.

The successful operation of our business depends upon the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in China and the safety of our network and infrastructure.

Our business depends on the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in China. Almost all access to the internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. A more sophisticated internet infrastructure may not develop in China. We may not have access to alternative networks in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure. In addition, the internet infrastructure in China may not support the demands associated with continued growth in internet usage. Although we believe we have sufficient controls in place to prevent intentional disruptions, we expect our network and infrastructure may experience attacks specifically designed to impede the performance of our products and services, misappropriate proprietary information or harm our reputation. Because the techniques used by hackers to access or sabotage networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate them effectively. The theft, unauthorized use or publication of our trade secrets and other confidential business information as a result of such an event could adversely affect our competitive position, brand reputation and user base, and our users and customers may assert claims against us related to resulting losses arising from security breaches. Our business could be subject to significant disruption and our results of operations may be affected.

We may not be able to achieve our profitability in the future. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, or at all.

We have incurred losses before and in 2019, and we may not be able to regain our profitability in the future as we continue to develop our mobile application business, invest in mobile game businesses, artificial

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intelligence, expand our markets across the world and begin to sell smart devices in both China and the overseas markets. Our future revenue growth and profitability will depend on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include our ability to successfully continue to timely anticipate and adequately address the evolving needs of our users, customers and business partners, as well as our ability to attract new users, increase user engagement, effectively design and implement monetization strategies, and compete effectively and successfully. Our ability to achieve and sustain profitability is also affected by market and regulatory development related to, among others, mobile applications, online marketing, mobile games and artificial intelligence in China and overseas. In addition, if we are unable to achieve profitability again, it may become more difficult for us to raise sufficient capital to satisfy our anticipated capital expenditures and other cash needs, in which case our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, options, restricted shares and other types of share-based incentive awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We adopted a share award scheme, or the 2011 Plan, in May 2011, a 2013 equity incentive plan, or the 2013 Plan, in January 2014, and a restricted shares plan, or the 2014 Plan, in April 2014, pursuant to which we are authorized to grant options, restricted shares, restricted share units and other awards to our directors, officers, other employees and consultants, as each plan may provide. In addition to our share incentive plans, we have also granted share-based incentive awards in connection with certain investments and acquisitions made by us. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Awards.” In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we recorded RMB73.3 million, RMB85.1 million and RMB127.4 million (US$18.3 million), respectively, of share-based compensation expenses. The amount of these expenses is based on the fair value of the share-based incentive awards we granted, and the recognition of unrecognized share-based compensation expenses will depend on the forfeiture rate of our unvested share-based awards. Expenses associated with share-based compensation have affected our net income and may reduce our net income in the future, and any additional securities issued pursuant to share-based incentive awards will dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs. We believe the granting of share-based incentive awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel, employees and consultants, and we will continue to grant share-based incentive awards in the future. As a result, our share-based compensation expenses may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance rules; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we comply fully with the NYSE corporate governance rules. In addition, we are also a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

The NYSE corporate governance rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance rules. As we rely on the home country practice exemption as described above, our investors may have less protection afforded to shareholders of companies that fully comply with NYSE corporate governance requirements. We may also opt to rely on additional home country practice exemptions in the future.

Furthermore, because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act

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requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events. As a result, you may not be provided with the same benefits as a shareholder of a U.S. domestic company.

We may be the subject of anti-competitive, harassing or other detrimental conduct that could harm our reputation and cause us to lose users and customers and adversely affect the price of the ADSs.

We may be the target of anti-competitive, harassing or other detrimental conduct by third parties. Allegations, directly or indirectly against us or any of our executive officers, may be posted on the internet, including in internet chat-rooms or on blogs or websites by anyone, whether or not well-founded, on an anonymous basis. In addition, third parties may file complaints, anonymous or otherwise, to regulatory agencies. We may be subject to regulatory or internal investigation as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to expend significant time and incur substantial costs to address such third-party conduct, and there is no assurance that we will be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Additionally, our reputation could be harmed as a result of the public dissemination of anonymous allegations or malicious statements about our business, which in turn may cause us to lose users and customers and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on our internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report, which concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective in all material aspects as of December 31, 2019.

However, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our management and our independent registered public accounting firm, if applicable, may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. Any failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the market price of the ADSs. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We have limited business insurance coverage. Any interruption of our business may result in substantial costs to us and the diversion of our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Insurance products available in China currently are not as extensive as those offered in more developed economies. Consistent with customary industry practice in China, our business insurance is limited and we do not carry real property or business interruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for related risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured damage to our systems or disruption of our business operations could require us to incur substantial costs and divert our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Any catastrophe, including natural catastrophes, outbreaks of health pandemics or other extraordinary events, could disrupt our business operations.

Our operations may be vulnerable to interruption and damage from natural or other catastrophes, including earthquakes, fire, floods, hail, windstorms, severe winter weather (including snow, freezing water, ice storms and blizzards), environmental accidents, power loss, communications failures, explosions, man-made events such as terrorist attacks and similar events. We cannot predict the incidence, timing and severity of such events. If any catastrophe or extraordinary event occurs in the future, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired. Such events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver our services and products to our users and could decrease demand for our products. Because we do not carry property insurance and significant time could be required to resume our operations, our financial position and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected in the event of any major catastrophic event.

In addition to the impact of COVID-19, our business could be materially and adversely affected by the outbreak of other health pandemics, including influenza A, such as H7N9, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), COVID-19 or other pandemics. Any occurrence of these pandemic diseases or other adverse public health developments in China and other countries where we operate or elsewhere could severely disrupt our staffing or the staffing of our customers or business partners and otherwise reduce the activity levels of our work force and the work force of our customers or business partners, causing a material and adverse effect on our business operations.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in internet businesses, or if these laws or regulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and our business operations.

Foreign ownership of internet-based, including mobile-based, businesses is subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government regulates internet access, distribution of online information, online advertising, distribution and operation of online games through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. These laws and regulations also limit foreign ownership of PRC companies that provide internet information services. According to the Negative List (2019 Version), foreign investment in internet news information services, online publication services, online audio-visual program services, internet cultural business (except for music) are prohibited, and foreign equity share in a value-added telecommunication business shall not exceed 50% (excluding e-commerce, domestic multi-party communication, store-and-forward, and call center), and the basic telecommunication services shall be controlled by the Chinese party. In addition, according to the Several Opinions on the Introduction of Foreign Investment in the Cultural Industry promulgated by the MOC, the SARFT, the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and the Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, in July 2005, foreign investors are prohibited from investing in or operating, among other things, any internet cultural operating entities. Companies providing mobile internet services such as ours are governed by these rules and regulations on internet companies in China.

We are a Cayman Islands company and conduct part of our operations through our VIEs. Our VIEs, together with subsidiaries of our VIE, contributed a portion of our consolidated revenues in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. We exercise effective control over our VIEs through a series of contractual arrangements that those entities and/or their shareholders signed with our company, our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries, including but not limited to Beijing Kingsoft Internet Security Software Co., Ltd., or Beijing Security, and Conew Network. Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders enable us to exercise effective control over our VIEs and give us the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits of the VIEs, enabling us to consolidate their operating results. For a detailed description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs.”

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On September 28, 2009, the General Administration of Press and Publication, or the GAPP, which later integrated with the State Administration for Radio, Film and Television to become SARFT effective from March 22, 2013, the National Copyright Administration and the Office of National Work Group for Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications jointly issued a Notice on Implementing the Provisions of the State Council on “Three Determinations” and the Relevant Explanations of the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform and Further Strengthening the Administration of the Pre-approval of Online Games and Examination and Approval of Imported Online Games, or Circular 13. Circular 13 restates that foreign investors are not permitted to invest in online game-operating businesses in China via wholly-owned, equity joint venture or cooperative joint venture investments and expressly prohibits foreign investors from gaining control over or participating in domestic mobile game operators through indirect ways such as establishing other joint venture companies or entering into contractual or technical arrangements such as the VIE structural arrangements we adopted. As no detailed interpretation of Circular 13 has been issued to date, it is not clear how Circular 13 will be implemented. We are not aware of any companies that have adopted a corporate structure that is the same as or similar to ours having been penalized or having had their arrangements terminated under Circular 13 since the effective date of the circular. Furthermore, as some other primary government regulators, such as the MOFCOM and the MIIT, did not join in issuing Circular 13, the scope of the implementation and enforcement of Circular 13 remains uncertain. In the event that we, our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are found to be in violation of the prohibition under Circular 13, the SARFT, in conjunction with the relevant regulatory authorities in charge, may impose applicable penalties, which may include suspension or revocation of relevant licenses and registrations.

Based on the advice of our PRC legal counsel, Global Law Office, the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs, their shareholders and us, as described in this annual report, are valid, legal and binding on each of the above-mentioned parties thereto in accordance with the terms of respective contractual arrangements. However, we were further advised by Global Law Office that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations, and that these laws or regulations or interpretations of these laws or regulations may change in the future. Furthermore, the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting and implementing these laws and regulations. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that PRC government authorities will not ultimately take a view contrary to that of our PRC legal counsel.

If our corporate structure, contractual arrangements and businesses of our company, or our PRC entities, including our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including:

Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the imposition of any of the above penalties were to cause us to lose the rights to direct the activities of our VIEs or our right to receive their economic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate such entities.

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We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders for the operation of our business in China, which may not be as effective as direct ownership.

Because of PRC restrictions on foreign ownership of internet businesses in China, we depend on contractual arrangements with our VIEs, in which we have no ownership interest, to conduct our business in China. These contractual arrangements are intended to provide us with effective control over these entities and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. The shareholders of our VIEs include, but not limited to, Messrs. Sheng Fu, and Kun Wang, who are also our employee and/or director, as well as Ms. Weiqin Qiu and Mr. Wei Liu. For additional details on these ownership interests, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs.” However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control as direct ownership. For example, our VIEs and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to operate our business in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we were the controlling shareholder of these VIEs with direct ownership, we would be able to exercise our rights as shareholders to effect changes to their board of directors, which in turn could implement changes at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, as a legal matter, if our VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs to enforce such arrangements, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including contract remedies, which may be time-consuming, unpredictable and expensive. If we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing them, our business and operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and damage our reputation. See “—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the Foreign Investment Law, or the FIL, was adopted and approved by Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress of China . On December 26, 2019, the Implementation Regulation for the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the FIL Implementing Regulations, was issued by the State Council. Both the FIL and the FIL Implementing Regulations came into force on January 1, 2020. The FIL and the FIL Implementing Regulations, upon taking effect, will replace the three existing laws on foreign investment (collectively “Three FDI law”), namely, the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises, and become a fundamental law of China in the foreign investment area, setting forth the basic legal framework in this regard.

According to the FIL, foreign investment may be conducted through the following four ways: (i) foreign investor, independently or jointly with other investors, set up foreign-invested enterprises in China, (ii) foreign investors obtain shares, equities, property shares or other similar rights and interests of Chinese domestic enterprises, (iii) foreign investor, independently or jointly with other investors, invests in a new project (the “Project Investment”) and (iv) other forms stipulated under laws, administrative regulations and provisions of the State Council. It is worth noting that the FIL has removed the “variable interest equity” or VIE structure from the definition of foreign investment and cancelled the standard of “actual control” to identify the foreign investment as was introduced in the draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law published by the MOFCOM in 2015, or the 2015 Draft.

Notwithstanding the above, the FIL stipulates that foreign investment include “other forms stipulated under laws and regulations”, a catch-all clause which needs to be further clarified as to whether the VIE structure will be interpreted to fall within it. There are possibilities that future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council may stipulate VIE structure as a form of foreign investment, at which time it will be uncertain whether the VIE structure through which we conduct our operations will be deemed to be in

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violation of the foreign investment access requirements and how the above-mentioned VIE structure will be handled.

The services we provide and businesses we operate through our VIEs, including the internet news information services, internet publication services and other related services are subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the Negative List (2019 Version). Where a foreign investor invests in a field or sector that is prohibited to under the Negative List, it will be ordered to stop the investment activities, dispose of the shares or assets or take other necessary measures within a specified time limit, and restore to the status to be prior to the occurrence of the aforesaid investment, and the gains of such foreign investor (if any) will be confiscated by competent authority.

If the VIE structure is deemed to be a form of foreign investment as interpreted by the FIL or future laws and regulations, we may be required to dispose of our subsidiaries, or have to take other actions to adjust our corporate structure and operations, which could have an adverse effect on our corporate structure, financial conditions and business operations.

The FIL also establishes several administration systems for foreign investment, amongst others, the information reporting system. Foreign investors or FIEs are required to submit investment information to the competent authorities through the system of enterprises registration and enterprise credibility disclosure. The FIL clearly stipulates that any company found to be non-compliant with these information reporting obligations is subject to fines and other penalties. On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and SAMR issued the Measures of Information Report of Foreign Investment, or the FI Information Report Measures, according to which foreign investors establishing foreign investment enterprises in China shall submit an initial report through the Enterprise Registration System at the time of completion of registration formalities for establishment of foreign investment enterprises. Where there is a change in the information in the initial report which involves change registration (filing) of the enterprise, the foreign investment enterprise shall submit the change report through the enterprise registration system at the time of completion of change registration (filing) for the enterprise. Also, the FIEs are required to submit its annual report for the previous year through the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System from January 1 to June 30 each year. The MOFCOM and its local departments shall supervise and inspect the compliance with the FI Information Report Measures, through random inspection and other methods.

The Foreign Investment Law and the FI Information Report Measures may also impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs. Aside from investment initial report and change report that are required at each investment and alteration of investment specifics, an annual report is mandatory. Any company found to be non-compliant with these information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities.

Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

As a result of our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs, their shareholders and us, we are effectively subject to PRC value-added tax and related surcharges on revenues generated by our subsidiaries from our contractual arrangements with our VIEs. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates or related parties to the relevant tax authorities. These transactions may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year during which the transactions are conducted. In addition, on March 18, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Bulletin Regarding the Enterprise Income Tax Matter in Relation to Enterprise’s Payment of Fees to Overseas Affiliated Parties, or the Bulletin 16, to further regulate the transfer pricing issues in relation to the fees payment to affiliated parties. Among other things, the Bulletin 16

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makes it clear that the fees paid to overseas affiliated parties in the following situations cannot be deducted from the taxable income when determining a PRC company’s enterprise income tax: (a) the fees paid to an overseas affiliated party which has no substantial operating activities; (b) the fees paid to an overseas affiliated party for labor service that would bring direct or indirect economic interests; (c) royalties paid for intangible properties to which the affiliated party that charges the fees only has legal title but has made no contribution to the creation of the value of such properties; and (d) the fees paid under arrangements made for listing or financing purposes. Furthermore, on March 17, 2017, the SAT promulgated the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Promulgating the Administrative Measures for Special Tax Investigation Adjustments and Mutual Agreement Procedures, or Bulletin 6, which become effective as of May 1, 2017. The Bulletin 6 specifies further the provisions in Bulletin 16, regulating the basic rules about the income distribution of intangible properties, payments for labor service and no substantial operating activities and so on. Meanwhile, it abolished the application of Bulletin 16 since May 1, 2017. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities were to determine that the contracts between us and our VIEs were not on an arm’s length basis and therefore constituted improper transfer pricing arrangements. If this occurs, the PRC tax authorities could request that our VIEs and any of their respective subsidiaries adjust their taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such a pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by reducing expense deductions recorded by such VIEs and thereby increasing these entities’ tax liabilities, which could subject these entities to late payment fees and other penalties for the underpayment of taxes. Our consolidated net income may be adversely affected if our VIEs’ tax liabilities increase or if they become subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

The shareholders of our VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.

The shareholders of our VIEs include, but not limited to, Messrs. Sheng Fu, and Kun Wang, who are also our employee and/or director, as well as Ms. Weiqin Qiu and Mr. Wei Liu. Conflicts of interest may arise between their roles as shareholders, directors or officers of our company and as shareholders of our VIEs. We rely on these individuals to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to our company to act in good faith and in the best interest of our company and not to use their positions for personal gain. Although the shareholders of our VIEs have executed shareholder voting proxy agreements to irrevocably appoint our company or a person designated by our company to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of the VIEs, we cannot assure you that when conflicts arise under those agreements or otherwise, the shareholders of our VIEs will act in the best interest of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Kingsoft Corporation, one of our principal shareholders, and our founders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders, which may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their securities.

As of March 31, 2020, Kingsoft Corporation, one of our principal shareholders, and Mr. Sheng Fu, directly or through their holding vehicles, together beneficially own an aggregate of 55.5% of our total outstanding Class A and Class B shares, and 73.5% of the total voting power. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of any contemplated sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs.

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We may lose the ability to use and enjoy vital assets held by our VIEs if they go bankrupt or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

Some of our VIEs hold certain assets that are essential to the operations of our platform and important to the operation of our business in China, such as the ICP Licenses, Internet Culture Operation Licenses, patent applications and software copyrights for the proprietary technology. If any of these entities goes bankrupt and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of such entities undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, the unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of any violation of these policies and rules until after such violation. Such unpredictability, including uncertainty as to the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy in the first quarter of 2020. Whether this will lead to a prolonged downturn in the economy is still unknown. Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, the global macroeconomic environment was facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy had already been slowing since 2010. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which had been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2020. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity of, and uncertainties and changes in, PRC regulation on mobile and PC internet businesses and companies.

The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the internet industry, including mobile internet

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companies. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC regulation of the internet business include, but are not limited to, the following:

In July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular of the Ministry of Information Industry on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services. This circular requires foreign investors can only operate a telecommunications business in China through establishing a telecommunications enterprise with a valid telecommunications business operation license, and prohibits domestic telecommunication service providers from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunication business operating licenses to any foreign investor in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to any foreign investor for their illegal operation of a telecommunication business in China. According to this circular, either the holder of a value-added telecommunications business operation license or its shareholders must directly own the domain names and trademarks used by such license holders in their provision of value-added telecommunications services. The circular also requires each license holder to have the necessary facilities, including servers, for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license. However, due to the lack of any additional interpretation from the regulatory authorities, it remains unclear what impact such circular will have on us or the other PRC internet companies with similar corporate and contractual structures.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, mobile and PC internet businesses in China, including our business. There are also risks that we may be found to have violated existing or future laws and regulations given the uncertainty and complexity of China’s regulation of internet business.

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Content posted or displayed on our mobile and PC platforms and applications such as duba.com, including advertisements, may be found objectionable by PRC regulatory authorities and may subject us to penalties and other severe consequences.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet and wireless access and the distribution of information over the internet and wireless telecommunication networks. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet or wireless networks content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Furthermore, internet content providers are also prohibited from displaying content that may be deemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of the PRC. Meanwhile, the network information content service platforms are required to fulfill their primary responsibilities for management of information contents, and are required not to disseminate any illegal information as mentioned in the Provisions on Governance of the Network Information Content Ecology released by the CAC on December 15, 2019, with effect from March 1, 2020. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content or other licenses, the closure of the concerned platforms and reputational harm. The operator may also be held liable for any censored information displayed on or linked to their platform, and hence we may also be subject to potential liability for any unlawful actions by our users or customers on our platform. For a detailed discussion, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations.”

Since our inception, we have worked to monitor the content on our platform and applications and to make the utmost effort to comply with relevant laws and regulations. However, it may not be possible to determine in all cases the types of content that could result in our liability as a distributor of such content and, if any of the content posted or displayed on our mobile and PC platforms and applications is deemed by the PRC government to violate any content restrictions, we would not be able to continue to display such content and could become subject to penalties, including confiscation of income, fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The costs of monitoring the content on our platform and applications may also continue to increase as a result of more content being made available by an increasing number of users and customers on our mobile and PC applications.

In addition, under PRC advertising laws and regulations, we are obligated to monitor the advertising content shown on our platform and applications to ensure that such content is true, accurate and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Where a special government review is required for specific types of advertisements prior to internet posting, such as advertisements relating to pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals, we are obligated to confirm that such review has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these laws and regulations may subject us to penalties, including fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations by us, PRC governmental authorities may force us to terminate our advertising operations or revoke our licenses.

While we have made significant efforts to ensure that the advertisements shown on our mobile and PC platforms and applications are in full compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in such advertisements or offers is true and accurate as required by the advertising laws and regulations, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If we are found to be in violation of applicable PRC advertising laws and regulations, we may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in this annual report based on foreign laws.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. However, we conduct most of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior executive officers reside within China and all of them are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for your to effect service of process upon us or our management residing in China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Relating to the ADSs—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Under the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, an enterprise established outside the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. On April 22, 2009, the SAT issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Further to SAT Circular 82, on July 27, 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82; the bulletin became effective on September 1, 2011. The SAT Bulletin 45 clarified certain issues in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities’ procedures.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered as a PRC tax resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in the PRC; (b) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (c) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (d) more than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the

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PRC. SAT Bulletin 45 specifies that, when provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying the Chinese-sourced dividends, interest, royalties, etc. to the Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise.

Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups and not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the term “de facto management body” could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.

If the PRC tax authorities determine that we or any of our non-PRC subsidiaries is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then we or any such non-PRC subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations.

In that case, although dividends paid by one PRC tax resident to another PRC tax resident should qualify as “tax-exempt income” under the EIT Law, we cannot assure you that dividends by our PRC subsidiaries to our non-PRC holding companies will not be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the PRC foreign exchange control authorities and the PRC tax authorities have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for PRC enterprise income tax purposes.

If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, dividends paid by us to non-PRC holders may be subject to PRC withholding tax, and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such dividends or gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs.

We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfer of assets or equity interest in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, or sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, with retroactive effect from January 1, 2008, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market), PRC tax reporting and payment obligations may be triggered. On February 3, 2015, SAT issued a new guidance (Bulletin [2015] No. 7), or SAT Bulletin 7, on the PRC tax treatment of an indirect transfer of assets by a non-resident enterprise. Bulletin 7 is the latest regulatory instrument on indirect transfers, extending to not only the indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises but also to assets attributed to an establishment in China and immovable property in China or, collectively, Chinese Taxable Assets. Further, on October 17, 2017, SAT issued the Matters Regarding Withholding Corporate Income Tax at Source from Non-resident Enterprises (Bulletin [2017] No. 37), or SAT Bulletin 37, which replaced SAT Circular 698 and further specified the withhold obligation of the transferees. According to SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, when a non-resident enterprise engages in an indirect transfer of Chinese Taxable Assets, or Indirect Transfer, through an arrangement that does not have a bona fide commercial purpose in order to avoid paying enterprise income tax, the transaction should be re-characterized as a direct transfer of the Chinese assets and becomes taxable in China under the EIT Law, and gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to the PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. SAT Bulletin 7 and Bulletin 37 have replaced SAT Circular 698 in its entirety. They provide more comprehensive guidelines on a number of issues.

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Among other things, SAT Bulletin 7 and 37 substantially changes the reporting requirements in SAT Circular 698, provides more detailed guidance on how to determine a bona fide commercial purpose, and also provides for a safe harbor for certain situations, including purchase and sale of shares in an offshore listed enterprise on a public market by a non-resident enterprise, which may not be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax. In addition, SAT Circular 698 has been abolished by Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on October 17, 2017, with retroactive effect from December 1, 2017, or SAT Circular 37. There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Bulletin 7 and 37. SAT Bulletin 7 and 37 may be determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to the transfer of shares of our company by non-PRC resident investors, or the sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us, if any of such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack any reasonable commercial purpose. As a result, depending on whether we are the transferor or transferee in such transactions, we or the non-resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and 37, and we may have to incur expenses to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and 37, including the withholding and reporting obligations thereunder, or to establish that we should not be taxed under the general anti-avoidance rule of the EIT Law, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations or such non-resident investors’ investments in us.

If our preferential tax treatments are revoked, become unavailable or if the calculation of our tax liability is successfully challenged by the PRC tax authorities, we may be required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The Chinese government has provided various tax incentives to our subsidiaries and VIEs in China. These incentives include reduced enterprise income tax rates. For example, under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%. However, an enterprise holding a valid certificate of new software enterprise or animation enterprise is entitled to an exemption of enterprise income tax for the first two years and a 50% reduction of enterprise income tax for the subsequent three years, commencing from the first profit-making year, while an enterprise qualified as key software enterprise can enjoy a preferential EIT rate of 10%. In addition, enterprises that are granted the high and new technology enterprises status shall enjoy a favorable income tax rate of 15%. Certain of our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs were eligible for preferential tax treatments as new software enterprises, animation enterprise and/or high and new technology enterprises. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Taxation.” Any increase in the enterprise income tax rate applicable to our PRC entities in China, or any discontinuation or retroactive or future reduction of any of the preferential tax treatments currently enjoyed by our PRC entities in China, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to complex income tax and other tax regulations and significant judgment is required in the determination of a provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax provisions are reasonable, if the PRC tax authorities successfully challenge our position and we are required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand.

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The M&A Rules requires that mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors shall be subject to the approval of the MOFCOM or its delegates at provincial level. In the event that any domestic company, enterprise or natural person merges or acquires a domestic company that has affiliated relationship with it through an overseas company legally established or controlled by such domestic company, enterprise or natural person (the “Affiliated M&A”), the merger and acquisition applications shall be submitted to the MOFCOM for approval. Any circumvention on the requirement including domestic re-investment of a foreign invested enterprise is not allowed.

After the implementation of the FI Information Report Measures on January 1, 2020, where a foreign investor acquires a domestic non-foreign-invested enterprise by equity, it shall submit an initial report through the enterprise registration system when handling the change registration for the acquired enterprise instead of obtaining the approval of the MOFCOM or its delegates at provincial level. However, regarding the affiliated M&A, according to the Negative List (2019 Version), a M&A of affiliated domestic companies by domestic companies, enterprises or natural persons via the companies legally established or controlled overseas, it shall still be subject to the approval by the MOFCOM under the M&A Rules.

Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 30, 2007 and effective as of August 1, 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds (i.e., during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China) must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, on February 3, 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, on August 25, 2011, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, which became effective on September 1, 2011, to implement the Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the MOFCOM Security Review Regulations, the MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If the MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under the Circular 6 led by the NDRC and the MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. Prior the promulgation of the Foreign Investment Law or the FIL, only principle provisions are scattered and mentioned in few articles of regulations. In this context, FIL officially established safety review system for foreign investment at the level of law for the first time. Article 35 of the FIL stipulates that the State establishes a foreign investment security review system to conduct security review on foreign investments which have or may have an impact on national security. The safety review decision made in accordance with the law is final.

The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in online marketing or mobile games business requires security review, and there is no requirement that acquisitions completed prior to the promulgation of the Security Review Circular are subject to MOFCOM review.

We have grown and may continue to grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear

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whether our business would be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, the MOFCOM or other government agencies may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would as such be materially and adversely affected.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law.

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Round-trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014, which repealed SAFE Circular 75 effective from July 4, 2014. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents that directly establish or indirectly control offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, for the purpose of seeking offshore investment and financing and conducting round trip investment in China, to register with the SAFE or its local branch in connection with their ownership in the SPVs, and to amend the SAFE registrations to reflect any subsequent changes thereof.

To our knowledge, all our significant individual PRC shareholders have completed foreign exchange registration. However, we may not be fully informed of the identities of all our beneficial owners who are PRC citizens or residents, and we cannot compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC citizens or residents have complied with and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. If our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC citizens or residents fail to complete their SAFE registration, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

On February 15, 2012, the SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, which replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies issued by the SAFE on March 28, 2007. Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with the SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. We and our PRC employees who have been granted stock options have been subject to these regulations upon the completion of the initial public offering in May 2014. Failure of our PRC stock option holders to complete their SAFE registrations may subject these PRC residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business.

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PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from loans to our PRC entities or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which may materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC entities, including PRC subsidiaries and VIEs. We may make loans to our PRC entities, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or we may acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in an offshore transaction.

Most of these financing means are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example, loans by us to our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the SAFE. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to our VIEs, which are PRC domestic companies. Further, we are not likely to finance the activities of our VIEs by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictions relating to foreign investment in PRC domestic enterprises engaged in mobile internet services, online advertising, online games and related businesses.

On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested enterprise of foreign currency registered capital into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. SAFE Circular 142 provides that Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the Renminbi capital converted from the foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be altered without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Such requirements are also known as “payment-based foreign currency settlement system” established under the SAFE Circular 142. Violations of SAFE Circular 142 could result in severe monetary or other penalties. Furthermore, the SAFE promulgated a circular on November 9, 2010, known as Circular 59, and another supplemental circular on July 18, 2011, known as Circular 88, which both tighten the examination of the authenticity of settlement of foreign currency capital or net proceeds from overseas listings. The SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses, or Circular 45, on November 9, 2011, which expressly prohibits foreign-invested enterprises from using registered capital settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies to grant loans through entrustment arrangements with a bank, repay intercompany loans or repay bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. Circular 142, Circular 59, Circular 88 and Circular 45 may significantly limit our ability to make loans or capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and to convert such proceeds into Renminbi, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.

Furthermore, on March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Reform of the Administrative Method of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, which became effective as of June 1, 2015. This Circular 19 is to implement the so-called “conversion-at-will” of foreign currency in capital account, which was established under a circular issued by the SAFE on August 4, 2014, or Circular 36, and was implemented in 16 designated industrial parks as a reform pilot. The Circular 19 now implements the conversion-at-will of foreign currency settlement system nationally, and it abolished the application of Circular 142, Circular 88 and Circular 36 starting from June 1, 2015. Among other things, under Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the payment-based foreign currency settlement system or elect to follow the conversion-at-will of foreign currency settlement system. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will of foreign currency settlement system, it may convert any or 100% amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into RMB at any time. The converted RMB

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will be kept in a designated account known as “Settled but Pending Payment Account,” and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make further payment from such designated account, it still needs to provide supporting documents and go through the review process with its bank. If under special circumstances the foreign-invested enterprise cannot provide supporting documents in time, Circular 19 grants the banks the power to provide a grace period to the enterprise and make the payment before receiving the supporting documents. The foreign-invested enterprise will then need to submit the supporting documents within 20 working days after payment. In addition, foreign-invested enterprises are now allowed to use their converted RMB to make equity investments in China under Circular 19. However, foreign-invested enterprises are still required to use the converted RMB in the designated account within their approved business scope under the principle of authenticity and self-use. On October 23, 2019, the SAFE promulgated the Notice of Foreign Exchange of Further Facilitating Cross-border Trade and Investment, or SAFE Circular 28, and the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reducing Foreign Exchange Accounts, or SAFE Circular 29, clearly cancelling the restrictions on domestic equity investment of capital funds by ordinary foreign-invested enterprises. Operational Guidance for Handling Relevant Foreign Exchange Business under Capital Account by Banks, or the “Operational Guidance”, which is the appendix of SAFE Circular 29, further provides that the foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts of domestic institutions and the RMB funds obtained from foreign exchange settlement may be used by domestic institutions for expenditures under current accounts within their business scope, or for expenditures under capital accounts permitted by laws and regulations. However, the following expenditures are prohibited: (i) shall not be directly or indirectly used for expenditures beyond the business scope of an enterprise or expenditures prohibited by laws and regulations of the State; (ii) shall not be directly or indirectly used for securities investments or other investments or wealth management other than banks’ principal-protected products, unless otherwise expressly provided by laws and regulations; (iii) shall not be used for granting loans to non-affiliated enterprises, unless expressly permitted in the business scope; and (iv) shall not be used for constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use (except for real estate enterprises). For detailed information, please see “Item 4. Regulations—Regulations of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution”.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies as discussed above, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, or at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC entities or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We may rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries, including PRC subsidiaries, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares.

We are a holding company, and we rely on a significant amount of dividends from our subsidiaries, including our PRC subsidiaries, for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to the holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares and service any debt we may incur. If our subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

With respect to our PRC subsidiaries, under PRC laws and regulations, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC, such as Conew Network and Zhuhai Juntian Electronic Technology Co., Ltd., or Zhuhai Juntian, may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such a fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. At the discretion of the board of directors of the wholly foreign-owned enterprise, it may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and

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bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China, or FIL, which became effective on January 1, 2020. Upon the implementation of the FIL, Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise was repealed. The FIL sets out that the business forms, structures, and rules of activities of foreign-funded enterprises shall be governed by the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Partnership Law of the People’s Republic of China, and other laws. Foreign-funded enterprises formed under the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises before the implementation of FIL Law may maintain their original business forms, among others, for five years after FIL Law comes into force.

According to the Company Law, if the aggregate balance of our statutory common reserve is not enough to make up for the losses of the previous year, the current year’s profits shall first be used for making up the losses before the statutory common reserve is drawn according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. After we have drawn statutory common reserve, which is 10% of the after-tax profit, from the after-tax profits, it may, upon a resolution made by the shareholders’ meeting, draw a discretionary common reserve from the after-tax profits. After the losses have been made up and common reserves have been drawn, the remaining profits shall be distributed to shareholders in proportion to the actual capital contribution actually paid by them, unless otherwise agreed upon by all the shareholders. We may stop drawing the profits if the aggregate balance of the statutory common reserve has already accounted for over 50% of our registered capital. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution” for further details.

Any limitation on the ability of our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offerings or convertible senior notes offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict

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our ability to convert RMB into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our cash balance effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes control on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive part of our revenues in Renminbi. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior SAFE approval by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from the SAFE. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China has experienced increases in labor costs in recent years. China’s overall economy and the average wage in China are expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing allowance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law, which became effective in January 2008 and its implementation rules effective as of September 2008, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. On October 28, 2010, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Social Insurance Law, or the Social Insurance Law, which became effective on July 1, 2011. According to the Social Insurance Law, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance and the employers must, together with their employees or separately, pay the social insurance premiums for such employees.

We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to our users by increasing prices for our products or services, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Also, as the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practices do not and will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If the custodians or authorized users of controlling non-tangible assets of our company, including our corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions are executed using the chops or seals of the signing entity, or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the

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relevant branch of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or the SAIC which has been restructured and named to the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR.

Although we usually utilize chops to enter into contracts, the designated legal representatives of each of our PRC entities have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops and bind such entities. Some designated legal representatives of our PRC entities are members of our senior management team who have signed employment undertaking letters with us or our PRC entities under which they agree to abide by various duties they owe to us. In order to maintain the physical security of our chops and the chops of our PRC entities, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel of each of our PRC entities. Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedures will prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we could encounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representative obtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our PRC entities, we or our PRC entities would need to pass a new shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative’s fiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB. In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular the PRC’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress that would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ADSs could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation would be enacted. On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued another joint statement reiterating the greater risk that disclosures will be insufficient in many emerging markets, including China, compared to those made by U.S. domestic companies.

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In discussing the specific issues related to the greater risk, the statement again highlights the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work paper and practices of accounting firms in China, with respect to their audit work of U.S. reporting companies.

Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

Proceedings instituted recently by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against five accounting firms in China, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that they had refused to produce audit work papers and other documents related to certain other China-based companies under investigation by the SEC. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of these firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. The decision is neither final nor legally effective unless and until reviewed and approved by the SEC. On February 12, 2014, four of these PRC-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision. In February 2015, each of the four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If the firms do not follow these procedures, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our consolidated financial statements, our consolidated financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to our delisting from the NYSE or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress, which if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of the ADSs could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation would be enacted. On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued another joint statement reiterating the greater risk that disclosures will be insufficient in many emerging markets, including China, compared to those made by U.S. domestic companies. In discussing the specific issues

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related to the greater risk, the statement again highlights the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work paper and practices of accounting firms in China, with respect to their audit work of U.S. reporting companies.

Furthermore, there has been recent media reports on deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets. If any such deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation may have material and adverse impact on the stock performance of China-based issuers listed in the United States.

Risks Relating to the ADSs

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile and may continue to be volatile regardless of our operating performance.

The trading price of our ADSs has been and may continue to be subject to wide and sudden fluctuations due to factors including the following:

In addition, the price of the ADSs may fluctuate due to broad market and industry factors, such as the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other similarly situated companies in China that have listed their securities in the United States in recent years. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial declines in trading price. The trading performance of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including the securities of companies in the mobile and PC internet businesses, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting or other practices at other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in such practices. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions between late 2008 and 2012, which may have a material adverse effect on the market price of the ADSs.

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If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs may be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

The sale or perceived sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs or ordinary shares could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, sales of our ordinary shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Ordinary shares held by our pre-IPO shareholders may be sold in the public market subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, ordinary shares issued pursuant to our share incentive plans are eligible for sale in the public market subject to restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act or through registration under the Securities Act, as applicable. In addition, we have granted certain shareholders Form F-3 registration rights and the piggyback registration rights. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act may result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Any market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder may have an adverse impact on the market price of the ADSs.

Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our currently effective fourth amended and restated articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, represented by ADSs or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time, the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have

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more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our existing articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practice with respect to any corporate governance matter. However, if we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable in our home jurisdiction.

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and a substantial majority of our assets are located outside of the United States. A significant percentage of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, a significant majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

There are uncertainties as to whether Cayman Islands courts would:

There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our fourth

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amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders to convene a general meeting is fourteen calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to permit you to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to cast your vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. Furthermore, under our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted, and you may have no legal remedy if the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

The depositary for the ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not give voting instructions to the depositary to direct how the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not give voting instructions to the depositary to direct how the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not give voting instructions to the depositary to direct how the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted, you cannot prevent the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to applicable laws. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the

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amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class A ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

You may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters, and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any

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circumstances. Save for certain limited exceptions, upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equal number of Class A ordinary shares. All of the ordinary shares held by our shareholders prior to the completion of the initial public offering were re-designated as Class B ordinary shares upon completion of the offering. Kingsoft Corporation, one of our principal shareholders, and Mr. Sheng Fu, directly or through their holding vehicles, beneficially own an aggregate of 55.5% of our total outstanding shares, representing 73.5% of our total voting power as of March 31, 2020, which give them considerable influence over matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or sale of our company or our assets. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADSs on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks that it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. As a result, you may be unable to transfer your ADSs when you wish to.

We have incurred increased costs as a result of being a public company, and the costs may continue to increase in the future.

As a public company, we have incurred significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and the NYSE, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, in comparison with a private company, we need an increased number of independent directors and have to adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE.

We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We and certain of our current and former officers have been named as defendants in a putative securities class action filed on November 30, 2018 in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York: Marcu v. Cheetah Mobile Inc., et al., Case No. 1:18-cv-11184. The action was purportedly brought on behalf of a class of persons who allegedly suffered damages as a result of their trading in our ADRs between April 21, 2015 and November 27, 2018. The action alleges that we made false or misleading statements regarding our business and operations in violation of the Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. On February 8, 2019, the court entered an order appointing lead plaintiffs in this action. On February 13, 2019, the court approved a scheduling stipulation for the filing of the plaintiffs’ amended complaint and defendants’ responsive pleadings. On March 28, 2019, an amended complaint was filed. On May 16, 2019, a motion to dismiss the amended complaint was filed. On October 2, 2019, a second amended complaint was filed. On November 6, 2019, a motion to dismiss the second

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amended complaint was filed, which is currently pending before the Court. The action remains in its preliminary stages. Such lawsuit could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the lawsuit. Any such lawsuit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019, which could subject United States investors in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

We will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” if, in the case of any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat our VIEs as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements.

Based on the market price of our ADSs and the composition of our assets, we believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019, and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2020 unless the market price of our ADSs increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of the cash and other passive assets we hold in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules and such holders may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds the ADSs or our Class A ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds the ADSs or our Class A ordinary shares. For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

Item 4. Information on the Company

Our company is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands in July 2009 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kingsoft Corporation, a Cayman Islands company publicly listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 3888) since October 2007. We changed our name from the previous Kingsoft Internet Software Holdings Limited to Cheetah Mobile Inc. in March 2014.

In August 2009, we established our wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiary, Cheetah Technology Corporation Limited, or Cheetah Technology. Following our incorporation in July 2009, we underwent a series of restructuring transactions in 2009 and 2010. After the restructuring, Zhuhai Juntian, which was originally a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kingsoft Corporation in China, became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cheetah Technology in December 2009. Zhuhai Juntian incorporated Beijing Security as its wholly-owned subsidiary in

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China in November 2009. Through a series of VIE contractual arrangements established in January 2011, Beijing Cheetah Mobile Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Mobile, an entity previously consolidated in Kingsoft Corporation’s group, became our VIE. We established Cheetah Mobile America, Inc. in the United States in November 2012.

In October 2010, we acquired 100% equity interest in Conew.com Corporation, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands in October 2008. As part of the acquisition, we acquired 100% equity interest in Conew Network and obtained effective control over Beijing Conew through contractual arrangements among Conew Network, Beijing Conew and Beijing Conew’s shareholders.

Beijing Cheetah Network Technology Co. Ltd., or Beijing Network, was incorporated in China in July 2012 as our VIE and has been consolidated in our financial statements since its incorporation. We exercise effective control over our VIEs, such as Beijing Mobile and Beijing Network, through contractual arrangements among them, their shareholders and our applicable PRC subsidiaries, Beijing Security and Conew Network. For a detailed description of our contractual arrangements with the VIEs, see “—C. Organizational Structure— Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs.”

Beijing Mobile incorporated a subsidiary, Suzhou Jiangduoduo Technology Co., Ltd., or Suzhou Jiangduoduo, in China in January 2014, through which we started to conduct online lottery sales in April 2014. In March 2015, we suspended our online lottery sales in response to the PRC government’s regulatory measures. In May 2016, we sold a majority interest in, and ceased to consolidate, Suzhou Jiangduoduo.

In May 2014, we completed our initial public offering, in which we offered and sold 138,000,000 Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs. The ADSs are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “CMCM.”

Since September 2016, we have incorporated Live.me Inc. (“Live.me”), a Cayman Islands company, and several subsidiaries including Hong Kong Live.Me Corporation Limited, to operate our live streaming business. In December 2016, Live.me Inc. entered into an agreement to issue certain number of shares to one of its management members. In April 2017, Live.me Inc. raised an aggregate of US$60 million from a group of investors as well as our company. In November 2017, Live.me Inc. raised US$50 million from Bytedance Ltd. as its Series B financing. Following the foregoing transactions, we held approximately 52.1% equity interest in Live.me Inc., and have retained control over the LiveMe business. On September 30, 2019, Live.me amended its share incentive plan to (i) increase the number of shares to be issued under the current plan and (ii) issue shares under the plan into a trust for the benefit of current and future recipients of Live.me share incentive awards. Subsequent to the deconsolidation, the Group owns 49.6% voting rights of Live.me. The remaining interests is accounted for equity investment using the fair value option in accordance with ASC825-10.

During 2017, we completed a business combination, which we expected to enhance our expertise in hardware services. The total purchase consideration was RMB41.5 million.

In September 2017, Beijing Security completed capital injection into Beijing OrionStar, an artificial intelligence company incorporated in China and controlled by Mr. Sheng Fu, the chief executive officer and director of our company. As a result, we, through Beijing Security, hold approximately 29.6% of then equity interest in Beijing OrionStar and have a two-year warrant to subscribe to additional equity interests amounted to US$62 million at the same valuation of our capital injection in September 2017. In July and September 2018, Beijing Security acquired additional equity interest in Beijing OrionStar through exercising part of the foregoing warrant. In 2019, Beijing Security fully exercised its warrant in Beijing OrionStar. Subsequent to the consummation of the transaction, we, through Beijing Security, hold 38.7% equity interest in Beijing OrionStar.

Since July 2018, we have incorporated Cheetah Mobile Seal Inc., a Cayman Islands company, and several subsidiaries including Zhuhai Baoqu Technology Co., Ltd., to operate our PC business. In August 2018, Cheetah Mobile Seal Inc. entered into an agreement to issue certain number of shares to several management members who run such PC business.

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Since January 2019, we established CheePop Holding Inc., a Cayman Islands company, together with its subsidiaries to focus on certain games developed and operated by one of our game teams. In February 2019, CheePop Holding Inc. entered into an agreement to issue certain number of shares to the management members and key employees.

During 2019, we completed a business combination, which we expected to enhance our expertise in hardware services. The total purchase consideration was RMB25.0 million (US$3.6 million). We have grown organically and through acquisitions, partnerships and investments in recent years. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we have paid for investments and acquisitions in an aggregate amount of RMB462.0 million, RMB529.5 million and RMB523.1 million (US$75.1 million), respectively.

We have continued to return to our shareholders. In September 2018, our board of directors had approved a share repurchase program of up to US$100 million of our outstanding ADSs for a period not to exceed 12 months. We funded repurchases made under this program from its available cash balance. In 2019, we had repurchased approximately 4.5 million ADSs for approximately US$32 million under this program. We cancelled all the repurchased Cheetah ADSs. In 2019, our board of directors approved a special cash dividend of US$0.50 per American Depositary Share (“ADS”), or US$0.05 per ordinary share in August 2019. The aggregate amount of cash dividends were approximately US$72 million, which was funded by cash on our balance sheet.

Our principal executive offices are located at Building No. 8, Hui Tong Times Square, Yaojiayuan South Road, Beijing 100123, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-10-6292-7779. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc., of 801 Second Avenue, Suite 403, New York, NY 10017.

Voting Proxy Agreement between Kingsoft Corporation and Mr. Fu

On February 12, 2017, Kingsoft Corporation entered into a voting proxy agreement with Mr. Sheng Fu, our chief executive officer and director, pursuant to which Kingsoft Corporation agreed to delegate voting rights pertaining to up to 399,445,025 Class B ordinary shares of our company that it owns to Mr. Fu. Upon Kingsoft Corporation’s shareholder approval and signing of a definitive agreement between Mr. Fu and our company in relation to our acquisition of equity interest in Beijing OrionStar, Kingsoft Corporation have delegated approximately 38%, which increased to 39.9% as of March 31, 2020, voting power of our company held by Kingsoft Corporation to Mr. Sheng Fu, effective October 1, 2017. The voting proxy agreement also provides for additional rights and obligations of Kingsoft Corporation and Mr. Fu, including, among other things, (a) prohibitions on Mr. Fu from participation or investment in any businesses competing with the principal businesses of our company and Kingsoft Corporation, (b) Mr. Fu’s obligation to use best efforts to retain our core management team, (c) Kingsoft Corporation’s right to revoke the voting proxy in the event that Mr. Fu breaches the aforementioned undertakings, and (d) agreement to increase the size and change the composition of our then nine-member board of directors, such that there would be 11 directors, including three directors from our management, one director designated by Kingsoft Corporation, one director designated by Tencent Holdings Limited, and six independent directors.

The voting proxy agreement may be terminated upon (i) revocation by Kingsoft Corporation based on a breach of certain undertakings by Mr. Fu, among other things, undertakings (a) and (b) in the above paragraph, (ii) mutual agreement by both parties, or (iii) disposal by Kingsoft Corporation of all of its equity interest in our company.

We are a leading mobile internet company with strong global vision. We have attracted hundreds of millions of monthly actively users through an array of mobile utility products such as Clean Master released in 2012 and

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Cheetah Keyboard released in 2016. Leveraging our success on utility products, we launched mobile entertainment products in late 2015, including live streaming platform LiveMe and mobile games such as Piano Tiles 2 and Bricks n balls.

Our proprietary cloud-based data analytics engines form the core of our utility products. For users of our utility applications, the data analytics engines perform real time analysis of mobile applications, program files and websites on their devices for behavior that may impair system performance or impose security risks.

Over the past years, we had made significant investments in artificial intelligence and, together with Beijing OrionStar, one of our invested companies, we have accumulated deep knowledge in image recognition, voice recognition, natural language processing, text to speech and other AI related technologies. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has increased customer demand for our robotics products and solutions, while robotics business will not generate significant revenues in the near term.

Although substantially all of our mobile and PC applications are free to our users, our large user base presents monetization opportunities for us and our customers. We generate revenues from our utility products and related services primarily by providing advertising services to advertisers worldwide, and also by selling advertisements and referring user traffic on our mobile and PC platforms. Recently, we began to introduce some premium services for our utility products, which have been well received by our users. We also generate revenues from mobile game business. Our portfolio of mobile games has attracted a massive user base, which also provides ample advertising revenue opportunities. In addition, users of our games can purchase in-game virtual items.

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Our Core Offerings for Mobile Users and Customers

The table below sets forth some basic information of our core mobile and PC offerings for users, and AI products offered to customers.

L: date of launch; A: date of acquisition; P: date of publish.

* CM Browser was officially launched in June 2014.

Utility Products

Clean Master

Clean Master is a junk file cleaning, memory boosting and privacy protection tool we launched in September 2012 for mobile devices. Clean Master also features application management functions.

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Clean Master utilizes our cloud-based application behavior library to identify junk files associated with the applications installed on users’ end devices. Our data analytics engine can also identify junk files generated by unknown applications, which allow Clean Master to effectively clean these junk files.

As our cloud-based data analytics engines continue to evolve, Clean Master becomes more precise in identifying and cleaning junk files.

Security Master

Security Master, an upgraded version of CM Security launched in January 2014 on the Android platform, is an anti-virus and security application for mobile devices. It also features junk file cleanup and unwanted call blocking functions.

Powered by the dual-mode local and cloud-based application behavior library and our security threats library, CM Security is able to efficiently identify junk files and threats installed on users’ mobile devices. Our data analytics engines also enable CM Security to identify threats not previously indexed in our application behavior and security threats libraries.

Battery Doctor

Battery Doctor is a power optimization tool for mobile devices we launched in July 2011. Battery Doctor optimizes battery usage by utilizing our cloud-based application behavior library that contains power consumption characteristics of a number of mobile applications. Our data analytics engine can also identify power consumption characteristics of unknown applications, which allows Battery Doctor to effectively manage the power settings for these applications.

Cheetah Browser and CM Browser

Cheetah Browser is our high speed, safe web browser available for both PCs and mobile devices. We launched the PC edition in June 2012 and the mobile edition in June 2013. Cheetah Browser PC edition is a dual-core web browser, integrating the functionality of both the Chromium open-source rendering engine and the Internet Explorer rendering engine. The integrated Internet Explorer rendering engine provides maximum compatibility with pages across the internet, while the Chromium browser kernel operates at higher speeds. Cheetah Browser’s intelligent core switching engine analyzes each web page visited and selects the fastest and most compatible rendering engine for that page.

CM Browser is a light and fast mobile browser that we officially launched in June 2014, targeting overseas markets. CM Browser can protect users from malicious threats without compromising browsing speed.

CM Launcher

CM Launcher was released in December 2014 on the Android platform that provides personalized experience in using smart phones. For example, it offers tens of thousands of different themes for mobile phones, which allow users to choose their favorite styles and preferences. It also has imbedded security features that protect users’ personal info and app data and block viruses and malware.

Cheetah Keyboard

Cheetah Keyboard was launched in December 2016 on the Android platform and is an artificial intelligence-enabled application. It makes typing more efficient and fun by suggesting words, phrases and even sentences according to the context of the conversation, creating 3D key stroke effects, and introducing thousands of keyboard themes. It was featured four times by Google Play on its global homepage in the second half of 2017.

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Photo Grid

Photo Grid is an easy-to-use photo collage application for mobile devices that we acquired in May 2013. Photo Grid allows users to quickly create professional looking collages of photos through an intuitive interface. Photos can be selected from users’ phones or from Facebook, Instagram, Flickr, Dropbox, or Google+ and then edited and arranged according to a variety of pre-defined or self-designed layouts. Users can then apply photo enhancement tools such as filters, backgrounds, stickers and text labels, making the creation of beautiful collages a simple and enjoyable experience. Users can conveniently save and share their creations through social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram or emails.

CM Locker

CM Locker was launched in December 2014 on the Android platform. It is a lightweight lock screen with prompt notifications and maximum security. CM Locker enables users to access essential phone functions easily and quickly.

Duba Anti-virus

Duba Anti-virus is an internet security application offered free for both PC and mobile devices. It incorporates anti-virus, anti-malware, anti-phishing, malicious website blocking and secure online shopping in a single lightweight installation package and leverages the power of our cloud-based data analytics engines to protect our users against known and unknown security threats and malicious applications.

Anti-virus and anti-malware. Duba Anti-virus can perform periodic or on-demand scan of program files and processes present on our users’ devices and test them against our cloud-based whitelisted and blacklisted security threats library. Program files that match the blacklist will be removed or quarantined automatically by Duba Anti-virus.

Program files that do not match any of the samples included in the cloud-based security threats library will be further analyzed using our cloud-based data analytics engines which can effectively identify unknown threats by employing a heuristic, or experience-based, approach to analyze the code and behavior of the unknown program files. By functioning as a sensor for our cloud-based data analytics engines, Duba Anti-virus can leverage the discovery of an unknown security threat on a single user’s device to protect the devices of our entire user community.

K+ defense. Duba Anti-virus includes a K+ defense system that integrates with our analytic engines and provides multi-layer comprehensive protection against a broad range of security threats to users’ computers.

Vulnerability fixing. Duba Anti-virus provides a one-click solution to scan and fix vulnerabilities in computer configurations that could create an elevated risk level of system intrusions.

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Mobile Entertainment Products

Mobile Games

Piano Tiles 2

Launched in late 2015, Piano Tiles 2 is a music-based casual mobile game. With newly launched swipe-tile gameplay and racing modes, Piano Tiles 2 brings users dual audio-visual experience. In the two years since its launch, Piano Tiles 2 has covered more than 700 music pieces by over 200 composers.

Rolling Sky

Launched in early 2016, Rolling Sky is a fast-paced casual game. Rolling Sky challenges the limits of user’s speed and reaction time with 3D visuals, which enables users to experience the imaginary traps and barriers.

Dancing Line

Acquired in late 2017, Dancing Line is a rhythm-based casual game featuring original music to help users break through each level while exploring the infinite unknown. Dancing Line combines fast-paced gameplay with a carefully selected soundtrack. Featuring different worlds of increasing difficulty, each one paints a unique picture and evokes different emotions.

Arrow.io

Launched in September 2016, Arrow.io is an online multiplayer game with a rich line of characters to choose from as users conquer the world with their bow and arrows.

Tap Tap Fish

Tap Tap fish is a relaxing yet addictive casual game in which players build an aquarium ecosystem and collect thousands of fish. Cheetah Mobile became the exclusive publisher of Tap Tap Fish in October 2016.

Tap Tap Dash

Tap Tap dash is a fast-paced casual game featuring a simple style and easy gameplay that trains users’ reaction speed and reflexes. Cheetah Mobile became the exclusive publisher of Tap Tap Dash in October 2016.

Bricks n Balls

Bricks n Balls is a classic casual elimination game, that help reminds users’ childhood. Cheetah Mobile became the exclusive publisher of Bricks n Balls since January 2018.

Others

AI-driven Products

Cheetah Voicepod

Cheetah Voicepod is an AI-based smart speaker that built top of Orion OS, a voice interactive operating system developed by OrionStar. Cheetah Voicepod features precise voice recognition, superior sound and content from top providers such as Tencent Music. Through voice instructions, the smart speaker can play various music, news and other audio programs, check time and weather conditions, set up alarms and voice reminders, and facilitate online shopping.

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Cheetah Translator

Cheetah Translator is a portable hand-held voice translation device, powered by dual translation engines from OrionStar and Microsoft. It enables translations with a single touch from Simplified Chinese into English, Japanese, Korean and certain other languages, and vice versa.

Cheetah GreetBot

Cheetah GreetBot is a reception robot that focuses on the business-to-business market. Cheetah GreetBot is developed by Beijing OrionStar. Cheetah Mobile became a distributor and application developer of Cheetah GreetBot in 2018. We have already found more use cases for Cheetah GreetBot to serve customers in diverse verticals in China, including as guides in museums, receptionists in hospitals or schools, and sales assistant in convenience stores. Recently, we have deployed Cheetah GreetBot in some shopping malls in China’s tier one and tier two cities. These GreeBots are able to help consumers find shops, restaurants, cinemas and other facilities and information they look for by voice interaction.

The recent coronavirus outbreak has increased customer demand for our robotics products and solutions. Since the outbreak started, we’ve launched anti-epidemic products for hospitals to relieve some of the pressure caused by a shortage of medical personnel and the threat of cross infections. As of today, our medical robots have been deployed in some Chinese hospitals.

Products and Services for Our Customers

Mobile advertising publisher

Our portfolio of utility and entertainment products attracted a massive user base, which enabled us to become one of the leading mobile advertising publishers. We aggregated ads from Baidu, Tencent and more than 20 global mobile advertising networks on our mobile advertising operations. Our ad serving technology helps determine the best available ad to show based on comparison of bids from different ad networks.

Duba.com personal start page

Our duba.com personal start page provides a convenient starting point for the online experience of our users. It aggregates a large collection of popular online resources and provides users quick access to most of their online destinations such as online shopping, video, online game, travel and local information. It also incorporates search functions provided by our customers. Our large user base has turned our duba.com personal start page into a hub of third-party search traffic to e-commerce companies and search engine providers.

Users can click on links on the duba.com start page to access our customers’ websites or search information using their selected search engine. We charge fees to our customers based on different criteria such as cost per sale, cost per click, cost over a time period and cost per installation for transactions or other activities that originate from our duba.com start page. The unit price is subject to negotiation based on the traffic we bring to the customers.

Our Cloud-Based Data Analytics Engines

Our cloud-based data analytics engines are critical for the development and enhancement of our mobile and PC applications serving both our users and customers. Data analytics engines power our applications for users.

For our users, our data analytics engines enable our utility applications to access our most up-to-date security threat and application behavior libraries in the cloud to optimize system performance and to protect against both known and unknown security threats.

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Our security threats and application behavior libraries continuously expand with new samples exchanged with other security services providers and collected by search spiders. In addition, devices with our applications installed acts as sensors for our cloud-based data analytics engines. The behavior of new third-party applications installed on these devices are analyzed to establish a risk profile and enrich our security threats library.

Our Artificial Intelligence Technologies

We have made significant investments in artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. In 2018, we strengthened our capacity in AI by investing in Beijing OrionStar, an artificial intelligence tech company. In September 2019, Beijing OrionStar entered into a series B funding agreement with an outside investor. At the same time, we fully exercised its warrant in Beijing OrionStar to further strengthen our capacity in AI.

The recent coronavirus outbreak has increased customer demand for our robotics products and solutions. Since the outbreak started, we have launched anti-epidemic products for hospitals to relieve some of the pressure caused by a shortage of medical personnel and the threat of cross infections. As of today, our medical robots have been deployed in some Chinese hospitals.

Our Customers

Our customers primarily comprise of customers who place advertisements on our application offerings and individual customers who purchase and recharge virtual currencies used in our game applications. For our advertising services, our customers comprise direct advertisers including mobile application developers, mobile game developers and e-commerce companies, search engines and our partnering mobile advertising networks through which advertisers place advertisements on our applications, such as Baidu, and Bytedance. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, our five largest customers in aggregate contributed approximately 44.7%, 41.3% and 35.0% of our revenues, respectively.

In December 2018, Facebook suspended the advertising collaborations with us. The suspension does not impact our role as a Facebook advertising reseller through HK Zoom, a subsidiary of us. The reason cited by Facebook was that our company’s certain apps were not in compliance with Facebook’s policies. The suspension was pending a full review of our recent activities by Facebook. Since then, we had been actively communicating with and working with Facebook following receiving the notification of the suspension of collaboration and in Facebook’s full review of our recent activities in an effort to resume the normal business relationship with Facebook. These actions including having direct email communication with Facebook’s contact persons, providing written materials to demonstrate that we were indeed in compliance with Facebook’s policies, having face to face meeting with Facebook personnel to explain our business activities, and engaging a third party data auditing firm agreed by Facebook to conduct an internal review of our handling of Facebook user data in response to Facebook’s request. The review concluded that our handling of Facebook user data is compliant with the relevant data protection requirements in relevant Facebook policies. Unfortunately, Facebook has not resumed the collaboration with us.

In February 2020, our Google Play Store, Google AdMob and Google AdManager accounts were disabled by Google. According to Google, the decision was made because some of our apps had not been compliant with

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Google policies, resulting in certain invalid traffic. Since February 20, 2020, we have been in continuous communication with Google to appeal the decision, clarify any misunderstanding, and adopt any requisite remedial measures to restore the disabled accounts. However, we were recently notified that Google was unable to reinstate our accounts after reviewing our appeal and additional information we provided. While we will continue to communicate with Google, and we cannot guarantee that its appeals will be successful. Google has been our largest customer since 2017, and contributed 21.9% of our total revenue including revenues from the mobile advertising business and revenues from the purchase and consumption of virtual items by users via Google as a channel in 2019.

See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Because a limited number of customers contribute to a significant portion of our revenues, our revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if we were to lose a significant customer or a significant portion of its business.”

Marketing

We remain focused on driving organic growth for our products and services by improving user experience. We use social networks, online campaigns and offline events to promote our brand, products and services. We promote our brand, products and services across major social platforms such as Weibo, WeChat and DouYin. Over the past years, our creative team has produced a number of product and branding videos for video sharing sites such as DouYin, Youku and YouTube.

We closely track user growth in key countries across the United States, Europe, India and China. We currently acquire users through continued online promotion. We also grow our traffic organically through cross-promotion.

We have implemented a number of marketing initiatives designed to promote our brand among potential users and customers globally. For example, in March 2019, our robotic products were displayed at the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES). In October 2019, we attended the World Internet Conference, and our robotic products were displaced on the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of The People’s Republic of China. In December 2019, Mr. Sheng Fu, Cheetah Mobile’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer shared his thoughts about the development of the AI industry at the 2019T-EDGE and the 2019 IFX—GEEKPARK.

Competition

We face intense competition in all lines of our business. For our utility products and related service, we generally compete with other mobile utility application developers that offer products claiming to perform similar functions as our utility applications, such as Clean Master, Security Master and CM Launcher. For our mobile game business, we compete with other mobile game developers, mobile game publishers and mobile advertising platform that focus on mobile casual games. We also compete with other companies providing AI-driven products and services in China.

In the internet space, we mainly compete with 360 in China’s internet security and anti-virus market. In the mobile utility product space, we mainly compete with CooTek (Cayman) Inc., a global mobile Internet company that offering mobile utility applications in the overseas markets. In the mobile games space, we mainly compete with Voodoo, a French-based global mobile casual game publisher .In the artificial intelligence space, we compete with other companies offering similar product offerings in China. In addition, we compete with all major internet companies for user attention and advertising spend.

Intellectual Property

Our trademarks, patents, copyrights, domain names, proprietary technology, know-how and other intellectual property are vital to the success of our business. We protect our intellectual property rights through

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patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection laws in the PRC, Hong Kong, Japan, the United States and other jurisdictions. In addition, we enter into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees and customers. The agreements we enter into with our employees also provide that all software, inventions, developments, works of authorship and trade secrets created by them during the course of their employment are our property.

Patents. As of March 31, 2020, we had 1868 patents in China and 92 patents outside China relating to our software and other proprietary technology. Of such total 1960 patents, 1722 patents were either independently or jointly held by Zhuhai Juntian, Beijing Security, Conew Network, Beijing Antutu Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Antutu, Guangzhou Network, and our other wholly-owned or controlled subsidiaries. 178 patents were either independently or jointly held by Beijing Mobile, Beijing Network, and our other VIEs, and 60 patents were jointly owned by our wholly-owned subsidiaries and VIEs. The 1960 patents will expire between December 2023 and June 2038. In addition to the aforementioned patents, as of March 31, 2020, we had a total of 1141 patent applications in China and 144 patents applications outside China. Among such patent applications, in relation to the proprietary technologies that are essential to the operations of our platform and important to our business, our wholly-owned or controlled subsidiaries, had independently filed 1238 patent applications, and our VIEs, had independently or jointly filed 47 patent applications. Once approved, depending on the type of patents, the patents that are in the process of application by our VIEs will normally expire 10 or 20 years after the date of application.

Copyrights. As of March 31, 2020, we had registered 482 copyrights, including 441 software copyrights and 41 artwork copyrights. In relation to our core proprietary technologies, Beijing Mobile and Beijing Network, and our other VIEs, independently or jointly owned 103 software copyrights, and jointly owned an additional 46 software copyrights together with Cheetah Technology, Zhuhai Juntian, Beijing Security, Conew Network or Guangzhou Network, and our other wholly-owned or controlled subsidiaries. Among the 482 copyrights, 292 copyrights were either independently or jointly registered under the name of Cheetah Technology, Zhuhai Juntian, Beijing Security, Conew Network or Guangzhou Network, and our other wholly-owned or controlled subsidiaries. All the software copyrights owned by our VIEs (excluding Beijing Conew) have been published between December 2009 and March 2020. Software copyrights are protected until the end of the 50th calendar year starting from the date of first publication.

Trademarks. As of March 31, 2020, we had registered 1810 trademarks in China. In addition, we currently had filed 321 trademark applications in China. We had 1596 registered trademarks outside China, and we had filed 388 trademark applications outside China.

Domain names. As of March 31, 2020, we had registered 421 domain names, including www.cmcm.com, www.duba.com, www.ijinshan.com and liebao.cn.

As our VIEs hold a significant amount of patents and copyrights essential to our business operations, if we lose control over any of them or if any of them goes bankrupt, our business operations may be severely interrupted. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—We may lose the ability to use and enjoy vital assets held by our VIEs if they go bankrupt or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.”

We have established policies and procedures to monitor certain key patents and trademarks for infringement or other unauthorized use, and a team of dedicated employees from the intellectual property, legal and marketing groups conduct daily searches and monitor our patents, as well as third-party patents and distribution platforms, for infringing technology and software. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to our Business and Industry—We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to our Business and Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement lawsuits which could result in our payment of substantial damages or license fees, disruption to our product and service offerings and reputational harm.”

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Regulations

We are subject to a number of PRC and foreign laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business on the internet. We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in foreign jurisdictions that involve matters central to our business, including privacy and data protection, rights of publicity, content, intellectual property, advertising, marketing, distribution, data security, data retention and deletion, personal information, national security, electronic contracts and other communications, virtual currencies, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, telecommunications, taxation, and economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions. These foreign laws and regulations are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. For further details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, and other matters both within and outside China. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business.”

As a significant portion of our business operations are conducted in China, we are materially affected by the laws and regulations in China. This section summarizes the principal PRC laws and regulations relevant to our current businesses, including online marketing, online game (including online mobile and PC games) operations and advertising agency, as well as foreign currency exchange and dividend distributions.

Regulations on Telecommunications Services and Foreign Ownership Restrictions

The Telecommunications Regulations, which became effective on September 25, 2000 and were respectively amended on July 29, 2014 and on February 6, 2016, and Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Permits (2017), which became effective since September 1, 2017, are the core regulations on telecommunications services in China. The Telecommunications Regulations set out basic guidelines on different types of telecommunications business activities, including the distinction between “basic telecommunications services” and “value-added telecommunications services.” Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Permits (2017) set out the standards regarding the application, examination and approval, use and administration of telecommunications business permits in China. According to the Classified Catalog of Telecommunications Business (2015 Version), implemented on March 1, 2016, amended on June 6, 2019 and attached to the Telecommunications Regulations, internet information services are deemed a type of value-added telecommunications services. The Telecommunications Regulations require the operators of value-added telecommunications services to obtain value-added telecommunications business operation licenses from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT, or its provincial delegates prior to the commencement of such services.

The Regulations on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, which took effect on January 1, 2002 and were respectively amended on September 10, 2008 and on February 6, 2016, are the major rules on foreign investment in telecommunications companies in China. The FITE Regulations stipulate that the foreign investor of a telecommunications enterprise is prohibited from holding more than 50% of the equity interest in a foreign-invested enterprise that provides value-added telecommunications services, including internet information services. Moreover, such foreign investor shall demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications services when applying for the value-added telecommunications business operation license from the MIIT.

On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services, or the MIIT Circular 2006, which requires that (a) foreign investors can only operate a telecommunications business in China through establishing a telecommunications

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enterprise with a valid telecommunications business operation license; (b) domestic license holders are prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunications business operation licenses to foreign investors in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to foreign investors to facilitate the unlicensed operation of telecommunications business in China; (c) value-added telecommunications service providers or their shareholders must directly own the domain names and registered trademarks they use in their daily operations; (d) each value-added telecommunications service provider must have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities in the geographic regions covered by its license; and (e) all value-added telecommunications service providers should improve network and information security, enact relevant information safety administration regulations and set up emergency plans to ensure network and information safety. The provincial communications administration bureaus, as local authorities in charge of regulating telecommunications services, (a) are required to ensure that existing qualified value-added telecommunications service providers will conduct a self-assessment of their compliance with the MIIT Circular 2006; and (b) may revoke the value-added telecommunications business operation licenses of those that fail to comply with the above requirements or fail to rectify such non-compliance within specified time limits. Due to the lack of any additional interpretation from the regulatory authorities, it remains unclear what impact MIIT Circular 2006 will have on us or the other PRC internet companies with similar corporate and contractual structures.

To comply with such foreign ownership restrictions, we operate our businesses in China through Beijing Mobile, Beijing Network, Beijing Conew and other companies, our VIEs or their subsidiaries. Our VIEs are directly or indirectly owned by PRC citizens. Each of these entities is controlled by our company through a series of contractual arrangements. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs.” Based on our PRC legal counsel, Global Law Office’s understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations, our corporate structure complies with all applicable PRC laws, and does not violate, breach, contravene or circumvent or otherwise conflict with any applicable PRC laws. However, we were further advised by our PRC legal counsel that there are substantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and application of existing or future PRC laws and regulations and thus there is no assurance that Chinese governmental authorities would take a view consistent with the opinions of our PRC legal counsel.

Internet Information Services

The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the ICP Measures, issued by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on January 8, 2011, regulate the provision of internet information services. According to the ICP Measures, “internet information services” refer to services that provide internet information to online users, and are categorized as either commercial services or non-commercial services. Pursuant to the ICP Measures, internet information commercial service providers shall obtain an ICP License, a sub-category of the value-added telecommunications business operation license, from the relevant local authorities before engaging in the provision of any commercial internet information services in China. In addition, if the internet information services involve provision of news, publication, education, medicine, health, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment and other services that statutorily require approvals from other additional governmental authorities, such approvals must be obtained before applying for the ICP License.

We currently, through Beijing Mobile, Beijing Network and other companies, our VIEs or their subsidiaries, hold valid ICP Licenses, covering the provision of internet information services, issued by the Beijing, Guangdong or Hainan branch of the MIIT. Besides, the ICP Measures and other relevant measures also ban the internet activities that constitute publication of any content that propagates obscenity, pornography, gambling and violence, incite the commission of crimes or infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of third parties, among others. If an internet information service provider detects information transmitted on their system that falls within the specifically prohibited scope, such provider must terminate such transmission, delete such information immediately, keep records and report to the governmental authorities in charge. Any provider’s violation of these prescriptions will lead to the revocation of its ICP License and, in serious cases, the shutting down of its internet systems.

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The Administrative Regulations on Internet Forum Community Services, or the Forum Regulations, issued by CAC on August 25, 2017 and being effective since October 1, 2017, regulates the provision of internet forum community services within the PRC territory. Pursuant to the Forum Regulations, “internet forum community services” refers to services to provide an interactive community platform on the Internet to the users for releasing information, by means of forums, post bars or online communities. We currently, provide forums such as http://bbs.duba.net/, as online interactive platforms for users to release information relating to our products. According to the Forum Regulations, the internet forum community services provider shall strengthen the management of the information released by users. If it discovers any information that is prohibited by laws and regulations, the internet forum community services provider should immediately stop the transmission, delate such information and report to the state or local CAC in a timely way. Besides, the internet forum community services provider shall file and verify the real identity information of the initiators or managers of the forum sections, and shall not provide information releasing services for users who fail to provide real identity information. The users’ real identity information, when kept by the internet forum community services provider, shall not be disclosed, distorted, destroyed or illegally sold or provided to others.

On November 27, 2017, MIIT promulgated Notice of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Regulating the Use of Domain Names for Internet Information Services, which became effective on January 1, 2018. The notice provides that the domain name used by an Internet information service provider for providing Internet information services shall be a domain name registered and owned thereby pursuant to laws and regulations. Where an entity provides Internet information services, the domain name registrant shall be the entity (including a company shareholder), or the primary person in charge of, or a senior management person of, the entity. When providing access services for Internet information service providers, an Internet access service provider shall examine and verify the real identity information of domain name registrants via the Record-filing System, and shall not provide access services for those who fail to provide real identity information or whose identity information provided is inaccurate or incomplete. The foregoing provisions shall not apply to domain names that have already been record-filed in the Record-filing System prior to the effective date hereof. Nevertheless, abovementioned regulations do not prescribe any legal liability of violating such regulations.

Internet News Information Services

Under currently effective rules and regulations in the PRC, to provide internet news information services in China, including the relevant news reporting and commentary on politics, economy, military affairs, diplomacy, public emergencies and other public affairs, the service provider is required to obtain an internet news information service license, or an INIS License. Pursuant to the Provisions on the Administration of Internet News Information Services, which were jointly promulgated by the SCIO and the then Ministry of Information Industry (the predecessor of the MIIT) in September 2005 and were repealed in October 2017, internet news information service providers which are established by “non-news work units” and which republish news information, provide current event electronic bulletin services, and transmit to the public current event news report information are required to apply for an INIS License in order to provide internet news information services on current affairs and politics. On May 2, 2017, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, promulgated Provisions on Administration over the Internet News Information Services, or the Internet News Provisions, which became effective on June 1, 2017, Pursuant to the Internet News Provisions, INIS License shall be obtained for providing to the public Internet news information services, including providing Internet news information collection and editing services, reprinting services and communication platform services, through the Internet website, application program, forum, blog, microblog, public account, instant messaging tool, Internet live streaming and other methods. It is prohibited to conduct Internet news information service activities without license or beyond the licensed scope. The collection and editing business and operational business of an Internet news information service provider shall be separated and non-public assets shall not be involved in the Internet news information collection and editing business. Any violation of the Internet News Provisions may result in penalties, including discontinuation of operations, warnings, orders to make correction within the prescribed time period, and imposition of fines and even criminal liabilities.

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The CAC promulgated the Implementation Rules for the Administration of the Licensing for Internet News Information Services on May 22, 2017 and Administrative Measures on Content Management Practitioners in Internet News Information Service Providers on October 30, 2017, further prescribing more details regarding the application and administration of the INIS License.

Internet Publication and Cultural Activities

The Tentative Measures for Internet Publication Administration, or Internet Publication Measures, were jointly promulgated by the GAPP and the MIIT on June 27, 2002 and became effective on August 1, 2002. The Internet Publication Measures imposed a license requirement for any company that engages in internet publishing, which means any act by an internet information service provider to select, edit and process works (including books, newspaper, magazines, audio/video products, or edited literature, art or works on natural science, social science, engineering etc.) produced by such provider or others, and make such works publicly available on the internet or send such works to the end users through internet, so that the public can browse, read, use or download such works. The Internet Publication Measures also require the professional editorial personnel of an Internet publishing entity to examine the published content to ensure that it complies with applicable laws. Failure to do so may subject us to fines and other penalties. The provision of online games is deemed an internet publication activity; therefore, an online game operator must (i) obtain an Internet Publishing License so that it can directly offer its online games to the public in the PRC, or (ii) publish its online games through a qualified press entity by entering into an entrustment agreement. On February 4, 2016, the SARFT and the MIIT jointly promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Publication, which took effect on March 10, 2016 and superseded the Internet Publication Measures. The Administrative Measures on Internet Publication further strengthened and expanded the supervision and management of internet publication activities.

The Rules for the Administration of Electronic Publication, or the Electronic Publication Rules, was issued by the GAPP on February 21, 2008 and became effective on April 15, 2008 and amended on August 28, 2015. Under the Electronic Publication Rules and other regulations issued by the GAPP, online games are classified as a kind of electronic publication, and publishing of online games is required to be conducted by licensed electronic publishing entities that have been issued standard publication codes.

On May 10, 2003, the Ministry of Culture, or the MOC, promulgated the Tentative Measures for the Administration of Online Culture, or the Online Cultural Measures, which became effective on July 1, 2003 and subsequently amended on July 1, 2004, on April 1, 2011 and on December 15, 2017 respectively. According to the Online Cultural Measures, internet information services providers engaging in online cultural activities, which include the dissemination and operation of gaming products, shall either obtain a license from the provincial branches of the MOC if such activities are commercial, or complete a filing of records with the provincial branches of the MOC if such activities are non-commercial. Specifically, entities are required to obtain online cultural operating licenses from the provincial branches of the MOC if they intend to commercially engage in any of the following activities: (a) production, duplication, import, publishing or broadcasting of online cultural products; (b) publishing of online cultural products on the internet or transmission thereof via the internet or mobile telecommunication networks to computers, fixed-line or mobile phones, television sets, gaming consoles or Internet café for online users to browse, review, use or download such products; or (c) exhibitions or contests related to online cultural products. If internet information services providers engage in commercial online cultural activities but fail to obtain online cultural operating licenses, they may be ordered to shut down their websites and subject to fines and penalties of confiscating illegal gain.

On February 15, 2007, the MOC, the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC and other relevant government authorities jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Internet Cafes and Online Games, or Circular 10. The Circular 10 authorizes PBOC to strengthen the administration of virtual currency in web games in order to avoid any adverse impact on the economy and financial system. This notice strictly limits the total amount of virtual currency that a web game operator can issue and an individual game player can purchase. It also distinguishes virtual transactions from real transactions through electronic commerce and that specifies virtual currency should only be used to purchase virtual items.

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The Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Online Game Virtual Currency, or the Virtual Currency Notice, jointly issued by the MOC and the MOFCOM on June 4, 2009, defines the meaning of the term “virtual currency” and places a set of restrictions on the trading and issuance of virtual currency. The Virtual Currency Notice also states that online game operators are not allowed to give out virtual items or virtual currency through lottery-base activities, such as lucky draws, betting or random computer sampling, in exchange for cash or virtual money of the players.

We, through Beijing Mobile, Beijing Network and other companies, our VIEs or their subsidiaries have obtained the Internet Culture Operation Licenses from the Beijing, Guangdong or Hainan branch of the MOC (later the MCT) or MCT(formerly the MOC), which collectively cover the business scope of operating gaming products through the internet (including the issuance of virtual currency) However, among the above Internet Culture Operation Licenses, those covering the business scope of operating gaming products through the internet (including the issuance of virtual currency) are not required for operators of online games, due to the abolishment of the Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games, pursuant to a decision by Ministry of Culture and Tourism (“MCT”) on 10 July, 2019. For detailed information. See “Item 4. Regulations—Regulations on Online Games and Foreign Ownership Restrictions” for further details.

Regulations on Online Games and Foreign Ownership Restrictions

On June 3, 2010, the MOC promulgated the Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games, or the Online Game Measures, which came into effect on August 1, 2010 and were subsequently amended on December 15, 2017. The Online Game Measures governs the research, development and operation of online games. It specifies that the MOC is responsible for the censorship of imported online games and the filing of records of domestic online games. The procedures for the filing of records of domestic online games must be conducted with the MOC within 30 days after the commencement date of the operation of such online games.

All operators of online games, or Online Game Business Operators, used to be required by the Online Game Measures to obtain Internet Culture Operation Licenses. An Internet Culture Operation License is valid for three years and in case of renewal, the renewal application should be submitted 30 days prior to the expiry date of such license. An Online Game Business Operator should request the valid identity certificate of game users for registration, and notify the public 60 days ahead of the termination of any online game operations or the transfer of online game operational rights. Online Game Business Operators are also prohibited from (a) setting compulsory combat in the online games without game users’ consent; (b) advertising or promoting the online games in a way that contains prohibited content, such as anything that compromises state security or divulges state secrets; and (c) inducing game users to input legal currencies or virtual currencies to gain online game products or services, by way of random draw or other incidental means. Pursuant to the Online Game Measures, the service agreements between the Online Game Business Operators and users shall contain all the clauses of a standard online game service agreement, which was issued by MOC on July 29, 2010, with no conflicts with the rest of clauses in such service agreements. We, through Beijing Mobile, Beijing Network and other companies, our VIEs or their subsidiaries, have obtained Internet Culture Operation Licenses from the Beijing, Guangdong and Hainan branch of the MOC or MCT, which collectively cover the business scope of operating music entertainment products through the internet, and operating gaming products through the internet, including the issuance of virtual currency.

However, pursuant to the Decision of Ministry of Culture and Tourism (“MCT”) on Abolishing Provisional Administration Measures of Online Games and the Measures for the Administration of Tourism Development Plans, which was promulgated by the MCT on 10 July 2019, the Online Game Measures was abolished.

On May 14, 2019, the general office of MCT promulgated the Notice on Adjustment of the Approval Scope of Internet Cultural Operation Licenses and Further Regulating the Approval Work, or the No. 81 Notice. According to the No. 81 Notice, the MCT no longer assumes the online game industry management responsibility. Upon receiving the No. 81 Notice, the provincial cultural and tourism administrative departments

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no longer approve and issue the Internet Culture Operation Licenses covering business scope of “operating gaming products through the internet” or “operating gaming products through the internet, including the issuance of virtual currency”. The Internet Culture Operation Licenses covering the afore-mentioned business scope which were issued before the No. 81 Notice and during the valid period shall continue to be valid. Such Internet Culture Operation Licenses will not need to be renewed upon expiry.

On March 10, 2020, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism issued the Special Tips on Application for the Internet Culture Operation Licenses. Pursuant to the Special Tips, the approval scope of Internet Culture Operation Licenses shall include online music, online dramas and programs, online performance, online art, online animation and exhibition, competition activities. Internet Culture Operation Licenses shall not be issued to applicants engaged in other internet operation businesses not within the afore-mentioned approval scope.

According to the aforementioned regulations, Internet Culture Operation Licenses of Beijing Network and other companies, with the business scope of operating gaming products through the internet, may not need to be renewed upon expiry. On the other hand, our Culture Operation Licenses concerning business scope other than operating gaming products through the internet that remain being subject to the approval and administration by MCT will need to be renewed upon expiry.

On July 11, 2008, the General Office of the State Council promulgated the Regulation on Main Functions, Internal Organization and Staffing of the GAPP, or the Regulation on Three Provisions. On September 7, 2009, the Central Organization Establishment Commission issued the corresponding interpretations, or the Interpretations on Three Provisions. The Regulation on Three Provisions stipulates that the MOC is authorized to regulate the online game industry, while the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, or SARFT, is authorized to approve the publication of online games before their launch on the internet. The Interpretation on Three Provisions further provides that once an online game is launched on the internet, it will be completely under the administration of the MOC, and that if an online game is launched on the internet without obtaining prior approval from the SARFT, the MOC, instead of the SARFT, is directly responsible for investigation and punishment. On July 11, 2013, the General Office of the State Council promulgated the Provisions on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Institutions and Staffing of GAPP, or the Three-Decision Provisions, which reiterates the restrictions stipulated in the Regulation on Three Provisions. Although the aforementioned provisions or regulations remain valid, according to the No. 81 Notice, the MCT (formerly the MOC) no longer assumes the online game industry management responsibility.

On September 28, 2009, the GAPP, the National Copyright Administration, or the NCA, and the Office of the National Working Group for Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications jointly issued a Notice on Implementing the Provisions of the State Council on “Three Determinations” and the Relevant Explanations of the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform and Further Strengthening the Administration of the Pre-approval of Online Games and Examination and Approval of Imported Online Games, or Circular 13. Circular 13 explicitly prohibits foreign investors from directly or indirectly engaging in online gaming business in China, including through variable interest entity structures, or VIE Structures. Foreign investors are not allowed to indirectly control or participate in PRC operating companies’ online games (including online mobile and PC games) operations, whether (a) by establishing other joint ventures, entering into contractual arrangements or providing technical support for such operating companies; or (b) in a disguised form such as by incorporating or directing user registration, user account management or game card consumption into online gaming platforms that are ultimately controlled or owned by foreign companies. Violations of Circular 13 will result in severe penalties. However, it is uncertain whether the above prohibitions imposed by SARFT are within its authorization as stipulated in the Regulation on Three Provisions and its interpretations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We may be adversely affected by the complexity of, and uncertainties and changes in, PRC regulation on mobile and PC internet businesses and companies.”

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Regulations on Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration System

On April 15, 2007, in order to curb addictive online game-playing by minors, eight PRC government authorities, including the GAPP, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Public Security and the MIIT, jointly issued a circular requiring the implementation of an anti-fatigue compliance system and a real-name registration system by all PRC online games (including online mobile and PC games) operators. Under the anti-fatigue compliance system, three hours or less of continuous playing by minors, defined as game players under 18 years of age, is considered to be “healthy,” three to five hours is deemed “fatiguing,” and five hours or more is deemed “unhealthy.” Game operators are required to reduce the value of in-game benefits to a game player by half if it discovers that the amount of a time a game player spends online has reached the “fatiguing” level, and to zero in the case of the “unhealthy” level.

To identify whether a game player is a minor and thus subject to the anti-fatigue compliance system, a real-name registration system should be adopted to require online games (including online mobile and PC games) players to register their real identity information before playing online games. Pursuant to the Notice on the Commencement of Anti-fatigue and Real-name Registration of Online Games, issued by the relevant eight government authorities on July 1, 2011, which came into effect on October 1, 2011, online games (including online mobile and PC games) operators must submit the identity information of game players to the National Citizen Identity Information Center, a subordinate public institution of the Ministry of Public Security, for verification.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Usernames of Internet Users’ Accounts promulgated by the CAC on February 4, 2014, which became effective on March 1, 2015, users of internet information services are required to have their identity information authenticated in order to register user accounts. The internet information service providers are required to (i) improve user service agreement, clearly indicating users not to include any illegal or malicious information in account names, head portraits, profiles or any other registration information, and (ii) be equipped with the professionals and examine the account names, head portraits and other registration information submitted by the internet users. We cannot assure you that PRC regulators would not require us to implement much stricter real-name registration in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We may be adversely affected by the complexity of, and uncertainties and changes in, PRC regulation on mobile and PC internet businesses and companies.” In addition, we require our mobile and PC game developers to comply with the requirements under the PRC law, but we cannot assure you that such commercial partners will effectively implement the anti-fatigue rules, and any noncompliance on the part of such commercial partners may cause potential liabilities to us and in turn disrupt our operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry— Non-compliance on the part of third parties with whom we conduct business could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.”

On December 1, 2016, the MOC promulgated the Circular on Regulating the Operation of Online Games and Strengthening the Interim and Ex Post Supervision, or Circular 32, which became effective on May 1, 2017. The Circular 32 sets requirements in relation to the following aspects of online games: (i) clarifying the scope of online game operation; (ii) regulating services for issuance of virtual props of online games; (iii) strengthening the protection of the rights and interests online game users; (iv) strengthening the interim and ex post supervision of online game operation; and (v) seriously investigating and punishing illegal operating activities. According to the Circular 32, online game publishers shall require online game users to register their real names with valid identity documents, and keep user registration information, and shall not provide recharge or consumer services in game for online game users who login as visitors and also requires that the online game publishers shall fully comply with the relevant provisions of the Parents’ Guardian Project for Minors Playing Online Games, based on which, online game operators shall impose money and time limits for minor users in game and take technical measures to screen the scenes and functions not appropriate for minors. The Circular 32 has been repealed on August 19, 2019 according to the Announcement on the Review Results of Administrative Documents issue by the MCT on August 19, 2019.

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On 25 October 2019, the Notice on Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games, or the Notice, issued by National Press and Publication Administration and came into effect on the same day, requests online game companies to implement the real-name registration system. All online game users must use valid identity information to register their game accounts. Online game companies must require existing users to complete the real-name registration within 2 months from the date of implementation of this notice and stop providing game service to users who cannot complete real-name registration within the prescribed period. The time and duration used by minors shall be strictly controlled. Online game companies are banned from providing game services to minors in any form between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. The length of time that online game companies provide game services to minors shall not exceed 3 hours per day for statutory holidays and 1.5 hours for other days. Paid services provided to minors shall be regulated. Online game companies shall not provide paid game services for users under the age of 8 years old. As for the paid game services provided by the same online game company, for users who are over 8 years old and under 16 years old, the single recharge amount shall not exceed RMB 50, the monthly recharge amount shall not exceed RMB 200; for users over 16 years old and under 18 years old, the amount of one single recharge shall not exceed RMB 100, and the monthly recharge amount shall not exceed RMB 400.

Regulations on Computer Information System Security Special Products

Pursuant to the Provisions for Security Protection of Computer Information Systems promulgated by the State Council on February 18, 1994 and subsequently amended in 2011, and the Measures for Administration of Detection and Sales Permits for Computer Information System Security Special Products promulgated by the MPS on December 12, 1997, producers of security special products, including hardware and software products, shall have such products detected and recognized by qualified institutions, and obtain a sales license. A new sales license is required if an approved security product has any functional changes. “Security special products” refers to special hardware and software that is used for protecting the security of computer information system. The valid term of each sales permit is two years and the extension application shall be submitted to the competent branches of the Ministry of Public Security 30 days prior to the expiration of such term. Besides, as the upgrades of our software become more frequent and such examination and approval by the MPS may be time-consuming, we may not be able to obtain such permits for all upgrades in a timely manner, which may subject us to various penalties and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We, through Beijing Security, have obtained a sales license from the Ministry of Public Security, and are permitted to put the Kingsoft Duba 11 SP 11.9.1.042100 Antivirus Product Offline (Qualified) into the market for sale.

Regulations on Mobile Application Information Services

On June 28, 2016, the CAC, promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Information Services of Mobile Internet Application Programs, or the Mobile Application Provisions, which became effective on August 1, 2016. The Mobile Application Provisions were promulgated to strengthen the administration of information services provided by mobile applications.

Pursuant to the Mobile Application Provisions, mobile applications refer to application software obtained through pre-installation, download or other means and which operate on smart mobile devices to provide information services to users. Mobile application information service providers shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of mobile application information required by laws and regulations and implement the information security management responsibilities strictly, including but not limited to: (i) authenticating the identity information of the registered users based on mobile phone numbers and other identity information; (ii) protecting user information and using users’ personal information in a lawful and proper manner, and obtaining users’ consents for collection of personal information; (iii) establishing information content audit and management mechanism, and taking measures against any users who publish information content in violation of laws or regulations depending on circumstances, such as issuing warnings and suspension of users’ accounts; (iv) allowing users to opt out from certain functions on mobile applications, and obtaining users’ consents before accessing users’ locations, address books, cameras and recordings; (v) protecting the

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intellectual property rights of others and shall not develop and publish mobile applications that infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others; and (vi) recording users’ log information and keep it for 60 days.

Regulations on Advertising Business

State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, which is the successor of SAIC, is the primary governmental authority regulating advertising activities in China. Regulations that apply to advertising business primarily include:

According to the above regulations, companies that engage in advertising activities including those conducted through the internet must each obtain, from the SAMR (formerly the SAIC) or its local branches, a business license which specifically includes operating an advertising business in its business scope. An enterprise engaging in advertising business within the specifications in its business scope does not need to apply for an advertising operation registration, provided that such enterprise is not a radio station, television station, newspaper or periodical publisher. Enterprises conducting advertising activities without such a license may be subject to penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income and orders to cease advertising operations pursuant to Advertisement Law. The business license of an advertising company is valid for the duration of its existence, unless the license is suspended or revoked due to a violation of any relevant laws or regulations. For the enterprise which is not a radio station, television station, newspaper or periodical publisher, the term of validity of the registration of advertisement publication shall be consistent with the term of validity of the approval document for relevant media.

PRC advertising laws and regulations set certain content requirements for advertisements in China, including, among other things, prohibitions on false or misleading content, superlative wording, socially destabilizing content or content involving obscenities, superstition, violence, discrimination or infringement of the public interest. Advertisers, advertising agencies and advertising distributors are required to ensure that the content of the advertisements they prepare or distribute is true and in complete compliance with applicable laws. In providing advertising services, advertising operators and advertising distributors must review the supporting documents provided by advertisers for advertisements and verify that the content of the advertisements complies with applicable PRC laws and regulations. Prior to distributing advertisements that are subject to government censorship and approval, advertising distributors are obligated to verify that such censorship has been performed and approval has been obtained. The Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertisements set new requirements for internet advertising, which refers to commercial advertising that directly or indirectly promotes goods or services through websites, webpages, internet applications or other internet media in text, picture, audio, video or other forms. The Interim Measures require internet advertising publishers and advertising operators to, among other things, (i) clearly identify all internet advertising as such and distinguish paid search results from natural search results; (ii) refrain from interrupting normal internet use with advertisements, or inducing users to open an advertisement in a deceptive manner; and (iii) establish an advertising business management system and review advertisement content as required by applicable laws. The following activities are prohibited under the Interim Measures: (a) providing or using applications and hardware to block, filter, skip over, tamper with, or cover up lawful advertisements provided by others; (b) using network access, network equipment and

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applications to disrupt the normal transmission of lawful advertisements provided by others or adding or uploading advertisements without permission; and (c) harming the interests of others by using fake statistics or traffic data. Violation of these regulations may result in penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an advertisement correcting the misleading information. Where serious violations occur, the SAIC or its local branches may revoke such offenders’ licenses or permits for their advertising business operations.

On February 9, 2018, the SAIC, currently known as SMAR, issued a Notice on Launching Special Rectification on Internet Advertising, the rectification priorities specified therein are: (i) illegal internet advertisement relating to orientation administration, politically sensitive problems or harming national interests; (ii) internet advertisement for food, dietary supplements, medical care, drugs, and medical devices, which contain false or illegal content that may harm personal safety; (iii) false and illegal Internet advertising for financial investment, business attraction, and collections, among others, containing content deceiving or misleading consumers; (iv) false and illegal Internet advertising interfering with public order, contrary to the good social customs, having an adverse social impact, or harming the physical and mental health of minors.

Regulations on Broadcasting Audio/Video Programs through the Internet

National Radio and Television Administration, or NRTA, the successor of SARFT is the primary governmental authority regulating activities involving broadcasting audio/video programs and services in China. Regulations that apply to broadcasting audio/video programs primarily include:

Pursuant to the Classification Catalogue, category I internet audio/video program services relate to internet audio/video program services operated through radio stations or television stations. Category II internet audio/ video program services relate to the transmission of audio/video programs on current political news and the hosting, production, reporting and broadcasting of audio/video programs on literature and art, entertainment, science and technology, finance and economics, sports, education and other topics. Category III internet audio/ video program services refer to the activities of editing or arranging the information pertaining to audio/video programs broadcasted on the Internet on the same website and providing the public with the service of program searching or viewing or refer to the service of providing users with a special channel for uploading programs or information so that users can pass their source or others’ source of programs to the public via the information broadcasting system or viewing interface of the website for on-demand broadcasting to the public. Category IV internet audio/video program services relate to the transmission of radio or television program channels, internet audio/video program channels, or live streaming of online audio/video programs.

According to the above regulations, companies that engage in services relating to internet audio/video programs, which refer to the production, editing and aggregation of audio/video programs, the supply of audio/

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video programs to the public via the internet, and the provision of services to third parties for upload and transmission of audio/video programs, are required to obtain an internet audio/video program transmission license issued by the SARFT and to operate the relevant business within the scope as provided in such license. Order 6 explicitly provided that foreign invested enterprises (including wholly foreign owned enterprises, joint ventures and cooperative joint ventures) shall not engage in such business in China. Pursuant to Circular 56 and the Internet Audio/Video Content Notice, internet audio/visual program service providers shall examine and ensure that the contents that they publish comply with applicable laws. Violation of these regulations may result in penalties, including warnings, orders compelling modification of operations or imposition of fines, or even criminal liabilities.

On November 18, 2019, CAC, MCT and NRTA jointly promulgated the Circular on Issuing the Administrative Provisions on Online Audio-visual Information Services (CAC Order [2019] No. 3), which was effective on January 1, 2020. According to the CAC Order [2019] No. 3, online audio-visual information services refer to the audio-visual information production, release and dissemination services provided for the public through internet sites, application programs and other online platforms. Online audio-visual information services refer to the organizations or individuals that provide the public with online audio-visual information services. Online audio-visual information service users refer to the organizations or individuals that use online audio-visual information services. An online audio-visual information service provider shall certify the real identity of each user by checking its organization code or his or her identity card number or mobile phone number or otherwise. If the user does not provide authentic identity information, the online audio-visual information service provider shall not provide the information release services for the user. An online audio-visual information service provider shall establish and improve a rumor refuting mechanism. If the provider finds that an online audiovisual information service user has produced, released or disseminated rumors by use of false images or audio and video generation technologies based on deep learning and virtual reality, the provider shall take appropriate rumor refuting measures in a timely manner, and report the relevant information to the departments of cyberspace, culture and tourism, and radio and television for the record.

Regulations on Robot Product Selling

SAMR is the primary governmental authority regulating activities involving robot product selling in China. Regulations that apply to robot product selling primarily include:

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Pursuant to the above regulations, the sale of products that do not meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements is prohibited. Products shall not pose unreasonable dangers to human or property. Where a defective product causes physical injury to a person or damage to property, the aggrieved party may make a claim for compensation from the seller of the product. Sellers who selling non-compliant products may be ordered to cease production and sale of such products, or subject to fines and/or revocation of business license. Non-compliant products as well as earnings attributable to the sales of such products may also be confiscated. Where sellers are informed that there might be defects in consumer goods, sellers shall immediately notify the manufacturers and report to the provincial quality inspection departments at the places where they are located, and sellers shall immediately stop selling, leasing out and using defective consumer goods, and assisting manufacturers in implementing a recall. Otherwise the seller will be liable for tort claims.

Selling robot products is subject to a variety of consumer protection laws, including the PRC Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law, as amended on October 25, 2013 and taking effect since March 15, 2014, which imposes obligations on business sellers. Failure to comply with these consumer protection laws could subject us to administrative sanctions, such as the issuance of warning, confiscation of income, imposition of fines, order to cease business operations, revocation of business licenses, as well as potential civil and criminal liabilities.

Intellectual Property Rights

Software Registration. The State Council and the NCA have promulgated various rules and regulations and rules relating to protection of software in China, including the Regulations on Protection of Computer Software promulgated by State Council on January 30, 2013 and effective since March 1, 2013, and the Measures for Registration of Copyright of Computer Software promulgated by NCA on February 20, 2002, amended on June 18, 2004 and effective since the same date. According to these rules and regulations, software owners, licensees and transferees may register their rights in software with the China Copyright Protection Center or its local branches and obtain software copyright registration certificates. Although such registration is not mandatory under PRC law, software owners, licensees and transferees are encouraged to go through the registration process and registered software rights may be entitled to better protections.

Patent. The National People’s Congress adopted the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1984 and amended it in 1992, 2000 and 2008, respectively. A patentable invention, utility model or design must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. Patents cannot be granted for scientific discoveries, rules and methods for intellectual activities, methods used to diagnose or treat diseases, animal and plant breeds or substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation. The Patent Office under the State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for receiving, examining and approving patent applications. A patent is valid for a twenty-year term for an invention and a ten-year term for a utility model or design, starting from the application date. Except under certain specific circumstances provided by law, any third-party user must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent, or else the use will constitute an infringement of the rights of the patent holder.

Copyright. The Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated in 1990 and amended in 2001 and 2010, or the Copyright Law, and its related implementing regulations, promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2013 are the principal laws and regulations governing the copyright related matters. The amended Copyright Law covers internet activities, products disseminated over the internet and software products, among the subjects entitled to copyright protections. Registration of copyright is voluntary, and is administrated by the China Copyright Protection Center.

On December 20, 2001, the State Council promulgated the new Regulations on Computer Software Protection, effective from January 1, 2002 and amended in March 2013, which are intended to protect the rights

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and interests of the computer software copyright holders and encourage the development of software industry and information economy. In the PRC, software developed by PRC citizens, legal persons or other organizations is automatically copyright protected immediately after its development, without an application or approval. Software copyright may be registered with the designated agency and if registered, the certificate of registration issued by the software registration agency will be the primary evidence of the ownership of the copyright and other registered matters. On February 20, 2002, the National Copyright Administration of the PRC introduced the Measures on Computer Software Copyright Registration, which outline the operational procedures for registration of software copyright, as well as registration of software copyright license and transfer contracts. The Copyright Protection Center of China, or the CPCC, is mandated as the software registration agency under the regulations. The Measures on Computer Software Copyright Registration was subsequently amended on June 18, 2004, which allows the CPCC to establish local branches for software registration.

To address the problem of copyright infringement related to content posted or transmitted on the internet, the NCA and the MIIT jointly promulgated the Measures for Administrative Protection of Copyright Related to Internet on April 29, 2005. These measures, which became effective on May 30, 2005, apply to acts of automatically providing services such as uploading, storing, linking or searching works, audio or video products, or other contents through the internet based on the instructions of internet users who publish contents on the internet, or the Internet Content Providers, without editing, amending or selecting any stored or transmitted content.

On May 18, 2006, the State Council issued the Regulations on Protection of the Right of Communication through Information Network, which took effect on July 1, 2006 and was amended on January 30, 2013.

Since 2005, the NCA, together with certain other PRC governmental authorities, have jointly launched annual campaigns specifically aimed to crack down on internet copyright infringement and piracy in China; these campaigns normally last for three to four months every year. According to the Notice of 2013 Campaign to Crack Down on Internet Infringement and Piracy promulgated by the NCA, the Ministry of Public Security and the MIIT on July 19, 2013, the 2013 campaign mainly targeted key internet publications such as literature, music, movies and TV series, games, cartoons, software in key areas, to strengthen the supervision of audio and video websites and e-commerce platforms and strictly crack down all kinds of internet piracy.

Domain Name. In September 2002, the CNNIC issued the Implementing Rules for Domain Name Registration setting forth detailed rules for registration of domain names, which were amended on May 29, 2012. On November 5, 2004, the MIIT promulgated the Measures for Administration of Domain Names for the Chinese Internet, which were subsequently superseded by Administrative Measures for Internet Domain Names, effective on November 1, 2017, or the Domain Name Measures. The Domain Name Measures shall apply to Internet domain name services and related operation, maintenance, supervision and management, and other related activities that are carried out within the territory of the People’s Republic of China. According to the Domain Name Measures, the registration of domain names in PRC is on a “first-apply-first registration” basis. A domain name applicant will become the domain name holder upon the completion of the application procedure. In February 2006, the CNNIC issued the Measures on Domain Name Dispute Resolution, which were subsequently amended in June 2012 and in September 2014, and relevant implementing rules, pursuant to which the CNNIC can authorize a domain name dispute resolution institution to decide disputes.

Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law, adopted in 1982 and amended in 1993, 2001, 2013 and 2019, with its implementation rules adopted in 2002 and amended in 2014, protects registered trademarks. The Trademark Office of the SAIC handles trademark registrations and grants a protection term of ten years to registered trademarks. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record.

Internet Infringement

On December 26, 2009, the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress promulgated the Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Tort Law, which became effective on July 1, 2010. Under the Tort Law,

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an internet user or an internet service provider that infringes upon the civil rights or interests of others through using the internet assumes tort liability. If an internet user infringes upon the civil rights or interests of another through using the internet, the person being infringed upon has the right to notify and request the internet service provider whose internet services are facilitating the infringement to take necessary measures including the deletion, blocking or disconnection of an internet link. If, after being notified, the internet service provider fails to take necessary measures in a timely manner to end the infringement, it will be jointly and severally liable for any additional harm caused by its failure to act. According to the Tort Law, civil rights and interests include the personal rights and rights of property, such as the right to life, right to health, right to name, right to reputation, right to honor, right of portraiture, right of privacy, right of marital autonomy, right of guardianship, right to ownership, right to usufruct, right to security interests, copyright, patent right, exclusive right to use trademarks, right to discovery, right to equity interests and right of heritage, among others.

On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate released an Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens’ Personal Information, or the Interpretation. The Interpretation clarified several concepts, including “citizen’s personal information,” “provision”, and “unlawful acquisition”, in relation to the crime of “infringement of citizens’ personal information” stipulated in the Criminal Law. Pursuant to the Interpretation, “citizen’s personal information” refers to all kinds of information recorded in electronic form or any other form, which can be used, independently or in combination with other information, to identify a specific natural person’s personal identity or reflect a specific natural person’s activities, including the natural person’s name, identity certificate number, communication and contact information, address, account password, property status, and whereabouts, among others.

Regulations of Internet Content and Network Security

The PRC government has promulgated measures relating to internet content through a number of governmental agencies, including the MIIT, the MOC and the SARFT. These measures specifically prohibit internet activities, such as the operation of online games, that result in the publication of any content which is found to contain, among others, propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, instigate crimes, undermine public morality or the cultural traditions of the PRC, or compromise state security or secrets. If an ICP License holder violates these measures, its ICP License may be revoked and its websites may be shut down by the relevant government agencies.

Information Security and Censorship

Internet content in China is regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. Internet companies in China are required to complete security filing procedures and regularly update information security and censorship systems for their websites with local public security bureau. The PRC Law on Preservation of State Secrets, which became effective on October 1, 2010 requires an internet information services providers to immediately stop disseminating any information that may be deemed to be leaked state secrets and to report such incidents in a timely manner to the state security and public security authorities. Failure to do so in a timely and adequate manner may subject the internet information services providers to liability and certain penalties given by the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Public Security and/or the MIIT or their respective local branches.

On December 13, 2005, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, or the Internet Protection Measures, which took effect on March 1, 2006. The Internet Protection Measures require all internet information services operators to take proper measures including anti-virus, data back-up and other related measures, and keep records of certain information about their users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days and submit the above information as required by laws and regulations.

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The National People’s Congress, China’s national legislative body, enacted the Decisions on the Maintenance of Internet Security on December 28, 2000, which was subsequently amended and took effect on August 27, 2009, pursuant to which the following types of conduct may subject persons to criminal liabilities in China: (a) conduct that may pose a threat to security of internet, including gaining improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance, or disseminate virus and similar destructive programs; (b) conduct that may adversely affect national security and social stability, including disseminate politically disruptive information and leaking state secrets; (c) conduct that may disrupt economic and social administrative order, including spreading false commercial information and infringing upon intellectual property rights; and (d) conduct that may violate the legal interests of any other person, including infringing upon privacy.

On December 11, 1997, the State Council approved the Administration Measures on the Security Protection of Computer Information Network with Internationally Connections, which was issued by the Ministry of Public Security on December 26, 1997, and became effective on December 30, 1997, and amended on January 8, 2011. The measures require internet service providers to provide a report of certain user information to the public security authority and assist the public security authority in investigating incidents involving breach of laws and regulations on the Internet security, and prohibit using the internet in ways which, among others, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. The Ministry of Public Security has supervision and inspection powers in this regard, and relevant local security bureaus may also have jurisdiction. If an ICP License holder violates these measures, the PRC government may revoke its ICP License and shut down its websites.

On February 4, 2015, the CAC promulgated the Provisions on the Administration of Usernames of Internet Users’ Accounts, which took effect on March 1, 2015 and require internet operators like us to censor usernames, icons and profiles provided by internet users and to refuse registration of non-compliant usernames or icons.

Measures for Security Review of Network Products and Services (Trial Implementation), or the Security Review Measures, was promulgated by CAC on May 2, 2017, and effective on June 1, 2017, pursuant to which important network products and services purchased for the network and information system concerning national security shall go through network security review by the Cyber Security Review Committee. Network security review shall focus on the review of the security and controllability of network products and services, mainly including: (i) security risks of the products and services and the risks of their being illegally controlled, interfered with and interrupted from operation; (ii) security risks in the supply chain of products and key components in the course of their production, testing, delivery and technical support; (iii) risks of illegal collection, storage, process or use of relevant information of users by product and service providers taking advantage of the convenient conditions in providing products and services; (iv) risks of product and service providers impairing the network security and the interests of users by taking advantage of the reliance of users on the products and services, and etc. Besides, network security review office shall release the security evaluation reports for network products and services on non-scheduled basis.

On November 15, 2018, the CAC promulgated the Provisions on the Safety Assessment for Internet Information Services Capable of Creating Public Opinions or Social Mobilization, which took effect on November 30, 2018. For the purpose of the Provisions, Internet information services capable of creating public opinions or social mobilization include: (i) launching information services such as forums, blogs, microblogs, chat rooms, communication groups, public accounts, short videos, webcasts, information sharing, small programs, etc. or setting up the corresponding additional functions; and (ii) launching other Internet information services that provide channels for the public to express their opinions or are capable of mobilizing the public to engage in specific activities. An Internet information service provider should conduct safety assessment for itself and be responsible for the assessment results, if it falls under any of the following circumstances: (i) where it launches an Internet information service capable of creating public opinions or social mobilization, or adds relevant functions to its information service; (ii) where it uses a new technology or application leading to a major change in the functional attributes, technical realization methods, or basic resource allocation of its information service, thus causing a major change in its capability of creating public opinions or social mobilization;

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(iii) where the size of users significantly changes, leading to a major change in the information service’s capability of creating public opinions or social mobilization; (iv) where illegal or harmful information is spread, indicating that it is difficult to effectively prevent and control cybersecurity risks by existing security measures; or (v) other circumstances in which safety assessment is required by the online cyberspace departments or the public security organ at or above the prefecture level in writing. After the safety assessment, if an Internet information service provider finds a potential safety hazard, it shall promptly rectify until the relevant safety hazard is eliminate; if it complies with laws and regulations, a safety assessment report shall be compiled and submitted to the local cyberspace department and public security organ through the national Internet safety management service platform.

On December 15, 2019, the CAC released the Provisions on Governance of the Network Information Content Ecology, with effect from March 1, 2020. According to the Provisions, network information content producers are encouraged to produce, reproduce and publish positive information, such as “contents of revealing highlights of economic and social development and reporting the hard work and affluent life of the people”. Meanwhile, network information content producers shall not produce, reproduce or publish any illegal information, such as information that “undermines national security, divulges state secrets, subverts the state power or jeopardize the national unity”, and shall take measures to prevent and resist the production, reproduction and publication of adverse information, such as “overstated headlines that are significantly inconsistent with the contents”. Meanwhile, the network information content service platforms are required to fulfill their primary responsibilities for management of information contents, strengthen the governance of the network information content ecology on their respective platform, and create a positive, healthy and amicable network culture. Furthermore, the Provisions note that network information content service platforms shall not disseminate any illegal information as aforementioned, and shall take precautions against and resist the dissemination of any adverse information specified in the Provisions, such as information use of exaggerated titles, with serious inconsistency between content and title, hyped gossip, scandals, misdeeds, etc.

To comply with the above laws and regulations, we have implemented measures and regularly updated our information security and content-filtering systems with newly issued content restrictions as required by the relevant laws and regulations.

Privacy Protection

On July 16, 2013, the MIIT promulgated the Regulations of Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication Users and Internet Users, which came into effect on September 1, 2013. The regulations do not prohibit internet content providers from collecting and analyzing their users’ personal information if appropriate authorizations are obtained and if in a way that is legal, reasonable and necessary. We require our users to accept a user agreement whereby they agree to provide certain personal information to us. PRC laws and regulations prohibit internet content providers from disclosing any information transmitted by users through their networks to any third parties without the users’ authorization unless otherwise permitted by law. If an internet content provider violates these regulations, the MIIT or its local bureaus may impose penalties and the internet content provider may be liable for damages caused to its users.

On August 21, 2014, the Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Application of Laws to Cases Involving Civil Disputes over Infringement upon Personal Rights and Interests by Using Information Networks, pursuant to which if an network service provider discloses genetic information, medical records, health examination data, criminal record, home address, private events and or other personal information of a natural person online, causing damage to the person, the People’s Court should support a claim by the infringed party for recovery of damages from the infringing network service provider.

On January 5, 2015, the SAIC promulgated the Measures on Punishment for Infringement of Consumer Rights, taking effect from March 15, 2015, pursuant to which business operators collecting and using personal information of consumers must comply with the principles of legitimacy, propriety and necessity, specify the

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purpose, method and scope of collection and use of the information, and obtain the consent of the consumers whose personal information is to be collected. Business operators may not: (i) collect or use personal information of consumers without their consent; (ii) unlawfully divulge, sell or provide personal information of consumers to others; (iii) send commercial information to consumers without their consent or request, or when a consumer has explicitly declined to receive such information. Failure to comply with such rule may result in penalties, including warnings, order compelling modification of existing operations or imposition of fines, or revoking the business license.

On April 11, 2017, the CAC circulated Measure on Safety Assessment for Personal Information and Important Data Export (Draft for Comment), or the Assessment Measures, pursuant to which all of the personal information and important data collected and generated by network operators within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be stored within the territory of China. If it is necessary to transmit such data abroad due to business needs, security assessment must be conducted in accordance with Assessment Measures. The Assessment Measures sets out two assessment procedures, self-assessment and regulatory assessment (assessment by regulatory authorities), based on the importance of the data. An Internet operator shall apply for regulatory assessment in any of the following circumstances: (i) the data to be transmitted abroad contains or contains in aggregate the personal information of more than 500,000 users; (ii) the quantity of the data to be transmitted abroad is more than 1,000 gigabytes; (iii) data involving areas such as nuclear facilities, chemical biology, defense industry, population and health, and data of large-scale project activities, marine environment and sensitive geographic information; (iv) data contains system vulnerabilities, security protection and other network security information of critical information infrastructures; and (v) personal data and important data provided by a critical information infrastructure operator. The CAC is still soliciting public comments on the Assessment Measures, and we cannot assess how it will affect our business operation in the future.

On January 23, 2019, CAC, MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and SAMR (previously, SAIC) jointly promulgated an Announcement on Carrying out Special Campaigns against Mobile Internet Application Programs Collecting and Using Personal Information in Violation of Laws and Regulations, or the CSC Announcement. Pursuant to the CSC Announcement, App operators, when collecting and using personal information, shall strictly fulfill the responsibilities and obligations prescribed in the Cybersecurity Law, be responsible for the security of personal information obtained, and take effective measures to strengthen the protection of personal information. They shall follow the principles of legality, rightfulness and necessity, and never collect personal information irrelevant to the services provided by them; they shall indicate the rules for collecting and using personal information in a simple, concise and easy-to-understand manner, and with permission independently granted by the owner of the personal information; and they shall not coercively request user permission by means of default, bundle, or suspension of setup or use, or violate laws and regulations or any agreement with users when collecting and using personal information. App operators shall also be encouraged to provide an option for users to reject the news, current affairs and advertisements directly pushed to them. In case the App operators violate abovementioned requirements, they shall be ordered to suspend relevant business operation, cease business operation for rectification, or revoke the relevant business permit or business license. In order to implement the CSC Announcement, on March 1, 2019, the National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee, the China Consumers’ Association, the Internet Society of China, and the CAC has formulated a special working group for App illegal collection and use of personal information to promulgate the Self-assessment Guidelines on Unlawful Acts of Applications (Apps) to Collect and Use Personal Information, or the Self-assessment Guidelines. The Self-assessment Guidelines provide key points in assessing the Apps collecting and using personal information, in order for the App operators to assess the privacy policies and the collection and use of personal information of Apps. On November 28, 2019, CAC, MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and SAMR (previously, SAIC) jointly issued the Circular on Methods for Identifying Unlawful Acts of Applications (Apps) to Collect and Use Personal Information, which aims to provide a reference for identifying unlawful acts of Apps to collect and use personal information and implement laws and regulations such as the Cyber Security Law and the CAC Announcement as above. This circular identified types of practices that may be identified as (i) failure to publicize the rules for collection and use of personal information; (ii) failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of collecting and using personal information;

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(iii) collection and use of personal information without consent of users; (iv) collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided, in violation of the necessary principle; (v) provision of personal information to others without consent; and(vi) failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by law, or failure to publish information such as methods for complaints and reporting.

On April 10, 2019, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Guide to Internet Personal Information Protection, or the IPIP Guide. The IPIP Guide introduces four management mechanisms, technical safeguards and business procedures, in respect of personal information protection, and could be used as a reference by personal information possessors to work on personal information protection when they process such information during their lifecycle. In addition, the IPIP Guide expressly states that requirements for the safety management function of the personal information processing system shall meet those for the corresponding level of protection set out in the standard (GB/T 22239). One of the four management mechanisms illustrated in the IPIP Guide requires “designing and preparing relevant bylaws and documents that specify the general principles and security strategies regarding personal information protection, including descriptions of objectives of the concerned service provider for personal information protection, scope of protection, principles, and the security framework”.

On June 1, 2019, National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee promulgated the Circular on Issuing the Practical Guide to Cybersecurity: Specification of Essential Information for the Basic Business Functions of Mobile Internet Applications (V1.0), or the Practical Guide, in order to implement the requirements set forth in Article 41 of the Cybersecurity Law regarding the collection and use of personal information. The Practical Guide sets out the personal information essential for the normal operation of 16 basic business functions, including maps and navigation, online car-hailing, instant messaging and social networking, community social networking, online payment, news information, online shopping, short video sharing, express delivery, food delivery, transportation and ticketing, matchmaking and dating, job seeking and recruitment, financial borrowing and lending, real property trading and car trading, for the reference of all entities.

On August 22, 2019, the CAC promulgated the Provisions on the Cyber Protection of Personal Information of Children, which took effect on October 1, 2019 and applied to the collection, storage, use, transfer and disclosure of personal information of children through the network within the territory of the People’s Republic of China. According to the Provisions, a network operator, which collects, stores, uses, transfers or discloses personal information of children, shall follow the principles of righteousness, necessity, informed consent, definite purpose, security guarantee and legal use. The network operator should take measures to protect the personal information of children, which include but not limited to: (i) establishing specific rules and user agreements for, and designating personnel to specially take charge of the protection of personal information of children; (ii) in a noticeable and clear way, notifying the guardians of children of their information collection, use, transfer or disclosure, and obtaining consent from the guardian; (iii) after obtaining consent, providing the option of refusal, and definitely notifying the party concerned of the purpose, method and scope, the storage place, term and other matters in relation to the personal information of children; and (iv) taking measures such as encryption to store personal information of children. Where a child or his/her guardian finds that the personal information of a child collected, stored, used or disclosed by a network operator is wrong, he/she will be entitled to require the network operator to make corrections. Where the network operator fails to fulfill its security management responsibilities for personal information of children, leading to any major security risk or event, the CAC will conduct an interview with it and order it to rectify in due time and eliminate damages. When a network operator is investigated for legal liability due to its breach of the Provisions, it will be recorded in its credit archive and be published to the public.

Network Security

On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Network Security Law or the Cybersecurity Law, which became effective on June 1, 2017. The Network Security Law governs the construction, operation,

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maintenance and use of networks as well as the supervision and administration of network security within China. As a network operator and a provider of network products and services, we are required to take measures to assure the security of network operations. For example, we are required to (a) protect our networks from disturbance, damage or unauthorized access, and to prevent our network data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with; (b) refrain from setting up malicious programs and, in the event of identifying security defects, loopholes or other risks in our network products or services, to promptly take remedial measures, notify users and report to competent authorities; (c) formulate emergency plans for network security incidents and combat any system loopholes, computer virus, network attack, network intrusion and any other security risks in a timely manner; and (d) refrain from engaging in activities that endanger network security. In addition, we are required to take measures to ensure network security. For example, we are required to (a) keep user information strictly confidential and establish and improve user information protection system; (b) collect and use user information only if it is legal, necessary and just to do so, and only with relevant users’ consents; and (c) refrain from divulging, tampering with or damaging the user personal information that we have collected, or providing such personal information to third parties without the relevant users’ consents. Failure to comply with the Network Security Law may result in penalties, including warnings, order compelling modification of existing operations or imposition of fines, or even criminal liabilities.

On August 9, 2017, the MIIT issued the Measures for Monitoring and Handling Threat to Network Security of the Public Internet, or the Monitoring Measures which became effective from January 1, 2018. Under the Monitoring Measures, the threat to network security of the public internet refers to any network resource, malicious program, hidden security danger or security accident that exists or is spread on the public internet and is likely to do or has done harm to the public, including the Trojan virus, worm, bot process and malicious mobile code. The Monitoring Measures requires the basic telecommunications enterprises, internet-based enterprises, domain name registries and registrars, etc. to provide technical support and assistance to competent telecommunications authorities when they are inquiring into owners of IP addresses, domain name registration information, etc. Failure to comply with such requirements may result in penalties, including warnings and imposition of fines. On November 14, 2017, the MIIT issued the Emergency Response Plan for Unexpected Network Security Incidents of the Public Internet, or the Emergency Response Plan, immediately effective from the issuing date. The Emergency Response Plan applies to the handling of and response to network security emergencies that take place at basic telecommunications enterprises, domain name registration management and service agencies and internet enterprises that offer services to the general public. According to the Emergency Response Plan, unexpected network security incidents of the public internet are classified into four different levels, namely the extremely major incidents, major incidents, severe incidents and ordinary incidents. In addition, the Emergency Response Plan states that basic telecommunications enterprises, domain name agencies, internet enterprises, professional agencies of network security, and enterprises specialized in network security are required to monitor and collect in diverse ways the potential network security dangers and warning information, such as latest trend in network vulnerabilities, viruses, and network attacks, in order to analyze and evaluate the likelihood of unexcepted incidents and potential impacts caused by them.

On December 28, 2018, the SAMR and National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee jointly promulgated the Information Security Technology—Testing and Evaluation Process Guide for Classified Protection of Cybersecurity (GB/T 28449-2018), being effective from July 1, 2019. GB/T 28449-2018 set out the testing and evaluation process for three types of risks, which are risks affecting the normal operation of the system, risks of sensitive information disclosure and risks of trojans implants.

Regulations on Outbound Investment

The PRC government imposes supervisions on the outbound investments. The NDRC, MOFCOM and SAFE are the primary governmental authority regulating activities involving the outbound investments in China. Regulations that apply to outbound investments primarily include:

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According to abovementioned regulations, outbound investment projects involving sensitive countries and regions or sensitive industries shall be subject to the verification and approval by the NDRC and MOFCOM respectively. Outbound investment projects other than those involving sensitive countries and regions or sensitive industries shall be managed by record-filing by the NDRC and MOFCOM respectively. Pursuant to NDRC Order 9, sensitive countries and regions shall include: countries with no diplomatic relations with China, countries subject to international sanctions, countries and regions affected by wars, civil strife, etc., and sensitive industries shall include basic telecommunications operations, cross-border development and utilization of water resources, large-scale land development, main power transmission lines and power grids, news media and other industries. After the completion of the NDRC and MOFCOM procedures, the domestic enterprises (including all types of legal persons) can at their discretion, choose the banks in their respective places of incorporation to go through Foreign Exchange Registration of Outbound Direct Investment, and may handle subsequent formalities for opening relevant accounts, fund exchange and other services (including the inflow of profits and dividends) under outbound direct investment only after Foreign Exchange Registration of outbound direct investment is completed.

On December 6, 2016, the NDRC, MOFCOM, PBOC and SAFE (collectively, “Four Departments”), responded to media inquiries with respect to tightening outbound investment regulations. In particular, Four Departments specified closer attention shall be paid to the recent tendency of “irrational oversea investment” in real estate, hotel, film studio, entertainment, sports club and other fields, and the risks underlying certain types of outbound investments, such as investments of considerable amount unrelated to the domestic enterprise major business and investments made by limited partnerships. In addition, closer attention shall be paid to any domestic enterprises whose capitalization or value of assets are considerably smaller than the outbound subsidiaries to be established or acquired, and any domestic enterprise that applies for outbound direct investment immediately after its formation.

On August 4, 2017, General Office of the State Council promulgated Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Forwarding the Guiding Opinions of the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the PBOC and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Further Guiding and Regulating the Directions of Outbound Investment, which further guides and regulates the directions of outbound investment.

On December 26, 2017, the NDRC promulgated the Administrative Measures for Outbound Investment by Enterprises, or the NDRC Order 11, which became effective on March 1, 2018 and superseded NDRC Order 9.

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According to NDRC Order 11, the outbound direct investment projects carried out by the all types of legal persons shall still subject to the verification and approval or record-filing by the NDRC, as it is required by NDRC Order 9. Besides that, NDRC Order 11 shall apply to outbound investment projects carried out by the overseas enterprises that control by the domestic enterprises and PRC natural person. Under NDRC Order 11, control shall mean holding, directly or indirectly, more than half of the voting rights of an enterprise, or being able to dominate the operations, finance, personnel, technology or other important matters of an enterprise despite not holding more than half of the voting rights.

With respect to those domestic enterprises and natural persons newly covered by NDRC Order 11 who conduct outbound investment projects through controlled overseas enterprises (instead of making direct capital or interests investment, or providing direct financing or guarantee), (i) outbound investment projects involving sensitive countries and regions or sensitive industries will be subject to a verification and approval procedure; (ii) for outbound investment projects other than those involving sensitive countries and regions or sensitive industries, if the total investment from Chinese investor via overseas enterprise under its control exceeds US$300 million (inclusive), investors shall only submit a report to NDRC before the implementation of the project; if the total investment amount from Chinese investor via overseas enterprise under its control is less than US$300 million, then no pre-transaction verification, record-filing or reporting is required. According to NDRC Order 11 and Catalogue on Sensitive Industries in Outbound Investment (2018 Edition), sensitive countries and regions shall mainly include countries and regions which have not established diplomatic relations with China, or where war or civil unrest has broken out, or in which investment by enterprises shall be restricted pursuant to the international treaties, agreements, etc. concluded or acceded to by China; and sensitive industries shall include (i) research, production and maintenance of weaponry and equipment; (ii) development and utilization of cross-border water resources; (iii) news media; (iv) real estate, (v) hotel, (vi) film studio, (vii) entertainment, (viii) sports club and (ix) establishment of an equity investment fund or investment platform without specific industrial projects abroad.

In addition to the pre-transaction regulation, NDRC Order 11 strengthens interim and ex post supervision. NDRC Order 11 provides mechanisms for major adverse situation reports, project completion reports, major matters inquiries and reports in order to achieve control over outbound investments; and further improved the disciplinary measures to achieve the after-regulation of overseas investment.

Violations of the regulations regarding outbound investment may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative penalties. For serious violations, criminal liability may arise.

On January 18, 2018, MOFCOM, PBOC, State-owned Assets, Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Insurance Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange (collectively “Seven Departments”) promulgated Interim Measures for the Record-filing (Verification and Approval) and the Reporting of Outbound Investment Projects, or the Order No. 24. In particular, Seven Departments specified the procedure of record-filing and verification and approval of outbound investment. According to Order No. 24, Competent commerce departments and finance administrative departments shall be responsible for administration of the outbound investment projects of domestic investors either by record-filing or verification and approval according to their respective duties. Competent departments shall, according to their respective duties, formulate and improve corresponding measures for the record-filing (verification and approval) of outbound investment projects under the model of “ten negative lists for encouraging development”.

Order No. 24 requires that a competent department shall conduct relevant examination according to the materials submitted by a domestic investor for record-filing (verification and approval), formally accept such materials if they meet relevant requirements, and take measures pursuant to relevant provisions. The materials that shall be submitted by domestic investors for outbound investment projects shall be prescribed by competent departments. After going through the procedures for record-filing (verification and approval) of outbound investment projects, domestic investors shall handle foreign exchange registration in accordance with the requirements of foreign exchange administrations.

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Violations of the regulations regarding outbound investment may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative penalties. For serious violations, criminal liability may arise.

Regulations of Foreign Investment

Foreign investment in the PRC by foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises used to abide by the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Foreign Investment Catalog jointly promulgated by the MOFCOM and NDRC on June 28, 1995 and successively amended on December 31, 1997, April 1, 2002, November 30, 2004, October 31, 2007, December 24, 2011, March 10, 2015 and June 28, 2017. The Foreign Investment Catalog classifies industries into “the encouraged foreign-invested industries” and “the foreign-invested industries which are subject to the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (the Negative List for Access of Foreign Investment)”. Except as otherwise stipulated by other laws and regulations, foreign investors are permitted to invest in industries not in the restricted or prohibited categories.

The Foreign Investment Catalog was later replaced by the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment, jointly promulgated by the MOFCOM and NDRC on June 28, 2018 and took effect on July 28, 2018, which was amended on June 30, 2019 and took effect on July 30, 2019 (the “Negative List (2019 Version)”). According to the Negative List (2019 Version), foreign investment in internet news information services, online publication services, online audio-visual program services, internet cultural business (except for music) are prohibited, and foreign equity share in a value-added telecommunication business shall not exceed 50% (excluding e-commerce, domestic multi-party communication, store-and-forward, and call center), and the basic telecommunication services shall be controlled by the Chinese party.

On March 15, 2019, the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC or the “FIL”, was approved and deliberated the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress of China. On December 26, 2019, the Implementation Regulation for the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the FIL Implementing Regulations, was issued by the State Council. Both the FIL and the FIL Implementing Regulations came into force on January 1, 2020. The FIL and the FIL Implementing Regulations have replaced three laws on foreign investment (collectively “Three FDI law”), namely, the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises, and become a fundamental law of China in the foreign investment area, setting forth the basic legal framework in this regard.

The FIL clearly sets forth that foreign investment may be conducted through the following four ways: (i) foreign investor, independently or jointly with other investors, set up foreign-invested enterprises in China (the “Greenfield Investment”), (ii) foreign investors obtain shares, equities, property shares or other similar rights and interests of Chinese domestic enterprises (the “M&A”), (iii) foreign investor, independently or jointly with other investors, invests in a new project (the “Project Investment”) and (iv) other approach stipulated under laws, administrative regulations and provisions of the State Council. In this way, it is made clear that, in addition to the Greenfield Investments, foreign investments via M&A, Project Investment and other permitted approach shall all fall within the jurisdiction of FIL. Besides, the FIL clearly specifies that foreign investment includes direct foreign investment and indirect foreign investment. However, there is no further explanation about what would constitute an “indirect foreign investment”.

For the management of foreign investment, the FIL officially abolishes the “case-by-case approval” system established by Three FDI law, and instead establishes the administration system for foreign investment, amongst others, (i) the negative list—the negative list consists of a list of industry sectors where foreign investments are prohibited (the “Prohibited Sectors”) and a list of industry sectors in which foreign investments are restricted (the “Restricted Sectors”); (ii)the information reporting system—foreign investors or foreign investment entities (FIEs) are required to submit investment information to the competent authorities through the system of enterprises registration and enterprise credibility disclosure; and (iii) the national security review, which will be conducted over foreign investments that affects or may affect the state security. The FIL further stipulates the legal liabilities for foreign investment in the Prohibited or Restricted Sectors and failing to report in accordance

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with the requirements. Failure to comply with the FIL may result in penalties, including order the foreign investor to stop the investment activities, dispose of the shares or assets or take other necessary measures within a specified time limit, or confiscation of illegal gains.

The VIE structure we adopt is commonly used by foreign investors to invest in China in the Prohibited Sectors or Restricted Sectors. The draft Foreign Investment Law, promulgated on January 19, 2015, attempted to cover the VIE structure as a form of foreign investment. However, the FIL leaves it blank and it is vague whether the VIE structure will be interpreted and regulated to fall into the scope of the FIL. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

The Interim Measures for the Record-filing Administration of the Establishment and Change of Foreign-invested Enterprises, promulgated on October 8, 2016 and amended on June 29, 2018 by the MOFCOM, are applicable to foreign-invested enterprises that are not subject to the special administrative measures for access of foreign investment according to relevant PRC laws. On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and SAMR issued the Measures of Information Report of Foreign Investment, or the FI Information Report Measures. Upon its implementation on January 1, 2020, the Interim Measures for the Record-filing Administration of the Establishment and Change of Foreign-invested Enterprises was annulled at the same time. According to the FI Information Report Measures, foreign investors establishing foreign investment enterprises in China shall submit an initial report through the Enterprise Registration System at the time of completion of registration formalities for establishment of foreign investment enterprises. Where there is a change in the information in the initial report which involves change registration (filing) of the enterprise, the foreign investment enterprise shall submit the change report through the enterprise registration system at the time of completion of change registration (filing) for the enterprise. Also, the FIEs are required to are required to submit its annual report for the previous year through the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System from January 1 to June 30 each year. The MOFCOM and its local departments shall supervise and inspect the compliance with the FI Information Report Measures, through random inspection and other methods.

Regulations of Foreign Currency Exchange, Foreign Debt and Dividend Distribution

Foreign Currency Exchange. The core regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, as amended in August 2008, or the FEA Regulations. Under the FEA Regulations, the Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items subject to certain rules and procedures, including the distribution of dividends, and trade- and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China, unless the prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made.

On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or Circular 142, to regulate the conversion of foreign currency into Renminbi by a foreign-invested enterprise by restricting the ways in which the converted Renminbi may be used. Circular 142 stipulates that the registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise that has been settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and cannot be used for equity investments within the PRC. Meanwhile, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without the SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be repayment of Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Such requirements are also known as “payment-based foreign currency settlement system” established under the SAFE Circular 142. Violations of Circular 142 may lead to severe penalties including heavy fines. On November 9, 2010, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning the

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Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Operations, or Circular 59, and another supplemental circular on July 18, 2011, known as Circular 88, which both tighten the examination of the authenticity of settlement of foreign currency capital or net proceeds from overseas offerings like our initial public offering and requires that the settlement of net proceeds shall be in accordance with the description in the prospectus in connection with the offering. The SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses, or Circular 45, on November 9, 2011, which expressly prohibits foreign-invested enterprises from using registered capital settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies to grant loans through entrustment arrangements with a bank, to repay inter-company loans or repay bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. As a result, Circular 142, Circular 59, Circular 88 and Circular 45 may significantly limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from our initial public offering to our other PRC subsidiaries through Beijing Security and Conew Network, our wholly-owned subsidiaries in China, and thus may adversely affect our business expansion in China. We may not be able to convert the net proceeds into Renminbi to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies, or establish other VIEs in the PRC.

Furthermore, on March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Reform of the Administrative Method of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, which became effective as of June 1, 2015. This Circular 19 is to implement the so-called “conversion-at-will” of foreign currency in capital account, which was established under a circular issued by the SAFE on August 4, 2014, or Circular 36, and was implemented in 16 designated industrial parks as a reform pilot. The Circular 19 now implements the conversion-at-will of foreign currency settlement system nationally, and it abolished the application of Circular 142, Circular 88 and Circular 36 since June 1, 2015. Among other things, under Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the payment-based foreign currency settlement system or select to follow the conversion-at-will of foreign currency settlement system. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will of foreign currency settlement system, it may convert any or 100% amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into RMB at any time. The converted RMB will be kept in a designated account known as “Settled but Pending Payment Account”, and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make further payment from such designated account, it still needs to provide supporting documents and go through the review process with its bank. If under special circumstances the foreign-invested enterprise cannot provide supporting documents in time, Circular 19 grants the banks the power to provide a grace period to the enterprise and make the payment before receiving the supporting documents. The foreign-invested enterprise will then need to submit the supporting documents within 20 working days after payment. In addition, foreign-invested enterprises are now allowed to use their converted RMB to make equity investments in China under Circular 19. However, foreign-invested enterprises are still required to use the converted RMB in the designated account within their approved business scope under the principle of authenticity and self-use. It remains unclear whether a common foreign-invested enterprise, other than such special types of enterprises as holding companies, venture capital or private equity firms, can use the converted RMB in the designated account to make equity investments if equity investment or the like is not within their approved business scope. The SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Reform and Standard of the Administrative Policy of the Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, to relax the control over using the RMB funds converted from foreign exchange earnings under capital account to offer loans by solely prohibiting offering loans to non-associated enterprises, while setting no prohibition on loans to associated enterprises.

On October 23, 2019, the SAFE promulgated the Notice of Foreign Exchange of Further Facilitating Cross-border Trade and Investment, or SAFE Circular 28, and the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reducing Foreign Exchange Accounts, or SAFE Circular 29, clearly cancelling the restrictions on domestic equity investment of capital funds by ordinary foreign-invested enterprises. SAFE Circular 28 stipulates that non-investment oriented foreign-invested enterprises shall be allowed to use capital funds for domestic equity investment in accordance with the law under the premise of not violating the existing special management measures for entry of foreign investment (negative list) and the authenticity and compliance of their domestic invested projects. Where a non-investment oriented foreign-invested enterprise makes domestic equity

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investment by way of transfer of the capital funds in original currency, the Investee Companies shall go through the registration of domestic reinvestment and open the capital account for receipt of funds in accordance with relevant provisions without handling the entry registration of cash contribution; where a non-investment oriented foreign-invested enterprise makes domestic equity investment by way of foreign exchange settlement of capital funds, the Investee Companies shall go through the registration of receipt of domestic reinvestment and open the “Capital Account –Account for Foreign Exchange Settlement Pending Payment” for receipt of corresponding funds in accordance with relevant provisions.

SAFE Circular 29 and its appendix Operational Guidance for Handling Relevant Foreign Exchange Business under Capital Account by Banks, or the “Operational Guidance”, effective as of January 1, 2020, further clarify the ways for non-investment oriented foreign-invested enterprises to carry out domestic equity investment in the form of the transfer of original currencies or the settlement of capital funds. Furthermore, the Operational Guidance provides that where a domestic institution receives the foreign exchange funds reinvested by the domestic entity or the equity transfer consideration paid with foreign exchange, it shall not open the foreign exchange capital account until it has filed an application for registering the basic information about the receipt of domestic reinvestment with a bank at its place of registration; Where a domestic institution receives reinvestment funds or equity transfer consideration in RMB from a non-investment oriented foreign-invested enterprise (the scope of business may not include the word “investment”) (including RMB funds in the direct exchange settlement income or exchange settlement pending payment account), it shall, upon application to complete registration formalities for receipt of basic information of domestic reinvestment with the bank at its place of registration and opening of the exchange settlement pending payment account, then the enterprise making the investment shall transfer the RMB funds obtained from exchange settlement based on the actual investment scale to the exchange settlement pending payment account opened by the investee or the domestic entity which receives the equity transfer consideration; where a domestic institution receives reinvestment funds or equity transfer consideration from two (or more) different investment entities, it shall complete registration formalities based on the different source entities and (or currency) respectively and open a foreign exchange capital account or foreign exchange settlement pending payment account.

The Operational Guidance further provides that the foreign exchange receipts under capital accounts of domestic institutions and the RMB funds obtained from foreign exchange settlement may be used by domestic institutions for expenditures under current accounts within their business scope, or for expenditures under capital accounts permitted by laws and regulations. However, the following expenditures are prohibited: (i) shall not be directly or indirectly used for expenditures beyond the business scope of an enterprise or expenditures prohibited by laws and regulations of the State; (ii) shall not be directly or indirectly used for securities investments or other investments or wealth management other than banks’ principal-protected products, unless otherwise expressly provided by laws and regulations; (iii) shall not be used for granting loans to non-affiliated enterprises, unless expressly permitted in the business scope; and (iv) shall not be used for constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use (except for real estate enterprises).

Foreign Debt. A loan made by a foreign entity as direct or indirect shareholder in a FIE is considered to be foreign debt in China and is regulated by various laws and regulations, including the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration, the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts, the Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debts Tentative Provisions, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of External Debt, and the Administrative Measures for Registration of Foreign Debts. Under these rules and regulations, a shareholder loan in the form of foreign debt made to a PRC entity does not require the prior approval of SAFE. However, such foreign debt must be registered with and recorded by SAFE or its local branches within 15 business days after entering into the foreign debt contract. Pursuant to these rules and regulations, the maximum amount of the aggregate of (i) the outstanding balance of foreign debts with a term not longer than one year, and (ii) the accumulated amount of foreign debts with a term longer than one year, of a foreign-invested enterprise shall not exceed the difference between its registered total investment and its registered capital, or Total Investment and Registered Capital Balance. In addition, on January 11, 2017, the PBOC promulgated the Notice of the People’s

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Bank of China on Full-coverage Macro-prudent Management of Cross-border Financing, or PBOC Circular 9, which sets forth an upper limit for PRC entities, including FIEs and domestic-invested enterprises, regarding their foreign debts. Pursuant to PBOC Circular 9, the limit of foreign debts for enterprises shall be calculated based on the following formula: the limit of foreign debt (the “Net Assets Limit”) = net assets * cross-border financing leverage ratio * macro-prudent regulation parameter. Net assets is calculated as the net assets value stated in the relevant entity’s latest audited financial statement. The cross-border financing leverage ratio for enterprises is two (2). The macro-prudent regulation parameter is one (1). The PBOC Circular 9 does not supersede the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts, but rather serves as a supplement to it. PBOC Circular 9 provided for a one-year transitional period, or the Transitional Period, from its promulgation date for FIEs, during which period foreign-invested enterprise could choose to calculate their maximum amount of foreign debt based on either (i) the Total Investment and Registered Capital Balance, or (ii) the Net Assets Limit. After the Transition Period, the maximum amount applicable to foreign-invested enterprises is to be determined by PBOC and SAFE separately. However, although the Transitional Period ended on January 10, 2018, as of the date of this annual report, neither PBOC nor SAFE has issued any new regulations regarding the appropriate means of calculating the maximum amount of foreign debt for FIEs. Domestic-invested enterprises have only been subject to the Net Assets Limit in calculating the maximum amount of foreign debt they may hold from the date of promulgation of PBOC Circular 9.

On March 15, 2019, the SAFE promulgated of Issuing the Provisions on the Centralized Operation and Management of Cross-Border Capital of Multinational Companies, or Circular 7, which became effective since then, further facilitating trade and investment. Under SAFE Circular 7, multinational companies, which meets several conditions prescribe in Article 5 of Circular 7, may, under the principle of macro-prudential management, centralize the foreign debt quotas and/or overseas lending quotas of domestic member enterprises, and carry out the business of borrowing foreign debt and/or overseas lending according to commercial practices within the cap of centralized quotas. When a branch of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange at the place where the lead enterprise is located issues a notice of recordation to the lead enterprise, it shall, according to the centralized quotas that have been granted recordation, conduct one-off registration of foreign debt and/or overseas lending for the lead enterprise, so that the lead enterprise is not required to go through procedures for the registration of foreign debt (or overseas lending) on a deal-by-deal basis by currency or by creditor (or debtor).

In addition, SAFE Circular 28 reforms the administration of registration of external debts of enterprises, the administrative requirement that non-bank debtors shall undergo external debt deregistration formalities at the local foreign exchange authority is canceled. A non-bank debtor may directly undergo external debt deregistration formalities which meet relevant conditions at the bank under the jurisdiction of the foreign exchange authority to which it is affiliated. The time limit for non-bank debtors to handle external debt deregistration is canceled. The pilot program of deregistering each external debt by non-financial enterprises is carried out. Non-financial enterprises in pilot regions may complete external debt registration at two times the amount of net assets at the foreign exchange authority where it is located. Non-financial enterprises may borrow external debts within the registered amount on their own, and directly undergo such formalities as inward and outward remittance of funds and foreign exchange purchase and sale at banks, and handle international balance of payments in accordance with relevant provisions.

Dividend Distribution. Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises, promulgated in 1986 and amended in 2000 and 2016 respectively, and the Implementation Rules for Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises, promulgated in 1990 and amended in 2001 and 2014, are the key regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises. Under these regulations, a wholly foreign-invested enterprise in China, or a WFOE, may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a WFOE is required to allocate at least 10% of its accumulated profits each year, if any, to statutory reserve funds unless its reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. The proportional ratio for withdrawal of rewards and welfare funds for employees shall be determined at the discretion of the WFOE. Profits of a WFOE shall not be distributed before the losses thereof before the previous accounting years have been made up. Any

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undistributed profit for the previous accounting years may be distributed together with the distributable profit for the current accounting year.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China, or FIL, which became effective on January 1, 2020. Upon the implementation of the FIL, Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise was repealed. The FIL sets out that the business forms, structures, and rules of activities of foreign-funded enterprises shall be governed by the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Partnership Law of the People’s Republic of China, and other laws. Foreign-funded enterprises formed under the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises before the implementation of FIL Law may maintain their original business forms, among others, for five years after FIL Law comes into force.

According to the Company Law, if the aggregate balance of the company’s statutory common reserve is not enough to make up for the losses of the previous year, the current year’s profits shall first be used for making up the losses before the statutory common reserve is drawn according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. After we have drawn statutory common reserve, which is 10% of the after-tax profit, from the after-tax profits, it may, upon a resolution made by the shareholders’ meeting, draw a discretionary common reserve from the after-tax profits. After the losses have been made up and common reserves have been drawn, the remaining profits shall be distributed to shareholders in proportion to the actual capital contribution actually paid by them, unless otherwise agreed upon by all the shareholders. We may stop drawing the profits if the aggregate balance of the statutory common reserve has already accounted for over 50% of our registered capital.

Circular 37. In July 2014, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Round-trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014, which repealed SAFE Circular 75 effective from July 4, 2014. SAFE Circular 37 regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents to seek offshore investment and financing and conduct round trip investment in China. Under SAFE Circular 37, an SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate domestic or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to the direct investment in China by PRC residents through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 requires that, before making contribution into an SPV, PRC residents are required to complete foreign exchange registration with the SAFE or its local branch. SAFE Circular 37 further provides that option or share-based incentive tool holders of a non-listed SPV can exercise the options or share incentive tools to become a shareholder of such non-listed SPV, subject to registration with SAFE or its local branch. However, in practice, different local SAFE branch may have different views and procedures on the interpretation and implementation of the SAFE regulations, and since Circular 37 was the first regulation to regulate the foreign exchange registration of a non-listed SPV’s option or share incentives granted to PRC residents, there remains uncertainty with respect to its implementation.

PRC residents who have contributed legitimate domestic or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but have yet to obtain SAFE registration before the implementation of the SAFE Circular 37 shall register their ownership interests or control in such SPVs with the SAFE or its local branch. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change in the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. If the PRC residents fail to complete the SAFE registration, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

To our knowledge, all our significant individual PRC shareholders have completed foreign exchange registration in connection with our initial public offering.

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Stock Option Rules. The Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control were promulgated by the PBOC on December 25, 2006, and their Implementation Rules, issued by the SAFE on January 5, 2007, became effective on February 1, 2007. Under these regulations, all foreign exchange matters involved in employee stock ownership plans and stock option plans participated in by onshore individuals, among others, require approval from the SAFE or its authorized branch. Furthermore, the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, were promulgated by the SAFE on February 15, 2012, that replaced the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plans or Stock Option Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies issued by the SAFE on March 28, 2007. Pursuant to the Stock Option Rules, PRC residents who are granted shares or stock options by companies listed on overseas stock exchanges based on the stock incentive plans are required to register with the SAFE or its local branches, and PRC residents participating in the stock incentive plans of overseas listed companies shall retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plans on behalf of these participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests, and fund transfer. In addition, the PRC agents are required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agents or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. The PRC agents shall, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to the SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents’ exercise of the employee share options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in the PRC opened by the PRC agents before distribution to such PRC residents. In addition, the PRC agents shall file each quarter the form for record-filing of information of the Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies with the SAFE or its local branches.

We and our PRC citizen employees who have been granted share options, or PRC optionees, have become subject to the Stock Option Rules after we became a public company in the United States. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Option Rules, we and/or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law.”

In addition, the State Administration for Taxation has issued circulars concerning employee share options, under which our employees working in the PRC who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or if we fail to withhold their income taxes as required by relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the PRC tax authorities or other PRC government authorities.

Regulation on Tax

PRC Enterprise Income Tax

The PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on the taxable income determined under the applicable Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law and its implementation rules. On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress of China enacted the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on 2017 and 2018. On December 6, 2007, the State Council promulgated the implementation rules to the EIT Law, which also became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on April 23, 2019. The EIT Law

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imposes a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in China, including foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, unless they qualify for certain exceptions, and terminates most of the tax exemptions, reductions and preferential treatment available under the previous tax laws and regulations. According to the EIT Law and relevant regulations, subject to the approval of competent tax authorities, the income tax of an enterprise that has been determined to be a high and new technology enterprise shall be reduced to a preferential rate of 15%. An enterprise holding a valid certificate of new software enterprise is entitled to an exemption of enterprise income tax for the first two years and a 50% reduction of enterprise income tax for the subsequent three years, commencing from the first profit-making year, while an enterprise qualified as key software enterprise can enjoy a preferential EIT rate of 10%.

Moreover, under the EIT Law, enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered PRC resident enterprises and are therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Though the implementation rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise,” the only detailed guidance currently available for the definition of “de facto management body” as well as the determination of offshore incorporated PRC tax resident status and its administration are set forth in the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, and the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin No. 45, both issued by the SAT, which provide guidance on the administration as well as determination of the tax residency status of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the law of a foreign country or territory and that has a PRC company or PRC corporate group as its primary controlling shareholder.

According to Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions set forth in Circular 82 are met:

In addition, Bulletin No. 45 provides clarification on the resident status determination, post-determination administration, and competent tax authorities. With respect to the determination of competent tax authorities, the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Revising the Administrative Measures for Income Tax Assessment and Collection for Non-Resident Enterprises and Other Documents, or Bulletin No. 22, further provides that only tax authorities located in the places of incorporation of major Chinese investors of a resident Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprises are qualified as the competent tax authorities. Bulletin No. 45 also specifies that when provided with a copy of PRC resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying certain PRC-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to the Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise. On April 1, 2019, the State Taxation Administration has decided to further adjust applicant materials concerning the issuance of a Certificate of Chinese Fiscal Resident.

In the event that we are considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our worldwide income.

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In addition, although the EIT Law provides that dividend income between “qualified resident enterprises” is exempted income, and the implementation rules refer to “qualified resident enterprises” as enterprises with “direct equity interest,” it is unclear whether dividends we receive from our PRC subsidiaries are eligible for exemption.

According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, with retroactive effect from January 1, 2008, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market), PRC tax reporting and payment obligations may be triggered. On February 3, 2015, SAT issued a new guidance (Bulletin [2015] No. 7), or SAT Bulletin 7, on the PRC tax treatment of an indirect transfer of assets by a non-resident enterprise. SAT Bulletin 7 is the latest regulatory instrument on indirect transfers, extending to not only the indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises but also to assets attributed to an establishment in China and immovable property in China or, collectively, Chinese Taxable Assets. Further, on October 17, 2017, SAT issued the Matters Regarding Withholding Corporate Income Tax at Source from Non-resident Enterprises (Bulletin [2017] No. 37), or SAT Bulletin 37, which replaced SAT Circular 698 and specified the withhold obligation of the transferees. According to SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, when a non-resident enterprise engages in an indirect transfer of Chinese Taxable Assets, or Indirect Transfer, through an arrangement that does not have a bona fide commercial purpose in order to avoid paying enterprise income tax, the transaction should be re-characterized as a direct transfer of the Chinese assets and becomes taxable in China under the EIT Law, and gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to the PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. SAT Bulletin 7 and 37 have replaced SAT Circular 698 in its entirety. They provide more comprehensive guidelines on a number of issues. Among other things, SAT Bulletin 7 substantially changes the reporting requirements in SAT Circular 698, provides more detailed guidance on how to determine a bona fide commercial purpose, and also provides for a safe harbor for certain situations, including purchase and sale of shares in an offshore listed enterprise on a public market by a non-resident enterprise, which may not be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax. In addition, SAT Circular 698 has been abolished by Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on October 17, 2017, with retroactive effect from

December 1, 2017, or SAT Circular 37. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfer of assets or equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”

Moreover, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates or related parties to the relevant tax authorities. These transactions may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year during which the transactions are conducted. In addition, on March 18, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Bulletin Regarding the Enterprise Income Tax Matter in Relation to Enterprise’s Payment of Fees to Overseas Affiliated Parties, or Bulletin 16, to further regulate the transfer pricing issues in relation to the fees payment to affiliated parties. Among other things, Bulletin 16 makes it clear that the fees paid to overseas affiliated parties in the following situations cannot be deducted from the taxable income when determining a PRC company’s enterprise income tax: (a) the fees paid to an overseas affiliated party which has no substantial operating activities; (b) the fees paid to an overseas affiliated party for labor service that would bring direct or indirect economic interests; (c) royalties paid for intangible properties to which the affiliated party that charges the fees only has legal title but has made no contribution to the creation of the value of such properties; and (d) the fees paid under arrangements made for listing or financing purposes. Furthermore, on March 17, 2017, the SAT promulgated the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Promulgating the Administrative Measures for Special Tax Investigation Adjustments and Mutual Agreement Procedures, or Bulletin 6, which became effective as of May 1, 2017. The Bulletin 6 specifies further

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the provisions in Bulletin 16, regulating the basic rules about the income distribution of intangible properties, payments for labor service and no substantial operating activities and so on. Meanwhile, it abolished the application of Bulletin 16 since May 1, 2017. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities were to determine that the contracts between us and our VIEs were not on an arm’s length basis and therefore constituted improper transfer pricing arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs may result in adverse tax consequences to us.”

PRC Business Tax and Value-added Tax (VAT)

On January 1, 2012, the Chinese State Council officially launched a pilot VAT reform program, or Pilot Program, applicable to businesses in selected industries. Businesses in the Pilot Program would pay VAT instead of business tax. The Pilot Industries in Shanghai included industries involving the leasing of tangible movable property, transportation services, research and development and technical services, information technology services, cultural and creative services, logistics and ancillary services, certification and consulting services. Revenues generated by advertising services, a type of “cultural and creative services,” are subject to the VAT tax rate of 6%. According to official announcements made by competent authorities in Beijing and Guangdong province, Beijing launched the same Pilot Program on September 1, 2012, and Guangdong province launched it on November 1, 2012. On May 24, 2013, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Tax Policies in the Nationwide Pilot Collection of Value Added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax in the Transportation Industry and Certain Modern Services Industries, or the Pilot Collection Circular. The scope of certain modern services industries under the Pilot Collection Circular extends to the inclusion of radio and television services. In August 2013, the Pilot Program was implemented throughout China. The Pilot Program replacing business tax with VAT was expanded to cover industries including construction, real estate, finance and consumer services in May 2016, and was later extended to all industries throughout China. With respect to all of our PRC entities for the period prior to the implementation of the Pilot Program, revenues from utility products and related services, mobile entertainment services and other licensing services were subject to a 5% PRC business tax. On November 19, 2017, the Chinese State Council promulgated the Decisions on Abolishing the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Business Tax and Amending the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on VAT, or the Order 691.

On April 4, 2018, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Adjustment of VAT Rates, or Circular 32, which became effective as of May 1, 2018. According to the Circular 32, VAT rates of 17% and 11% applicable to the taxpayers who have VAT taxable sales activities or imported goods are adjusted to 16% and 10%, respectively. According to the Report on the Work of the Government delivered at the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress of China on March 5, 2019, VAT reform in PRC was deepened in 2019, which included that the current VAT rate of 16% in manufacturing and other industries reduced to 13%, and the VAT rate in the transportation, construction, and other industries was adjusted from 10% to 9%. With respect to revenues from sales of goods, including sales of software products, licensing software without transferring its copyright and sales of other goods, they were still subject to a 16% VAT pursuant to Chinese tax law in 2018 before April 1,2019, and will be adjusted to 13% since April 1, 2019. In addition, sales of self-developed software products or license fees from self-developed software are entitled to a VAT refund with respect to the part whose actual VAT burden exceeds 3%.

Cultural Development Fee

According to applicable PRC tax regulations or rules, advertising service providers are generally required to pay a cultural development fee at the rate of 3% on the revenues (a) which are generated from providing advertising services and (b) which are also subject to the business tax or value-added tax after the Pilot Program.

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Dividend Withholding Tax

Under the old EIT Law that was effective prior to January 1, 2008, dividends paid to foreign investors by foreign-invested enterprises, such as dividends paid to us by Zhuhai Juntian and Conew Network, our PRC subsidiaries, were exempt from PRC withholding tax. Pursuant to the EIT Law and its implementation rules, dividends from income generated after January 1, 2008 and distributed to us by our PRC subsidiaries are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless non-resident enterprise investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or arrangements with China that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Taxation.”

As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the EIT Law and its implementation rules, we cannot assure you that, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, any dividends to be distributed by us to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders would not be subject to any PRC withholding tax. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”

Labor Laws and Social Insurance

The principal laws that govern employment include:

According to the Labor Law and Labor Contract Law, employers must execute written labor contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. All employers are required to establish a system for labor safety and workplace sanitation, strictly comply with state rules and standards and provide employees with workplace safety training. Violations of the PRC Labor Contract Law and the PRC Labor Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative penalties. For serious violations, criminal liability may arise.

In addition, pursuant to the Social Insurance Law promulgated by the National People’s Congress on October 28, 2010, which came into effect on July 1, 2011 and amended on December 29, 2018, employers in China are required to provide employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing funds.

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M&A Regulations and Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC governmental agencies jointly promulgated the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the 2006 M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and amended on June 22, 2009. “Mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors” refers to: (a) a foreign investor converts a non-foreign invested enterprise (domestic company) to a foreign invested enterprise by purchasing the equity interest from the shareholder of such domestic company or the increased capital of the domestic company, or the Equity Merger and Acquisition; or (b) a foreign investor establishes a foreign invested enterprise to purchase the assets from a domestic enterprise by agreement and operates the assets therefrom; or (c) a foreign investor purchases the assets from a domestic enterprise by agreement and uses these assets to establish a foreign invested enterprise for the purpose of operation of such assets, or the Assets Merger and Acquisition.

The M&A Rules provides that mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors shall be subject to the approval of the MOFCOM or its delegates at provincial level. In the event that any domestic company, enterprise or natural person merges or acquires a domestic company that has affiliated relationship with it through an overseas company legally established or controlled by such domestic company, enterprise or natural person (the “Affiliated M&A”), the merger and acquisition applications shall be submitted to the MOFCOM for approval. Any circumvention on the requirement including domestic re-investment of a foreign invested enterprise is not allowed.

After the implementation of the FI Information Report Measures on January 1, 2020, where a foreign investor acquires a domestic non-foreign-invested enterprise by equity, it shall submit an initial report through the enterprise registration system when handling the change registration for the acquired enterprise instead of obtaining the approval of the MOFCOM or its delegates at provincial level. However, regarding the affiliated M&A, according to the Negative List (2019 Version), a M&A of affiliated domestic companies by domestic companies, enterprises or natural persons via the companies legally established or controlled overseas, it shall still be subject to the approval by the MOFCOM under the M&A Rules.

The M&A Rules also require offshore special purpose vehicles formed to pursue overseas listing of equity interests in PRC companies and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on any stock exchange overseas.

The application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. Based on the understanding on the current PRC laws, rules and regulations and the M&A Rules of our PRC legal counsel, Global Law Office, prior approval from the CSRC is not required under the M&A Rules for the listing and trading of the ADSs on NYSE because the CSRC approval requirement applies to SPVs that acquired equity interests of any PRC company that are held by PRC companies or individuals controlling such SPV and seek overseas listing, and our PRC subsidiaries were incorporated as wholly foreign-owned enterprises by means of direct investment rather than by merger or acquisition by our company of the equity interest or assets of any “domestic company” as defined under the M&A Rules, and no provision in the M&A Rules classifies the contractual arrangements between our company, our PRC subsidiaries and any of our VIEs, either by each agreement itself or taken as a whole, as a type of acquisition transaction falling under the M&A Rules. However, as there has been no official interpretation or clarification of the M&A Rules, there is uncertainty as to how this regulation will be interpreted or implemented.

Considering the uncertainties that exist with respect to the issuance of new laws, regulations or interpretation and implementing rules, the opinion of Global Law Office, summarized above, is subject to change. If the CSRC or another PRC regulatory agency subsequently determines that prior CSRC approval was required, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies.

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Foreign ownership of internet-based and mobile-based businesses is subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government regulates internet access, distribution of online information, online advertising and distribution and operation of online games through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. These laws and regulations also limit foreign ownership of PRC companies that provide internet information services to no more than 50%. In addition, foreign investors are prohibited from investing in or operating, among other things, any entities that operate internet cultural activities such as online games.

As a Cayman Islands company, in order for us to be able to carry on our business in China, we conduct part of our operations in China through our VIEs including but not limited to Beijing Mobile and Beijing Network. Each of Beijing Mobile (which is owned as to 35% by Mr. Sheng Fu and 65% by Ms. Weiqin Qiu) and Beijing Network (which is owned as to 50% by Mr. Kun Wang and 50% by Mr. Wei Liu) holds the requisite ICP Licenses. We have been and are expected to continue to be dependent on our VIEs to operate our business in China if the then PRC law does not allow us to directly operate such business in China. We believe that under these contractual arrangements, we have sufficient control over our VIEs and their respective shareholders to renew, revise or enter into new contractual arrangements prior to the expiration of the current arrangements on terms that would enable us to continue to operate our business in China validly and legally.

Our contractual arrangements with each of our VIEs and their shareholders enable us to:

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The following diagram summarizes our corporate structure and identifies our significant subsidiaries and VIEs as of the date of this annual report.

Notes:

Pursuant to Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2019 Version) and Negative List (2019 Version) , Beijing Security is currently engaged in the business of technology promotion, technology development, technology service and technology consultancy, sale of computers, software, auxiliary devices and AI hardware, computer animation design, investment consultancy and advertisement design, production, agency and publication, all of which are permitted foreign investment industries under Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2019 Version) and Negative List (2019 Version).

Conew Network is currently engaged in the business of research and development of digital technology, telecommunication technology and relevant products, self-technology transfer, technology service, technology consultancy and computer technology training, sale of self-developed products, graphic design, business consultancy and investment consultancy, all of which are permitted foreign investment industries under Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2019 Version) and Negative List (2019 Version).

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Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs

The following is a summary of the currently effective contracts among our company, our subsidiary Beijing Security, our VIE Beijing Mobile, and the shareholders of Beijing Mobile. We have entered into substantially similar contractual arrangements with our other VIEs, including but not limited to Beijing Network.

Agreements that provide us with effective control over Beijing Mobile

Business operation agreement. Pursuant to the business operation agreement by and among Beijing Security, Beijing Mobile and its shareholders, Beijing Mobile and its shareholders agreed to accept and follow Beijing Security’s suggestions on their daily operations and financial management. The shareholders of Beijing Mobile must appoint candidates designated by Beijing Security to its board of directors and appoint candidates designated by Beijing Security as senior executives of Beijing Mobile. In addition, the shareholders of Beijing Mobile confirm, agree and jointly guarantee that Beijing Mobile shall not engage in any transaction that may materially affect its assets, business, employment, obligations, rights or operations without the prior written consent of Beijing Security. The shareholders of Beijing Mobile also agree to unconditionally pay or transfer to Beijing Security any bonus, dividends, or any other profits or interests (in whatever form) that they are entitled to as shareholders of Beijing Mobile, and waives any consideration connected therewith. The agreement has a term of ten years, unless terminated at an earlier date by Beijing Security. Neither Beijing Mobile nor its shareholders may terminate this agreement.

Shareholder voting proxy agreement. Under the shareholder voting proxy agreement by and among our company, Beijing Mobile and its shareholders, each of Beijing Mobile’s shareholders irrevocably nominates, appoints and constitutes any person designated by our company as its attorney-in-fact to exercise on such shareholder’s behalf any and all rights that such shareholder has in respect of its equity interests in Beijing Mobile (including but not limited to the voting rights and the right to nominate executive directors of Beijing Mobile). This proxy agreement shall remain valid during the existence of Beijing Mobile. Without the prior written consent of our company, existing shareholders of Beijing Mobile shall not amend or terminate this proxy agreement or revoke the or revoke the voting proxy to our company.

Equity pledge agreement. Under the equity pledge agreement between Beijing Security, Beijing Mobile and its shareholders, the shareholders of Beijing Mobile have pledged all of their respective equity interests in Beijing Mobile to Beijing Security to guarantee (i) the performance of all the contractual obligations of Beijing Mobile and its shareholders under this agreement, the exclusive technology development, support and consultancy agreement, exclusive equity option agreement and other agreements concluded from time to time by and among our company, Beijing Security, Beijing Mobile and its shareholders, and (ii) the repayment of all liabilities that may be incurred under all of the aforementioned agreements. In the event of default, Beijing Security has the first priority to be compensated through the sale or auction of the equity interests pledged. The shareholders of Beijing Mobile or their successors or representatives and Beijing Mobile shall ensure that Beijing Mobile will not distribute dividends to shareholders, make property distributions, reduce capital, initiate liquidation procedures or make distributions in any other form without prior written consent of Beijing Security. This pledge will remain effective until all the guaranteed obligations have been performed or all the guaranteed liabilities have been repaid. We have completed the registration of equity pledge relating to each of our VIEs with the relevant government authorities in China.

Agreement that transfers economic benefits to us

Exclusive technology development, support and consultancy agreement. Under the exclusive technology development, support and consultancy agreement between Beijing Security and Beijing Mobile, Beijing Security has the exclusive right to provide Beijing Mobile with services related to Beijing Mobile’s business, including but not limited to technology development, support and consulting services. Beijing Security has the sole right to determine the service fees and settlement cycle, and the service fees shall in no event be less than 30% of the

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pre-tax revenue of Beijing Mobile in relation to the relevant service. Beijing Security will exclusively own any intellectual property arising from the performance of this agreement. This agreement will be effective unless terminated according to the terms of the agreement or otherwise terminated by mutual agreement of the signing parties.

Agreements that provide us with the option to purchase the equity interest in Beijing Mobile

Loan agreements. Under the loan agreements by and among Beijing Security and the shareholders of Beijing Mobile, Beijing Security shall have made interest-free loans in an aggregate amount of RMB6.5 million to the two individual shareholders of Beijing Mobile, for the sole purpose of contributing to the registered capital of Beijing Mobile. The loans have no definite maturity date. Beijing Security may request repayment at any time, and either shareholder of Beijing Mobile may offer to repay part or all of the loan at any time. The shareholders of Beijing Mobile shall, subject to the PRC laws, repay the loans by transferring the equity interest they hold in Beijing Mobile to Beijing Security or a third party that it designates.

Exclusive option agreement. Under the exclusive option agreement by and among our company, Beijing Mobile and its shareholders, our company was granted an irrevocable exclusive option to acquire, or designate a third party to acquire, all or part of the equity interest owned by the shareholders in Beijing Mobile or to acquire, all or part of the assets owned by the Beijing Mobile at any time at an exercise price that is equal to the minimum price permitted under the PRC laws or is equal to the entire principal and interest (including all principal and interest under the existing loan agreement) owed by the existing shareholder to the Beijing Security due to the fulfillment of the registered capital paid obligations in the Beijing Mobile. In addition, this agreement stipulates that our company can provide financial support to Beijing Mobile to the extent permissible under the applicable PRC laws and regulations, regardless of whether Beijing Mobile has incurred an operational loss. The form of financial support includes but is not limited to entrusted loans and borrowings. Our company will not request repayment of any outstanding loans or borrowings from Beijing Mobile if Beijing Mobile do not have sufficient funds or are unable to repay such loans or borrowings. Unless terminated according to the agreement itself, the agreement has a term of ten years, which will automatically extend on a decadely basis.

In addition to the above contracts, the spouses of certain shareholders of our VIEs have executed spousal consent letters. Pursuant to the spousal consent letters, the spouses acknowledged that certain equity interests in the respective VIEs held by and registered in the name of his or her spouse will be disposed of pursuant to relevant arrangements under the shareholder voting proxy agreement, the exclusive option agreement and the equity pledge agreement and other agreements under contractual arrangements. These spouses undertake not to take any action to interfere with the disposition of such equity interests.

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIEs as we have the power to direct activities of these entities and can receive substantially all economic interests in these entities even though we do not necessarily receive all of the VIEs’ revenues. Accordingly, we treat them as our VIEs under U.S. GAAP and have consolidated the results of operation of the VIEs and the then subsidiaries of our VIEs in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The VIEs and the then subsidiaries of our VIEs together contributed 7.4%, 10.2% and 16.3% of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

In the opinion of our PRC legal counsel, Global Law Office:

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We have been advised by our PRC legal counsel, Global Law Office, however, that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC legal counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the aforesaid business we engage in, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure” for “—If the PRC government finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in internet businesses, or if these laws or regulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and our business operations” and “—Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

As of March 31, 2020, our principal executive offices were located on leased premises comprising approximately 40,487 square meters in Beijing, China. This facility accommodates our management headquarters, principal development, engineering, legal, finance and administrative activities. we also have offices overseas in the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore.

Our products and services are mainly deployed on various cloud service providers such as Amazon, Tencent, Kingsoft and Alibaba. We believe these arrangements are more cost-effective than acquiring our own servers. We believe that our existing facilities are sufficient for our current needs and we expect to obtain additional facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion and analysis may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report.

Overview

We are a leading mobile internet company with strong global vision. We have attracted hundreds of millions of monthly actively users through an array of mobile utility products such as Clean Master released in 2012 and

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Cheetah Keyboard released in 2016. Leveraging our success on utility products, including live streaming platform LiveMe and mobile games such as Piano Tile 2 and Bricks n Balls. We cease to provide this service as Live.me has been disposed on September 30, 2019.

Over the past years, we had made significant investments in artificial intelligence and, together with Beijing OrionStar, one of our invested companies, we have accumulated deep knowledge in image recognition, voice recognition, natural language processing, text to speech and other AI related technologies. The recent coronavirus outbreak has increased customer demand for our robotics products and solutions. Since the outbreak started, we have launched anti-epidemic products for hospitals to relieve some of the pressure caused by a shortage of medical personnel and the threat of cross infections. As of today, our medical robots have been deployed in some Chinese hospitals. While it will may take a while for our robotics products and solutions to generate material revenues, we have already witnessed an increase in consumer awareness for our offerings as a result.

In the second quarter of 2017, we reorganized our operating segments from one operating segment into three operating segments, namely utility products and relate services, mobile entertainment business, and AI and others. The primary reason for such reorganization is that we increasingly assess the performance of our company and makes decisions in respect of the allocation of company resources by analyzing the operational results of these three business units separately. We will continually assess the reasonableness of our operating segments because we operate in a rapidly evolving internet industry with technology trend shifted, and there may be changes in our business strategy accordingly.

We generate revenues from our utility products and related services by providing mobile advertising services to our advertising customers worldwide, as well as selling advertisements and referring user traffic on our mobile and PC platforms. Recently, we began to offer premium services for our utility products. As a result, we also recognize revenues after users purchase and subscribe the premium services within our utility products. Our portfolio of mobile games has also attracted a massive user base, which also provides ample advertising revenue opportunities. In addition, users can also purchase in-game virtual items.

On the corporate level, our revenues increased from RMB4,974.8 million in 2017 to RMB4,981.7 million in 2018, but decreased to RMB3,587.7 million (US$515.3 million) in 2019 due to the decreased revenues from utility products and related services and deconsolidation of Live.me. Our net loss attributable to Cheetah Mobile shareholders was RMB314.0 million (US$45.1 million) 2019, compared to a net income attributable to Cheetah Mobile shareholders was RMB1,166.9 million in 2018 and a net income attributable to Cheetah Mobile shareholders of RMB1,348.2 million in 2017.

We have invested heavily in research and development and selling and marketing to grow our mobile business and AI business. In 2020, we expect to implement prudent cost-saving measures for our mobile business, but we will continue to invest in our AI business.

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Selected Statement of Operations Items

Revenues

We generate revenues from utility products and related services, mobile entertainment business and others. The following table sets forth the principal components of our revenues by amount and as a percentage of our revenues for the periods presented.

Utility Products and Related Services

Revenues from utility products and related services accounted for 69.1%, 62.6% and 43.8% of our revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Our portfolio of utility products has attracted a massive user base, which enabled us to provide mobile advertising services to advertisers worldwide, as well as refer user traffic and sell advertisements on our mobile and PC platforms. We charge fees for our online marketing services generally based on three general pricing models, which include cost over a time period, cost for performance basis and cost per impression basis. Cost for performance basis refers to, among others, cost per click, cost per installation, cost per activation and cost per sale that originate from our platform, while cost per impression refers to cost based on the number of impressions over a period. We believe that the most significant factors affecting revenues from online marketing include:

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Mobile Entertainment Business

Revenues from mobile entertainment business accounted for 30.1%, 35.7% and 52.2% of our revenues in, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Our mobile entertainment business primarily includes LiveMe and mobile games business. In 2016, we started to monetize LiveMe by sale of virtual items in users’ live broadcasting, which is subject to revenue-sharing arrangements with the hosting users. Since September 30, 2019, we deconsolidated LiveMe’s financial results from our financial statements. Our portfolio of mobile games has attracted a massive user base, which provides ample advertising revenue opportunities. Users can also purchase in-game virtual items.

We believe that the most significant factors affecting our mobile entertainment revenues include:

AI and Others

Revenue from AI and others accounted for 0.8%, 1.7% and 4.0% of our revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. AI and others revenues mainly include sales of AI hardware.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues primarily consist of traffic acquisition costs, bandwidth costs and cloud service costs, personnel costs, content and channel costs associated with our content-driven products, including LiveMe and mobile games, depreciation of equipment, amortization of intangible assets and cost of products sold.

Traffic acquisition costs represent the amounts paid or payable to third-party advertising publishers who distribute our customers’ paid links through their advertisement products.

Bandwidth and cloud service costs consist of fees that we pay to telecommunication carriers, bandwidth fees that are directly related to our business operations and technical support, and fees that we pay to cloud service providers such as Amazon for the deployment of our apps. Bandwidth and cloud service costs are affected by the amounts of our user traffic worldwide and data analytics.

Personnel costs include salaries and benefits including share-based compensation, for our employees involved in the operation and other business and maintenance of our business.

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Content and channel costs consist primarily of fees borne by us under third-party game publishing arrangements, revenue sharing with content providers, commission fees paid to distribution platforms and payment channels, and amortization of license fees paid for exclusively licensed games. As we deconsolidated Live.me’s financial results from our financial statements from September 30, 2019, we expected revenue sharing with content providers, such as live video hosts and media partners, will decrease.

Amortization of intangible assets primarily represents amortization of intangible assets through acquisitions or business combinations.

Operating Income and Expenses

Our operating income and expenses consist of (i) research and development expenses, (ii) selling and marketing expenses, (iii) general and administrative expenses, (iv) impairment of goodwill, and (v) other operating income. The following table sets forth the components of our operating income and expenses for the periods indicated.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation expenses, for our research and development employees. These expenditures are generally expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses decreased by 17.7% year over year to RMB787.3 million (US$113.1 million) in 2019, which primarily resulted from the rise in R&D personnel for both our mobile games and AI-related businesses, partially offset by a reduction in the personnel for our utility products and related services business.

Selling and Marketing Expenses. Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of general marketing and promotion expenses and salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation expenses, related to personnel involved in our selling and marketing efforts.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation expenses, related to our general and administrative personnel, professional and legal service fees, and other administrative expenses.

Impairment of Goodwill. Impairment of goodwill consists primarily of impairment of goodwill associated with business acquisition and intangible assets relating to technology and online game licenses.

Other Operating Income. Other operating income consists primarily of government grants, subsidies and financial incentives that we received in connection with our operations not related to research and development projects.

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Taxation

Taxation in Different Jurisdictions

The following summarizes the taxation in jurisdictions in which our company, significant subsidiaries and VIEs are incorporated.

Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to tax on income or capital gain arising in Cayman Islands. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong. Our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong were subject to Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

Singapore. Our subsidiary incorporated in Singapore is subject to Singapore corporate income tax rate of 17% in 2015. Started from 2016, the Singapore Economic Development Board (“EDB”) provides a tax holiday of a reduced corporate tax rate at 5% on incremental income from qualifying activities to our subsidiary incorporated in Singapore for ten years from 2016 to 2025 under the Development Expansion Incentive (“DEI”) scheme. In consideration of the change in business environment, our subsidiary incorporated in Singapore was no longer eligible for the DEI scheme in 2019, and our subsidiary incorporated in Singapore is subject to 17% income tax rate in 2019.

Japan. Our subsidiary incorporated in Japan with paid-in capital in excess of Japanese Yen (“JPY”) 100 million was subject to national corporate income tax rate of 23.4% and 23.2% since April 1, 2016 and April 1, 2018, respectively. Our subsidiary incorporated in Japan with paid-in capital of no more than JPY100 million was subject to national corporate income tax rate of 15% on the first JPY8 million of income earned and at 23.2% on any income earned in excess of JPY8 million since April 1, 2018. Local income taxes, which include local inhabitant tax and enterprise tax, are also imposed on corporate income.

PRC.

Enterprise income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to the statutory rate of 25% in accordance with the EIT Law, with exceptions for certain preferential tax treatments. Under relevant PRC government policies, enterprises qualified as “new software enterprise” are entitled to a two-year exemption and three-year 50% reduction on enterprise income tax commencing from the first profit-making year. Enterprises qualified as “high and new technology enterprise” are entitled to a preferential rate of 15%. According to the Administrative Measures for Recognition of High and New Technology Enterprises, where the relevant department finds in the course of daily management that a recognized “high and new technology enterprise” does not meet the conditions for recognition, it shall apply to the recognition department for verification. If the verification confirms that the enterprise does not meet the conditions for recognition, the recognition department shall disqualify the “high and new technology enterprise” and advise the tax authority to recover the payment of reduced or exempted taxes under tax preferences it has enjoyed from the year when it fails to meet the recognition requirements. Our PRC subsidiaries qualified as “new software enterprise” or “high and new technology enterprise” is subject to tax holiday or a preferential tax rate of 15%. Our remaining PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and the subsidiaries of our VIEs were subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

Withholding tax. Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, dividends, interests, rents or royalties payable by a foreign-invested enterprise, such as our PRC subsidiaries, to any of its non-resident enterprise investors, and proceeds from any such non-resident enterprise investor’s disposition of assets (after deducting the net value of such assets) shall be subject to 10% EIT, namely withholding tax, unless non-resident enterprise investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or agreement with China that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax. The Cayman Islands, where our company is incorporated, and the British Virgin Islands, where our subsidiary Conew.com Corporation was incorporated, do

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not have such tax treaties with China. None of our U.S. subsidiaries is an immediate holding company of our PRC subsidiaries. Under the Arrangement Between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, the dividend withholding tax rate may be reduced to 5%, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise that receives a dividend is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise and holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the PRC enterprise distributing the dividends, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. According to the Circular on Several Issues regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, which was issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT, effective as of April 1, 2018, when determining the applicant’s status of the “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends, interests or royalties in the tax treaties, several factors, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of its income in twelve months to residents in third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes the actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties does not levy any tax or grant tax exemption on relevant incomes or levy tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account, and it will be analyzed according to the actual circumstances of the specific cases. This circular further provides that applicants who intend to prove his or her status of the “beneficial owner” shall submit the relevant documents to the relevant tax bureau according to the Announcement on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-Resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of the Treatment under Tax Agreements, or Circular 60. Circular 60 was repealed simultaneously upon the implementation of Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of Treaty Benefits, or Circular 35, which was promulgated on October 14, 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020. According to Circular 35, if a non-resident taxpayer determines through self-assessment that he or she is eligible for treaty benefits, he or she may, when filing tax returns, or when a withholding agent files withholding returns, enjoy tax treaty benefits, and collect and retain relevant materials for review in accordance with the provisions and accept the follow-up administration of tax authorities. However, if the Hong Kong resident enterprise is not considered to be the beneficial owner of such dividends under applicable PRC tax regulations, such dividends may remain subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. Accordingly, our Hong Kong subsidiaries may not be able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends they receive from our PRC subsidiaries if they do not satisfy the relevant conditions under tax rules and regulations and obtain the approvals as required.

PRC business tax and VAT. On January 1, 2012, the Chinese State Council officially launched a pilot VAT reform program, or Pilot Program, applicable to businesses in selected industries. Businesses in the Pilot Program would pay VAT instead of business tax. The Pilot Program imposes VAT in lieu of business tax for certain “modern service industries” in certain regions and eventually expands to nation-wide in August 2013. According to the implementation circulars released by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on the Pilot Program, the “modern service industries” include industries involving the leasing of tangible movable property, research and development and technical services, information technology services, cultural and creative services, logistics and ancillary services, certification and consulting services, and radio and television services. The Pilot Program replacing business tax with VAT was expanded to cover industries including construction, real estate, finance and consumer services in May 2016, and was later extended to all industries throughout China. With respect to all of our PRC entities for the period prior to the implementation of the Pilot Program, revenues from utility products and related services, mobile entertainment services and other licensing services were subject to a 5% PRC business tax. On November 19, 2017, the Chinese State Council promulgated the Decisions on Abolishing the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Business Tax and Amending the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on VAT, or the Order 691. All of our PRC entities were subject to the Pilot Program as of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, or specifically, VAT of 6% in lieu of business tax for utility products and related services and mobile entertainment services that are deemed by the relevant tax authorities to be within the pilot industries. In addition, cultural business construction fee is imposed at the rate of 3% on revenues derived from our advertising services.

On April 4, 2018, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Adjustment of VAT Rates, or Circular 32, which became effective as of May 1, 2018. According to the Circular32, VAT rates of 17% and 11% applicable to the taxpayers who have VAT taxable sales activities or

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imported goods are adjusted to 16% and 10%, respectively. According to the Report on the Work of the Government delivered at the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on March 5, 2019, VAT reform in PRC deepened in 2019, which included that the current VAT rate of 16% in manufacturing and other industries reduced to 13%, and the VAT rate in the transportation, construction, and other industries adjusted from 10% to 9%. With respect to revenues from sales of goods, including sales of software products, licensing software without transferring its copyright and sales of other goods, they are still subject to a 16% VAT pursuant to Chinese tax law in 2018, and adjusted to 13% since April 1, 2019. In addition, sales of self-developed software products or license fees from self-developed software are entitled to a VAT refund with respect to the tax burden over a tax rate of 3%. With the adoption of the Pilot Program, our revenues subject to VAT payable on goods sold or taxable services provided by a general VAT taxpayer for a taxable period is the net balance of the output VAT for the period after crediting the input VAT for the period. Hence, the amount of VAT payable does not result directly from output VAT generated from goods sold or taxable services provided. Therefore, we have adopted the net presentation of VAT.

Effect of Different Tax Rates in Different Jurisdictions

The following table sets forth our income (loss) before income tax and the effect of differing tax rates in different jurisdictions on our income tax expenses in each applicable jurisdiction, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

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