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Invitation Homes Reports Fourth Quarter 2018 and Full Year 2018 Results

February 14, 2019 4:15 PM

DALLAS, Feb. 14, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Invitation Homes Inc. (NYSE: INVH) ("Invitation Homes" or the "Company"), a leading owner and operator of single-family rental homes in the United States, today announced its fourth quarter 2018 and full year 2018 financial and operating results.

Invitation Homes

Fourth Quarter 2018 and Full Year 2018 Highlights

  • In Q4 2018, total revenues increased 31.1% to $433 million, and net income attributable to common stockholders increased to $25 million, or $0.05 per share. In FY 2018, total revenues increased 63.4% to $1,723 million, and net loss attributable to common stockholders decreased to $5 million, or $0.01 per share.
  • Core FFO per share increased 6.4% year over year to $0.30 in Q4 2018 and 13.7% to $1.18 in FY 2018.
  • In Q4 2018, Same Store NOI grew 3.2% year over year on 4.6% Same Store Core revenue growth and 7.4% Same Store Core operating expense growth. In FY 2018, Same Store NOI grew 4.4% year over year on 4.5% Same Store Core revenue growth and 4.8% Same Store Core operating expense growth.
  • Same Store average occupancy increased 70 basis points year over year to 96.0% in Q4 2018, and increased 50 basis points year over year to 95.9% in FY 2018.
  • In Q4 2018, Same Store renewal rent growth of 4.7% and Same Store new lease rent growth of 2.1% drove Same Store blended rent growth 20 basis points higher year over year to 3.7%. In FY 2018, Same Store renewal rent growth of 4.8% and Same Store new lease rent growth of 3.3% drove Same Store blended rent growth of 4.2%.
  • As of December 31, 2018, $46 million of the total $50 - 55 million of expected merger synergies had been realized on an annualized run-rate basis, outpacing management's initial expectation for 75% achievement by the end of 2018.
  • In Q4 2018, pursuant to its plan to further enhance portfolio quality, the Company closed three previously announced bulk dispositions, bringing FY 2018 bulk dispositions to 1,497 homes for $234 million in gross proceeds. Total dispositions in FY 2018 were 2,701 homes for $512 million of gross proceeds. Acquisitions in FY 2018 totaled 938 homes for $279 million. Proceeds from net investment activities were used to prepay debt.
  • In FY 2018 and January 2019, the Company used proceeds from four new securitizations, net investment proceeds, and cash on hand to repay $4.7 billion of securitized debt, eliminating all 2019 and 2020 secured debt maturities and all but $373 million of remaining 2021 debt maturities. As of January 2019, the Company had reduced net debt by $308 million since the beginning of 2018, and decreased weighted average cost of debt by approximately 10 basis points. In addition, the Company entered into $4.4 billion of forward-starting interest rate swaps in 2018, effectively increasing the percentage of debt that will be fixed rate or swapped to fixed rate to 90% in 2020.

President & Chief Executive Officer Dallas Tanner comments: "Invitation Homes finished 2018 strong, as we executed well across our business. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we drove Same Store average occupancy 70 basis point higher year over year to 96.0%, along the way achieving our lowest ever level of resident turnover, while at the same time realizing blended rent growth 20 basis points higher than last year. In addition, we continued to enhance efficiency on controllable costs, resulting in better than expected NOI growth in the fourth quarter.

"We are encouraged by this momentum we are carrying into 2019, a year in which we see further opportunity for efficiencies and organic growth. Strong fundamental tailwinds remain in our markets, and the anticipated completion of our merger integration in mid-2019 will enable us to operate as one team on one platform across the entire organization. This scale and efficiency should allow us to better serve residents and maintain homes, and enable us to identify additional platform refinements and innovations that can benefit both residents and shareholders. In addition, we will continue to focus in 2019 on a capital allocation plan that has the dual objective of refining our portfolio and reducing leverage on our balance sheet."

Financial Results

Net Income (Loss), FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO Per Share — Diluted

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

FY 2017

Net income (loss) (1)(2)

$

0.05

$

(0.11)

$

(0.01)

$

(0.26)

FFO (2)(3)

0.24

0.13

0.94

0.50

Core FFO (3)(4)

0.30

0.29

1.18

1.04

AFFO (3)(4)

0.25

0.24

0.95

0.88

(1)

No shares of common stock were outstanding prior to the close of the Company's initial public offering. As such, net income (loss) per share for FY 2017 has been calculated based on operating results for the period from February 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during that same period, in accordance with GAAP.

(2)

In accordance with GAAP and Nareit guidelines, net income (loss) per share and FFO per share are calculated as if the 3.0% Convertible Notes due July 1, 2019 ("2019 Convertible Notes") were converted to common shares at the beginning of the relevant period, unless such treatment is anti-dilutive to net income (loss) per share or FFO per share. As such, FFO per share in Q4 2018 and FY 2018 is calculated by adjusting FFO in the numerator to remove the interest expense associated with the 2019 Convertible Notes, and including shares issuable upon conversion of the 2019 Convertible Notes as shares outstanding in the denominator. Net income (loss) per share does not treat the 2019 Convertible Notes as if they were converted, as doing so would be anti-dilutive to net income (loss) per share.

(3)

No shares of common stock or OP Units were outstanding prior to the close of the Company's initial public offering. For FY 2017, FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO per share have been calculated based on operating results for the full period from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, and as if shares issued in connection with the IPO were issued on January 1, 2017.

(4)

Core FFO and AFFO per share reflect the 2019 Convertible Notes in the form in which they were outstanding during the period. Because the 2019 Convertible Notes were an interest-bearing liability during the periods reflected in the table, cash interest expense associated with the 2019 Convertible Notes has been included in Core FFO and AFFO in the numerators, and shares issuable upon conversion of the 2019 Convertible Notes have not been included as shares outstanding in the denominators. This treatment aligns with the method by which the 2019 Convertible Notes were treated in the Company's 2018 guidance.

Net Income (Loss)Net income per share for the three months ended December 31, 2018 was $0.05 per share, compared to a net loss of $0.11 per share for the three months ended December 31, 2017. Total revenues and total property operating and maintenance expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2018 were $433 million and $159 million, respectively, compared to $330 million and $117 million, respectively, for the three months ended December 31, 2017.

Net loss per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 was $0.01 per share, compared to a net loss of $0.26 per share for the prior year period during which the Company was public from February 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Total revenues and total property operating and maintenance expenses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 were $1,723 million and $655 million, respectively, compared to $1,054 million and $391 million, respectively, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.

Core FFOYear over year, Core FFO for the three months ended December 31, 2018 increased 6.4% to $0.30 per share, primarily due to an increase in NOI per share and lower cash interest expense per share.

Year over year, Core FFO for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 increased 13.7% to $1.18 per share, primarily due to an increase in NOI per share, lower cash interest expense per share, and lower adjusted general and administrative expense per share.

AFFOYear over year, AFFO for the three months ended December 31, 2018 increased 4.9% to $0.25 per share, primarily driven by the increase in Core FFO described above.

Year over year, AFFO for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 increased 8.1% to $0.95 per share, primarily driven by the increase in Core FFO described above.

Operating Results

Same Store Operating Results Snapshot

Number of homes in Same Store portfolio:

68,880

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

FY 2017

Core revenue growth (year-over-year)

4.6

%

4.5

%

Core operating expense growth (year-over-year)

7.4

%

4.8

%

NOI growth (year-over-year)

3.2

%

4.4

%

Average occupancy

96.0

%

95.3

%

95.9

%

95.4

%

Turnover rate

6.5

%

7.7

%

32.7

%

35.8

%

Rental rate growth (lease-over-lease):

Renewals

4.7

%

5.0

%

4.8

%

5.2

%

New leases

2.1

%

1.4

%

3.3

%

3.5

%

Blended

3.7

%

3.5

%

4.2

%

4.5

%

Same Store NOIFor the Same Store portfolio of 68,880 homes, fourth quarter 2018 Same Store NOI increased 3.2% year over year on Same Store Core revenue growth of 4.6% and Same Store Core operating expense growth of 7.4%.

FY 2018 Same Store NOI increased 4.4% year over year on Same Store Core revenue growth of 4.5% and Same Store Core operating expense growth of 4.8%.

Same Store Core RevenuesFourth quarter 2018 Same Store Core revenue growth of 4.6% year over year was driven by a 3.8% increase in average monthly rent, a 70 basis point increase in average occupancy to 96.0%, and a 2.2% increase in other property income, net of resident reimbursements.

FY 2018 Same Store Core revenue growth of 4.5% year over year was driven by a 3.9% increase in average monthly rent, a 50 basis point increase in average occupancy to 95.9%, and a 5.7% increase in other property income, net of resident reimbursements.

Same Store Core Operating ExpensesFourth quarter 2018 Same Store Core operating expenses increased 7.4% year over year. The primary driver of the increase was a 15.1% increase in property taxes, as anticipated, due to unfavorable accrual catch-ups for reassessments received in the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to favorable accrual catch-ups in the fourth quarter of 2017. Core controllable expenses were 0.2% lower year over year in total. Repairs and maintenance (R&M) expenses were lower than expected, albeit higher year over year due to a previously discussed challenging comparison to the fourth quarter of 2017 attributable to prioritization of service requests related to hurricane damage that pushed routine, non-storm related service requests out of the fourth quarter of 2017.

FY 2018 Same Store Core operating expenses increased 4.8% year over year, driven primarily by increases in property taxes and R&M expenses. The increase in R&M expenses was primarily attributable to: (1) lower productivity, especially during the summer's peak service season, attributable to challenges stemming from newly integrated R&M platforms that the Company has since made progress toward improving; and (2) prioritization of service requests related to hurricane damage in the fourth quarter of 2017 that pushed routine, non-storm related service requests that otherwise would have been resolved in 2017 into the first quarter of 2018.

Investment Management Activity

Invitation Homes acquired 236 homes for $74.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2018, including estimated renovation costs, and sold 1,689 homes for gross proceeds of $293.7 million, resulting in total portfolio home count of 80,807 homes at December 31, 2018. Dispositions in the quarter included 1,228 homes sold in previously announced bulk transactions that closed in October, and an additional 97 homes sold in bulk transactions in December, totaling gross proceeds of $207.8 million.

In the full year 2018, the Company acquired 938 homes for $279.1 million, including estimated renovation costs, and sold 2,701 homes for gross proceeds of $511.7 million.

Merger Integration Update

Integration efforts unlocked $46 million of synergies on an annualized run-rate basis as of December 31, 2018, exceeding the Company's target for 75% synergy realization by year-end 2018. Of the $46 million of synergies realized as of December 31, 2018, $40 million related to property management and general & administrative (G&A) expenses, $5 million related to operating expenses, and $1 million related to capitalized expenses.

The company continues to expect to achieve total annualized cost synergies between $50 - $55 million on a run-rate basis by mid-2019. Almost all of the remaining synergies are likely to be attributable to NOI and achieved as the Company implements its unified operating platform and field configuration in each market. As of February 14, 2019, implementation has been completed successfully in five markets, and roll-out to the remaining markets is scheduled in waves over the next several months.

Balance Sheet and Capital Markets Activity

At December 31, 2018, the Company had $1,145 million in available liquidity through a combination of unrestricted cash and undrawn capacity on its revolving credit facility. The Company's total indebtedness at December 31, 2018 was $9,341 million, consisting of $7,266 million of secured debt and $2,075 million of unsecured debt.

As previously announced, the Company closed a seven-year (inclusive of extension options), floating rate securitization loan (IH 2018-4) on November 7, 2018 with a principal amount of $960 million, of which the Company retained $48 million to comply with risk retention requirements. Total cost of funds for the loan was LIBOR + 141 basis points. Net proceeds from the transaction and cash on hand were used to repay $1,133 million of existing debt in the quarter, including all remaining 2020 maturities and a portion of 2021 maturities. In January 2019, the Company prepaid an additional $70 million of 2021 maturities. Giving effect to these transactions, the Company's weighted average cost of debt (including swap impact) at year-end 2018 was 3.3%, down from 3.4% at the beginning of 2018, and weighted average maturity at year-end 2018 was 5.5 years, up from 4.1 years at the beginning of 2018. In conjunction with the increased duration of its debt maturities resulting from refinancing activity during the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company also entered into $800 million of forward-starting interest rate swaps in the fourth quarter of 2018 to extend the duration of its interest rate hedges.

In December 2018, the Company gave notice of its intent to settle conversions of its 3.0% Convertible Notes due July 1, 2019 with common shares. The Company believes that a common share settlement is the option most aligned with its balance sheet strategy of reducing leverage and pursuing an investment grade rating. For all holders electing conversion on or before June 27, 2019, the 2019 Convertible Notes will be exchanged for common shares according to a conversion ratio that is fixed other than for adjustments related to dividends paid to common stockholders and other potential transactions. Based on the December 31, 2018 conversion ratio of 54.0017 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2019 Convertible Notes, settlement of the $230 million (par value) of 2019 Convertible Notes would result in the issuance of approximately 12.4 million common shares and a reduction in cash interest expense of approximately $6.9 million on an annualized basis. On a pro forma basis, whereby net debt is reduced for the impact of the conversion of the 2019 Convertible Notes, net debt / annualized Adjusted EBITDAre at December 31, 2018 would have been 8.8x, down from 9.5x at the beginning of 2018.

Dividend

As previously announced, on February 1, 2019 the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.13 per share of common stock, representing an 18.2% increase over the prior quarterly dividend of $0.11 per share. The dividend will be paid on or before February 28, 2019 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 13, 2019.

Full Year 2019 Guidance Details

FY 2019 Guidance

FY 2019 Guidance

FY 2018 Actual

Core FFO per share – diluted

$1.20 - $1.28

$1.18

AFFO per share – diluted

$0.98 - $1.06

$0.95

Same Store Core revenue growth

3.8% - 4.4%

4.5%

Same Store Core operating expense growth

3.5% - 4.5%

4.8%

Same Store NOI growth

3.5% - 4.5%

4.4%

Bridge from FY 2018 Results to FY 2019 Guidance Midpoint

Core FFO per share

FY 2018 Reported Result

$1.18

Impact from 4Q18 bulk sales: (1)

NOI

(0.02)

Interest expense

0.02

Net impact of 4Q18 bulk sales

Impact from settlement of 2019 Convertible Notes:

Interest expense (2)

0.01

Share count (2)

(0.02)

Net impact of settlement of 2019 Convertible Notes

(0.01)

Changes in:

Same Store NOI (3)

0.07

Property Management and G&A Expense

0.01

Interest expense, excluding impact from bulk sales and 2019 Convertible Notes

(0.01)

Total change, excluding impact from bulk sales and 2019 Convertible Notes

0.07

FY 2019 Guidance Midpoint

$1.24

(1)

Other investment activity in 2018 is not expected to have a material impact on 2019 results, as 2018 acquisitions and dispositions, excluding bulk dispositions, were approximately net neutral.

(2)

For the purposes of reporting 2019 Core FFO and AFFO per share, the Company plans to treat the 2019 Convertible Notes due July 1, 2019 in the form in which they are outstanding during each period. Guidance treats the 2019 Convertible Notes as an interest-bearing liability in first and second quarters of 2019, and as common shares in the third and fourth quarters of 2019.

(3)

Based on the 2019 Same Store pool, consisting of 74,318 homes as of January 2019.

Note: The Company does not provide guidance for the most comparable GAAP financial measures of net income (loss), total revenues, and property operating and maintenance, or a reconciliation of the forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures of Core FFO per share, AFFO per share, Same Store revenue growth, Same Store operating expense growth, and Same Store NOI growth to the comparable GAAP financial measures because it is unable to reasonably predict certain items contained in the GAAP measures, including non-recurring and infrequent items that are not indicative of the Company's ongoing operations. Such items include, but are not limited to, impairment on depreciated real estate assets, net (gain)/loss on sale of previously depreciated real estate assets, share-based compensation, casualty loss, non-Same Store revenues, and non-Same Store operating expenses. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors, and could have a material impact on our GAAP results for the guidance period.

Earnings Conference Call Information

Invitation Homes has scheduled a conference call at 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time on Friday, February 15, 2019 to discuss results for the three months ended December 31, 2018. The domestic dial-in number is 1-888-317-6003, and the international dial-in number is 1-412-317-6061. The passcode is 5865028. An audio webcast may be accessed at www.invh.com. A replay of the call will be available through March 15, 2019, and can be accessed by calling 1-877-344-7529 (domestic) or 1-412-317-0088 (international) and using the replay passcode 10127966, or by using the link at www.invh.com.

Supplemental Information

The full text of the Earnings Release and Supplemental Information referenced in this release are available on Invitation Homes' Investor Relations website at www.invh.com.

Glossary & Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial and Other Operating Measures

Financial and operating measures found in the Earnings Release and Supplemental Information include certain measures used by Invitation Homes management that are measures not defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). These measures are defined in the Glossary and Reconciliations section of this press release and in the Supplemental Information and, as applicable, reconciled to the most comparable GAAP measures.

About Invitation Homes

Invitation Homes is a leading owner and operator of single-family rental homes, offering residents high-quality homes across America. With over 80,000 homes for lease in 17 markets across the country, Invitation Homes is meeting changing lifestyle demands by providing residents access to updated homes with features they value, such as close proximity to jobs and access to good schools. The Company's mission statement, "Together with you, we make a house a home," reflects its commitment to high-touch service that continuously enhances residents' living experiences and provides homes where individuals and families can thrive.

Investor Relations Contact

Greg Van WinklePhone: 844.456.INVH (4684)Email: [email protected]

Media Relations Contact

Kristi DesJarlaisPhone: 972.421.3587Email: [email protected]

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), which include, but are not limited to, statements related to the Company's expectations regarding the anticipated benefits of the merger with Starwood Waypoint Homes, the performance of the Company's business, its financial results, its liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "projects," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates" or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, among others, risks associated with achieving expected revenue synergies or cost savings from the merger, risks inherent to the single-family rental industry sector and the Company's business model, macroeconomic factors beyond the Company's control, competition in identifying and acquiring the Company's properties, competition in the leasing market for quality residents, increasing property taxes, homeowners' association fees and insurance costs, the Company's dependence on third parties for key services, risks related to evaluation of properties, poor resident selection and defaults and non-renewals by the Company's residents, performance of the Company's information technology systems, and risks related to the Company's indebtedness. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. Additional factors that could cause the Company's results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found under the section entitled "Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors," of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), as such factors may be updated from time to time in the Company's periodic filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this release and in the Company's filings with the SEC. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except to the extent otherwise required by law.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

($ in thousands, except shares and per share data)

December 31

December 31,

2018

2017

(unaudited)

Assets:

Investments in single-family residential properties, net

$

16,686,060

$

17,312,264

Cash and cash equivalents

144,940

179,878

Restricted cash

215,051

236,684

Goodwill

258,207

258,207

Other assets, net

759,170

696,605

Total assets

$

18,063,428

$

18,683,638

Mortgage loans, net

$

7,201,654

$

7,580,153

Term loan facility, net

1,490,860

1,487,973

Revolving facility

35,000

Convertible senior notes, net

557,301

548,536

Accounts payable and accrued expenses

169,603

193,413

Resident security deposits

148,995

146,689

Other liabilities

125,829

41,999

Total liabilities

9,694,242

10,033,763

Equity:

Stockholders' equity

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, 900,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017

Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 9,000,000,000 shares authorized, 520,647,977 and 519,173,142 outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively

5,206

5,192

Additional paid-in-capital

8,629,462

8,602,603

Accumulated deficit

(392,594)

(157,595)

Accumulated other comprehensive income

(12,963)

47,885

Total stockholders' equity

8,229,111

8,498,085

Non-controlling interests

140,075

151,790

Total equity

8,369,186

8,649,875

Total liabilities and equity

$

18,063,428

$

18,683,638

Consolidated Statements of Operations

($ in thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

FY 2017

(unaudited)

(unaudited)

(unaudited)

Revenues:

Rental revenues

$

403,765

$

310,946

$

1,607,545

$

994,921

Other property income

28,851

19,008

115,417

59,535

Total revenues

432,616

329,954

1,722,962

1,054,456

Operating expenses:

Property operating and maintenance

159,200

117,220

655,411

391,495

Property management expense

17,281

11,908

65,485

43,344

General and administrative

25,340

63,585

98,764

167,739

Depreciation and amortization

130,220

107,020

560,541

309,578

Impairment and other

7,343

7,611

20,819

24,093

Total operating expenses

339,384

307,344

1,401,020

936,249

Operating income

93,232

22,610

321,942

118,207

Interest expense

(96,506)

(74,244)

(383,595)

(256,970)

Other, net

261

(477)

6,958

(959)

Gain on sale of property, net of tax

28,727

5,657

49,682

33,896

Net income (loss)

25,714

(46,454)

(5,013)

(105,826)

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests

(446)

489

86

489

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders

$

25,268

$

(45,965)

$

(4,927)

$

(105,337)

February 1, 2017

through

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

December 31, 2017

Net income (loss) available to common stockholders — basic and diluted

$

25,078

$

(46,236)

$

(5,744)

$

(89,073)

Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic

520,703,045

415,276,026

520,376,929

339,423,442

Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted

520,844,475

415,276,026

520,376,929

339,423,442

Net income (loss) per common share — basic

$

0.05

$

(0.11)

$

(0.01)

$

(0.26)

Net income (loss) per common share — diluted

$

0.05

$

(0.11)

$

(0.01)

$

(0.26)

Dividends declared per common share

$

0.11

$

0.08

$

0.44

$

0.22

Glossary and Reconciliations

Glossary:

Average Monthly RentAverage monthly rent represents average monthly rental income per home for occupied properties in an identified population of homes over the measurement period, and reflects the impact of non-service rental concessions and contractual rent increases amortized over the life of the lease.

Average OccupancyAverage occupancy for an identified population of homes represents (i) the total number of days that the homes in such population were occupied during the measurement period, divided by (ii) the total number of days that the homes in such population were owned during the measurement period.

Core Operating ExpensesCore operating expenses for an identified population of homes reflect property operating and maintenance expenses, excluding any expenses recovered from residents.

Core RevenuesCore revenues for an identified population of homes reflects total revenues, net of any resident recoveries.

EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAreEBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre are supplemental, non-GAAP measures often utilized to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. We define EBITDA as net income or loss computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") before the following items: interest expense; income tax expense; and depreciation and amortization. National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit") recommends as a best practice that REITs operating as real estate companies which report an EBITDA performance measure also report EBITDAre in all financial reports for periods beginning after December 31, 2017. We define EBITDAre, consistent with the Nareit definition, as EBITDA, further adjusted for gain on sale of property, net of tax and impairment on depreciated real estate investments. Adjusted EBITDAre is defined as EBITDAre before the following items: share-based compensation expense; IPO related expenses; merger and transaction-related expenses; severance; casualty losses, net; acquisition costs; and interest income and other miscellaneous income and expenses. EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre are used as supplemental financial performance measures by management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks. Set forth below is additional detail on how management uses EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre as measures of performance.

The GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre is net income or loss. EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre may not be comparable to the EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definitions of EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.

See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures" below for a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre.

Funds from Operations (FFO), Core Funds from Operations (Core FFO), and Adjusted Funds from Operations (AFFO)FFO, Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO are supplemental, non-GAAP measures often utilized to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. FFO is defined by Nareit as net income or loss (computed in accordance with GAAP) excluding gains or losses from sales of previously depreciated real estate assets, plus depreciation, amortization and impairment of real estate assets, and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. In calculating per share amounts, Core FFO and AFFO reflect convertible debt securities in the form in which they were outstanding during the period.

We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of the operating performance of our business because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time, as reflected through depreciation and amortization. Because real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, management considers FFO an appropriate supplemental performance measure as it excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, impairment on depreciated real estate investments, gains or losses related to sales of previously depreciated homes, as well non-controlling interests, from GAAP net income or loss.

The GAAP measure most directly comparable to Core FFO and Adjusted FFO is net income or loss. Core FFO and Adjusted FFO are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our Core FFO and Adjusted FFO may not be comparable to the Core FFO and Adjusted FFO of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of Core FFO and Adjusted FFO. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.

See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP measures" below for a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to FFO, Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO.

Net Operating Income (NOI)NOI is a non-GAAP measure often used to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. We define NOI for an identified population of homes as rental revenues and other property income less property operating and maintenance expense (which consists primarily of property taxes, insurance, HOA fees (when applicable), market-level personnel expenses, repairs and maintenance, leasing costs and marketing). NOI excludes: interest expense; depreciation and amortization; general and administrative expense; property management expense; impairment and other; acquisition costs; (gain) loss on sale of property, net of tax; and interest income and other miscellaneous income and expenses.

The GAAP measure most directly comparable to NOI is net income or loss. NOI is not used as a measure of liquidity and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our NOI may not be comparable to the NOI of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of NOI. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measure is comparable with that of other companies.

We believe that Same Store NOI is also a meaningful supplemental measure of our operating performance for the same reasons as NOI and is further helpful to investors as it provides a more consistent measurement of our performance across reporting periods by reflecting NOI for homes in our Same Store portfolio.

See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures" below for a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to NOI for our total portfolio and NOI for our Same Store portfolio.

Recurring Capital Expenditures or Recurring CapExRecurring Capital Expenditures or Recurring CapEx represents general replacements and expenditures required to preserve and maintain the value and functionality of a home and its systems as a single-family rental.

Rental Rate GrowthRental rate growth for any home represents the percentage difference between the monthly rent from an expiring lease and the monthly rent from the next lease, and, in each case, reflects the impact of any amortized non-service rent concessions and contractual rent increases. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident chooses to stay for a subsequent lease term, or a new lease, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home.

Same Store / Same Store PortfolioSame Store or Same Store portfolio includes, for a given reporting period, homes that have been stabilized for at least 15 months prior to January 1st of the year in which the Same Store portfolio was established, excluding homes that have been sold, homes that have been identified for sale to an owner occupant and have become vacant, and homes that have been deemed inoperable or significantly impaired by casualty loss events or force majeure.

Homes are considered stabilized if they have (i) completed an initial renovation and (ii) entered into at least one post-initial renovation lease. An acquired portfolio that is both leased and deemed to be of sufficiently similar quality and characteristics as the existing Invitation Homes Same Store portfolio may be considered stabilized at the time of acquisition.

Additionally, homes acquired via the Starwood Waypoint Homes merger have been deemed to qualify for the Same Store portfolio beginning in 2018 if they were stabilized, according to the Invitation Homes criteria for stabilization, within Starwood Waypoint Homes' portfolio prior to the merger.

We believe presenting information about the portion of our portfolio that has been fully operational for the entirety of a given reporting period and its prior year comparison period provides investors with meaningful information about the performance of our comparable homes across periods and about trends in our organic business. In order to provide meaningful comparative information across periods that, in some cases, pre-date the Starwood Waypoint Homes merger, all information regarding the performance of the Same Store portfolio for periods prior to December 31, 2017 is presented as though the Starwood Waypoint Homes merger was consummated on January 1, 2017.

Total Homes / Total PortfolioTotal homes or total portfolio refers to the total number of homes owned, whether or not stabilized, and excludes any properties previously acquired in purchases that have been subsequently rescinded or vacated.

Turnover RateTurnover rate represents the number of instances that homes in an identified population become unoccupied in a given period, divided by the number of homes in such population.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures:

Reconciliation of FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO

($ in thousands, except shares and per share amounts) (unaudited)

FFO Reconciliation

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

FY 2017

Net income (loss) available to common stockholders

$

25,078

$

(46,236)

$

(5,744)

$

(105,952)

Net income available to participating securities

190

271

817

615

Non-controlling interests

446

(489)

(86)

(489)

Depreciation and amortization on real estate assets

129,282

105,828

549,505

305,851

Impairment on depreciated real estate investments

3,139

675

6,709

2,231

Net gain on sale of previously depreciated investments in real estate

(28,727)

(5,657)

(49,682)

(33,896)

FFO

$

129,408

$

54,392

$

501,519

$

168,360

Core FFO Reconciliation

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

FY 2017

FFO

$

129,408

$

54,392

$

501,519

$

168,360

Noncash interest expense

14,915

5,762

48,354

29,506

Share-based compensation expense

5,917

16,739

29,499

81,203

IPO related expenses

8,287

Merger and transaction-related expenses (1)

4,953

24,858

22,962

29,802

Severance expense

1,946

11,631

8,238

12,048

Casualty losses, net

4,204

6,936

14,110

21,862

Core FFO

$

161,343

$

120,318

$

624,682

$

351,068

AFFO Reconciliation

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

FY 2018

FY 2017

Core FFO

$

161,343

$

120,318

$

624,682

$

351,068

Recurring capital expenditures

(29,093)

(20,198)

(122,733)

(54,423)

AFFO

$

132,250

$

100,120

$

501,949

$

296,645

Net income (loss) available to common stockholders

Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted (2)(3)

520,844,475

415,276,026

520,376,929

339,423,442

Net income (loss) per common share — diluted (2)(3)

$

0.05

$

(0.11)

$

(0.01)

$

(0.26)

FFO

FFO for per share calculation(3)

$

132,185

$

54,392

$

512,576

$

168,360

Weighted average common shares and OP Units outstanding — diluted (3)(4)

543,351,057

421,443,717

543,063,802

338,933,198

FFO per share — diluted (3)(4)

$

0.24

$

0.13

$

0.94

$

0.50

Core FFO and Adjusted FFO

Weighted average shares and units outstanding — diluted (4)(5)

530,931,044

421,443,717

530,643,789

338,933,198

Core FFO per share — diluted (4)(5)

$

0.30

$

0.29

$

1.18

$

1.04

AFFO per share — diluted (4)(5)

$

0.25

$

0.24

$

0.95

$

0.88

(1)

In FY 2018, includes $6,067 of depreciation expense related to the write-down of legacy technology systems replaced by newly integrated systems and furniture, fixtures, and equipment from abandoned legacy offices. All other merger and transaction-related expenses presented in the Core FFO Reconciliation are general and administrative expenses.

(2)

No shares of common stock were outstanding prior to the close of the Company's initial public offering. As such, net income (loss) per share for FY 2017 has been calculated based on operating results for the period from February 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during that same period, in accordance with GAAP.

(3)

In accordance with GAAP and Nareit guidelines, net income (loss) per share and FFO per share are calculated as if the 2019 Convertible Notes were converted to common shares at the beginning of the relevant period, unless such treatment is anti-dilutive to net income (loss) per share or FFO per share. As such, FFO per share in Q4 2018 and FY 2018 is calculated by adjusting FFO in the numerator to remove the interest expense associated with the 2019 Convertible Notes, and including shares issuable upon conversion of the 2019 Convertible Notes as shares outstanding in the denominator. Net income (loss) per share does not treat the 2019 Convertible Notes as if they were converted, as doing so would be anti-dilutive to net income (loss) per share.

(4)

No shares of common stock or OP Units were outstanding prior to the close of the Company's initial public offering. For FY 2017, FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO per share have been calculated based on operating results for the full period from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017, and as if shares issued in connection with the IPO were issued on January 1, 2017.

(5)

Core FFO and AFFO per share reflect the 2019 Convertible Notes in the form in which they were outstanding during the period. Because the 2019 Convertible Notes were an interest-bearing liability during the periods reflected in the table, cash interest expense associated with the 2019 Convertible Notes has been included in Core FFO and AFFO in the numerators, and shares issuable upon conversion of the 2019 Convertible Notes have not been included as shares outstanding in the denominators. This treatment aligns with the method by which the 2019 Convertible Notes were treated in the Company's 2018 guidance.

Reconciliation of Total Revenues to Same Store Total Revenues and Same Store Core Revenues, Quarterly

(in thousands) (unaudited)

Q4 2018

Q3 2018

Q2 2018

Q1 2018

Q4 2017

Total revenues (Invitation Homes total portfolio)

$

432,616

$

434,251

$

432,426

$

423,669

$

329,954

Starwood Waypoint Homes revenues (1)

84,775

Pro Forma total revenues

432,616

434,251

432,426

423,669

414,729

Non-Same Store revenues

(59,784)

(65,102)

(65,894)

(63,422)

(60,886)

Same Store revenues

372,832

369,149

366,532

360,247

353,843

Same Store resident recoveries

(12,333)

(12,429)

(11,155)

(11,570)

(9,214)

Same Store Core revenues

$

360,499

$

356,720

$

355,377

$

348,677

$

344,629

(1)

Represents revenues generated by Starwood Waypoint Homes prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of total revenues.

Reconciliation of Total Revenues to Same Store Total Revenues and Same Store Core Revenues, Full Year

(in thousands) (unaudited)

FY 2018

FY 2017

Total revenues (Invitation Homes total portfolio)

$

1,722,962

$

1,054,456

Starwood Waypoint Homes revenues (1)

547,250

Pro Forma total revenues

1,722,962

1,601,706

Non-Same Store revenues

(254,202)

(207,509)

Same Store revenues

1,468,760

1,394,197

Same Store resident recoveries

(47,487)

(34,550)

Same Store Core revenues

$

1,421,273

$

1,359,647

(1)

Represents revenues generated by Starwood Waypoint Homes prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of total revenues.

Reconciliation of Property Operating and Maintenance to Same Store Operating Expenses and Same Store Core Operating Expenses, Quarterly

(in thousands) (unaudited)

Q4 2018

Q3 2018

Q2 2018

Q1 2018

Q4 2017

Property operating and maintenance expenses (total portfolio)

$

159,200

$

170,021

$

165,423

$

160,767

$

117,220

Starwood Waypoint Homes operating expenses (1)

31,919

Pro Forma total operating expenses

159,200

170,021

165,423

160,767

149,139

Non-Same Store operating expenses

(22,104)

(26,562)

(26,617)

(26,255)

(23,808)

Same Store operating expenses

137,096

143,459

138,806

134,512

125,331

Same Store resident recoveries

(12,333)

(12,429)

(11,155)

(11,570)

(9,214)

Same Store Core operating expenses

$

124,763

$

131,030

$

127,651

$

122,942

$

116,117

(1)

Represents property operating and maintenance expenses generated by Starwood Waypoint Homes prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of property operating and maintenance expenses.

Reconciliation of Property Operating and Maintenance to Same Store Operating Expenses and Same Store Core Operating Expenses, Full Year

(in thousands) (unaudited)

FY 2018

FY 2017

Property operating and maintenance expenses (total portfolio)

$

655,411

$

391,495

Starwood Waypoint Homes operating expenses (1)

212,516

Pro Forma total operating expenses

655,411

604,011

Non-Same Store operating expenses

(101,538)

(86,483)

Same Store operating expenses

553,873

517,528

Same Store resident recoveries

(47,487)

(34,550)

Same Store Core operating expenses

$

506,386

$

482,978

(1)

Represents property operating and maintenance expenses generated by Starwood Waypoint Homes prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of property operating and maintenance expenses.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to NOI and Same Store NOI, Quarterly

(in thousands) (unaudited)

Q4 2018

Q3 2018

Q2 2018

Q1 2018

Q4 2017

Net income (loss) available to common stockholders

$

25,078

$

824

$

(14,155)

$

(17,491)

$

(46,236)

Net income available to participating securities

190

196

209

222

271

Non-controlling interests

446

21

(242)

(311)

(489)

Interest expense

96,506

97,564

97,226

92,299

74,244

Depreciation and amortization

130,220

139,371

146,450

144,500

107,020

General and administrative

25,340

21,152

24,636

27,636

63,585

Property management expense

17,281

16,692

14,348

17,164

11,908

Impairment and other

7,343

3,252

4,103

6,121

7,611

Gain on sale of property, net of tax

(28,727)

(11,512)

(3,941)

(5,502)

(5,657)

Other, net

(261)

(3,330)

(1,631)

(1,736)

477

NOI (total portfolio)

273,416

264,230

267,003

262,902

212,734

Starwood Waypoint Homes NOI (1)

52,856

Pro Forma total NOI

273,416

264,230

267,003

262,902

265,590

Non-Same Store NOI

(37,680)

(38,540)

(39,277)

(37,167)

(37,078)

Same Store NOI

$

235,736

$

225,690

$

227,726

$

225,735

$

228,512

(1)

Represents NOI generated by Starwood Waypoint Homes prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of NOI.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to NOI and Same Store NOI, Full Year

(in thousands) (unaudited)

FY 2018

FY 2017

Net loss available to common stockholders

$

(5,744)

$

(105,952)

Net income available to participating securities

817

615

Non-controlling interests

(86)

(489)

Interest expense

383,595

256,970

Depreciation and amortization

560,541

309,578

General and administrative

98,764

167,739

Property management expense

65,485

43,344

Impairment and other

20,819

24,093

Gain on sale of property, net of tax

(49,682)

(33,896)

Other, net

(6,958)

959

NOI (total portfolio)

1,067,551

662,961

Starwood Waypoint Homes NOI (1)

334,734

Pro Forma total NOI

1,067,551

997,695

Non-Same Store NOI

(152,664)

(121,026)

Same Store NOI

$

914,887

$

876,669

(1)

Represents NOI generated by Starwood Waypoint Homes prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of NOI.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre

(in thousands) (unaudited)

Q4 2018

Q4 2017

% Change

FY 2018

FY 2017

% Change

Net income (loss) available to common stockholders

$

25,078

$

(46,236)

$

(5,744)

$

(105,952)

Net income available to participating securities

190

271

817

615

Non-controlling interests

446

(489)

(86)

(489)

Interest expense

96,506

74,244

383,595

256,970

Depreciation and amortization

130,220

107,020

560,541

309,578

EBITDA

252,440

134,810

939,123

460,722

Gain on sale of property, net of tax

(28,727)

(5,657)

(49,682)

(33,896)

Impairment on depreciated real estate investments

3,139

675

6,709

2,231

EBITDAre

226,852

129,828

896,150

429,057

Share-based compensation expense

5,917

16,739

29,499

81,203

IPO related expenses

8,287

Merger and transaction-related expenses

4,953

24,858

16,895

29,802

Severance

1,946

12,048

8,238

12,048

Casualty losses, net

4,204

6,936

14,110

21,862

Other, net

(261)

477

(6,958)

959

Adjusted EBITDAre

$

243,611

$

190,886

27.6

%

$

957,934

$

583,218

64.2

%

Reconciliation of Net Debt / Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre

(in thousands, except for ratio) (unaudited)

As of

December 31, 2018

Mortgage loans, net

$

7,201,654

Term loan facility, net

1,490,860

Revolving facility

Convertible senior notes, net

557,301

Total Debt per Balance Sheet

9,249,815

Retained and repurchased certificates

(369,592)

Cash, ex-security deposits (1)

(209,645)

Deferred financing costs

70,962

Unamortized discounts on note payable

20,685

Net Debt (A)

$

8,762,225

2019 convertible senior notes, net

(227,856)

Unamortized discounts related to 2019 convertible senior notes

(2,137)

Pro Forma Net Debt (B) (2)

$

8,532,232

For the Three

Months Ended

December 31, 2018

Adjusted EBITDAre (C)

$

243,611

Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre (D = C x 4)

$

974,444

Net Debt / Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre (A / D)

9.0x

Pro Forma Net Debt / Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre (B / D) (2)

8.8x

(1)

Represents cash and cash equivalents and the non-security deposit portion of restricted cash.

(2)

In December 2018, the Company gave notice of intent to settle conversions of its 3.0% Convertible Notes due July 1, 2019 with common shares. The par value of the 2019 Convertible Notes outstanding is $230 million. For all note holders electing conversion on or before June 27, 2019, the 2019 Convertible Notes will be exchanged for common shares according to a prescribed conversion ratio. Pro Forma Net Debt and Pro Forma Net Debt / Annualized Adjusted EBITDAre assume that net debt is reduced for the impact of the conversion of the 2019 Convertible Notes.

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SOURCE Invitation Homes

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