Form 485APOS Advantage Funds, Inc.

 

File No. 33-51061

811-07123

 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM N-1A

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933	x
Pre-Effective Amendment No.	¨
Post-Effective Amendment No. 152	x
and/or
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940	x
Amendment No. 152	x

 

 

(Check appropriate box or boxes.)

 

Advantage Funds, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

 

c/o The Dreyfus Corporation

200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

 

Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code: (212) 922-6400

 

Bennett A. MacDougall, Esq.

200 Park Avenue

New York, New York 10166

(Name and Address of Agent for Service)

 

It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box)

 

	¨	immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b)
	¨	on  (date) pursuant to paragraph (b)
	¨	60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
	x	on March 1, 2019 pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
	¨	75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2)
	¨	on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485

 

If appropriate, check the following box:

 

¨

this post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.

 

 

 

Subject to Completion, dated December 28, 2018

 

The information in this Prospectus is not complete and may be changed.  These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective.  The Prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

 

Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund

 

Prospectus March 1, 2019

 

	Class	Ticker
	A	DGDAX
	C	DGDCX
	I	DGDIX
	Y	DGDYX

 

As with all mutual funds, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

Contents

 

Fund Summary
Fund Summary	1
Fund Details
Goal and Approach	7
Investment Risks	9
Management	12
Shareholder Guide
Choosing a Share Class	15
Buying and Selling Shares	21
General Policies	24
Distributions and Taxes	25
Services for Fund Investors	26
Financial Highlights	29
For More Information
See back cover.

 

 

Fund Summary

 

 

Fund Details

 

Goal and Approach

 

The fund seeks total return (consisting of income and capital appreciation). To pursue its goal, the fund normally invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in bonds and other instruments that provide investment exposure to global bond markets. The fund's investment objective and policy with respect to the investment of 80% of its net assets may be changed by the fund's board, upon 60 days' prior notice to shareholders.

 

The fund normally invests opportunistically in bonds and derivatives and other instruments that provide investment exposure to global bond and currency markets in seeking to produce absolute or real returns across economic cycles. The fund's investments will be focused globally among the developed and emerging capital markets of the world. The fund ordinarily invests in at least three countries, and, at times, may invest a substantial portion of its assets in a single country.

 

The fund's portfolio managers employ a dynamic approach in allocating the fund's assets globally, principally among government bonds, emerging market sovereign debt, investment grade and high yield corporate instruments, and currencies. The fund obtains investment exposure to these fixed-income asset classes and currencies by investing in securities and through derivative instruments.

 

The fund's portfolio managers have considerable latitude in allocating the fund's investments and in selecting securities and derivative instruments to implement the fund's investment approach. The fund, however, normally invests at least 10% of its net assets in each of government bonds, emerging market sovereign debt, and investment grade and high yield corporate instruments. The portfolio managers also assess and manage the overall risk profile of the fund's portfolio. The portfolio managers generally will sell investments when themes change or when the portfolio managers determine that a particular fixed-income asset class or sector is no longer considered attractive in absolute terms, or the issuer's prospects have changed.

 

The fund is not managed to a benchmark index. Rather than managing to track a benchmark index, the fund seeks to provide returns that are largely independent of market moves. The fund seeks to provide a minimum average annual total return of US Dollar 1-Month LIBOR plus 3%, before fees and expenses, over a five-year period. There can be no guarantee that the fund will be able to provide such returns and you may lose money by investing in the fund. The fund's portfolio will not have the same characteristics as its broad-based securities market index — the Citibank 1-Month US Treasury Bill Index — or its synthetic securities market index — the BofA Merrill Lynch US Dollar 1-Month LIBOR Constant Maturity Index.

 

The fund may invest in the securities of companies of any market capitalization and securities of any credit quality, maturity or duration. Certain emerging market countries in which the fund may invest have sovereign ratings that are below investment grade or are unrated. Moreover, the corporate debt securities in which the fund may invest may be rated below investment grade ("high yield" or "junk" bonds) or the unrated equivalent as determined by the sub-adviser. The emerging market countries in which the fund may invest currently include those countries listed in the BofA Merrill Lynch Global Emerging Markets Sovereigns Plus Index. The fund may invest in securities denominated in the local currency of issue or U.S. dollar-denominated securities.

 

The fund's portfolio managers combine a top-down approach, emphasizing economic trends and current investment themes on a global basis, with bottom-up security selection based on fundamental research to allocate the fund's investments among and within fixed-income asset classes and currencies. In choosing investments, the portfolio managers consider: key trends in global economic variables, such as gross domestic product, monetary and fiscal policies, trade and current account balances, inflation and interest rates; investment themes, such as changing demographics, the impact of new technologies and the globalization of industries and brands; relative valuations of equity securities, bonds and cash; long-term trends in currency movements; and company fundamentals. In constructing the fund's portfolio, the portfolio managers look for what they consider to be the best opportunities in the global fixed-income and currency markets at any given time.

 

Integrated into the investment process, Newton has a well-established approach to responsible investment. This process includes identifying and considering the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) risks, opportunities and issues

 

 

throughout the research process via Newton's proprietary quality reviews, in an effort to ensure that any material ESG issues are considered.

 

The fund's investments may include: bonds, notes (including structured notes), euro and Yankee dollar instruments, money market instruments, inflation-indexed securities, asset-backed securities, mortgage-related securities, and municipal obligations. Securities may be issued by U.S. and foreign corporations or entities; U.S. and foreign banks; the U.S. government, its agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises; state and municipal governments; foreign governments and their political subdivisions; and supranational entities. These securities may have all types of interest rate payment and reset terms, including fixed rate, adjustable rate, zero coupon, contingent, deferred, payment in kind and auction rate features. Securities in which the fund invests may be denominated in foreign currencies. To protect the fund against potential depreciation of such foreign currencies versus the U.S. dollar, the fund may engage in currency hedging. Currency exposures may be selectively hedged through the use of currency spot transactions, forward contracts and swap agreements to seek to provide protection from currency losses. In addition, the portfolio managers may use these currency instruments in seeking to increase the fund's returns.

 

The fund may invest in bonds of any maturity or duration. A bond's maturity is the length of time until the principal must be fully repaid with interest.  Average effective portfolio maturity is an average of the maturities of bonds held by the fund directly and the bonds underlying derivative instruments entered into by the fund, if any, adjusted to reflect provisions or market conditions that may cause a bond's principal to be repaid earlier than at its stated maturity.  Duration is an indication of an investment's "interest rate risk," or how sensitive a bond or the fund's portfolio may be to changes in interest rates.  Generally, the longer a bond's duration, the more likely it is to react to interest rate fluctuations and the greater its long-term risk/return potential.  In calculating average effective portfolio maturity and average effective duration, the fund may treat a security that can be repurchased by its issuer on an earlier date (known as a "call date") as maturing on the call date rather than on its stated maturity date.

 

The fund may use to a significant degree derivative instruments in connection with its investment strategy, including as a substitute for investing directly in bonds and currencies, to increase returns, to manage credit, interest rate or currency risk, or to manage the effective maturity or duration of the fund's portfolio. The fund also may use such derivatives as part of a hedging strategy or for other purposes related to the management of the fund. The derivative instruments in which the fund may invest include principally options, futures and options on futures (including those relating to securities, indexes, foreign currencies and interest rates), forward contracts and swap agreements. Derivatives may be entered into on established exchanges or through privately negotiated transactions referred to as over-the-counter derivatives. A derivatives contract will obligate or entitle the fund to deliver or receive an asset or cash payment based on the change in value of the underlying asset. When the fund enters into derivatives transactions, it may be required to segregate liquid assets or enter into offsetting positions or otherwise cover its obligations, in accordance with applicable regulations, while the positions are open. In the case of swaps, futures contracts, options, forward contracts and other derivative instruments that provide for full payment of the value of the underlying asset, in cash or by physical delivery, at the settlement date, for example, the fund may be required to set aside liquid assets equal to the full notional amount of the instrument (generally, the total numerical value of the asset underlying the derivatives contract) while the positions are open, to the extent there is not an offsetting position. However, with respect to certain swaps, futures contracts, options, forward contracts and other derivative instruments that require periodic cash settlement during the term of the transaction or cash payment of the gain or loss under the transaction at the settlement date, the fund may segregate liquid assets in an amount equal to the fund's daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e., the fund's daily net liability) under the instrument, if any, rather than its full notional amount. By setting aside assets equal to only the fund's net obligations under the instrument, the fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the fund were required to segregate liquid assets equal to the full notional value of such instruments.

 

Futures contracts generally are standardized, exchange-traded contracts that provide for the sale or purchase of a specified financial instrument or currency at a future time at a specified price. An option on a futures contract gives the purchaser the right (and the writer of the option the obligation) to assume a position in a futures contract at a specified exercise price within a specified period of time. The fund may engage in futures transactions on both U.S. and foreign exchanges. A forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date at a price set at the time of the contract. The fund also may enter into swap agreements, which can be used to transfer the rights to one set of financial assets or liabilities in exchange for another set. The financial assets may be cash flows, currencies, returns, or other items of a financial nature. The fund also may invest in structured notes (i.e., specially designed debt instruments whose return is determined by reference to an index or security). The fund also may invest in exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to provide exposure to certain asset classes. The fund also may purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis. These transactions involve a commitment by the fund to purchase or sell particular securities with payment and delivery taking place at a future date, and permit the fund to lock in a price or yield on a security it owns or intends to purchase, regardless of future changes in interest rates or market conditions.

 

The fund may engage in short term trading in the execution of its investment strategy.

 

 

The fund is non-diversified.

 

Investment Risks

 

An investment in the fund is not a bank deposit. It is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. It is not a complete investment program. The value of your investment in the fund will fluctuate, sometimes dramatically, which means you could lose money.

 

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Management risk. The investment process and techniques used by the fund's portfolio managers could fail to achieve the fund's investment goal, may cause your fund investment to lose value or may cause the fund to underperform other funds with similar investment goals.

 

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Market sector risk. The fund may significantly overweight or underweight certain countries, companies, industries or market sectors, which may cause the fund's performance to be more or less sensitive to developments affecting those countries, companies, industries or sectors.

 

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Foreign investment risk. To the extent the fund invests in foreign securities, the fund's performance will be influenced by political, social and economic factors affecting investments in foreign issuers. Special risks associated with investments in foreign issuers include exposure to currency fluctuations, less liquidity, less developed or less efficient trading markets, lack of comprehensive company information, political and economic instability and differing auditing and legal standards. Investments denominated in foreign currencies are subject to the risk that such currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar and affect the value of these investments held by the fund. To the extent the fund's investments are focused in a limited number of foreign countries, the fund's performance could be more volatile than that of more geographically diversified funds.

 

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Emerging market risk. The securities of issuers located or doing substantial business in emerging market countries tend to be more volatile and less liquid than the securities of issuers located in countries with more mature economies, potentially making prompt liquidation at an attractive price difficult. In addition, such securities may be below investment grade quality and predominantly speculative. The economies of countries with emerging markets may be based predominantly on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme debt burdens or volatile inflation rates. Transaction settlement and dividend collection procedures also may be less reliable in emerging markets than in developed markets. Emerging markets generally have less diverse and less mature economic structures and less stable political systems than those of developed countries. Investments in these countries may be subject to political, economic, legal, market and currency risks. The risks may include less protection of property rights and uncertain political and economic policies, the imposition of capital controls and/or foreign investment limitations by a country, nationalization of businesses and the imposition of sanctions by other countries, such as the United States.

 

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Foreign currency risk. Investments in foreign currencies are subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedged positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline relative to the currency being hedged. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. Foreign currencies, particularly the currencies of emerging market countries, are also subject to risks caused by inflation, interest rates, budget deficits and low savings rates, political factors and government intervention and controls.

 

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Foreign government obligations and securities of supranational entities risk. Investing in foreign government obligations, debt obligations of supranational entities and the sovereign debt of foreign countries, including emerging market countries, creates exposure to the direct or indirect consequences of political, social or economic changes in the countries that issue the securities or in which the issuers are located. The ability and willingness of sovereign obligors or the governmental authorities that control repayment of their debt to pay principal and interest on such debt when due may depend on general economic and political conditions within the relevant country. Certain countries in which the fund may invest have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates and extreme poverty and unemployment. Some of these countries are also characterized by political uncertainty or instability. Additional factors which may influence the ability or willingness of a foreign government or country to service debt include a country's cash flow situation, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of its debt service burden to the economy as a whole and its government's policy towards the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and other international agencies. The ability of a foreign sovereign obligor to make timely payments on its external debt obligations also will be strongly influenced by the obligor's balance of payments, including export performance, its access to international credit and investments, fluctuations in interest rates and the extent of its foreign reserves. A governmental obligor may default on its obligations. Some sovereign obligors have been among the world's largest debtors to commercial banks, other governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions. These obligors, in the past, have experienced substantial difficulties in servicing their external debt obligations, which led to defaults on certain obligations and the restructuring of certain indebtedness.

 

 

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Fixed-income market risk. The market value of a fixed-income security may decline due to general market conditions that are not specifically related to a particular company, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or adverse investor sentiment generally. The fixed-income securities market can be susceptible to increases in volatility and decreases in liquidity. Liquidity can decline unpredictably in response to overall economic conditions or credit tightening. Increases in volatility and decreases in liquidity may be caused by a rise in interest rates (or the expectation of a rise in interest rates). During periods of reduced market liquidity, the fund may not be able to readily sell fixed-income securities at prices at or near their perceived value. If the fund needed to sell large blocks of fixed-income securities to meet shareholder redemption requests or to raise cash, those sales could further reduce the prices of such securities. An unexpected increase in fund redemption requests, including requests from shareholders who may own a significant percentage of the fund's shares, which may be triggered by market turmoil or an increase in interest rates, could cause the fund to sell its holdings at a loss or at undesirable prices and adversely affect the fund's share price and increase the fund's liquidity risk, fund expenses and/or taxable distributions. Economic and other market developments can adversely affect fixed-income securities markets. Regulations and business practices, for example, have led some financial intermediaries to curtail their capacity to engage in trading (i.e., "market making") activities for certain fixed-income securities, which could have the potential to decrease liquidity and increase volatility in the fixed-income securities markets. Policy and legislative changes worldwide are affecting many aspects of financial regulation. The impact of these changes on the markets, and the practical implications for market participants, may not be fully known for some time.

 

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Interest rate risk. Prices of bonds and other fixed rate fixed-income securities tend to move inversely with changes in interest rates. Typically, a rise in rates will adversely affect fixed-income securities and, accordingly, will cause the value of the fund's investments in these securities to decline. During periods of very low interest rates, which occur from time to time due to market forces or actions of governments and/or their central banks, including the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in the U.S., the fund may be subject to a greater risk of principal decline from rising interest rates. When interest rates fall, the values of already-issued fixed rate fixed-income securities generally rise. However, when interest rates fall, the fund's investments in new securities may be at lower yields and may reduce the fund's income. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of fixed-income securities is generally greater for securities with longer effective maturities and durations because such instruments do not mature, reset interest rates or become callable for longer periods of time. The change in the value of a fixed-income security or portfolio can be approximated by multiplying its duration by a change in interest rates. For example, the market price of a fixed-income security with a duration of three years would be expected to decline 3% if interest rates rose 1%. Conversely, the market price of the same security would be expected to increase 3% if interest rates fell 1%. The Federal Reserve has raised the federal funds rate several times in recent periods and has signaled additional increases in the near future. Unlike investment grade bonds, however, the prices of high yield ("junk") bonds may fluctuate unpredictably and not necessarily inversely with changes in interest rates. Interest rate changes may have different effects on the values of mortgage-related securities because of prepayment and extension risks.

 

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Credit risk. Failure of an issuer of a security to make timely interest or principal payments when due, or a decline or perception of a decline in the credit quality of the security, can cause the security's price to fall, lowering the value of the fund's investment in such security. The lower a security's credit rating, the greater the chance that the issuer of the security will default or fail to meet its payment obligations.

 

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High yield securities risk. High yield ("junk") securities involve greater credit risk, including the risk of default, than investment grade securities, and are considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer's ability to make principal and interest payments. The prices of high yield securities can fall in response to bad news about the issuer or its industry, or the economy in general, to a greater extent than those of higher rated securities. Securities rated investment grade when purchased by the fund may subsequently be downgraded.

 

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Liquidity risk. When there is little or no active trading market for specific types of securities, it can become more difficult to sell the securities in a timely manner at or near their perceived value. In such a market, the value of such securities and the fund's share price may fall dramatically. Other market developments can adversely affect fixed-income securities markets. Regulations and business practices, for example, have led some financial intermediaries to curtail their capacity to engage in trading (i.e., "market making") activities for certain fixed-income securities, which could have the potential to decrease liquidity and increase volatility in the fixed-income securities markets. Investments that are illiquid or that trade in lower volumes may be more difficult to value. The market for below investment grade securities may be less liquid and therefore these securities may be harder to value or sell at an acceptable price, especially during times of market volatility or decline. Investments in foreign securities, particularly those of issuers located in emerging markets, tend to have greater exposure to liquidity risk than domestic securities. Liquidity can decline unpredictably in response to overall economic conditions or credit tightening. Increases in volatility and decreases in liquidity may be caused by a rise in interest rates (or the expectation of a rise in interest rates). Liquidity risk also may refer to the risk that the fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time

 

 

period stated in this prospectus because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, the fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions, which may adversely affect the fund's share price.

 

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Derivatives risk. A small investment in derivatives could have a potentially large impact on the fund's performance. The use of derivatives involves risks different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in the underlying assets, and the fund's use of derivatives may result in losses to the fund and increased portfolio volatility. Derivatives in which the fund may invest can be highly volatile, illiquid and difficult to value, and there is the risk that changes in the value of a derivative held by the fund will not correlate with the underlying assets or the fund's other investments in the manner intended. Derivative instruments, such as over-the-counter swap agreements, structured notes, forward contracts and other over-the-counter transactions, also involve the risk that a loss may be sustained as a result of the failure of the counterparty to the derivative instruments to make required payments or otherwise comply with the derivative instruments' terms. Many of the regulatory protections afforded participants on organized exchanges for futures contracts and exchange-traded options, such as the performance guarantee of an exchange clearing house, are not available in connection with over-the-counter derivative transactions. Certain derivatives, such as written call options, have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment, and involve greater risks than the underlying assets because, in addition to general market risks, they are subject to liquidity risk, credit and counterparty risk (failure of the counterparty to the derivatives transaction to honor its obligation) and pricing risk (risk that the derivative cannot or will not be accurately valued). If a derivative transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid (as is the case with many privately-negotiated derivatives, including swap agreements), it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price. Future rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) may require the fund to alter, perhaps materially, its use of derivatives.

 

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Leverage risk. The use of leverage, such as entering into futures contracts or forward currency contracts and engaging in forward commitment transactions, may magnify the fund's gains or losses. Because many derivatives have a leverage component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset or reference rate can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself.

 

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Portfolio turnover risk. The fund may engage in short-term trading, which could produce higher transaction costs and taxable distributions, and lower the fund's after-tax performance.

 

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Issuer risk. A security's market value may decline for a number of reasons which directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer's products or services, or factors that affect the issuer's industry, such as labor shortages or increased production costs and competitive conditions within an industry.

 

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Non-diversification risk. The fund is non-diversified, which means that the fund may invest a relatively high percentage of its assets in a limited number of issuers. Therefore, the fund's performance may be more vulnerable to changes in the market value of a single issuer or group of issuers and more susceptible to risks associated with a single economic, political or regulatory occurrence than a diversified fund.

 

In addition to the principal risks described above, the fund is subject to the following additional risks that are not anticipated to be principal risks of investing in the fund:

 

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Government securities risk. Not all obligations of the U.S. government, its agencies and instrumentalities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Some obligations are backed only by the credit of the issuing agency or instrumentality, and in some cases there may be some risk of default by the issuer. Any guarantee by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities of a security held by the fund does not apply to the market value of such security or to shares of the fund itself. A security backed by the U.S. Treasury or the full faith and credit of the United States is guaranteed only as to the timely payment of interest and principal when held to maturity. In addition, because many types of U.S. government securities trade actively outside the United States, their prices may rise and fall as changes in global economic conditions affect the demand for these securities.

 

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Inflation-indexed security risk. Interest payments on inflation-indexed securities can be unpredictable and will vary as the principal and/or interest is periodically adjusted based on the rate of inflation. If the index measuring inflation falls, the interest payable on these securities will be reduced. The U.S. Treasury has guaranteed that in the event of a drop in prices, it would repay the par amount of its inflation-indexed securities. Inflation-indexed securities issued by corporations generally do not guarantee repayment of principal. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed security will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though investors do not receive their principal until maturity. As a result, the fund may be required to make annual distributions to shareholders that exceed the cash the fund received, which may cause the fund to liquidate certain investments when it is not advantageous to do so. Also, if the principal value of an inflation-indexed security is adjusted downward due to deflation, amounts previously distributed may be characterized in some circumstances as a return of capital.

 

 

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Prepayment risk. Some securities give the issuer the option to prepay or call the securities before their maturity date, which may reduce the market value of the security and the anticipated yield-to-maturity. Issuers often exercise this right when interest rates fall. If an issuer "calls" its securities during a time of declining interest rates, the fund might have to reinvest the proceeds in an investment offering a lower yield, and therefore might not benefit from any increase in value as a result of declining interest rates. During periods of market illiquidity or rising interest rates, prices of "callable" issues are subject to increased price fluctuation.

 

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Mortgage-related securities risk. Mortgage-related securities are complex derivative instruments, subject to credit, prepayment and extension risk, and may be more volatile, less liquid and more difficult to price accurately than more traditional debt securities. The fund is subject to the credit risk associated with these securities, including the market's perception of the creditworthiness of the issuing federal agency, as well as the credit quality of the underlying assets. Although certain mortgage-related securities are guaranteed as to the timely payment of interest and principal by a third party (such as a U.S. government agency or instrumentality with respect to government-related mortgage-backed securities) the market prices for such securities are not guaranteed and will fluctuate. Privately issued mortgage-related securities also are subject to credit risks associated with the performance of the underlying mortgage properties, and may be more volatile and less liquid than more traditional government-backed debt securities. As with other interest-bearing securities, the prices of certain mortgage-related securities are inversely affected by changes in interest rates. However, although the value of a mortgage-related security may decline when interest rates rise, the converse is not necessarily true, since in periods of declining interest rates the mortgages underlying the security are more likely to be prepaid causing the fund to purchase new securities at current market rates, which usually will be lower. The loss of higher yielding underlying mortgages and the reinvestment of proceeds at lower interest rates, known as prepayment risk, can reduce the fund's potential price gain in response to falling interest rates, reduce the fund's yield and/or cause the fund's share price to fall. Moreover, with respect to certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, if the underlying mortgage securities experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to fully recoup its initial investment even if the securities are rated in the highest rating category by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. When interest rates rise, the effective duration of the fund's mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities may lengthen due to a drop in prepayments of the underlying mortgages or other assets. This is known as extension risk and would increase the fund's sensitivity to rising interest rates and its potential for price declines.

 

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Asset-backed securities risk. General downturns in the economy could cause the value of asset-backed securities to fall. In addition, asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may provide the fund with a less effective security interest in the related collateral than do mortgage-backed securities. Therefore, there is the possibility that recoveries on the underlying collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities.

 

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ETF and other investment company risk. To the extent the fund invests in pooled investment vehicles, such as ETFs and other investment companies, the fund will be affected by the investment policies, practices and performance of such entities in direct proportion to the amount of assets the fund has invested therein. The risks of investing in other investment companies, including ETFs, typically reflect the risks associated with the types of instruments in which the investment companies invest. When the fund invests in an ETF or other investment company, shareholders of the fund will bear indirectly their proportionate share of the expenses of the ETF or other investment company (including management fees) in addition to the expenses of the fund. ETFs are exchange-traded investment companies that are, in many cases, designed to provide investment results corresponding to an index. The value of the underlying securities can fluctuate in response to activities of individual companies or in response to general market and/or economic conditions. Additional risks of investments in ETFs include: (i) the market price of an ETF's shares may trade at a discount to its net asset value; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF's shares may not develop or be maintained; or (iii) trading may be halted if the listing exchanges' officials deem such action appropriate, the shares are delisted from the exchange, or the activation of market-wide "circuit breakers" (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halts trading generally. The fund will incur brokerage costs when purchasing and selling shares of ETFs.

 

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Temporary investment risk. Under adverse market conditions, the fund could invest some or all of its assets in U.S. Treasury securities and money market securities, or hold cash. Although the fund would do this for temporary defensive purposes, it could reduce the benefit from any upswing in the market. During such periods, the fund's investments may not be consistent with its principal investment strategy, and the fund may not achieve its investment objective.

 

The investment adviser for the fund is The Dreyfus Corporation, 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166. Founded in 1947, Dreyfus manages approximately $243 billion in 149 mutual fund portfolios. For the past fiscal year, the fund paid Dreyfus a management fee at the annual rate of [0.09]% of the fund's average daily net assets. A

 

 

 

discussion regarding the basis for the board's approving the fund's management agreement with Dreyfus is available in the fund's semiannual report for the six-month period ended April 30, 2018. Dreyfus is the primary mutual fund business of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (BNY Mellon), a global investments company dedicated to helping its clients manage and service their financial assets throughout the investment lifecycle. Whether providing financial services for institutions, corporations or individual investors, BNY Mellon delivers informed investment management and investment services in 35 countries. BNY Mellon has $33.5 trillion in assets under custody and administration and $1.8 trillion in assets under management. BNY Mellon is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. BNY Mellon Investment Management is one of the world's leading investment management organizations, and one of the top U.S. wealth managers, encompassing BNY Mellon's affiliated investment management firms, wealth management services and global distribution companies. Additional information is available at www.bnymellon.com.

 

The Dreyfus asset management philosophy is based on the belief that discipline and consistency are important to investment success. For each fund, Dreyfus seeks to establish clear guidelines for portfolio management and to be systematic in making decisions. This approach is designed to provide each fund with a distinct, stable identity.

 

Dreyfus has engaged its affiliate, Newton Investment Management (North America) Limited (Newton), to serve as the fund's sub-investment adviser. Newton, located at 160 Queen Victoria Street, London, EC4V 4LA, England, was formed in 1978 and, as of December 31, 2018, together with its affiliates that comprise the Newton group of companies, managed approximately $[___] billion in discretionary separate accounts and other investment accounts. Newton, subject to Dreyfus' supervision and approval, provides investment advisory assistance and research and the day-to-day management of the fund's investments. A discussion regarding the basis for the board's approving the sub-investment advisory agreement between Dreyfus and Newton is available in the fund's semiannual report for the six-month period ended April 30, 2018.

 

Paul Brain, Howard Cunningham and Parmeshwar Chadha are the fund's primary portfolio managers. Messrs. Brain and Cunningham have held that position since the fund's inception in February 2011, and Mr. Chadha has held that position since December 2016. Mr. Brain is the lead portfolio manager for the fund and is the investment leader of the fixed income team and chairman of the bond/FX strategy group at Newton, where he has been employed since 2004. Mr. Cunningham is a credit analyst and investment manager and serves as chairman of the credit group at Newton, where he has been employed since 2000. Mr. Chadha is a fixed income fund manager and the lead manager on all of Newton's high yield positions, as well as a member of Newton's bond/FX and credit strategy group. Mr. Chadha has been employed at Newton since 2006.

 

The fund's Statement of Additional Information (SAI) provides additional portfolio manager information including compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of fund shares.

 

MBSC Securities Corporation (MBSC), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dreyfus, serves as distributor of the fund and of the other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. Any Rule 12b-1 fees and shareholder services fees, as applicable, are paid to MBSC for financing the sale and distribution of fund shares and for providing shareholder account service and maintenance, respectively. Dreyfus or MBSC may provide cash payments out of its own resources to financial intermediaries that sell shares of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds (except Class Y shares) or provide other services. Such payments are separate from any sales charges, 12b-1 fees and/or shareholder services fees or other expenses that may be paid by a fund to those financial intermediaries. Because those payments are not made by fund shareholders or the fund, the fund's total expense ratio will not be affected by any such payments. These payments may be made to financial intermediaries, including affiliates, that provide shareholder servicing, sub-administration, recordkeeping and/or sub-transfer agency services, marketing support and/or access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the financial intermediary. Cash compensation also may be paid from Dreyfus' or MBSC's own resources to financial intermediaries for inclusion of a fund on a sales list, including a preferred or select sales list or in other sales programs. These payments sometimes are referred to as "revenue sharing." From time to time, Dreyfus or MBSC also may provide cash or non-cash compensation to financial intermediaries or their representatives in the form of occasional gifts; occasional meals, tickets or other entertainment; support for due diligence trips; educational conference sponsorships; support for recognition programs; technology or infrastructure support; and other forms of cash or non-cash compensation permissible under broker-dealer regulations. In some cases, these payments or compensation may create an incentive for a financial intermediary or its employees to recommend or sell shares of the fund to you. This potential conflict of interest may be addressed by policies, procedures or practices that are adopted by the financial intermediary. As there may be many different policies, procedures or practices adopted by different intermediaries to address the manner in which compensation is earned through the sale of investments or the provision of related services, the compensation rates and other payment arrangements that may apply to a financial intermediary and its representatives may vary by intermediary. Please contact your financial representative for details about any payments they or their firm may receive in connection with the sale of fund shares or the provision of services to the fund. 

 

 

The fund, Dreyfus, Newton and MBSC have each adopted a code of ethics that permits its personnel, subject to such code, to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the fund. Each code of ethics restricts the personal securities transactions of employees, and requires portfolio managers and other investment personnel to comply with the code's preclearance and disclosure procedures. The primary purpose of the respective codes is to ensure that personal trading by employees is done in a manner that does not disadvantage the fund or other client accounts.

 

 

Shareholder Guide

 

Choosing a Share Class

 

The fund is designed primarily for people who are investing through third party intermediaries that have entered into selling agreements with the fund's distributor, such as banks, brokers, dealers or financial advisers (collectively, financial intermediaries), or in Retirement Plans. Financial intermediaries with whom you open a fund account may have different policies and procedures than those described in this prospectus or the SAI. Accordingly, the availability of certain share classes and/or shareholder privileges or services described in this prospectus or the SAI will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of the financial intermediary or Retirement Plan recordkeeper. To be eligible for the share classes and/or shareholder privileges or services described in this prospectus or the SAI, you may need to open a fund account directly with the fund or a financial intermediary that offers such classes and/or privileges or services. The fund also may offer one or more other classes of shares, described in separate prospectuses. Financial intermediaries purchasing fund shares on behalf of their clients determine the class of shares available for their clients. Consult a representative of your financial intermediary or Retirement Plan for further information.

 

This prospectus offers Class A, C, I and Y shares of the fund.

 

Your financial intermediary may receive different compensation for selling one class of shares than for selling another class, and may impose its own account fees and methods for purchasing and selling fund shares, which may depend on, among other things, the type of investor account and the policies, procedures and practices adopted by your financial intermediary. You should review these arrangements with your financial representative before determining which class to invest in.

 

The different classes of fund shares represent investments in the same portfolio of securities, but the classes are subject to different expenses and will likely have different share prices. When choosing a class, you should consider your investment amount, anticipated holding period, the potential costs over your holding period and whether you qualify for any reduction or waiver of the sales charge. It is important to remember that any contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) or Rule 12b-1 fees have the same purpose as the front-end sales charge: to compensate the distributor for concessions and expenses it pays to dealers and financial intermediaries in connection with the sale of fund shares. No front-end sales charge or CDSC is charged on fund shares acquired through the reinvestment of fund dividends or capital gains distributions. Because the Rule 12b-1 fee is paid out of the fund's assets on an ongoing basis, over time it will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. Information regarding sales charges is not made available separately at www.dreyfus.com because such information is fully contained in this prospectus and in the SAI in the How to Buy Shares section and the Additional Information About How to Buy Shares section beginning on page II-1 and page III-1, respectively.

 

A complete description of these classes follows.

 

Class A Shares

 

When you invest in Class A shares, you pay the public offering price, which is the share price, or net asset value (NAV), plus the initial sales charge that may apply to your purchase. The amount of the initial sales charge is based on the size of your investment, as the following table shows. We also describe below how you may reduce or eliminate the initial sales charge (see "Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers"). Class A shares are subject to an annual shareholder services fee of .25% paid to the fund's distributor for shareholder account service and maintenance.

 

Since some of your investment goes to pay an up-front sales charge when you purchase Class A shares, you purchase fewer shares than you would with the same investment in Class C shares. Nevertheless, you are usually better off purchasing Class A shares, rather than Class C shares, and paying an up-front sales charge if you:

 

·

plan to own the shares for an extended period of time, since the ongoing Rule 12b-1 fees on Class C shares may eventually exceed the cost of the up-front sales charge; and

 

·

qualify for a reduced or waived sales charge

 

If you invest $1 million or more (and are not eligible to purchase Class I or Y shares), Class A shares will always be the most advantageous choice.

 

 

 

	Total Sales Load -- Class A Shares
Amount of Transaction	As a % of Offering Price per Share	As a % of Net Asset Value per Share
Less than $50,000	4.50	4.71
$50,000 to less than $100,000	4.00	4.17
$100,000 to less than $250,000	3.00	3.09
$250,000 to less than $500,000	2.50	2.56
$500,000 to less than $1,000,000	2.00	2.04
$1,000,000 or more*	-0-	-0-

 

*No sales charge applies on investments of $1 million or more, but a CDSC of 1% may be imposed on certain redemptions of such shares within one year of the date of purchase. See "Additional Information About CDSCs" below.

 

Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers

 

To receive a reduction or waiver of your initial sales charge or CDSC, you must let your financial intermediary or the fund, as applicable, know at the time you purchase fund shares that you qualify for such a reduction or waiver. If you do not let your financial intermediary or the fund, as applicable, know that you are eligible for a reduction or waiver, you may not receive the reduction or waiver to which you are otherwise entitled. In order to receive a reduction or waiver, you may be required to provide your financial intermediary or the fund, as applicable, with evidence of your qualification for the reduction or waiver. You should consult a representative of your financial intermediary. Certain sales charge reductions and waivers are available only if you purchase your shares directly from the fund for accounts maintained with the fund; these sales charge reductions and waivers are described below.  In addition, shareholders purchasing Class A shares of the fund through Ameriprise Financial, Merrill Lynch or Morgan Stanley Wealth Management, as described below, are eligible only for sales charge reductions and waivers made available by such financial intermediaries; these sales charge reductions and waivers are also described below.

 

If you purchase Class A shares directly from the fund or through a financial intermediary, other than Merrill Lynch (but including Ameriprise Financial and Morgan Stanley Wealth Management), you can reduce your initial sales charge in the following ways:

 

·

Rights of accumulation. You can count toward the amount of your investment your total account value in all shares of the fund and other Dreyfus Funds that are subject to a sales charge. For example, if you have $1 million invested in shares that are subject to a sales charge of other Dreyfus Funds, you can invest in Class A shares of the fund without an initial sales charge. For purposes of determining "your total account value", shares held will be valued at their current market value. We may terminate or change this privilege at any time on written notice.

 

·

Letter of intent. You can sign a letter of intent, in which you agree to invest a certain amount (your goal) over a 13-month period in shares of the fund and other Dreyfus Funds that are subject to a sales charge, and your initial sales charge will be based on your goal. A 90-day back-dated period can also be used to count previous purchases toward your goal. Your goal must be at least $50,000, and your initial investment must be at least $5,000. Each purchase will be made at the public offering price applicable to a single transaction of the dollar amount specified in the letter of intent. The sales charge will be adjusted if you do not meet your goal. By signing a letter of intent, you authorize the fund's transfer agent to hold in escrow 5% of the amount indicated in the letter of intent and redeem Class A shares in your account to pay the additional sales charge if the letter of intent goal is not met prior to the expiration of the 13-month period. See "Additional Information About Shareholder Services" in the SAI.

 

·

Combine with family members and other related purchasers. You can also count toward the amount of your investment all investments in shares that are subject to a sales charge of other Dreyfus Funds, by your spouse and your minor children (family members), including their rights of accumulation and goals under a letter of intent. In addition, (1) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing securities for a single trust estate or a single fiduciary account although more than one beneficiary is involved and (2) a group of accounts established by or on behalf of the employees of an employer or affiliated employers pursuant to a Retirement Plan will each be permitted to combine their investments for purposes of reducing or eliminating sales charges. See "How to Buy Shares" in the SAI.

 

Class A shares may be purchased at NAV without payment of a sales charge by the following individuals and entities, if such shares are purchased directly from the fund or through a financial intermediary, other than Ameriprise Financial, Merrill Lynch or Morgan Stanley Wealth Management:

 

·

full-time or part-time employees, and their spouses or domestic partners and minor children, of Dreyfus or any of its affiliates

 

 

·

board members of Dreyfus and board members of the Dreyfus Family of Funds, and their spouses or domestic partners and minor children

 

·

full-time employees, and their spouses and minor children, of financial intermediaries

 

·

"wrap" accounts for the benefit of clients of financial intermediaries

 

·

investors who participate in a self-directed investment brokerage account program offered by a financial intermediary that may or may not charge their customers a transaction fee

 

·

Retirement Plans, provided that, if such Class A shares are purchased through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary performs recordkeeping or other administrative services for the Retirement Plan

 

·

shareholders in Dreyfus-sponsored IRA rollover accounts funded with the distribution proceeds from Retirement Plans. Upon establishing the Dreyfus-sponsored IRA rollover account in the fund, the shareholder becomes eligible to make subsequent purchases of Class A shares of the fund at NAV in such account

 

In addition, shareholders of the fund will receive Class A shares of the fund at NAV without payment of a sales charge upon the conversion of such shareholders' Class C shares of the fund in the month of or month following the 10-year anniversary date of the purchase of the Class C shares.

 

Class A shares may be purchased at NAV without payment of a sales charge by the following individuals and entities, if such shares are purchased directly from the fund for accounts maintained with the fund:

 

·

investors who either (1) have, or whose spouse or minor children have, beneficially owned shares and continuously maintained an open account directly with a Dreyfus-managed fund since on or before February 28, 2006, or (2) such purchase is for a self-directed investment account that may or may not be subject to a transaction fee

 

·

qualified separate accounts maintained by an insurance company; any state, county or city or instrumentality thereof; and charitable organizations investing $50,000 or more in fund shares and charitable remainder trusts

 

Front-end sales charge waivers on Class A shares purchased through Ameriprise Financial

 

Shareholders purchasing Class A shares of the fund through an Ameriprise Financial platform or account are eligible only for the following sales charge waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI. Such shareholders may purchase Class A shares at NAV without payment of a sales charge as follows:

 

·

shares purchased by employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs or SAR-SEPs

 

·

shares purchased through an Ameriprise Financial investment advisory program

 

·

shares purchased by third party investment advisors on behalf of their advisory clients through Ameriprise Financial's platform

 

·

shares of the fund purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions of the fund (but not any other fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds)

 

·

shares exchanged from Class C shares of the same fund in the month of or following the 10-year anniversary of the purchase date. To the extent that this prospectus elsewhere provides for a waiver with respect to such shares following a shorter holding period, that waiver will apply to exchanges following such shorter period. To the extent that this prospectus elsewhere provides for a waiver with respect to exchanges of Class C shares for load waived shares, that waiver will also apply to such exchanges

 

·

shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Ameriprise Financial or its affiliates and their immediate family members

 

·

shares purchased by or through qualified accounts (including IRAs, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, 401(k)s, 403(b) TSCAs subject to ERISA and defined benefit plans) that are held by a covered family member, defined as an Ameriprise Financial advisor and/or the advisor's spouse, advisor's lineal ascendant (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, great grandmother, great grandfather), advisor's lineal descendant (son, step-son, daughter, step-daughter, grandson, granddaughter, great grandson, great granddaughter) or any spouse of a covered family member who is a lineal descendant

 

·

shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions of shares of a fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end sales charge or CDSC (i.e., Right of Reinstatement)

 

 

Front-end sales charge reductions on Class A shares purchased through Merrill Lynch

 

Shareholders purchasing Class A shares of the fund through an omnibus account maintained with Merrill Lynch are eligible only for the following sales charge reductions, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI. Such shareholders can reduce their initial sales charge in the following ways:

 

·

Transaction size breakpoints, as described above in this prospectus.

 

·

Rights of accumulation (ROA), which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts as described above in this prospectus, will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holdings of shares of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds held in accounts of the purchaser and the purchaser's household members at Merrill Lynch. Shares of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds not held in accounts of the purchaser's household members at Merrill Lynch may be included in the ROA calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets.

 

·

Letter of intent, which allows for breakpoint discounts as described above in this prospectus, based on anticipated purchases of shares of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds purchased through Merrill Lynch over a 13-month period.

 

Front-end sales charge waivers on Class A shares purchased through Merrill Lynch

 

Shareholders purchasing Class A shares of the fund through an omnibus account maintained with Merrill Lynch are eligible only for the following sales charge waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI. Such shareholders may purchase Class A shares at NAV without payment of a sales charge as follows:

 

·

shares purchased by employer-sponsored retirement, deferred compensation and employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) and trusts used to fund those plans, provided that the shares are not held in a commission-based brokerage account and the shares are held for the benefit of the plan

 

·

shares purchased by or through a 529 plan

 

·

shares purchased through a Merrill Lynch-affiliated investment advisory program

 

·

shares purchased by third party investment advisors on behalf of their advisory clients through Merrill Lynch's platform

 

·

shares purchased through the Merrill Edge Self-Directed platform

 

·

shares of the fund purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions of the fund (but not any other fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds)

 

·

shares of the fund received through an exchange of Class C shares of the fund in the month of or month following the 10-year anniversary date of the purchase of the Class C shares

 

·

shares purchased by employees and registered representatives of Merrill Lynch or its affiliates and their family members

 

·

shares purchased by board members of the fund and employees of Dreyfus or any of its affiliates, as described in this prospectus

 

·

shares purchased from the proceeds of a redemption of shares of a fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end sales charge or CDSC (Right of Reinstatement)

 

Front-end sales charge waivers on Class A shares purchased through Morgan Stanley Wealth Management

 

Shareholders purchasing Class A shares of the fund through a Morgan Stanley Wealth Management transactional brokerage account are eligible only for the following sales charge waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI. Such shareholders may purchase Class A shares at NAV without payment of a sales charge as follows:

 

·

shares purchased by employer-sponsored retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit sharing and money purchase pension plans and defined benefit plans). For purposes of this provision, employer-sponsored retirement plans do not include SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs, SAR-SEPs or Keogh plans

 

·

shares purchased by Morgan Stanley employee and employee-related accounts according to Morgan Stanley's account linking rules

 

·

shares of the fund purchased through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions of the fund

 

·

shares purchased through a Morgan Stanley self-directed brokerage account

 

 

·

Class C shares that are no longer subject to a CDSC and are converted to Class A shares of the same fund pursuant to Morgan Stanley Wealth Management's share class conversion program

 

·

shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions from a fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end sales charge or CDSC

 

Class C Shares

 

Since you pay no initial sales charge, an investment of less than $1 million in Class C shares buys more shares than the same investment would in Class A shares. However, Class C shares are subject to an annual Rule 12b-1 fee of .75% paid to the fund's distributor in connection with the sale of Class C shares and an annual shareholder services fee of .25% paid to the fund's distributor for shareholder account service and maintenance. Because the Rule 12b-1 fees are paid out of the fund's assets attributable to Class C shares on an ongoing basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges, such as the initial sales charge on Class A shares. Class C shares redeemed within one year of purchase are subject to a 1% CDSC. See "Additional Information About CDSCs" below. Class C shares purchased directly from the fund or through a financial intermediary, except as otherwise disclosed in this prospectus, automatically convert to Class A shares in the month of or month following the 10-year anniversary date of the purchase of the Class C shares, based on the relative NAV of each such class without the imposition of any sales charge, fee or other charge.

 

Because Class A shares will always be a more favorable investment than Class C shares for investments of $1 million or more, the fund will generally not accept a purchase order for Class C shares in the amount of $1 million or more. While the fund will take reasonable steps to prevent investments of $1 million or more in Class C shares, it may not be able to identify such investments made through certain financial intermediaries or omnibus accounts.

 

Class I Shares

 

Since you pay no initial sales charge, an investment of less than $1 million in Class I shares buys more shares than the same investment would in a class of shares subject to an initial sales charge. There is also no CDSC imposed on redemptions of Class I shares, and you do not pay any ongoing service or distribution fees.

 

Class I shares may be purchased by:

 

·

bank trust departments, trust companies and insurance companies that have entered into agreements with the fund's distributor to offer Class I shares to their clients

 

·

institutional investors acting in a fiduciary, advisory, agency, custodial or similar capacity for Retirement Plans and SEP-IRAs that have entered into agreements with the fund's distributor to offer Class I shares to such plans and are not eligible to purchase Class Y shares

 

·

law firms or attorneys acting as trustees or executors/administrators

 

·

foundations and endowments that make an initial investment in the fund of at least $1 million and are not eligible to purchase Class Y shares

 

·

sponsors of college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code, that maintain an omnibus account with the fund and do not require shareholder tax reporting or 529 account support responsibilities from the fund's distributor

 

·

advisory fee-based accounts offered through financial intermediaries who, depending on the structure of the selected advisory platform, make Class I shares available

 

·

certain institutional clients of a BNY Mellon investment advisory subsidiary, provided that such clients are approved by Dreyfus and are not eligible to purchase Class Y shares

 

·

U.S.-based employees of BNY Mellon, board members of Dreyfus and board members of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, and the spouse, domestic partner or minor child of any of the foregoing, subject to certain conditions described in the SAI, and provided that such Class I shares are purchased directly from the fund

 

·

unaffiliated investment companies approved by the fund's distributor

 

Institutions purchasing fund shares on behalf of their clients determine whether Class I shares will be available for their clients. Accordingly, the availability of Class I shares of the fund will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of the institutional investor.

 

 

Class Y Shares

 

Class Y shares are not subject to an initial sales charge or any service or distribution fees. There also is no CDSC imposed on redemptions of Class Y shares. The fund, Dreyfus or the fund's distributor or their affiliates will not make any shareholder servicing, sub-transfer agency, administrative or recordkeeping payments, nor will Dreyfus or the fund's distributor or their affiliates provide any "revenue sharing" payments, with respect to Class Y shares.

 

Class Y shares of the fund may be purchased by:

 

·

institutional investors, acting for themselves or on behalf of their clients, that make an initial investment in Class Y shares of the fund of at least $1 million

 

·

Retirement Plans, or certain recordkeepers of Retirement Plan platforms that maintain plan level or super-omnibus accounts with the fund, provided that, in each case, they make an initial investment in Class Y shares of the fund of at least $1 million per plan sponsor or per super-omnibus account or have, in the opinion of Dreyfus, adequate intent and availability of assets to reach a future level of investment of $1 million or more in Class Y shares of the fund

 

·

certain institutional clients of a BNY Mellon investment advisory subsidiary, provided that such clients are approved by Dreyfus and make an initial investment in Class Y shares of the fund of at least $1 million

 

·

certain funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds and series of BNY Mellon Funds Trust

 

Generally, each institutional investor will be required to open and maintain a single master account with the fund for all purposes. With respect to recordkeepers of Retirement Plan platforms, the fund considers a super-omnibus account to be one single master account maintained by the Retirement Plan recordkeeper on behalf of multiple Retirement Plans. Certain holders of Class I shares of the fund who meet the eligibility requirements for the purchase of Class Y shares of the fund and who do not require the fund, Dreyfus or the fund's distributor or their affiliates to make any shareholder servicing, sub-transfer agency, administrative or recordkeeping payments may have all of their Class I shares of the fund converted into Class Y shares of the fund. Dreyfus, the fund's distributor or their affiliates will not provide any "revenue sharing" payments with respect to Class I shares converted into Class Y shares.

 

Institutions purchasing fund shares on behalf of their clients determine whether Class Y shares will be available for their clients. Accordingly, the availability of Class Y shares of the fund will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of the institutional investor.

 

Additional Information About CDSCs

 

The fund's CDSC is based on the lesser of the NAV of the shares at the time of redemption or the original offering price (which is the original NAV). In addition:

 

·

No CDSC is charged on fund shares you acquired by reinvesting your fund dividends or capital gains distributions.

 

·

No CDSC is charged on the per share appreciation of your fund account over the initial purchase price of the shares.

 

·

To keep your CDSC as low as possible, each time you place a request to sell shares, the fund will first sell any shares in your account that do not carry a CDSC and then the shares in your account that have been held the longest.

 

The fund's CDSC on Class A and C shares may be waived for shares purchased directly from the fund or through a financial intermediary, other than Merrill Lynch (but including Ameriprise Financial and Morgan Stanley Wealth Management), in the following cases:

 

·

exchanges of shares, except if shares acquired by exchange are then redeemed within the period during which a CDSC would apply to the initial shares purchased

 

·

redemptions made within one year of death or disability of the shareholder

 

·

redemptions due to receiving applicable required minimum distributions from IRA accounts (other than Roth IRAs or Coverdell Education Savings Accounts) upon reaching age 70½

 

·

redemptions made through Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, if such redemptions do not exceed 12% of the value of the account annually

 

·

redemptions by Retirement Plans, provided that, if such shares were purchased through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary performs recordkeeping or other administrative services for the Retirement Plan

 

CDSC waivers on Class A and C shares purchased through Merrill Lynch

 

Fund shares purchased through an omnibus account maintained with Merrill Lynch are eligible only for the following CDSC waivers, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus or the SAI:

 

 

·

redemptions made within one year of death or disability of the shareholder

 

·

redemptions made through Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, if such redemptions do not exceed 12% of the value of the account annually

 

·

redemptions made in connection with a return of excess contributions from an IRA account

 

·

shares acquired through a Right of Reinstatement (as defined above)

 

·

redemptions due to receiving applicable required minimum distributions from IRA accounts (other than Roth IRAs or Coverdell Education Savings Accounts) upon reaching age 70½

 

·

redemptions made to pay Merrill Lynch fees, but only if the redemption is initiated by Merrill Lynch

 

·

redemptions of fund shares held in a retirement brokerage account that are exchanged for shares of a lower cost share class in connection with the transfer to certain fee based accounts or platforms

 

Buying and Selling Shares

 

Dreyfus calculates fund NAVs as of the scheduled close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (usually 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) on days the NYSE is scheduled to be open for regular business. Your order will be priced at the next NAV calculated after your order is received in proper form by the fund's transfer agent or other authorized entity. "Proper form" refers to completion of an account application (if applicable), satisfaction of requirements in this section (subject to "Shareholder Guide—General Policies") and any applicable conditions in "Additional Information About How to Redeem Shares" in the SAI. Authorized entities other than the fund's transfer agent may apply different conditions for the satisfaction of "proper form" requirements. For more information, consult a representative of your financial intermediary. When calculating NAVs, Dreyfus values equity investments on the basis of market quotations or official closing prices. Dreyfus generally values fixed-income investments based on values supplied by an independent pricing service approved by the fund's board. The pricing service's procedures are reviewed under the general supervision of the board. If market quotations or official closing prices or valuations from a pricing service are not readily available, or are determined not to reflect accurately fair value, the fund may value those investments at fair value as determined in accordance with procedures approved by the fund's board. Fair value of investments may be determined by the fund's board, its pricing committee or its valuation committee in good faith using such information as it deems appropriate under the circumstances. Under certain circumstances, the fair value of foreign equity securities will be provided by an independent pricing service. Using fair value to price investments may result in a value that is different from a security's most recent closing price and from the prices used by other mutual funds to calculate their net asset values. Over-the-counter derivative instruments generally will be valued based on values supplied by an independent pricing service approved by the fund's board. Futures contracts will be valued at the most recent settlement price. Forward currency contracts will be valued using the forward rate obtained from an independent pricing service approved by the fund's board. ETFs will be valued at their market price. Foreign securities held by the fund may trade on days when the fund does not calculate its NAV and thus may affect the fund's NAV on days when investors will not be able to purchase or sell (redeem) fund shares.

 

Investments in certain types of thinly traded securities may provide short-term traders arbitrage opportunities with respect to the fund's shares. For example, arbitrage opportunities may exist when trading in a portfolio security or securities is halted and does not resume, or the market on which such securities are traded closes before the fund calculates its NAV. If short-term investors in the fund were able to take advantage of these arbitrage opportunities, they could dilute the NAV of fund shares held by long-term investors. Portfolio valuation policies can serve to reduce arbitrage opportunities available to short-term traders, but there is no assurance that such valuation policies will prevent dilution of the fund's NAV by short-term traders. While the fund has a policy regarding frequent trading, it too may not be completely effective to prevent short-term NAV arbitrage trading, particularly in regard to omnibus accounts. Please see "Shareholder Guide — General Policies" for further information about the fund's frequent trading policy.

 

Orders to buy and sell shares received by an authorized entity (such as a bank, broker-dealer or financial adviser, or Retirement Plan that has entered into an agreement with the fund's distributor) by the time as of which the fund calculates its NAV (usually 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) and transmitted to the fund's distributor or its designee by the close of its business day (usually 5:15 p.m. Eastern time) will be based on the NAV determined that day.

 

How to Buy Shares

 

By Mail.

 

Regular Accounts. To open a regular account, complete an application and mail it, together with a check payable to The Dreyfus Family of Funds, to the appropriate address below. To purchase additional shares in a regular account,

 

 

mail a check payable to The Dreyfus Family of Funds (with your account number on your check), together with an investment slip, to the appropriate address below.

 

IRA Accounts. To open an IRA account or make additional investments in an IRA account, be sure to specify the fund name and the year for which the contribution is being made. When opening a new account include a completed IRA application applicable to the type of IRA for which the investment is made, and when making additional investments include an investment slip. Make checks payable to The Dreyfus Family of Funds, and mail to the appropriate address below.

 

Mailing Address. If you are investing directly through the fund, mail to:

 

Dreyfus Shareholder Services
P.O. Box 9879
Providence, Rhode Island 02940-8079

 

If you are investing through a third party, such as a bank, broker-dealer or financial adviser, or in a Retirement Plan, mail to:

 

Dreyfus Institutional Department
P.O. Box 9882
Providence, Rhode Island 02940-8082

 

If you are applying for an Institutional Direct account, please contact your BNY Mellon relationship manager for mailing instructions.

 

Electronic Check or Wire. To purchase shares by wire or electronic check, please call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) for more information.

 

Telephone or Online. To purchase additional shares by telephone or online, you can call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or visit www.dreyfus.com to request your transaction. In order to do so, you must have elected the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege on your account application or a Shareholder Services Form. See "Services for Fund Investors — Wire Redemption and Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privileges" for more information. Institutional Direct accounts are not eligible for online services.

 

Automatically. You may purchase additional shares by selecting one of Dreyfus' automatic investment services made available to the fund on your account application or service application. See "Services for Fund Investors — Automatic Services."

 

The minimum initial and subsequent investment (except as set forth below) is $1,000 and $100, respectively. For Class Y shares, the minimum initial investment generally is $1,000,000, with no minimum subsequent investment. The minimum initial investment for Dreyfus-sponsored Retirement Plans or Dreyfus-sponsored IRAs (other than Coverdell Education Savings Accounts) is $750, with no minimum subsequent investment. The minimum initial investment for Dreyfus-sponsored Coverdell Education Savings Accounts is $500, with no minimum subsequent investment. Subsequent investments made through Dreyfus TeleTransfer are subject to a $100 minimum and a $150,000 maximum. All investments must be in U.S. dollars. Third-party checks, cash, travelers' checks or money orders will not be accepted. You may be charged a fee for any check that does not clear.

 

How to Sell Shares

 

You may sell (redeem) shares at any time. Your shares will be sold at the next NAV calculated after your order is received in proper form by the fund's transfer agent or other authorized entity, less any applicable CDSC. Any certificates representing fund shares being sold must be returned with your redemption request. Your order will be processed promptly.

 

If you request the fund to transmit your redemption proceeds to you by check, the fund expects that your redemption proceeds normally will be sent within two business days after your request is received in proper form. If you request the fund to transmit your redemption proceeds to you by wire via the Wire Redemption Privilege ($1,000 minimum) or electronic check via the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege ($500 minimum), and the fund has your bank account information on file, the fund expects that your redemption proceeds normally will be wired within one business day or sent by electronic check within two business days, as applicable, to your bank account after your request is received in proper form. See "Services for Fund Investors — Wire Redemption and Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privileges" for more information. Payment of redemption proceeds may take longer than the number of days the fund typically expects and may take up to seven days after your order is received in proper form by the fund's transfer agent or other authorized entity, particularly during periods of stressed market conditions or very large redemptions or excessive trading.

 

 

The processing of redemptions may be suspended, and the delivery of redemption proceeds may be delayed beyond seven days, depending on the circumstances, for any period: (i) during which the NYSE is closed (other than on holidays or weekends), or during which trading on the NYSE is restricted; (ii) when an emergency exists that makes the disposal of securities owned by the fund or the determination of the fair value of the fund's net assets not reasonably practicable; or (iii) as permitted by order of the Securities and Exchange Commission for the protection of fund shareholders. For these purposes, the Securities and Exchange Commission determines the conditions under which trading shall be deemed to be restricted and an emergency shall be deemed to exist.

 

Before selling shares recently purchased by check, Dreyfus TeleTransfer or Automatic Asset Builder, please note that:

 

·

if you send a written request to sell such shares, the fund may delay sending the proceeds for up to eight business days following the purchase of those shares or until the fund receives verification of clearance of the funds used to purchase such shares, whichever is earlier

 

·

the fund will not process wire, telephone, online or Dreyfus TeleTransfer redemption requests for up to eight business days following the purchase of those shares or until the fund receives verification of clearance of the funds used to purchase such shares, whichever is earlier

 

Under normal circumstances, the fund expects to meet redemption requests by using cash it holds in its portfolio or selling portfolio securities to generate cash. In addition, the fund, and certain other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, may draw upon an unsecured credit facility for temporary or emergency purposes to meet redemption requests. The fund also reserves the right to pay redemption proceeds in securities rather than cash (i.e., "redeem in kind"), to the extent the composition of the fund's investment portfolio enables it to do so, if the amount redeemed is large enough to affect fund operations (for example, if it exceeds 1% of the fund's assets) or the redemption request is during stressed market conditions. Securities distributed in connection with any such redemption in-kind are expected to generally represent your pro rata portion of assets held by the fund immediately prior to the redemption, with adjustments as may be necessary in connection with, for example, certain derivatives, restricted securities, odd lots or fractional shares.  Any securities distributed in-kind will remain exposed to market risk until sold, and you may incur transaction costs and taxable gain when selling the securities.

 

By Mail.

 

Regular Accounts. To redeem shares in a regular account by mail, send a letter of instruction that includes your name, your account number, the name of the fund, the share class, the dollar amount to be redeemed and how and where to send the proceeds. Mail your request to the appropriate address below.

 

IRA Accounts. To redeem shares in an IRA account by mail, send a letter of instruction that includes all of the same information for regular accounts and indicate whether the distribution is qualified or premature and whether the 10% TEFRA should be withheld. Mail your request to the appropriate address below.

 

Mailing Address. If you invested directly through the fund, mail to:

 

Dreyfus Shareholder Services
P.O. Box 9879
Providence, Rhode Island 02940-8079

 

If you invested through a third party, such as a bank, broker-dealer or financial adviser, or in a Retirement Plan, mail to:

 

Dreyfus Institutional Department
P.O. Box 9882
Providence, Rhode Island 02940-8082

 

If you are an Institutional Direct accountholder, please contact your BNY Mellon relationship manager for mailing instructions.

 

A medallion signature guarantee is required for some written sell orders. These include:

 

·

amounts of $10,000 or more on accounts whose address has been changed within the last 30 days

 

·

requests to send the proceeds to a different payee or address

 

·

amounts of $100,000 or more

 

A medallion signature guarantee helps protect against fraud. You can obtain one from most banks or securities dealers, but not from a notary public. For joint accounts, each signature must be guaranteed. Please call to ensure that your medallion signature guarantee will be processed correctly.

 

 

Telephone or Online. To redeem shares by telephone or online, call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or, for regular accounts, visit www.dreyfus.com to request your transaction. Institutional Direct accounts are not eligible for online services.

 

By calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only), you may speak to a Dreyfus representative and request that redemption proceeds be paid by check and mailed to your address of record (maximum $250,000 per day). For redemption requests made online through www.dreyfus.com or through Dreyfus Express® automated account access system, there is a $100,000 per day limit.

 

Automatically. You may sell shares in a regular account by completing a Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Form which you can obtain by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only), visiting www.dreyfus.com or contacting your financial representative. For instructions on how to establish automatic withdrawals to sell shares in an IRA account, please call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or contact your financial representative. See "Services for Fund Investors — Automatic Services."

 

General Policies

 

The fund and the fund's transfer agent are authorized to act on telephone or online instructions from any person representing himself or herself to be you and reasonably believed by the fund or the transfer agent to be genuine. You may be responsible for any fraudulent telephone or online order as long as the fund or the fund's transfer agent (as applicable) takes reasonable measures to confirm that the instructions are genuine.

 

The fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request in whole or in part. All shareholder services and privileges offered to shareholders may be modified or terminated at any time, except as otherwise stated in the fund's SAI. Please see the fund's SAI for additional information on buying and selling shares, privileges and other shareholder services.

 

If you invest through a financial intermediary (rather than directly through the fund), the policies may be different than those described herein. For example, banks, brokers, Retirement Plans, financial advisers and financial supermarkets may charge transaction fees and may set different minimum investments or limitations on buying or selling shares. Please consult your financial representative.

 

The fund is designed for long-term investors. Frequent purchases, redemptions and exchanges may disrupt portfolio management strategies and harm fund performance by diluting the value of fund shares and increasing brokerage and administrative costs. As a result, Dreyfus and the fund's board have adopted a policy of discouraging excessive trading, short-term market timing and other abusive trading practices (frequent trading) that could adversely affect the fund or its operations. Dreyfus and the fund will not enter into arrangements with any person or group to permit frequent trading.

 

The fund also reserves the right to:

 

·

refuse any purchase or exchange request, including those from any individual or group who, in Dreyfus' view, is likely to engage in frequent trading

 

·

change or discontinue fund exchanges, or temporarily suspend exchanges during unusual market conditions

 

·

change its minimum investment amount

 

More than four roundtrips within a rolling 12-month period generally is considered to be frequent trading. A roundtrip consists of an investment that is substantially liquidated within 60 days. Based on the facts and circumstances of the trades, the fund may also view as frequent trading a pattern of investments that are partially liquidated within 60 days.

 

Transactions made through Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privileges, automatic investment plans (including Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder®), automatic non-discretionary rebalancing programs and minimum required retirement distributions generally are not considered to be frequent trading. For Retirement Plans, generally only participant-initiated exchange transactions are subject to the roundtrip limit.

 

Dreyfus monitors selected transactions to identify frequent trading. When its surveillance systems identify multiple roundtrips, Dreyfus evaluates trading activity in the account for evidence of frequent trading. Dreyfus considers the investor's trading history in other accounts under common ownership or control, in other Dreyfus Funds and BNY Mellon Funds and, if known, in non-affiliated mutual funds and accounts under common control. These evaluations involve judgments that are inherently subjective, and while Dreyfus seeks to apply the policy and procedures uniformly, it is possible that similar transactions may be treated differently. In all instances, Dreyfus seeks to make these judgments to the best of its abilities in a manner that it believes is consistent with shareholder interests. If Dreyfus concludes the account is likely to engage in frequent trading, Dreyfus may cancel or revoke the purchase or exchange on the following business day. Dreyfus may also temporarily or permanently bar such investor's future purchases into the fund in lieu of,

 

 

or in addition to, canceling or revoking the trade. At its discretion, Dreyfus may apply these restrictions across all accounts under common ownership, control or perceived affiliation.

 

Fund shares often are held through omnibus accounts maintained by financial intermediaries, such as brokers and Retirement Plan administrators, where the holdings of multiple shareholders, such as all the clients of a particular broker, are aggregated. Dreyfus' ability to monitor the trading activity of investors whose shares are held in omnibus accounts is limited. However, the agreements between the distributor and financial intermediaries include obligations to comply with the terms of this prospectus and to provide Dreyfus, upon request, with information concerning the trading activity of investors whose shares are held in omnibus accounts. If Dreyfus determines that any such investor has engaged in frequent trading of fund shares, Dreyfus may require the financial intermediary to restrict or prohibit future purchases or exchanges of fund shares by that investor.

 

Certain Retirement Plans and intermediaries that maintain omnibus accounts with the fund may have developed policies designed to control frequent trading that may differ from the fund's policy. At its sole discretion, the fund may permit such intermediaries to apply their own frequent trading policy. If you are investing in fund shares through a financial intermediary (or in the case of a Retirement Plan, your plan sponsor), please contact the financial intermediary for information on the frequent trading policies applicable to your account.

 

To the extent the fund significantly invests in foreign securities traded on markets that close before the fund calculates its NAV, events that influence the value of these foreign securities may occur after the close of these foreign markets and before the fund calculates its NAV. As a result, certain investors may seek to trade fund shares in an effort to benefit from their understanding of the value of these foreign securities at the time the fund calculates its NAV (referred to as price arbitrage). This type of frequent trading may dilute the value of fund shares held by other shareholders. The fund has adopted procedures designed to adjust closing market prices of foreign equity securities under certain circumstances to reflect what it believes to be their fair value.

 

To the extent the fund significantly invests in thinly traded securities, certain investors may seek to trade fund shares in an effort to benefit from their understanding of the value of these securities (referred to as price arbitrage). Any such frequent trading strategies may interfere with efficient management of the fund's portfolio to a greater degree than funds that invest in highly liquid securities, in part because the fund may have difficulty selling these portfolio securities at advantageous times or prices to satisfy large and/or frequent redemption requests. Any successful price arbitrage may also cause dilution in the value of fund shares held by other shareholders.

 

Although the fund's frequent trading and fair valuation policies and procedures are designed to discourage market timing and excessive trading, none of these tools alone, nor all of them together, completely eliminates the potential for frequent trading.

 

Small Account Policy

 

If your account falls below $500, the fund may ask you to increase your balance. If it is still below $500 after 45 days, the fund may close your account and send you the proceeds.

 

Escheatment

 

If your account is deemed "abandoned" or "unclaimed" under state law, the fund may be required to "escheat" or transfer the assets in your account to the applicable state's unclaimed property administration. The state may sell escheated shares and, if you subsequently seek to reclaim your proceeds of liquidation from the state, you may only be able to recover the amount received when the shares were sold. It is your responsibility to ensure that you maintain a correct address for your account, keep your account active by contacting the fund's transfer agent or distributor by mail or telephone or accessing your account through the fund's website at least once a year, and promptly cash all checks for dividends, capital gains and redemptions. The fund, the fund's transfer agent and Dreyfus and its affiliates will not be liable to shareholders or their representatives for good faith compliance with state escheatment laws.

 

Distributions and Taxes

 

Each share class will generate a different dividend because each has different expenses. The fund earns dividends, interest and other income from its investments, and distributes this income (less expenses) to shareholders as dividends. The fund also realizes capital gains from its investments, and distributes these gains (less any losses) to shareholders as capital gain distributions. The fund normally pays dividends quarterly and capital gain distributions annually. Fund dividends and capital gain distributions will be reinvested in the fund unless you or your financial intermediary instruct the fund otherwise. There are no fees or sales charges imposed by the fund on reinvestments.

 

Distributions paid by the fund are subject to federal income tax, and may also be subject to state or local taxes (unless you are investing through an IRA, Retirement Plan or other U.S. tax-advantaged investment plan). For federal tax

 

 

purposes, in general, certain fund distributions, including distributions of short-term capital gains, are taxable as ordinary income. Other fund distributions, including dividends from certain U.S. companies and certain foreign companies and distributions of long-term capital gains, generally are taxable as qualified dividends and capital gains, respectively.

 

The fund's investments in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding or other foreign taxes, which would decrease the fund's return on such securities. Under certain circumstances, shareholders may be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the fund. In addition, investments in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate the fund's recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing or amount of the fund's distributions.

 

High portfolio turnover and more volatile markets can result in significant taxable distributions to shareholders, regardless of whether their shares have increased in value. The tax status of any distribution generally is the same regardless of how long you have been in the fund and whether you reinvest your distributions or take them in cash.

 

If you buy shares of the fund when the fund has realized but not yet distributed income or capital gains, you will be "buying a dividend" by paying the full price for the shares and then receiving a portion back in the form of a taxable distribution.

 

Your sale of shares, including exchanges into other funds, may result in a capital gain or loss for tax purposes. A capital gain or loss on your investment in the fund generally is the difference between the cost of your shares and the amount you receive when you sell them.

 

The tax status of your distributions will be detailed in your annual tax statement from the fund. Because everyone's tax situation is unique, please consult your tax adviser before investing.

 

Annual year-end distribution estimates, if any, are expected to be available beginning in early October, and may be updated from time to time at www.dreyfus.com/accounts-services/tax-center or by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or your financial representative.

 

Services for Fund Investors

 

The following services may be available to fund investors. If you purchase shares through a third party financial intermediary or in a Retirement Plan, the financial intermediary or Retirement Plan recordkeeper may impose different restrictions on these services and privileges, or may not make them available at all. Consult a representative of your financial intermediary or Retirement Plan for further information.

 

Automatic Services

 

Buying or selling shares automatically is easy with the services described below. With each service, you select a schedule and amount, subject to certain restrictions. These services are not available for Class Y shares. For information, call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or your financial representative.

 

Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder^® permits you to purchase fund shares (minimum of $100 and maximum of $150,000 per transaction) at regular intervals selected by you. Fund shares are purchased by transferring funds from the bank account designated by you.

 

Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan permits you to purchase fund shares (minimum of $100 per transaction) automatically through a payroll deduction.

 

Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit permits you to purchase fund shares (minimum of $100 and maximum of $50,000 per transaction) automatically from your federal employment, Social Security or other regular federal government check.

 

Dreyfus Dividend Sweep permits you to automatically reinvest dividends and distributions from the fund in shares of the same class, or another class in which you are eligible to invest, of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. However, if you hold fund shares through financial intermediary brokerage platforms, you may invest automatically your dividends and distributions from the fund only in shares of the same class of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. Shares held through a Dreyfus-sponsored Coverdell Education Savings Account are not eligible for this privilege.

 

Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege permits you to exchange at regular intervals your fund shares for shares of the same class, or another class in which you are eligible to invest, of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. However, if you hold fund shares through financial intermediary brokerage platforms, you may only exchange fund shares for shares of the same class of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds.

 

 

Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan permits you to make withdrawals (minimum of $50) on a specific day each month, quarter or semiannual or annual period, provided your account balance is at least $5,000. Any CDSC will be waived, as long as the amount of any withdrawal does not exceed on an annual basis 12% of the greater of the account value at the time of the first withdrawal under the plan, or at the time of the subsequent withdrawal.

 

Fund Exchanges

 

Generally, you can exchange shares worth $500 or more (no minimum for Dreyfus-sponsored Retirement Plans and Dreyfus-sponsored IRAs) into shares of the same class, or another class in which you are eligible to invest, of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. However, if you hold fund shares through financial intermediary brokerage platforms, you may only exchange fund shares for shares of the same class of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. You can request your exchange by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or your financial representative. If you are an Institutional Direct accountholder, please contact your BNY Mellon relationship manager for instructions. Be sure to read the current prospectus for any fund into which you are exchanging before investing. Any new account established through an exchange generally will have the same privileges as your original account (as long as they are available). There is currently no fee for exchanges, although you may be charged a sales load when exchanging into any fund that has one.

 

Your exchange request will be processed on the same business day it is received in proper form, provided that each fund is open at the time of the request (i.e., the request is received by the latest time each fund calculates its NAV for that business day). If the exchange is accepted at a time of day after one or both of the funds is closed (i.e., at a time after the NAV for the fund has been calculated for that business day), the exchange will be processed on the next business day. See the SAI for more information regarding exchanges.

 

Conversion Feature

 

Shares of one class of the fund may be converted into shares of another class of the fund, provided you meet the eligibility requirements for investing in the new share class. Shares subject to a CDSC at the time of the requested conversion are not eligible for conversion. The fund reserves the right to refuse any conversion request.

 

Class C shares purchased directly from the fund or through a financial intermediary, except as otherwise disclosed in this prospectus, automatically convert to Class A shares in the month of or month following the 10-year anniversary date of the purchase of the Class C shares, based on the relative NAV of each such class without the imposition of any sales charge, fee or other charge.

 

Wire Redemption and Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privileges

 

To redeem shares from your Dreyfus Fund account with a phone call (for regular or IRA accounts) or online (for regular accounts only), use the Wire Redemption Privilege or the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege. To purchase additional shares in your Dreyfus Fund account with a phone call (for regular or IRA accounts) or online (for regular accounts only), use the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege. You can set up the Wire Redemption Privilege and Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege on your account by providing bank account information and following the instructions on your application or, if your account has already been established, a Shareholder Services Form which you can obtain by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only), visiting www.dreyfus.com or contacting your financial representative. Shares held in a Coverdell Education Savings Account may not be redeemed through the Wire Redemption or Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privileges. Institutional Direct accounts are not eligible for the Wire Redemption or Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privileges initiated online.

 

Account Statements

 

Every Dreyfus Fund investor automatically receives regular account statements. You will also be sent a yearly statement detailing the tax characteristics of any dividends and distributions you have received.

 

Reinvestment Privilege

 

If you redeem Class A shares of the fund, you can reinvest in the same account of the fund up to the number of Class A shares you redeemed at the current share price without paying a sales charge. If you paid a CDSC, it will be credited back to your account. This privilege may be used only once and your reinvestment request must be received in writing by the fund within 45 days of the redemption.

 

Dreyfus Express^® Voice-Activated Account Access

 

You can check your Dreyfus account balances, get fund price and performance information, order documents and much more, by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) and using the Dreyfus Express^® Voice-Activated System. You may also be able to purchase fund shares and/or transfer money between your Dreyfus Funds using Dreyfus Express^®. Certain requests require the services of a representative.

 

 

Retirement Plans and IRAs

 

Dreyfus offers a variety of Retirement Plans and IRAs (including traditional and Roth IRAs and Coverdell Education Savings Accounts).  Here's where you call for information:

 

·

For traditional, rollover and Roth IRAs and Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only)

 

·

For SEP-IRAs, SARSEPs, SIMPLE IRAs and Retirement Plan accounts, call 1-800-358-0910

 

 

Financial Highlights

 

These financial highlights describe the performance of the fund's shares for the fiscal periods indicated. "Total return" shows how much your investment in the fund would have increased (or decreased) during each period, assuming you had reinvested all dividends and distributions. These financial highlights have been derived from the fund's financial statements, which have been audited by [_________], an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the fund's financial statements, is included in the annual report, which is available upon request. [To Be Updated]

 

	Year Ended October 31,
Class A Shares	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Per Share Data ($):
Net asset value, beginning of period	12.30	12.13	12.70	12.59	13.03
Investment Operations:
Investment income—neta	.19	.13	.16	.26	.32
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	.10	.25	(.18)	(.00)b	(.04)
Total from Investment Operations	.29	.38	(.02)	.26	.28
Distributions:
Dividends from investment income—net	(.36)	(.19)	(.49)	(.15)	(.51)
Dividends from net realized gain on investments	(.00)b	(.02)	(.06)	-	(.21)
Total Distributions	(.36)	(.21)	(.55)	(.15)	(.72)
Net asset value, end of period	12.23	12.30	12.13	12.70	12.59
Total Return (%)c	2.45	3.20	(.15)	2.08	2.12
Ratios/Supplemental Data (%):
Ratio of total expenses to average net assets	1.37	1.64	1.99	2.22	2.31
Ratio of net expenses to average net assets	.89	.95	.95	1.02	1.10
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets	1.65	1.10	1.29	2.04	2.49
Portfolio Turnover Rate	145.88	141.08	134.49	157.23	138.46
Net Assets, end of period ($ x 1,000)	682	1,818	1,407	1,466	1,912
a Based on average shares outstanding.
b Amount represents less than $.01 per share.
c Exclusive of sales charge.

 

  

Financial Highlights (cont'd)

 

	Year Ended October 31,
Class C Shares	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Per Share Data ($):
Net asset value, beginning of period	12.18	12.05	12.62	12.54	12.98
Investment Operations:
Investment income—neta	.11	.04	.07	.17	.23
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	.08	.25	(.19)	(.00)b	(.06)
Total from Investment Operations	.19	.29	(.12)	.17	.17
Distributions:
Dividends from investment income—net	(.31)	(.14)	(.39)	(.09)	(.40)
Dividends from net realized gain on investments	(.00)b	(.02)	(.06)	-	(.21)
Total Distributions	(.31)	(.16)	(.45)	(.09)	(.61)
Net asset value, end of period	12.06	12.18	12.05	12.62	12.54
Total Return (%)c	1.59	2.47	(.94)	1.30	1.41
Ratios/Supplemental Data (%):
Ratio of total expenses to average net assets	2.09	2.39	2.74	2.95	3.03
Ratio of net expenses to average net assets	1.64	1.70	1.70	1.76	1.85
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets	.90	.35	.54	1.31	1.83
Portfolio Turnover Rate	145.88	141.08	134.49	157.23	138.46
Net Assets, end of period ($ x 1,000)	702	671	788	1,051	819
a Based on average shares outstanding. b Amount represents less than $.01 per share. c Exclusive of sales charge.

 

	Year Ended October 31,
Class I Shares	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Per Share Data ($):
Net asset value, beginning of period	12.33	12.14	12.71	12.60	13.04
Investment Operations:
Investment income—neta	.23	.15	.19	.29	.36
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	.08	.27	(.18)	(.00)b	(.06)
Total from Investment Operations	.31	.42	.01	.29	.30
Distributions:
Dividends from investment income—net	(.37)	(.21)	(.52)	(.18)	(.53)
Dividends from net realized gain on investments	(.00)b	(.02)	(.06)	-	(.21)
Total Distributions	(.37)	(.23)	(.58)	(.18)	(.74)
Net asset value, end of period	12.27	12.33	12.14	12.71	12.60
Total Return (%)	2.57	3.52	.07	2.30	2.33
Ratios/Supplemental Data (%):
Ratio of total expenses to average net assets	1.14	1.39	1.70	1.88	1.96
Ratio of net expenses to average net assets	.65	.70	.70	.77	.85
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets	1.91	1.35	1.54	2.29	2.86
Portfolio Turnover Rate	145.88	141.08	134.49	157.23	138.46
Net Assets, end of period ($ x 1,000)	3,815	1,244	5,472	10,292	9,391
a Based on average shares outstanding.
b Amount represents less than $.01 per share.

 

 

Financial Highlights (cont'd)

 

	Year Ended October 31,
Class Y Shares	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013a
Per Share Data ($):
Net asset value, beginning of period	12.33	12.14	12.71	12.60	12.50
Investment Operations:
Investment income—netb	.23	.16	.19	.29	.10
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	.08	.27	(.18)	(.00) c	.11
Total from Investment Operations	.31	.43	.01	.29	.21
Distributions:
Dividends from investment income—net	(.37)	(.22)	(.52)	(.18)	(.11)
Dividends from net realized gain on investments	(.00)c	(.02)	(.06)	-	-
Total Distributions	(.37)	(.24)	(.58)	(.18)	(.11)
Net asset value, end of period	12.27	12.33	12.14	12.71	12.60
Total Return (%)	2.67	3.54	.09	2.34	1.29d
Ratios/Supplemental Data (%):
Ratio of total expenses to average net assets	.98	1.23	1.31	1.88	2.09e
Ratio of net expenses to average net assets	.64	.70	.70	.75	.85 e
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets	1.90	1.35	1.54	2.30	2.36 e
Portfolio Turnover Rate	145.88	141.08	134.49	157.23	138.46
Net Assets, end of period ($ x 1,000)	40,741	34,952	14,611	1	1
a From July 1, 2013 (commencement of initial offering) to October 31, 2013. b Based on average shares outstanding. c Amount represents less than $.01 per share. d Not annualized. e Annualized.

 

 

NOTES

 

 

NOTES

 

 

NOTES

 

 

For More Information

 

Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund

 

A series of Advantage Funds, Inc.

 

More information on this fund is available free upon request, including the following:

 

Annual/Semiannual Report

 

The fund's annual and semiannual reports describe the fund's performance, list portfolio holdings and contain a letter from the fund's manager discussing recent market conditions, economic trends and fund strategies that significantly affected the fund's performance during the period covered by the report. The fund's most recent annual and semiannual reports are available at www.dreyfus.com.

 

Statement of Additional Information (SAI)

 

The SAI provides more details about the fund and its policies. A current SAI is available at www.dreyfus.com and is on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SAI is incorporated by reference (and is legally considered part of this prospectus).

 

Portfolio Holdings

 

Dreyfus funds generally disclose, at www.dreyfus.com under Products, (1) complete portfolio holdings as of each month-end with a one month lag and as of each calendar quarter end with a 15-day lag; (2) top 10 holdings as of each month-end with a 10-day lag; and (3) from time to time, certain security-specific performance attribution data as of a month-end, with a 10-day lag. From time to time a fund may make available certain portfolio characteristics, such as allocations, performance- and risk-related statistics, portfolio-level statistics and non-security specific attribution analyses, on request. Dreyfus money market funds generally disclose, also at www.dreyfus.com under Products, their complete schedule of holdings daily. A fund's portfolio holdings and any security-specific performance attribution data will remain on the website at least until the fund files its Form N-Q or Form N-CSR for the period that includes the dates of the posted holdings.

 

A complete description of the fund's policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the fund's portfolio securities is available in the fund's SAI and at www.dreyfus.com.

 

To Obtain Information

 

By telephone. Call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only)

 

By mail.
The Dreyfus Family of Funds
144 Glenn Curtiss Boulevard
Uniondale, NY 11556-0144

 

By E-mail. Send your request to [email protected]

 

On the Internet. Certain fund documents can be viewed online or downloaded from:

 

SEC: http://www.sec.gov

 

Dreyfus: http://www.dreyfus.com

 

This prospectus does not constitute an offer or solicitation in any state or jurisdiction in which, or to any person to whom, such offering or solicitation may not lawfully be made.

 

SEC file number: 811-07123

 

© 2018 MBSC Securities Corporation 6298P0318

 

 

 

Subject to Completion, dated December 28, 2018

 

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

March 29, 2018, as revised or amended, May 1, 2018, June 11, 2018,

August 27, 2018 and September 28, 2018, December 31, 2018 and March 1, 2019

 

This Statement of Additional Information (SAI), which is not a prospectus, supplements and should be read in conjunction with the current prospectus of each fund listed below, as such prospectuses may be revised from time to time. To obtain a copy of a fund's prospectus, please call your financial adviser, or write to the fund at 144 Glenn Curtiss Boulevard, Uniondale, New York 11556-0144, visit www.dreyfus.com, or call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only).

 

The most recent annual report and semi-annual report to shareholders for each fund are separate documents supplied with this SAI, and the financial statements, accompanying notes and report of the independent registered public accounting firm appearing in the annual report are incorporated by reference into this SAI. All classes of a fund have the same fiscal year end and prospectus date, except if otherwise indicated. Capitalized but undefined terms used in this SAI are defined in the Glossary at the end of this SAI.

 

Class T shares are not currently being offered.

 

Fund	Abbreviation	Share Class/Ticker	Fiscal Year End*	Prospectus Date
Advantage Funds, Inc.	AF
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	DGDBIF	Class A/DGDAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/DGDCX
		Class I/DGDIX
		Class Y/DGDYX
		Class T/DGDTX		N/A
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	DGMAIF	Class A/DRAAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/DRACX
		Class I/DRAIX
		Class Y/DRAYX
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	DGRRF	Class A/DRRAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/DRRCX
		Class I/DRRIX
		Class Y/DRRYX
		Class T/DRRTX		N/A
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	DOMVF	Class A/DMCVX	August 31st	December 31st
		Class C/DVLCX
		Class I/DVLIX
		Class Y/DMCYX
		Class T/DOMTX		N/A
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	DOSCF	Investor/DSCVX	August 31st	December 31st
		Class I/DOPIX
		Class Y/DSCYX
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund	DSVF	Class A/DAGVX	August 31st	December 31st
		Class C/DCGVX
		Class I/DRGVX
		Class Y/DRGYX
		Class T/DTRGX		N/A

 

 

Fund	Abbreviation	Share Class/Ticker	Fiscal Year End*	Prospectus Date
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	DSMF	Class A/DPSAX	August 31st	December 31st
		Class C/DPSCX
		Class I/DPSRX
		Class Y/DPSYX
		Class T/DTPSX		N/A
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	DTGF	Class A/DTGRX	August 31st	December 31st
		Class C/DTGCX
		Class I/DGVRX
		Class Y/DTEYX
		Class T/DTGTX		N/A
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	DTEMF	Class A/DTMAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/DTMCX
		Class I/DTEIX
		Class Y/DTMYX
		Class T/DTMTX		N/A
Dynamic Total Return Fund	DTRF	Class A/AVGAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/AVGCX
		Class I/AVGRX
		Class Y/AVGYX
		Class T/ATVGX		N/A
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Inc.	DGIF	DGRIX	October 31st	March 1st
Dreyfus Index Funds, Inc.	DIF
Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund	DISIF	Investor/DIISX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class I/DINIX
Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund	DS&P	PEOPX	October 31st	March 1st
Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund	DSSIF	Investor/DISSX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class I/DISIX
Dreyfus International Funds, Inc.	DILF
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund	DEMF	Class A/DRFMX	May 31st	September 28th
		Class C/DCPEX
		Class I/DRPEX
		Class Y/DYPEX
		Class T/DRFTX		N/A
Dreyfus Manager Funds II	DMFII
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	DBOF	Class A/DBOAX	November 30th	March 29th
		Class C/DBOCX
		Class I/DBORX
		Class J/THPBX
		Class Y/DBOYX
		Class Z/DBOZX
		Class T/DBATX		N/A
Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Inc.	DMIF	Investor/PESPX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class I/DMIDX
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.	DNJMBF	Class A/DRNJX	December 31st	May 1st
		Class C/DCNJX
		Class I/DNMIX
		Class Y/DNJYX
		Class Z/DZNJX

 

 

Fund	Abbreviation	Share Class/Ticker	Fiscal Year End*	Prospectus Date
		Class T/DNJTX		N/A
Dreyfus Premier Investment Funds, Inc.	DPI
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	DDIF	Class A/DFPAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/DFPCF
		Class I/DFPIX
		Class Y/DDIFX
		Class T/DDVTX		N/A
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	DGRESF	Class A/DRLAX	October 31st	March 1st
		Class C/DGBCX
		Class I/DRLIX
		Class Y/DRLYX
		Class T/DRLTX		N/A
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	DLCEF	Class A/DLQAX	December 31st	May 1st
		Class C/DEYCX
		Class I/DLQIX
		Class Y/DLACX
		Class T/DLQTX		N/A
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	DLCGF	Class A/DAPAX	December 31st	May 1st
		Class C/DGTCX
		Class I/DAPIX
		Class Y/DLCGX
		Class T/DAPTX		N/A
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Inc.	DRGF	Class A/DWOAX	February 28(9)th	June 11th
		Class C/DWOCX
		Class I/DWOIX
		Class Y/DRYQX
		Class Z/DREQX
		Class T/DRYTX		N/A

*

Certain information provided in this SAI is indicated to be as of the end of a fund's last fiscal year or during a fund's last fiscal year. The term "last fiscal year" means the most recently completed fiscal year, except that, for funds with fiscal years ended November 30th, December 31st and February 28(9)th, "last fiscal year" means the fiscal year immediately preceding the most recently completed fiscal year.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
BOARD INFORMATION	I-1
Information About Each Board Member's Experience, Qualifications, Attributes or Skills	I-1
Committee Meetings	I-4
Board Members' and Officers' Fund Share Ownership	I-4
Board Members' Compensation	I-5
OFFICERS	I-7
CERTAIN PORTFOLIO MANAGER INFORMATION	I-9
MANAGER'S AND SUB-ADVISERS' COMPENSATION; COMPLIANCE SERVICES	I-14
Manager's and Sub-Advisers' Compensation	I-14
Compliance Services	I-16
SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES	I-17
SALES LOADS, CDSCS AND DISTRIBUTOR'S COMPENSATION	I-19
OFFERING PRICE	I-24
RATINGS OF MUNICIPAL BONDS	I-26
RATINGS OF CORPORATE DEBT SECURITIES	I-26
SECURITIES OF REGULAR BROKERS OR DEALERS	I-27
COMMISSIONS	I-28
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER VARIATION	I-30
SHARE OWNERSHIP	I-32
PART II
HOW TO BUY SHARES	II-1
Investment Minimums	II-1
Information Pertaining to Purchase Orders	II-1
Information Regarding the Offering of Share Classes	II-1
Class A	II-2
HOW TO REDEEM SHARES	II-3
Information Pertaining to Redemptions	II-4
SHAREHOLDER SERVICES	II-4
DISTRIBUTION PLANS, SERVICE PLANS AND SHAREHOLDER SERVICES PLANS	II-5
INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES AND RISKS	II-7
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS	II-27
Fundamental Policies	II-27
Nonfundamental Policies	II-35
Fundamental and Nonfundamental Policies Related to Fund Investment Objectives, Diversification and Names	II-38
DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS	II-40
INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS' ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE	II-40
CERTAIN EXPENSE ARRANGEMENTS AND OTHER DISCLOSURES	II-41

 

Expense Arrangements	II-41
Expense Limitations	II-41
Index Licensing Disclosures—S&P	II-42
COUNSEL AND INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM	II-42
RISKS OF INVESTING IN STATE MUNICIPAL SECURITIES	II-42
New Jersey	II-43
General Information	II-43
Demographics	II-43
Economic Outlook	II-43
State Funds and Accounting	II-43
State Funds	II-43
Other Revenue Sources	II-44
State Economy and Finances	II-44
State Indebtedness	II-45
General	II-45
State Pension Plans	II-45
Litigation	II-46
PART III
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO BUY SHARES	III-1
Investment Minimums	III-1
Small Account Policies	III-2
In-Kind Purchases	III-2
Information Pertaining to Purchase Orders	III-2
Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege (not applicable to Class T shares)	III-2
Reopening an Account (not applicable to Class T shares)	III-3
Multi-Class Funds	III-3
All Other Funds and Share Classes	III-5
Information Relating to Purchase Orders (money market funds only)	III-6
Converting Shares	III-6
Taxpayer ID Number	III-7
Frequent Purchases and Exchanges (non-money market funds only)	III-7
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO REDEEM SHARES	III-7
Redemption Fee	III-8
Contingent Deferred Sales Charge—Multi-Class Funds	III-8
Class C	III-8
Waiver of CDSC	III-9
Redemption Through an Authorized Entity	III-9
Checkwriting Privilege	III-9
Wire Redemption Privilege	III-10
Redemption through Compatible Computer Facilities	III-10
Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege	III-11
Reinvestment Privilege	III-11
Share Certificates; Medallion Signature Guarantees	III-11
Share Certificates	III-11
Medallion Signature Guarantees	III-11
Redemption Commitment	III-11
Suspension of Redemptions	III-11
Fund Liquidation (money market funds only)	III-11
Liquidity Fees and Redemption Gates (Institutional and Retail MMFs only)	III-12
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT SHAREHOLDER SERVICES	III-12
Fund Exchanges	III-12
Class A or Class C shares of a Multi-Class Fund	III-14

 

Shares Received by Exchange From Class B Shares	III-14
Class Y Shares	III-14
Exchanges of Class I or Class Y Shares Held by a Retirement Plan	III-14
Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege	III-14
Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder®	III-15
Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege	III-15
Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan	III-15
Dreyfus Dividend Options	III-15
Dreyfus Dividend Sweep	III-15
Dreyfus Dividend ACH	III-15
Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan	III-15
Letter of Intent¾Class A Shares	III-16
Retirement Plans and IRAs	III-17
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT DISTRIBUTION PLANS, SERVICE PLANS AND SHAREHOLDER SERVICES PLANS	III-17
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES AND RISKS	III-17
All Funds other than Money Market Funds	III-18
Equity Securities	III-18
Common Stock	III-18
Preferred Stock	III-18
Convertible Securities	III-19
Warrants	III-20
IPOs	III-20
Fixed-Income Securities	III-20
U.S. Government Securities	III-21
Corporate Debt Securities	III-22
Ratings of Securities; Unrated Securities	III-22
High Yield and Lower-Rated Securities	III-23
Zero Coupon, Pay-In-Kind and Step-Up Securities	III-24
Inflation-Indexed Securities	III-25
Variable and Floating Rate Securities	III-25
Loans	III-26
Participation Interests and Assignments	III-28
Mortgage-Related Securities	III-29
Asset-Backed Securities	III-34
Collateralized Debt Obligations	III-34
Municipal Securities	III-34
Taxable Investments (municipal or other tax-exempt funds only)	III-40
Funding Agreements	III-40
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)	III-40
Money Market Instruments	III-40
Bank Obligations	III-41
Repurchase Agreements	III-41
Commercial Paper	III-41
Foreign Securities	III-41
Investing in Europe	III-42
Investing in Japan	III-43
Emerging Markets	III-43
Certain Asian Emerging Market Countries	III-44
Investing in Russia and other Eastern European Countries	III-45
Depositary Receipts and New York Shares	III-45
Sovereign Debt Obligations	III-46
Eurodollar and Yankee Dollar Investments	III-47

 

Investment Companies	III-47
Private Investment Funds	III-48
Exchange-Traded Funds and Similar Exchange-Traded Products (ETFs)	III-48
Exchange-Traded Notes	III-49
Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)	III-49
MLP Common Units	III-50
MLP Subordinated Units	III-50
MLP Convertible Subordinated Units	III-50
MLP Preferred Units	III-50
MLP General Partner Interests	III-50
MLP Debt Securities	III-51
Equity and Debt Securities Issued by Affiliates of MLPs	III-51
MLP I-Shares	III-51
PIPEs	III-51
Derivatives	III-52
Risks	III-52
CPO Funds	III-53
Specific Types of Derivatives	III-54
Foreign Currency Transactions	III-62
Commodities	III-63
Short-Selling	III-63
Lending Portfolio Securities	III-64
Borrowing Money	III-64
Borrowing Money for Leverage	III-64
Reverse Repurchase Agreements	III-64
Forward Commitments	III-65
Forward Roll Transactions	III-65
Illiquid Securities	III-65
Illiquid Securities Generally	III-65
Section 4(2) Paper and Rule 144A Securities	III-66
Non-Diversified Status	III-66
Cybersecurity Risk	III-66
Investments in the Technology Sector	III-67
Investments in the Real Estate Sector	III-67
Investments in the Infrastructure Sector	III-67
Investments in the Natural Resources Sector	III-68
Money Market Funds	III-68
Ratings of Securities	III-68
Treasury Securities	III-69
U.S. Government Securities	III-69
Repurchase Agreements	III-69
Bank Obligations	III-70
Bank Securities	III-71
Floating and Variable Rate Obligations	III-71
Participation Interests	III-71
Asset-Backed Securities	III-71
Commercial Paper	III-71
Investment Companies	III-72
Foreign Securities	III-72
Municipal Securities	III-72
Derivative Products	III-72
Stand-By Commitments	III-72
Taxable Investments (municipal or other tax-exempt funds only)	III-72
Illiquid Securities	III-72
Borrowing Money	III-73
Reverse Repurchase Agreements	III-73

 

Forward Commitments	III-73
Interfund Borrowing and Lending Program	III-73
Lending Portfolio Securities	III-73
RATING CATEGORIES	III-73
S&P	III-73
Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings	III-74
Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings	III-75
Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings Definitions	III-75
Moody's	III-75
Long-Term Obligation Ratings and Definitions	III-76
Short-Term Ratings	III-76
U.S. Municipal Short-Term Debt and Demand Obligation Ratings	III-76
Fitch	III-77
Corporate Finance Obligations — Long-Term Rating Scales	III-77
Structured, Project & Public Finance Obligations — Long-Term Rating Scales	III-78
Short-Term Ratings Assigned to Issuers and Obligations	III-79
DBRS	III-79
Long Term Obligations	III-79
Commercial Paper and Short Term Debt	III-80
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE BOARDS	III-81
Boards' Oversight Role in Management	III-81
Board Composition and Leadership Structure	III-81
Additional Information About the Boards and their Committees	III-81
MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS	III-82
The Manager	III-82
Sub-Advisers	III-82
Portfolio Allocation Manager	III-83
Portfolio Managers and Portfolio Manager Compensation	III-83
Certain Conflicts of Interest with Other Accounts	III-91
Code of Ethics	III-92
Distributor	III-92
Transfer and Dividend Disbursing Agent and Custodian	III-93
Annual Anti-Money Laundering Program Review	III-94
Funds' Compliance Policies and Procedures	III-94
Combined Prospectuses	III-94
Escheatment	III-94
DETERMINATION OF NAV	III-95
Valuation of Portfolio Securities (funds other than Retail and Government MMFs)	III-95
Valuation of Portfolio Securities (Retail and Government MMFs only)	III-96
Calculation of NAV	III-96
Expense Allocations	III-96
NYSE and Transfer Agent Closings	III-96
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS	III-96
Funds other than Money Market Funds	III-97
Money Market Funds	III-97
CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS	III-97
Taxation of the Funds	III-99
RIC Qualification Requirements	III-99
Capital Loss Carryforwards	III-100
Investments in PFICs	III-100
Other Fund Investments and Activities	III-101
Taxation of U.S. Shareholders	III-104

 

Fund Distributions	III-104
Sale, Exchange or Redemption of Shares	III-105
Computing Gains and Losses	III-106
NAV Method of Accounting (money market funds only)	III-106
3.8% Surtax	III-107
Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders	III-107
Fund Distributions	III-107
Tax Withholding	III-108
State and Local Taxes	III-108
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS	III-108
Trading the Funds' Portfolio Securities	III-109
Soft Dollars	III-111
IPO Allocations	III-112
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS	III-112
Policy	III-112
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings	III-112
Disclosure of Portfolio Characteristics	III-112
Distribution of Portfolio Holdings	III-113
CCO Approvals; Board Reporting	III-114
SUMMARY OF THE PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES OF THE DREYFUS FAMILY OF FUNDS	III-114
Proxy Voting By Dreyfus	III-114
Voting Proxies of Designated BHCs	III-115
Proxy Voting By Newton	III-116
Summary of the BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines	III-117
Summary of the ISS Guidelines	III-124
ISS Global Voting Principles	III-124
Accountability	III-124
Stewardship	III-124
Independence	III-125
Transparency	III-125
Regional Policy and Principles – Americas	III-125
Regional Policy and Principles – Europe, Middle East and Africa	III-129
Regional Policy and Principles – Asia-Pacific	III-130
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS' STRUCTURE; FUND SHARES AND VOTING RIGHTS	III-137
Massachusetts Business Trusts	III-137
Fund Shares and Voting Rights	III-137
GLOSSARY	III-138

  

PART I

 

BOARD INFORMATION

 

Information About Each Board Member's Experience, Qualifications, Attributes or Skills

 

Board members for the funds, together with information as to their positions with the funds, principal occupations and other board memberships during the past five years, are shown below. The address of each board member is 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166.

 

All of the board members are Independent Board Members.

Name Year of Birth Position1	Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years	Other Public Company Board Memberships During Past 5 Years
Joseph S. DiMartino 1943 Chairman of the Board	Corporate Director and Trustee (1995 - present)	CBIZ (formerly, Century Business Services, Inc.), a provider of outsourcing functions for small and medium size companies, Director (1997 - present)
Peggy C. Davis 1943 Board Member	Shad Professor of Law, New York University School of Law  (1983 - present)	N/A
David P. Feldman 1939 Board Member	Corporate Director and Trustee (1985 - present)	BBH Mutual Funds Group (five registered mutual funds), Director (1992 - 2014)
Joan L. Gulley 1947 Board Member	PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. (1993 – 2014), including Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer and Executive Committee member (2008 – 2014)	N/A
Ehud Houminer 1940 Board Member	Board of Overseers at the Columbia Business School, Columbia University (1992 - present)   Trustee, Ben Gurion University	N/A
Lynn Martin 1939 Board Member	President of The Martin Hall Group LLC, a human resources consulting firm, (2005 - 2012)	N/A

 

 

Name Year of Birth Position1	Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years	Other Public Company Board Memberships During Past 5 Years
Robin A. Melvin 1963 Board Member	Co-Chair, Illinois Mentoring Partnership, non-profit organization dedicated to increasing the quantity and quality of mentoring services in Illinois (2014 - present; board member since 2013)	N/A
Dr. Martin Peretz 1939 Board Member	Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of The New Republic Magazine (2011 - 2012) (previously, Editor-in-Chief, 1974 - 2011)   Lecturer at Harvard University (1968 - 2010)	N/A

 

¹ Each of the board members serves on the board's audit, nominating, litigation and, with the exception of Mr. DiMartino, compensation committees.

 

The following table shows the year each board member joined each fund's board.

 

Fund	Joseph S. DiMartino	Peggy C. Davis	David P. Feldman	Joan L. Gulley	Ehud Houminer	Lynn Martin	Robin A. Melvin	Martin Peretz
AF	1995	2006	1996	2017	1993	2012	2012	2006
DGIF	1995	2006	1994	2017	2006	2012	2012	1991
DIF	1995	2006	1989	2017	1996	2012	2012	2006
DILF	1995	2006	1994	2017	2006	2012	2012	1993
DMFII	2003	2006	2003	2017	2003	2012	2012	2006
DMIF	1995	2006	1989	2017	1996	2012	2012	2006
DNJMBF	1995	2012	1987	2017	2012	1994	2011	2012
DPI	1995	2012	1991	2017	2012	1994	2011	2012
DRGF	1995	2006	1994	2017	2006	2012	2012	1971

 

Each board member, except Ms. Gulley, has been a Dreyfus Family of Funds board member for over 20 years. Ms. Gulley was in the asset management business for more than thirty years prior to her retirement in 2014. Additional information about each board member follows (supplementing the information provided in the table above) that describes some of the specific experiences, qualifications, attributes or skills that each board member possesses which the boards believe has prepared them to be effective board members. The boards believe that the significance of each board member's experience, qualifications, attributes or skills is an individual matter (meaning that experience that is important for one board member may not have the same value for another) and that these factors are best evaluated at the board level, with no single board member, or particular factor, being indicative of board effectiveness. However, the boards believe that board members need to have the ability to critically review, evaluate, question and discuss information provided to them, and to interact effectively with fund management, service providers and counsel, in order to exercise effective business judgment in the performance of their duties; each board believes that its members satisfy this standard. Experience relevant to having this ability may be achieved through a board member's educational background; business, professional training or practice (e.g., medicine, accounting or law), public service or academic positions; experience from service as a board member (including the boards for the funds) or as an executive of investment funds, public companies or significant private

 

 

or not-for-profit entities or other organizations; and/or other life experiences. The charter for the boards' nominating committees contains certain other factors considered by the committees in identifying and evaluating potential board member nominees. To assist them in evaluating matters under federal and state law, the board members are counseled by their independent legal counsel, who participates in board meetings and interacts with the Manager, and also may benefit from information provided by the Manager's counsel; counsel to the funds and to the boards have significant experience advising funds and fund board members. The boards and their committees have the ability to engage other experts as appropriate. The boards evaluate their performance on an annual basis.

 

·

Joseph S. DiMartino – Mr. DiMartino has been the Chairman of the Board of the funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds for over 20 years. From 1971 through 1994, Mr. DiMartino served in various roles as an employee of Dreyfus (prior to its acquisition by a predecessor of BNY Mellon in August 1994 and related management changes), including portfolio manager, President, Chief Operating Officer and a director. He ceased being an employee or director of Dreyfus by the end of 1994. From July 1995 to November 1997, Mr. DiMartino served as Chairman of the Board of The Noel Group, a public buyout firm; in that capacity, he helped manage, acquire, take public and liquidate a number of operating companies. From 1986 to 2010, Mr. DiMartino served as a Director of the Muscular Dystrophy Association.

 

·

Peggy C. Davis – Ms. Davis currently serves as the John S. R. Shad Professor of Lawyering and Ethics at New York University School of Law as a writer and teacher in the fields of evidence, constitutional theory, family law, social sciences and the law, legal process and professional methodology and training. Prior to joining the university's faculty in 1983, Ms. Davis served as a Judge of the Family Court of the State of New York. Before her appointment to the bench, she practiced law for ten years in both the commercial and public interest sectors. Ms. Davis also has served as Chair of the Board of the Russell Sage Foundation.

 

·

David P. Feldman – Mr. Feldman is the former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of AT&T Investment Management Corp., from which he retired in 1997, where he was responsible for $70 billion in pension assets. Mr. Feldman has served as Chairman of the Financial Executives Institute's Committee on Investment of Employee Benefits Assets. Mr. Feldman currently serves as a member of the Pension Managers Advisory Committee of the NYSE.

 

·

Joan L. Gulley – Ms. Gulley served in various senior roles at PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. ("PNC") from 1993 until her retirement in 2014, including Chief Executive Officer of PNC Advisors, the wealth management and institutional services business of PNC, from 2002 to 2005, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer of PNC from 2002 to 2007, and Executive Vice President ("EVP") and Chief Human Resources Officer ("CHRO") of PNC from 2008 until 2014. In her role as EVP and CHRO of PNC, Ms. Gulley was responsible for the oversight of $8 billion in combined pension and 401(k) assets. Ms. Gulley also served as a member of PNC's Executive Committee from 2008 to 2014, where she participated in all key strategic and operational decisions affecting PNC, and was responsible for all staff support to the PNC Board's Personnel and Compensation Committee with respect to executive compensation, succession planning, talent management, human resource regulatory matters and diversity. Prior to joining PNC, Ms. Gulley held positions with The Massachusetts Company, a chartered bank and subsidiary of The Travelers Insurance Company, which was acquired by PNC in 1993, and with branches of the Federal Reserve Bank in Boston, Massachusetts and Washington D.C. Ms. Gulley currently serves as the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Nantucket Atheneum.

 

·

Ehud Houminer – Mr. Houminer serves on Columbia Business School's Board of Overseers. Prior to his association with Columbia Business School beginning in 1991, Mr. Houminer held various senior financial, strategic and management positions at Philip Morris Companies Inc., including serving as Senior Corporate Vice President for Corporate Planning, and as President and Chief Executive Officer of Philip Morris USA, Inc. (now part of Altria Group, Inc.). Mr. Houminer is also a Trustee of Ben Gurion University.

 

·

Lynn Martin – Ms. Martin served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 1991, the Illinois Senate from 1979 to 1980 and the Illinois House of Representatives from 1977 to 1979. Ms. Martin also served as Co-Chairperson of then-Vice President George H.W. Bush's 1988 presidential campaign, and from 1991 to 1993 served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Bush. After her tenure in politics, Ms. Martin was a professor at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, and also a fellow at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. She also has served as an Advisor of Deloitte & Touche LLP and

 

 

as Chair of its Council for the Advancement of Women and formerly served as a Director of The Proctor & Gamble Co. and Constellation Energy Group, Inc. Ms. Martin served on the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, Coca-Cola International Advisory Council and Deutsche Bank Advisory Council.

 

·

Robin A. Melvin – Since 2014, Ms. Melvin has served as Co-Chair of Illinois Mentoring Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing the quantity and quality of mentoring services in Illinois, and has served as a board member since 2013. Ms. Melvin served as Director of the Boisi Family Foundation, a private family foundation that supports organizations serving the needs of youth from disadvantaged circumstances, from 1995 to 2012. In that role she also managed the Boisi Family Office, providing the primary interface with all investment managers, legal advisors and other service providers to the family. She has also served in various roles with MENTOR, a national non-profit youth mentoring advocacy organization, including Executive Director of the New York City affiliate, Vice President of the national affiliate network, Vice President of Development and, immediately prior to her departure, Senior Vice President in charge of strategy. Prior to that, Ms. Melvin was an investment banker with Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.

 

·

Dr. Martin Peretz – Dr. Peretz was the Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of The New Republic from 2011 until 2012 and was Editor-in-Chief from 1974 until 2011. Dr. Peretz was also the co-founder and a director of TheStreet.com from 1996 to 2010. Previously, Dr. Peretz was a member of the faculty of Harvard University from 1968 through 2010. He currently serves on the boards of a number of significant non-profit organizations.

 

Committee Meetings

 

The boards' audit, nominating, compensation, litigation and pricing committees met during the funds' last fiscal years as indicated below:

 

Fund	Audit	Nominating	Compensation	Litigation	Pricing
AF (8/31 fiscal year end)	5	1	1	0	0
AF (10/31 fiscal year end)	4	1	1	0	0
DGIF	4	1	1	0	0
DIF	4	1	1	0	0
DILF	4	1	0	0	0
DMFII	5	1	1	0	0
DMIF	4	1	1	0	0
DNJMBF	4	1	0	0	0
DPI (10/31 fiscal year end)	4	1	1	0	0
DPI (12/31 fiscal year end)	4	1	0	0	0
DRGF	5	1	0	0	0

 

Board Members' and Officers' Fund Share Ownership

 

The table below indicates the dollar range of each board member's ownership of fund shares and shares of other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, in each case as of December 31, 2017.

 

Fund	Joseph S. DiMartino	Peggy C. Davis	David P. Feldman	Joan L. Gulley	Ehud Houminer	Lynn Martin	Robin A. Melvin	Martin Peretz
DOMVF	None	None	None	$50,001 – $100,000	None	None	None	None
DOSCF	None	None	None	$50,001 – $100,000	None	None	None	None

 

 

Fund	Joseph S. DiMartino	Peggy C. Davis	David P. Feldman	Joan L. Gulley	Ehud Houminer	Lynn Martin	Robin A. Melvin	Martin Peretz
DSVF	$50,001 – $100,000	None	None	$50,001 – $100,000	None	None	None	None
DSMF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DTGF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DGDBIF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DGRRF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DTEMF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DTRF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DGIF	$50,001 - $100,000	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DISIF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DS&P	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DSSIF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DEMF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DBOF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DMIF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DNJMBF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DDIF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DGRESF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DLCEF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DLCGF	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DRGF	$10,001 -$50,000	None	None	None	None	None	None	Over $100,000
Aggregate holdings of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds	Over $100,000	None	None	Over $100,000	None	None	None	Over $100,000

 

See "Share Ownership" below for information on the shareholdings of each fund by board members and officers as a group.

 

As of December 31, 2017, none of the board members or their immediate family members owned securities of the Manager, any Sub-Advisers, the Distributor or any person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Manager, any Sub-Advisers or the Distributor.

 

Board Members' Compensation

 

Annual retainer fees and meeting attendance fees are allocated among the funds on the basis of net assets, with the Chairman of the Board, Joseph S. DiMartino, receiving an additional 25% of such compensation. The funds reimburse board members for their expenses. The funds do not have a bonus, pension, profit-sharing or retirement plan. Each emeritus board member is entitled to receive an annual retainer of one-half the amount paid as a retainer at the time the board member became emeritus and a per meeting attended fee of one-half the amount paid to board members.

 

The aggregate amount of fees received from the funds by each current board member for the funds' last fiscal years, and by all funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds for which such person was a board member during 2017, were as follows:^†

 

 

Fund	Joseph S. DiMartino*	Peggy C. Davis	David P. Feldman	Joan L. Gulley**	Ehud Houminer	Lynn Martin	Robin A. Melvin	Martin Peretz
AF (8/31 fiscal year end)	$47,215	$38,864	$43,959	$18,376	$39,060	$39,765	$37,807	$40,107
AF (10/31 fiscal year end)	$29,591	$24,346	$27,446	$16,388	$24,467	$25,113	$23,694	$25,113
DGIF	$8,470	$6,976	$7,873	$4,718	$7,012	$7,204	$6,782	$7,204
DIF	$53,936	$44,417	$50,114	$30,053	$44,644	$45,860	$43,190	$45,860
DILF	$1,454	$1,200	$1,345	$1,200	$1,200	$1,232	$1,164	$1,232
DMFII	$3,074	$2,526	$2,827	$1,784	$2,538	$2,602	$2,461	$2,602
DMIF	$35,919	$29,593	$33,405	$20,215	$29,747	$30,569	$28,763	$30,569
DNJMBF	$4,642	$3,821	$4,299	$3,439	$3,840	$3,942	$3,717	$3,942
DPI (10/31 fiscal year end)	$28,310	$22,998	$24,641	$18,722	$23,061	$23,396	$22,659	$23,396
DPI (12/31 fiscal year end)	$5,959	$4,896	$5,506	$4,447	$4,918	$5,042	$4,771	$5,042
DRGF	$18,508	$15,197	$16,978	$13,825	$15,266	$15,640	$14,819	$15,640
Total compensation from the funds and fund complex† (***)	$1,224,375 (139)	$395,000 (50)	$255,000 (36)	$241,241 (61)	$421,500 (61)	$235,000 (36)	$802,000 (110)	$235,000 (36)

 

Fund	James F. Henry+	Daniel Rose++	Philip L. Toia+++
AF (8/31 fiscal year end)	$14,769	$6,392	$17,136
AF (10/31 fiscal year end)	$8,945	$3,394	$10,463
DGIF	$2,558	$968	$3,008
DIF	$16,296	$6,178	$19,187
DILF	$435	$167	$547
DMFII	$949	$413	$1,104
DMIF	$10,842	$4,098	$12,803
DNJMBF	$542	$3,083	$1,747
DPI (10/31 fiscal year end)	$6,823	$15,586	$10,583
DPI (12/31 fiscal year end)	$677	$3,980	$2,243
DRGF	$5,658	$2,480	$6,995

 

 

Fund	James F. Henry+	Daniel Rose++	Philip L. Toia+++
Total compensation from the funds and fund complex† (***)	$80,000 (36)	$113,750 (50)	$160,500 (71)

†

Amounts shown do not include expenses reimbursed to board members for attending board meetings.

*

Amounts shown do not include the costs of office space and related parking, office supplies, secretarial services and health benefits for the Chairman of the Board and health benefits for the Chairman's spouse, which also are paid by the funds (also allocated based on net assets). The amount paid by each fund in 2017 ranged from $25 to $4,038 ($28,209 for all funds).

**

Ms. Gulley was elected to the boards in March 2017.

***

Represents the number of separate portfolios comprising the investment companies in the fund complex, including the funds, for which the board member served in 2017.

+

Emeritus board member of all funds except DNJMBF and DPI. For DNJMBF and DPI, Mr. Henry received compensation from the funds for attending board meetings in an advisory role although not a board member or emeritus board member of these funds.

++

Emeritus board member of DNJMBF and DPI. For the other funds, Mr. Rose received compensation from the funds for attending board meetings in an advisory role although not a board member or emeritus board member of these funds.

+++

Emeritus board member for all funds.

 

OFFICERS

 

Name Year of Birth Position Since1	Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years	Number of Investment Companies (Portfolios) for which serves as an Officer (all managed by the Manager)
Bradley J. Skapyak 1958 President 2010	Chief Operating Officer and a director of Dreyfus; Chairman of the Transfer Agent; Chief Executive Officer of the Distributor since August 2016	62 (125)
James Windels 1958 Treasurer 2001	Director – Mutual Fund Accounting of Dreyfus	63 (150)
Bennett A. MacDougall 1971 Chief Legal Officer 2015	Chief Legal Officer of Dreyfus and Associate General Counsel and Managing Director of BNY Mellon since June 2015; from June 2005 to June 2015, Director and Associate General Counsel of Deutsche Bank – Asset & Wealth Management Division and Chief Legal Officer of Deutsche Investment Management Americas Inc. from June 2012 to May 2015	63 (150)
James Bitetto2 1966 Vice President and Secretary 2005	Managing Counsel of BNY Mellon and Secretary of Dreyfus	63 (150)

 

 

Name Year of Birth Position Since1	Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years	Number of Investment Companies (Portfolios) for which serves as an Officer (all managed by the Manager)
Joseph M. Chioffi 1961 Vice President and Assistant Secretary 2005	Managing Counsel of BNY Mellon	63 (150)
Sonalee Cross 1987 Vice President and Assistant Secretary 2018	Counsel and Vice President of BNY Mellon since October 2016; Associate at Proskauer Rose LLP from April 2016 to September 2016; Attorney at EnTrust Capital from August 2015 to February 2016; Associate at Sidley Austin LLP from September 2013 until August 2015	63 (150)
Maureen E. Kane 1962 Vice President and Assistant Secretary 2015	Managing Counsel of BNY Mellon since July 2014; from October 2004 until July 2014, General Counsel; from May 2009 until July 2014, CCO of Century Capital Management	63 (150)
Sarah S. Kelleher 1975 Vice President and Assistant Secretary 2014	Managing Counsel of BNY Mellon	63 (150)
Jeff S. Prusnofsky 1965 Vice President and Assistant Secretary 2005	Senior Managing Counsel of BNY Mellon	63 (150)
Natalya Zelensky 1985 Vice President and Assistant Secretary 2017	Counsel and Vice President of BNY Mellon since May 2016; Attorney at Wildermuth Endowment Strategy Fund/Wildermuth Advisory, LLC from November 2015 until May 2016; Assistant General Counsel at RCS Advisory Services from July 2014 until November 2015; Associate at Sutherland, Asbill & Brennan from January 2013 until January 2014	63 (150)
Richard S. Cassaro 1959 Assistant Treasurer 2008	Senior Accounting Manager – Money Market and Municipal Bond Funds of Dreyfus	63 (150)
Gavin C. Reilly 1968 Assistant Treasurer 2005	Tax Manager of the Investment Accounting and Support Department of Dreyfus	63 (150)
Robert S. Robol 1964 Assistant Treasurer 2005	Senior Accounting Manager – Dreyfus Financial Reporting	63 (150)

 

 

Name Year of Birth Position Since1	Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years	Number of Investment Companies (Portfolios) for which serves as an Officer (all managed by the Manager)
Robert Salviolo 1967 Assistant Treasurer 2007	Senior Accounting Manager – Equity Funds of Dreyfus	63 (150)
Robert Svagna 1967 Assistant Treasurer 2002	Senior Accounting Manager – Fixed Income and Equity Funds of Dreyfus	63 (150)
Joseph W. Connolly 1957 CCO 2004	CCO of Dreyfus, the Dreyfus Family of Funds and BNY Mellon Funds Trust	63 (150)
Caridad M. Carosella 1968 Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer 2016	Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer of the Dreyfus Family of Funds and BNY Mellon Funds Trust since January 2016; from May 2015 to December 2015, Interim Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer of the Dreyfus Family of Funds and BNY Mellon Funds Trust and the Distributor; from January 2012 to May 2015, AML Surveillance Officer of the Distributor	57 (144)

  

1

With respect to DMFII, Messrs. Windels and Svagna each has held his respective position since 2003.

2

Vice President since 2005 and Secretary since 2018; previously, Vice President and Assistant Secretary.

The address of each officer is 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166.

 

CERTAIN PORTFOLIO MANAGER INFORMATION

(not applicable to money market funds)

 

The following table lists the funds' portfolio managers, if any, who are in addition to the primary portfolio managers listed in the prospectus. See the prospectus for a list of, and certain other information regarding, the primary portfolio manager(s) for your fund.

 

Fund	Additional Portfolio Managers
DGDBIF	N/A
DGRRF	N/A
DOMVF	N/A
DOSCF	N/A
DSVF	N/A
DSMF	N/A
DTGF	N/A
DTEMF	Jay Malikowski
DTRF	N/A
DGMAIF	N/A
DGIF	Barry Mills, Brian Ferguson and David Sealy

 

 

Fund	Additional Portfolio Managers
DISIF	Warren Carlson, Lara Dalisay, David France, Rebecca Gao, Danny Lai, Todd Rose, Marlene Walker Smith and Josephine Tong
DS&P	Warren Carlson, Lara Dalisay, David France, Rebecca Gao, Danny Lai, Todd Rose, Marlene Walker Smith and Josephine Tong
DSSIF	Warren Carlson, Lara Dalisay, David France, Rebecca Gao, Danny Lai, Todd Rose, Marlene Walker Smith and Josephine Tong
DEMF	N/A
DBOF	N/A
DMIF	Warren Carlson, Lara Dalisay, David France, Rebecca Gao, Danny Lai, Todd Rose, Marlene Walker Smith and Josephine Tong
DNJMBF	N/A
DDIF	N/A
DGRESF	N/A
DLCEF	N/A
DLCGF	N/A
DRGF	Connie DeBoever, Timothy McCormick, Rick Rosania, Erik Swords and Leigh N. Todd

 

The following table lists the number and types of accounts (including the funds) advised by each fund's primary portfolio manager(s) and assets under management in those accounts as of the end of the last fiscal year of the funds they manage. If a portfolio manager is a primary portfolio manager for multiple funds with different fiscal year ends, information is provided as of the most recent last fiscal year end of the relevant funds, except if otherwise indicated.

 

Primary Portfolio Manager	Registered Investment Companies	Total Assets Managed	Other Pooled Investment Vehicles	Total Assets Managed	Other Accounts	Total Assets Managed
John Bailer	14	$5.8B	3	$370M	33	$4.2B
Daniel Barton	3	$881M	None	N/A	None	N/A
Mark A. Bogar	14	$6.4B	4	$178M	9	$822M
C. Wesley Boggs	19	$3.9B	13	$492M	47	$4.3B
David Bowser	4	$894B	5	$1.1B	57	$7.9B
James Boyd	12	$4.1B	4	$842M	50	$4.4B
Paul Brain	1	$46M	5	$4.1B	2	$433M
E. Todd Briddell	6	$1.5B	9	$745M	61	$6.6B
Richard Brown	127	$108B	102	$90.2B	108	$101.0B
Jeffrey Burger	12	$5.0B	1	$189M	432	$1.3B
William Cazalet	19	$3.9B	13	$492M	47	$4.3B
Parmeshwar Chadha	1	$46M	1	$141M	None	N/A
Sinead Colton	6	$2.2B	52	$8.1B	29	$6.3B
Howard Cunningham	1	$46M	9	$4.5B	2	$196M
Vassilis Dagioglu	6	$2.2B	52	$8.1B	29	$6.3B
David A. Daglio	12	$4.1B	4	$841.8M	50	$4.4B
George DeFina	14	$6.4B	4	$178M	9	$822M
Brian Duncan1	12	$4.2B	4	$850.0M	49	$4.4B
Thomas Durante	127	$108B	102	$90.2B	108	$101B
Dale Dutile	12	$4.1B	4	$841.8M	50	$4.4B
Brian C. Ferguson	14	$5.8B	3	$370M	33	$4.2B
Sean P. Fitzgibbon	14	$6.3B	4	$182.3M	9	$798.9M
Paul Flood2	None	N/A	5	$635.1M	2	$201.3M
Dean Frankel	6	$1.5B	9	$745M	61	$6.6B

 

 

Primary Portfolio Manager	Registered Investment Companies	Total Assets Managed	Other Pooled Investment Vehicles	Total Assets Managed	Other Accounts	Total Assets Managed
Federico Garcia Zamora	3	$324M	8	$2.0B	9	$1.2B
Peter Goslin	19	$3.9B	13	$492M	47	$4.3B
Matthew Griffin	14	$6.3B	1	$182.3M	25	$2.0B
David Horsfall	6	$1.4B	4	$1.1B	1	$389M
Suzanne Hutchins	1	$1.6B	4	$19.8B	None	N/A
David S. Intoppa	14	$5.6B	3	$283.1M	33	$4.0B
Matthew T. Jenkin	14	$5.7B	2	$183.0B	26	$1.9B
Thomas Lee3	1	$62.9M	None	N/A	25	$36.4M
Andrew Leger	14	$6.4B	4	$178M	9	$822M
James A. Lydotes	14	$6.4B	4	$178M	9	$822M
Joseph Miletich	6	$2.2B	52	$8.1B	29	$6.3B
Barry K. Mills	15	$6.7B	1	$185.5M	28	$3.6B
Jeffrey Mortimer	4	$2.3B	None	N/A	None	N/A
Aron Pataki	1	1.6B	4	$6.1B	1	$425M
Donald Sauber4	None	N/A	None	N/A	1,462	$1.3B
David M. Sealy	15	$6.7B	1	$185.5M	28	$3.6
Bhavin Shah2	None	N/A	10	$947M	20	$2.6B
Josephine Shea	2	$36M	8	$464M	22	$1.2B
Warren Skillman	3	$849.5M	1	$99.4M	None	N/A
Elizabeth Slover	15	$6.7B	1	$185.5M	28	$3.6B
James Stavena	6	$2.2B	52	$8.1B	29	$6.3B
Keith Stransky	4	$2.9B	None	N/A	2	$79M
Erik Swords	14	$6.3B	1	$182.3M	25	$2.0B
Leigh N. Todd	14	$6.6B	1	$177.9M	22	$1.6B
Karen Wong	127	$108B	102	$90.2B	108	$101B
Torrey Zaches	6	$2.2B	52	$8.1B	29	$6.3B
Syed A. Zamil	19	$3.9B	13	$492M	47	$4.3B

 

1

Because Mr. Duncan became a primary portfolio manager of DOMVF and DOSCF as of November 13, 2017, his information is as of October 31, 2017.

2

Because Messrs. Flood and Shah became primary portfolio managers of DGMAIF as of November 30, 2017, their information is as of August 31, 2017.

3

Because Mr. Lee became a primary portfolio manager of DLCEF as of February 22, 2018, his information is as of January 31, 2018.

4

Because Mr. Sauber became a primary portfolio manager of DLCEF and DLCGF as of February 22, 2018, his information is as of January 31, 2018.

 

The following table provides information on accounts managed (included within the table above) by each primary portfolio manager that are subject to performance-based advisory fees.

 

Primary Portfolio Manager	Type of Account	Number of Accounts Subject to Performance Fees	Total Assets of Accounts
John Bailer	Other Accounts	3	$1.3B
Daniel Barton	None	N/A	N/A
Mark A. Bogar	Other Accounts	1	$3.1B
C. Wesley Boggs	Other Accounts	7	$671M
David Bowser	None	N/A	N/A
James Boyd	Other Accounts	6	$328M
Paul Brain	Other Accounts	1	$261M

 

 

Primary Portfolio Manager	Type of Account	Number of Accounts Subject to Performance Fees	Total Assets of Accounts
Richard Brown	None	N/A	N/A
E. Todd Briddell	Other Accounts	8	$915M
Richard Brown	None	N/A	N/A
Jeffrey Burger	None	N/A	N/A
William Cazalet	Other Accounts	7	$671M
Parmeshwar Chadha	None	N/A	N/A
Sinead Colton	Mutual Funds	1	$44M
	Pooled Vehicles	1	$70M
	Other	4	$1.5B
Vassilis Dagioglu	Mutual Funds	1	$44M
	Pooled Vehicles	1	$70M
	Other Accounts	4	$1.5B
David A. Daglio	Other Accounts	6	$328M
George DeFina	Other Accounts	1	$3.1B
Brian Duncan	Other Accounts	6	$333M
Thomas Durante	None	N/A	N/A
Dale Dutile	Other Accounts	6	$328M
Brian C. Ferguson	Other Accounts	3	$1.3B
Matthew Griffin	Other Accounts	1	$52M
Sean Fitzgibbon	Other Accounts	1	$3.1M
Paul Flood	Other Accounts	2	$201.3M
Dean Frankel	Other Accounts	8	$915M
Peter Goslin	Other Accounts	7	$671M
David Horsfall	None	N/A	N/A
David S. Intoppa	Other Accounts	3	$1.3B
Matthew T. Jenkin	None	N/A	N/A
Thomas Lee	None	N/A	N/A
Andrew Leger	Other Accounts	1	$3.1B
James A. Lydotes	Other Accounts	1	$3.1B
Joseph Miletich	Mutual Funds	1	$44M
	Pooled Vehicles	1	$70M
	Other Accounts	4	$1.5B
Barry K. Mills	Other Accounts	1	$58M
Donald Sauber	None	N/A	N/A
David M. Sealy	Other Accounts	1	$58M
Bhavin Shah	None	N/A	N/A
Elizabeth Slover	Other Accounts	1	$58M
James Stavena	Mutual Funds	1	$44M
	Pooled Vehicles	1	$70M
	Other Accounts	4	$1.5B
Warren Skillman	None	N/A	N/A
Keith Stransky	None	N/A	N/A
Erik Swords	Other Accounts	1	$52M
Leigh N. Todd	Other Accounts	1	$54M
Karen Wong	None	N/A	N/A
Torrey Zaches	Mutual Funds	1	$44M
	Pooled Vehicles	1	$70M
	Other	4	$1.5B
Syed A. Zamil	Other Accounts	7	$671M

 

 

The following table lists the dollar range of fund shares beneficially owned by the primary portfolio manager(s) as of the end of the fund's last fiscal year, except if otherwise indicated.

 

Primary Portfolio Manager	Fund	Dollar Range of Fund Shares Beneficially Owned
John Bailer	DSVF	None
	DGIF	None
	DBOF	None
Daniel Barton	DNJMBF	None
Mark A. Bogar	DBOF	None
C. Wesley Boggs	DSMF	None
David Bowser	DBOF	None
James Boyd	DOMVF	$100,001 - $500,000
	DOSCF	$100,001 - $500,000
Paul Brain	DGDBIF	None
E. Todd Bridell	DGRESF	$100,001 - $500,000
Richard Brown	DISIF	None
	DS&P	None
	DSSIF	None
	DMIF	None
Jeffrey Burger	DNJMBF	None
William Cazalet	DSMF	None
Parmeshwar Chadha	DGDBIF	None
Sinead Colton	DTRF	$10,001 - $50,000
Howard Cunningham	DGDBIF	None
Vassilis Dagioglu	DTRF	$10,001 - $50,000
David A. Daglio	DOMVF	$100,001 - $500,000
	DOSCF	$100,001 - $500,000
George DeFina	DBOF	None
Brian Duncan1	DOMVF	None
	DOSCF	None
Thomas Durante	DS&P	None
	DISIF	None
	DSSIF	$100,001 - $500,000
	DMIF	None
Dale Dutile	DOMVF	$100,001 - $500,000
	DOSCF	$100,001 - $500,000
Brian C. Ferguson	DSVF	Over $1,000,000
	DBOF	None
Sean Fitzgibbon	DBOF	None
	DGIF	None
	DTEMF	$100,001 - $500,000
Paul Flood2	DGMAIF	None
Dean Frankel	DGRESF	None
E. Todd Briddell	DGRESF	$100,001 - $500,000
Federico Garcia Zamora	DTEMF	None
Peter Goslin	DSMF	None
Matthew Griffin	DTGF	$50,001 - $100,000
David Horsfall	DBOF	None
Suzanne Hutchins	DGRRF	None
David S. Intoppa	DSVF	$100,001 - $500,000
	DGIF	None
Thomas Lee3	DLCEF	None

 

 

Primary Portfolio Manager	Fund	Dollar Range of Fund Shares Beneficially Owned
	DLCGF	None
Andrew Leger	DBOF	None
James A. Lydotes	DBOF	None
Joseph Miletich	DTRF	$500,001 - $1,000,000
Barry K. Mills	DTGF	None
	DRGF	$10,001 - $50,000
Jeffrey Mortimer	DDI	None
Aron Pataki	DGRRF	None
Leigh N. Todd	DGIF	None
Donald Sauber4	DLCEF	None
	DLCGF	None
David M. Sealy	DRGF	$10,001 - $50,000
Bhavin Shah2	DGMAIF	None
Josephine Shea	DTEMF	None
Warren Skillman	DEMF	None
Elizabeth Slover	DTGF	None
	DGIF	None
	DRGF	$100,001 - $500,000
James Stavena	DTRF	None
Keith Stransky	DBOF	None
	DDIF	None
Erik Swords	DTGF	$1 - $10,000
Leigh N. Todd	DGIF	None
Karen Wong	DISIF	None
	DS&P	None
	DSSIF	None
	DMIF	None
Torrey Zaches	DTRF	$10,001 - $50,000
Syed A. Zamil	DSMF	None

 

1

Mr. Duncan became a primary portfolio manager of DOMVF and DOSCF as of November 13, 2017, and on that date he did not own any shares of the funds.

2

Messrs. Flood and Shah became primary portfolio managers of DGMAIF as of November 30, 2017, and on that date they did not own shares of the fund.

3

Mr. Lee became a primary portfolio manager of DLCEF as of February 22, 2018, and, as of January 31, 2018, he did not own shares of the fund.

4

Mr. Sauber became a primary portfolio manager of DLCEF and DLCGF as of February 22, 2018, and, as of January 31, 2018, he did not own shares of DLCEF or DLCGF.

 

MANAGER'S AND SUB-ADVISERS' COMPENSATION; COMPLIANCE SERVICES

 

Manager's and Sub-Advisers' Compensation

 

For each fund's last three fiscal years, the management fees payable by the fund, the reduction, if any, in the amount of the fee paid due to fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements by the Manager and the net fees paid by the fund were as follows:

 

 

	2018 Fiscal Year			2017 Fiscal Year			2016 Fiscal Year
Fund	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid
DEMF	$1,835,644	$0	$1,835,644	$1,641,501	$407,228	$1,234,273	$3,894,449	$623,111	$3,271,338
DRGF	$13,220,398	$1,046,291	$12,174,107	$12,922,438	$300,135	$12,622,303	$13,398,949	$299,796	$13,099,153

 

	2017 Fiscal Year			2016 Fiscal Year			2015 Fiscal Year
Fund	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid
DNJMBF	$2,812,281	$455,297	$2,356,984	$3,003,493	$500,894	$2,502,599	$3,018,608	$493,969	$2,524,639
DLCEF	$3,863,646	$732	$3,862,914	$3,236,858	$967	$3,235,891	$3,217,569	$552	$3,217,017
DLCGF	$346,703	$108,798	$237,905	$289,454	$101,457	$187,997	$290,252	$88,925	$201,327
DBOF	$2,371,767	$170,005	$2,201,762	$2,095,818	$250,784	$1,845,034	$2,231,425	$201,024	$2,030,401
DOSCF	$7,313,989	$0	$7,313,989	$6,040,487	$0	$6,040,487	$7,007,258	$0	$7,007,258
DOMVF	$9,226,463	$0	$9,226,463	$11,932,283	$0	$11,932,283	$19,075,300	$0	$19,075,300
DSVF	$12,622,834	$1,812,240	$10,810,594	$11,281,713	$2,031,425	$9,250,288	$12,401,207	$1,974,457	$10,426,750
DSMF	$1,592,739	$96,015	$1,496,724	$1,654,478	$102,608	$1,551,870	$1,946,391	$59,417	$1,886,974
DTGF	$1,968,246	$0	$1,968,246	$1,894,866	$0	$1,894,866	$2,074,426	$0	$2,074,426
DGDBIF	$182,714	$146,566	36,148	$115,196	$115,196	$0	$72,327	$72,327	$0
DGMAIF	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
DGRRF	$10,716,496	$18,960	$10,697,536	$6,391,147	$9,641	$6,381,506	$3,670,027	$1,107	$3,668,920
DTEMF	$1,108,191	$27	$1,108,164	$856,310	$28,644	$827,666	$757,039	$9,668	$747,371
DTRF	$15,879,916	$1,106,110	$14,773,806	$15,608,170	$212,425	$15,395,745	$10,723,076	$0	$10,723,076
DGIF	$6,460,477	$0	6,460,477	$6,226,442	$0	$6,226,442	$6,998,949	$0	$6,998,949
DISIF	$1,918,653	$44,327	$1,874,326	$1,879,038	$40,676	$1,838,362	$2,033,873	$39,893	$1,993,980
DS&P	$6,584,888	$214,237	$6,370,651	$6,465,316	$198,065	$6,267,251	$7,124,228	$198,480	$6,925,748
DSSIF	$5,797,850	$186,828	$5,611,022	$4,602,163	$139,212	$4,462,951	$4,520,109	$121,366	$4,398,743
DMIF	$9,134,264	$296,720	$8,837,544	$7,796,143	$237,956	$7,558,187	$8,819,659	$245,859	$8,573,800
DDIF*	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
DGRESF	$7,267,084	$100,955	$7,166,129	$7,298,821	$43,436	$7,255,385	$7,233,097	$46,290	$7,186,807

 

^* The Manager receives no compensation for its management services to the fund. However, the Underlying Funds pay management fees to the Manager or its affiliates.

 

The contractual fee rates paid by the Manager to a fund's Sub-Adviser, if any, and the effective rate paid in the last fiscal year, are as follows (expressed as an annual rate as a percentage of the fund's average daily net assets):

 

Fund	Sub-Adviser	Fee Rate	Effective Fee Rate for the Last Fiscal Year
DGDBIF	Newton	0.19%*	0.00%
DGRRF	Newton	0.36%	0.36%
DTRF	BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation	0.65%	0.65%
DSMF	BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation	0 up to $100 million 0.25% $100 million up to $1 billion 0.20% $1 billion up to $1.5 billion 0.16% $1.5 billion or more 0.10%	0.18%
DGRESF	CenterSquare	0.46%	0.45%
DGMAIF	Newton	**	N/A

 

^* Prior to July 21, 2017, the contractual fee rate was 0.22% of the value of the fund's average daily net assets.

 

 

^**DGMAIF operates pursuant to an exemptive order that permits it to disclose, as a dollar amount and a percentage of its net assets, the aggregate fees paid to the Manager and Newton. The aggregate annual fee payable to the Manager and Newton is 0.55% of the value of the fund's average daily net assets.

 

For a fund's last three fiscal years (other than funds for which the Sub-Adviser's fee is disclosed on an aggregate basis above), the fees payable by the Manager to the fund's Sub-Adviser, if any, the reduction, if any, in the amount of the fee paid due to fee waivers by the Sub-Adviser and the net fees paid were as follows:

 

	2017 Fiscal Year			2016 Fiscal Year			2015 Fiscal Year
Fund/Sub-Adviser	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid	Fee payable	Reduction in fee	Net fee paid
DSMF/ BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation	$474,730	$87,063	$387,667	$491,194	$102,390	$388,804	$569,038	$59,855	$509,183
DGDBIF/ Newton	$87,703	$85,955	$1,748	$55,293	$55,293	$0	$34,717	$34,717	$0
DGRRF/ Newton	$5,143,918	$18,960	$5,124,958	$3,067,751	$9,641	$3,058,110	$1,761,613	$1,107	$1,760,506
DTRF/ BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation	$9,383,586	$0	$9,383,586	$9,223,010	$0	$9,223,010	$6,336,363	$0	$6,336,363
DGRESF/ CenterSquare	$3,518,798	$44,646	$3,474,152	$3,534,166	$41,322	$3,492,844	$3,492,262	$42,514	$3,449,748

 

Compliance Services

 

The funds' compliance program is developed, implemented and maintained by the funds' CCO and his staff. The funds bear a portion of the CCO's compensation (which is approved by the boards), as well as the compensation of the CCO's staff and the expenses of the CCO and his staff (including administrative expenses). The CCO's staff works exclusively on the compliance program and related matters for the funds and other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds and BNY Mellon Funds Trust, and compensation and expenses of the CCO and his staff generally are allocated among such funds based on an equal amount per fund with incremental amounts allocated to funds with more service providers (including Sub-Advisers). Such compensation and expenses for the funds' last fiscal years were as follows:

 

Fund	CCO and Staff Compensation and Expenses*
DBOF	$13,480
DDIF	$8,979
DEMF	$12,309
DGDBIF	$11,224
DGIF	$11,224
DGRESF	$11,224
DGRRF	$11,224
DISIF	$11,224
DLCEF	$11,202
DLCGF	$11,202
DMIF	$11,224
DNJMBF	$11,202
DOMVF	$11,281
DOSCF	$11,281
DRGF	$11,028

 

 

Fund	CCO and Staff Compensation and Expenses*
DS&P	$11,224
DSMF	$11,281
DSSIF	$11,224
DSVF	$11,281
DTEMF	$13,469
DTGF	$11,281
DTRF	$11,224

 

*

For unitary fee funds, such compensation and expenses are borne by the Manager.

 

SECURITIES LENDING ACTIVITIES

(non-money market funds only)

 

The dollar amounts of income and fees and compensation paid to all service providers (including fees paid to Dreyfus for cash collateral management and fees paid to BNY Mellon as securities lending agent), related to certain funds' securities lending activities during the most recent fiscal year* were as follows:

 

Fund	DOMVF	DOSCF	DSVF	DSMF	DTGF
Gross income from securities lending activities (including income from cash collateral reinvestment)	$71,273.59	$770,389.35	$48,010.51	$102,880.02	$232,855.41
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services
Fees paid to securities lending agent from a revenue split	$8,143.16	$92,124.90	$5,068.44	$9,477.35	$35,613.74
Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) that are not included in the revenue split	$7,852.00	$94,382.00	$8,040.00	$13,041.00	$11,283.00
Administrative fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Indemnification fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Rebate (paid to borrower)	$14,476.05	$96,589.63	$10,277.90	$33,888.59	$0
Other fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0	$0
Aggregate fees/compensation for securities lending activities	$15,995.16	$186,506.90	$13,108.44	$22,518.35	$46,896.74
Net income from securities lending activities	$40,802.38	$488,781.49	$24,624.17	$46,574.76	$186,366.09

 

 

Fund	DGIF	DS&P	DMIF	DSSIF	DBOF
Gross income from securities lending activities (including income from cash collateral reinvestment)	$136,448.00	$200,030.46	$1,702,901.99	$849,249.87	$47,651
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services
Fees paid to securities lending agent from a revenue split	$16,348.39	$21,223.26	$203,949.70	$140,834.00	$5,872
Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) that are not included in the revenue split	$12,435.00	$16,161.00	$152,796.00	$77,911.00	$3,327
Administrative fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Indemnification fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Rebate (paid to borrower)	$22,496.36	$55,943.84	$335,358.52	$0	$8,988
Other fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0
Aggregate fees/compensation for securities lending activities	$28,783.39	$37,384.26	$356,745.70	$218,745.00	$9,199
Net income from securities lending activities	$85,382.59	$106,824.87	$1,008,094.64	$630,504.87	$29,371

 

Fund	DLCEF	DLCGF	DRGF
Gross income from securities lending activities (including income from cash collateral reinvestment)	$40,880	$5,555	$551,237
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services
Fees paid to securities lending agent from a revenue split	$2,700	$282	$56,430
Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) that are not included in the revenue split	$3,123	$482	$43,900
Administrative fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0
Indemnification fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0
Rebate (paid to borrower)	$20,955	$3,247	$151,554
Other fees not included in revenue split	$0	$0	$0
Aggregate fees/compensation for securities lending activities	$5,823	$764	$100,330

 

 

Fund	DLCEF	DLCGF	DRGF
Net income from securities lending activities	$14,064	$1,544	$300,014

 

*The services provided by BNY Mellon as securities lending agent are as follows: selection of securities to be loaned; locating borrowers previously approved by the funds' board; negotiation of loan terms; monitoring daily the value of the loaned securities and collateral; requiring additional collateral as necessary; investing cash collateral in accordance with the funds' instructions; marking to market non-cash collateral; maintaining custody of non-cash collateral; recordkeeping and account servicing; monitoring dividend activity and material proxy votes relating to loaned securities; transferring loaned securities; recalling loaned securities in accordance with the funds' instructions; and arranging for return of loaned securities to the fund at loan termination.

 

DEMF, DDIF, DGDBIF, DGRESF, DGRRF, DTEMF, DTRF and DNJMBF did not engage in any securities lending activity during the most recent fiscal year.

 

SALES LOADS, CDSCS AND DISTRIBUTOR'S COMPENSATION

 

The following table lists, for each of the last three fiscal years, the total commissions on sales of all classes of shares (sales loads) (as applicable) and the total CDSCs on redemptions of all classes of shares (as applicable), along with corresponding amounts of each retained by the Distributor.

 

Fund		2018 Fiscal Year	2017 Fiscal Year	2016 Fiscal Year
DEMF	Total commissions	$20,177	$26,616	$17,069
	Commission amount retained	$4,472	$3,069	$7,028
	Total CDSCs	$347	$950	$7,086
	CDSC amount retained	$347	$950	$7,086
DRGF	Total commissions	$67,195	$100,759	$166,452
	Commission amount retained	$9,366	$14,065	$26,596
	Total CDSCs	$6,632	$5,405	$4,539
	CDSC amount retained	$6,632	$5,405	$4,539

 

Fund		2017 Fiscal Year	2016 Fiscal Year	2015 Fiscal Year
DNJMBF	Total commissions	$29,098	$50,728	$34,653
	Commission amount retained	$2,274	$3,606	$2,476
	Total CDSCs	$3,489	$14,401	$0
	CDSC amount retained	$3,489	$14,401	$0
DLCEF	Total commissions	$16,448	$2,464	$15,723
	Commission amount retained	$3,688	$228	$2,662
	Total CDSCs	$0	$0	$0
	CDSC amount retained	$0	$0	$0
DLCGF	Total commissions	$41,541	$3,461	$39,836
	Commission amount retained	$5,440	$2,379	$4,220
	Total CDSCs	$908	$0	$20
	CDSC amount retained	$908	$0	$20

 

 

Fund		2017 Fiscal Year	2016 Fiscal Year	2015 Fiscal Year
DBOF	Total commissions	$68,346	$49,338	$86,174
	Commission amount retained	$9,412	$8,425	$11,812
	Total CDSCs	$393	$516	$363
	CDSC amount retained	$393	$516	$363
DOMVF	Total commissions	$127,213	$82,664	$366,518
	Commission amount retained	$19,203	$12,621	$52,862
	Total CDSCs	$1,818	$16,608	$41,578
	CDSC amount retained	$1,818	$16,608	$41,578
DSVF	Total commissions	$142,094	$121,882	$154,037
	Commission amount retained	$20,179	$16,477	$25,143
	Total CDSCs	$426	$2,823	$2,249
	CDSC amount retained	$426	$2,823	$2,249
DSMF	Total commissions	$59,755	$35,223	$60,286
	Commission amount retained	$7,823	$6,386	$7,365
	Total CDSCs	$2,806	$828	$4,954
	CDSC amount retained	$2,806	$828	$4,954
DTGF	Total commissions	$42,483	$64,548	$41,684
	Commission amount retained	$5,342	$9,771	$6,936
	Total CDSCs	$97	$15	$310
	CDSC amount retained	$97	$15	$310
DGDBIF	Total commissions	$10,407	$8,662	$8,662
	Commission amount retained	$87	$0	$167
	Total CDSCs	$772	$0	$0
	CDSC amount retained	$772	$0	$0
DGRRF	Total commissions	$48,837	$429,929	$52,410
	Commission amount retained	$3,248	$76,186	$8,884
	Total CDSCs	$10,512	$1,854	$285
	CDSC amount retained	$10,512	$1,854	$285
DTEMF	Total commissions	$3,406	$2,159	$124
	Commission amount retained	$356	$4	$5
	Total CDSCs	$100	$0	$0
	CDSC amount retained	$100	$0	$0
DTRF	Total commissions	$71,410	$482,856	$1,331,550
	Commission amount retained	$10,211	$70,400	$200,038
	Total CDSCs	$30,795	$80,105	$39,022
	CDSC amount retained	$30,795	$80,105	$39,022
DDIF	Total commissions	$1,275	$15	$1,357
	Commission amount retained	$275	$54	$219
	Total CDSCs	$0	$270	$0
	CDSC amount retained	$0	$270	$0
DGRESF	Total commissions	$4,457	$6,044	$4,682

 

 

Fund		2017 Fiscal Year	2016 Fiscal Year	2015 Fiscal Year
	Commission amount retained	$606	$1,060	$1,857
	Total CDSCs	$45	$9	$136
	CDSC amount retained	$45	$9	$136

 

The amounts paid by each fund to the Distributor under the fund's Plan or Plans, as applicable, for services described in Part II of this SAI under "Distribution Plans, Service Plans and Shareholder Services Plans" for the fund's last fiscal year were as follows:

 

Fund	Plan	Class	Distributor Payments	Printing and Implementation and Operation of Plan	Amount Reimbursed to Fund Pursuant to Undertaking in Effect	Total Amount
DOMVF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$536,320	N/A	N/A	$536,320
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$1,700,463	N/A	N/A	$1,700,463
		Class C	$178,773	N/A	N/A	$178,773
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DOSCF	Shareholder Services Plan	Investor	$2,054,393	N/A	N/A	$2,054,393
DSVF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$350,240	N/A	N/A	$350,240
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$2,133,057	N/A	N/A	$2,133,057
		Class C	$116,747	N/A	N/A	$116,747
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DSMF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$225,569	N/A	N/A	$225,569
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$257,520	N/A	N/A	$257,520
		Class C	$75,190	N/A	N/A	$75,190
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DTGF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$179,890	N/A	N/A	$179,890
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$549,877	N/A	N/A	$549,877
		Class C	$59,963	N/A	N/A	$59,963
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0

 

 

Fund	Plan	Class	Distributor Payments	Printing and Implementation and Operation of Plan	Amount Reimbursed to Fund Pursuant to Undertaking in Effect	Total Amount
DGDBIF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$5,064	N/A	N/A	$5,064
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$2,447	N/A	N/A	$2,447
		Class C	$1,688	N/A	N/A	$1,688
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DGRRF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$263,654	N/A	N/A	$263,654
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$186,214	N/A	N/A	$186,214
		Class C	$87,885	N/A	N/A	$87,885
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DTEMF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$5,301	N/A	N/A	$5,301
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$3,389	N/A	N/A	$3,389
		Class C	$1,767	N/A	N/A	$1,767
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DTRF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$751,192	N/A	N/A	$751,192
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$263,836	N/A	N/A	$263,836
		Class C	$250,397	N/A	N/A	$250,397
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DGIF	Shareholder Services Plan	N/A	$521,194	N/A	N/A	$521,194
DISIF	Shareholder Services Plan	Investor	$1,101,010	N/A	N/A	$1,101,010
DS&P	Shareholder Services Plan	N/A	$6,584,888	N/A	N/A	$6,584,888
DSSIF	Shareholder Services Plan	Investor	$5,450,759	N/A	N/A	$5,450,759

 

 

Fund	Plan	Class	Distributor Payments	Printing and Implementation and Operation of Plan	Amount Reimbursed to Fund Pursuant to Undertaking in Effect	Total Amount
DEMF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$45,737	N/A	N/A	$45,737
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$145,518	N/A	N/A	$145,518
		Class C	$15,246	N/A	N/A	$15,246
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DBOF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$198,750	N/A	N/A	$198,750
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$506,855	N/A	N/A	$506,855
		Class C	$66,250	N/A	N/A	$66,250
		Class Z	$24,877	N/A	N/A	$24,877
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DMIF	Shareholder Services Plan	Investor	$6,957,144	N/A	N/A	$6,957,144
DNJMBF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$64,830	N/A	N/A	$64,830
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$853,457	N/A	N/A	$853,457
		Class C	$21,610	N/A	N/A	$21,610
		Class Z	$52,145	N/A	N/A	$52,145
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DDIF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$1,178	N/A	N/A	$1,178
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$18,468	N/A	N/A	$18,468
		Class C	$393	N/A	N/A	$393
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DGRESF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$7,375	N/A	N/A	$7,375
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$24,820	N/A	N/A	$24,820
		Class C	$2,458	N/A	N/A	$2,458
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0

 

 

Fund	Plan	Class	Distributor Payments	Printing and Implementation and Operation of Plan	Amount Reimbursed to Fund Pursuant to Undertaking in Effect	Total Amount
DLCEF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$2,638	N/A	N/A	$2,638
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$9,050	N/A	N/A	$9,050
		Class C	$879	N/A	N/A	$879
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DLCGF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$14,099	N/A	N/A	$14,099
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$21,233	N/A	N/A	$21,233
		Class C	$4,700	N/A	N/A	$4,700
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0
DRGF	Distribution Plan	Class C	$726,029	N/A	N/A	$726,029
	Shareholder Services Plan	Class A	$1,245,795	N/A	N/A	$1,245,795
		Class C	$242,010	N/A	N/A	$242,010
		Class Z	$196,779	N/A	N/A	$196,779
	Service Plan	Class T1	$0	N/A	N/A	$0

 

¹ Class T shares were not offered during the fund's last fiscal year.

 

OFFERING PRICE
(Class A and Class T shares only)

 

Set forth below is an example of the method of computing the offering price of each fund's Class A and Class T shares. The example assumes a purchase of Class A or Class T shares aggregating less than $50,000 or $250,000, respectively, subject to the schedule of sales charges set forth in the fund's prospectus at a price based upon the NAV of a Class A share or Class T share, as applicable, at the close of business on the last business day of the fund's last fiscal year, except as otherwise indicated (initial NAV per share for DGMAIF). Certain purchases are not subject to a sales charge or are subject to a different sales charge than the one shown below. See the prospectus and "How to Buy Shares" in Part II of this SAI.

 

 

Fund	Class	NAV Per Share	Sales Charge as a Percentage of Offering Price and NAV Per Share	Per Share Sales Charge	Per Share Offering Price to Public
DOMVF	Class A	$34.37	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$2.10	$36.47
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DSVF	Class A	$40.12	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$2.45	$42.57
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DSMF	Class A	$31.03	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$1.89	$32.92
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DTGF	Class A	$49.66	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$3.03	$52.69
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DGDBIF	Class A	$12.23	4.50% of offering price (4.71% of NAV per share)	$0.58	$12.81
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DGMAIF	Class A	$12.50	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.76	$13.26
DGRRF	Class A	$14.39	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.88	$15.27
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DTEMF	Class A	$14.53	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.89	$15.42
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DTRF	Class A	$16.63	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$1.01	$17.64
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DEMF	Class A	$10.59	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.65	$11.24
	Class T	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DBOF	Class A	$23.61	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$1.44	$25.05
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DNJMBF	Class A	$12.95	4.50% of offering price (4.71% of NAV per share)	$0.61	$13.56
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DDIF	Class A	$13.25	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.81	$14.06
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A

 

 

Fund	Class	NAV Per Share	Sales Charge as a Percentage of Offering Price and NAV Per Share	Per Share Sales Charge	Per Share Offering Price to Public
DGRESF	Class A	$9.15	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.56	$9.71
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DLCEF	Class A	$20.43	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$1.25	$21.68
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DLCGF	Class A	$11.87	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.72	$12.59
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A
DRGF	Class A	$15.87	5.75% of offering price (6.10% of NAV per share)	$0.97	$16.84
	Class T1	N/A	2.50% of offering price (2.60% of NAV per share)	N/A	N/A

 

¹ Class T shares are not currently being offered.

RATINGS OF MUNICIPAL BONDS

 

The average distribution of investments (at value) in Municipal Bonds (including notes) by ratings for the last fiscal year, computed on a monthly basis, for each fund that focuses its investments in Municipal Bonds was as follows:

 

Fitch	Moody's	S&P	DNJMBF
AAA	Aaa	AAA	1.6%
AA	Aa	AA	40.4%
A	A	A	41.2%
BBB	Baa	BBB	10.0%
BB	Ba	BB	2.3%
B	B	B	3.8%
F1	MIG1/P1	SP1/A1	-
Not Rated	Not Rated	Not Rated	.7%*
Total			100.0%

*Those securities which are not rated have been determined by the Manager to be of comparable quality to securities in the following rating categories: AAA/Aaa (0.6%) and A/A (0.1%).

 

RATINGS OF CORPORATE DEBT SECURITIES

 

The average distribution of investments (at value) in corporate debt securities (excluding any preferred stock, convertible preferred stock or convertible bonds) by ratings for the last fiscal year, computed on a monthly basis, for each fund that focuses its investments in corporate debt securities was as follows:

 

Fitch	Moody's	S&P	DGDBIF
AAA	Aaa	AAA	33.5%
AA	Aa	AA	15.3%
A	A	A	17.0%
BBB	Baa	BBB	13.0%
BB	Ba	BB	11.7%

 

 

Fitch	Moody's	S&P	DGDBIF
B	B	B	4.1%
Not Rated	Not Rated	Not Rated	1.4%*
Total			96.0%**

*Those securities which are not rated have been determined by the Manager to be of comparable quality to securities in the following categories: AAA/Aaa (0.1%), AA/Aa (0.1%), BBB/Baa (1.10%) and CCC/Caa (0.1%).

**DGDBIF also owns equity securities (0.4%).

 

SECURITIES OF REGULAR BROKERS OR DEALERS

 

A fund may acquire securities issued by one or more of its "regular brokers or dealers," as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the 1940 Act. Rule 10b-1 provides that a "regular broker or dealer" is one of the ten brokers or dealers that, during the fund's last fiscal year: (1) received the greatest dollar amount of brokerage commissions from participating, either directly or indirectly, in the fund's portfolio transactions, (2) engaged as principal in the largest dollar amount of the fund's portfolio transactions or (3) sold the largest dollar amount of the fund's securities. The following is a list of the issuers of the securities, and the aggregate value per issuer, of a fund's regular brokers or dealers held by such fund as of the end of its last fiscal year:

 

Fund	Regular Broker or Dealer	Aggregate Value Per Issuer**
DOMVF	N/A*
DOSCF	N/A
DSVF	Goldman, Sachs & Co.	$23,954,000
	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$84,349,000
	Citigroup Inc.	$63,314,000
DSMF	N/A
DTGF	N/A
DGDBIF	UBS Securities LLC	$348,000
	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$306,000
	HSBC Securities (USA) Inc.	$313,000
	Citigroup Inc.	$348,000
	RBS Securities Inc.	$405,000
DGRRF	Macquarie Capital (USA) Inc.	$10,150,000
DTEMF	N/A
DTRF	N/A
DGIF	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$23,890,000
	Citigroup Inc.	$18,039,000
	Goldman, Sachs & Co.	$7,296,000
	Bank of America, NA	$16,614,000
DISIF	UBS Securities LLC	$2,534,000
	Credit Suisse Securities (USA) Inc.	$1,562,000
	Cowen & Company LLC	$1,740,000

 

 

Fund	Regular Broker or Dealer	Aggregate Value Per Issuer**
	HSBC Securities (USA) Inc.	$7,990,000
DS&P	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$33,269,000
	Citigroup Inc.	$18,971,000
	Goldman, Sachs & Co.	$8,985,000
	Morgan Stanley	$6,598,000
	Bank of America, NA	$22,377,000
	BB&T Corp	$4,833,000
DSSIF	N/A
DEMF	N/A
DBOF	Bank of America, NA	$1,189,000 (D)
	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$765,000 (D)
	Citigroup Inc.	$981,000 (D)
	Goldman, Sachs & Co.	$1,013,000 (D)
	Morgan Stanley	$506,000 (D)
	Citigroup Inc.	$5,711,000 (E)
	Bank of America, NA	$6,727,000 (E)
	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$9,713,000 (E)
	Goldman, Sachs & Co.	$3,052,000 (E)
DMIF	N/A
DNJMBF	N/A
DDIF	N/A
DGRESF	N/A
DLCEF	Bank of America, NA	$13,031,000
	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC	$10,111,000
DLCGF	N/A
DRGF	N/A

 

^* N/A = Not Applicable.

^** (D) and (E) represents whether such security is debt or equity.

 

COMMISSIONS

 

The approximate aggregate amounts of commissions paid by each fund for brokerage commissions for its last three fiscal years, none of which were paid to Affiliated Brokers,^* were as follows:

 

Fund	2018 Fiscal Year	2017 Fiscal Year	2016 Fiscal Year
	Commissions	Commissions	Commissions
DEMF	$399,123	$383,951	$1,056,519
DRGF	$691,571	$957,490	$693,206

 

 

Fund	2017 Fiscal Year	2016 Fiscal Year	2015 Fiscal Year
	Commissions	Commissions	Commissions
DNJMBF	N/A	N/A	N/A
DLCEF	$283,051	$336,331	$296,148
DLCGF	$24,607	$25,116	$29,753
DBOF	$104,880	$124,511	$147,070
DOMVF	$1,812,990	$2,229,031	$2,316,525
DOSCF	$1,546,411	$1,790,832	$1,420,900
DSVF	$1,319,048	$1,207,930	$1,484,015
DSMF	$112,865	$142,208	$151,237
DTGF	$104,512	$75,541	$166,445
DGDBIF	$5,772	$1,387	$1,252
DGRRF	$719,364	$318,713	$197,233
DTEMF	$128,341	$151,501	$193,954
DTRF	$2,404,539	$1,359,594	$713,223
DGIF	$446,205	$421,871	$522,108
DISIF	$35,252	$23,292	$40,421
DS&P	$18,589	$23,753	$40,941
DSSIF	$54,907	$101,252	$45,066
DMIF	$49,387	$69,329	$48,983
DDIF	N/A	N/A	N/A
DGRESF	$1,142,834	$1,039,578	$974,481

 

^*Although no commissions were paid to Affiliated Brokers directly, unaffiliated brokers cleared transactions through clearing brokers affiliated with BNY Mellon. The funds paid no fees directly to affiliated clearing brokers.

 

The following table provides an explanation of any material difference in the commissions paid by a fund in either of the two fiscal years preceding the last fiscal year.

 

Fund	Reason for Any Material Difference in Commissions
DGDBIF	N/A
DGRRF	There was an increase in portfolio turnover in the 2017 fiscal year.
DOMVF	N/A
DOSCF	N/A
DSVF	N/A
DSMF	N/A
DTGF	The fund's assets increased from the 2016 fiscal year to the 2017 fiscal year.
DTEMF	N/A
DTRF	Fluctuations in commission levels were due to changes in portfolio turnover.
DGIF	N/A
DISIF	N/A
DS&P	N/A
DSSIF	The fund's assets decreased significantly from the 2015 fiscal year to the 2016 fiscal year, causing the fund to incur commissions on sales of securities to meet redemptions.
DEMF	Differences in commissions resulted from differences in portfolio activity and cash flows.
DBOF	N/A
DMIF	N/A
DNJMBF	N/A
DDIF	N/A
DGRESF	N/A

 

 

Fund	Reason for Any Material Difference in Commissions
DLCEF	N/A
DLCGF	N/A
DRGF	There was an increase in trading volume from the 2017 fiscal year to the 2018 fiscal year.

 

The aggregate amount of transactions during each fund's last fiscal year in securities effected on an agency basis through a broker-dealer for, among other things, research services and the commissions related to such transactions were as follows:

 

Fund	Transactions	Related Commissions
DOMVF	$1,080,437,631	$1,081,266
DOSCF	$554,778,257	$880,694
DSVF	$1,383,196,844	$874,475
DSMF	$271,130,473	$102,742
DTGF	$98,748,074	$60,074
DGDBIF	$0	N/A
DGRRF	$310,729,689	$363,239
DTEMF	$47,488,967	$96,348
DTRF	$0	N/A
DGIF	$511,323,064	$299,233
DISIF	$0	N/A
DS&P	$0	N/A
DSSIF	$0	N/A
DEMF	$138,579,472	$302,616
DBOF	$94,759748	$61,872
DMIF	$0	N/A
DNJMBF	$0	N/A
DDIF	$0	N/A
DGRESF	$961,277,730	$1,031,250
DLCEF	$347,717,503	$259,613
DLCGF	$29,500,339	$18,579
DRGF	$1,146,451,297	$546,085

 

PORTFOLIO TURNOVER VARIATION
(not applicable to money market funds)

 

Each fund's portfolio turnover rate for up to five fiscal years is shown in the prospectus. The following table provides an explanation of any significant variation in a fund's portfolio turnover rates over the last two fiscal years (or any anticipated variation in the portfolio turnover rate from that reported for the last fiscal year).

 

Fund	Reason for Any Significant Portfolio Turnover Rate Variation, or Anticipated Variation
DGDBIF	N/A
DGRRF	N/A
DOMVF	The fund's assets declined from the 2015 fiscal year to the 2016 fiscal year.
DOSCF	N/A
DSVF	N/A
DSMF	N/A
DTGF	The fund's assets increased from the 2016 fiscal year to the 2017 fiscal year.
DTEMF	The fund's assets declined from the 2014 fiscal year to the 2015 fiscal year.
DTRF	There were changes to the fund's investment strategy implemented in 2016.

 

 

Fund	Reason for Any Significant Portfolio Turnover Rate Variation, or Anticipated Variation
DGIF	N/A
DISIF	N/A
DS&P	N/A
DSSIF	N/A
DEMF	N/A
DBOF	N/A
DMIF	N/A
DNJMBF	N/A
DDIF	N/A
DGRESF	N/A
DLCEF	N/A
DLCGF	N/A
DRGF	N/A

 

SHARE OWNERSHIP

 

The following persons are known by each fund to own of record 5% or more of the indicated class of the fund's outstanding voting securities. A shareholder who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, more than 25% of a fund's voting securities may be deemed to "control" (as defined in the 1940 Act) the fund. All information for a fund is as of the date indicated for the first listed class. Except as may be otherwise indicated, board members and officers, as a group, owned less than 1% of each class of each fund's voting securities outstanding as of the date indicated below.

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
[_______], 2019	DGDBIF	Class A	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit Our Customers Attn.: Mutual Funds Department - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	[____]%
			Galdino Valvassori Glencoe, IL	[____]%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	[____]%
			Stifel Nicolaus & Co. 501 North Broadway St. Louis, MO 63102-2188	[____]%
			BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 310 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	[____]%
		Class C	UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 55402-2405	[____]%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	[____]%
			BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 310 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	[____]%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	[____]%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
		Class I	American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	[____]%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	[____]%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	[____]%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	[____]%
		Class Y	Dreyfus Yield Enhancement Strategy The Dreyfus Corporation 2 Hanson Place - 11th Floor Brooklyn, NY 11217-1431	[____]%
			SEI Private Trust Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	[____]%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
February 9, 2018	DGRRF	Class A	Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	22.75%
			National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers Attn.: Mutual Funds Department - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	18.46%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	14.84%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	12.03%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	6.55%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	6.03%
		Class C	American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	47.89%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	14.60%
			Morgan Stanley & Company Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	12.03%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	8.74%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	5.58%
		Class I	American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	25.72%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	17.95%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	8.15%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	7.86%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center Plaza - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	7.28%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	6.99%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			National Financial Services LLC 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	6.63%
			Raymond James Omnibus for Mutual Funds 880 Carillon Parkway Saint Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	6.50%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	59.84%
			BNY Mellon P.O. Box 3198 Pittsburgh, PA 15320-3198	20.20%
			Dreyfus Alternative Diversifier Strategies Fund The Dreyfus Corporation 2 Hanson Pl. - 11th Floor Brooklyn, NY 11217-1431	5.48%
			Capinco c/o US Bank NA 1555 N. Rivercenter Drive Suite 302 Milwaukee, WI 53212	5.30%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
December 1, 2017	DOMVF	Class A	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	11.8016%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	7.9990%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated for the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	7.9820%
			GWFS Equities, Inc. Denver, CO 80256-0001	5.9118%
		Class C	Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	20.9673%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	16.4807%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	13.3616%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated for the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	12.8044%
			UBS WM USA Special Custody Account for the Exclusive Benefit of Customers 1000 Harbor Blvd. Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	8.2139%
			Stifel Nicolaus & Co., Inc. For the Exclusive Benefit of Customers 501 N Broadway St. Louis, MO 63102-2188	5.2443%
		Class I	The Vanguard Fiduciary Trust Co. Attn: Outside Funds P.O. Box 2600 Valley Forge, PA 19482-2600	23.3383%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	11.1435%
			National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	10.3564%
			UBS WM USA Special Custody Account for Exclusive Benefit of Customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Blvd. Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	9.3242%
			Reliance Trust Company P.O. Box 28004 Atlanta, GA 30358-0004	8.1915%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	7.5214%
		Class Y	Wells Fargo Bank FBO Various Retirement Plans 1525 West WT Harris Blvd. Charlotte, NC 28288-1076	61.1236%
			SEI Private Trust Co. Attn: Mutual Funds Administrator 1 Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	26.8519%
			Great-West Trust Company LLC TTEE Employee Benefit Clients 401K 8515 E Orchard Road 2T2 Greenwood Village, CO 80111	5.2609%
			State Street Bank & Trust Company As Custodian for MML FBO Its Clients 1200 Crown Colony Drive Quincy, MA 02169-0938	5.2181%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
December 1, 2017	DOSCF	Investor	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	12.7120%
			The Vanguard Fiduciary Trust Company P.O. Box 2600 Valley Forge, PA 19482-2600	12.0970%
			Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Reinvest Account Attn: Mutual Funds 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	9.0569%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	8.7902%
		Class I	UBS WM USA Special Custody Account for the Exclusive Benefit of Customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Blvd. Weehawken, New Jersey 07086-6761	50.0262%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	24.5612%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	11.1118%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	10.4959%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	97.5491%
December 1, 2017	DSVF	Class A	National Financial Services LLC For the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	7.9935%
		Class C	Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	19.2373%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	16.4483%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street St. Louis, MO 63103-2523	15.0970%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	8.0950%
			UBS WM USA Special Custody Account for the Excusive Benefit of Customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	6.7907%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	6.4545%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	5.7240%
		Class I	J.P. Morgan Securities LLC For the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers 4 Chase Metrotech Center Brooklyn, NY 11245	46.0046%
			Raymond James Omnibus For Mutual Funds House Acct. Firm 880 Carillon Parkway St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	7.5472%
			Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Reinvest Account Attn: Mutual Funds 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	5.8057%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	5.2727%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	5.1240%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Company Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	70.3622%
			Mac & Co. c/o The Bank of New York Mellon 500 Grant Street Pittsburgh, PA 15258	23.9116%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
December 1, 2017	DSMF	Class A	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	13.2491%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	9.6545%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	6.4370%
			Patterson & Co. FBO Various Accounts 1525 West Wt. Harris Blvd. Charlotte, NC 28288-1076	5.7177%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	5.2883%
		Class C	National Financial Services LLC For the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	18.1587%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	18.0003%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	10.7121%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	10.3086%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	7.7765%
			Raymond James Omnibus Account for Mutual Funds 880 Carillon Parkway Saint Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	6.8044%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	5.0375%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
		Class I	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	16.6303%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	14.4799%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	14.2402%
			Nationwide Corporation P.O. Box 78000 Detroit, MI 48278-1368	5.6500%
		Class Y	NFS LLC FEBO State Street Bank Trust Co. TTEE Various Retirement Accounts 440 Mamaroneck Avenue Harrison, NY 10528-2418	69.5399%
			PNC Bank NA Pittsburgh, PA 15265-0001	22.7895%
			Reliance Trust Co. TTEE ADP Access Large Market 401K Plan 1100 Abernathy Rd. Atlanta, GA 30328	5.3366%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
December 1, 2017	DTGF	Class A	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Blvd. Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	10.6268%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	7.9466%
			Pershing LLC Pershing Division Transfer Dept. P.O. Box 2052 - 7th Floor Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	7.8750%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	5.6889%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	5.4109%
		Class C	Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	27.1599%
			National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	15.3551%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	12.9323%
			UBS WM USA Special Custody Account for the Exclusive Benefit of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Blvd. Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	7.4898%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	5.6267%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	5.1674%
		Class I	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	12.8903%
			National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, New Jersey 07310-0000	10.8614%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	10.3920%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	8.2073%
			Wells Fargo Bank FBO Various Retirement Plans 1525 West WT Harris Blvd. Charlotte, NC 28288-1151	7.8603%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	7.1016%
		Class Y	BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	100.00%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
February 9, 2018	DTEMF	Class A	BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	23.48%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	19.43%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	17.00%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	9.26%
		Class C	BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	69.67%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	23.14%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	5.90%
		Class I	SEI Private Trust Company Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	90.73%
			BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	6.24%
		Class Y	BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Standish 144 Glenn Curtis Blvd. Uniondale, NY 11556-0144	75.67%
			SEI Private Trust Company Mutual Funds Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	24.27%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
February 9, 2018	DTRF	Class A	National Financial Services LLC for the Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	16.63%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	13.76
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	9.87%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	8.60%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated 4800 Deer Lake Drive East, - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	8.48%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	8.07%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	7.99%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	7.97%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	7.22%
		Class C	American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	21.22%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center Plaza - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	18.59%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated 4800 Deer Lake Drive East – 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	17.50%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	13.58%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	13.41%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	7.12%
		Class I	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	35.35%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	13.07%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	10.56%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor  Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	8.61%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	7.96%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	5.38%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Company Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	89.51%
			Dreyfus Alternative Diversifier Strategies Fund The Dreyfus Corporation 2 Hanson Place - 11th Floor Brooklyn, NY 11217-1431	7.99%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
February 9, 2018	DGIF	N/A	National Financial Services LLC 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	16.87%
February 9, 2018	DS&P	N/A	Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	13.58%
			Fidelity Investments Institutional Operations Company, Inc. (FIIOC) As FBO ITS Clients 100 Magellan Way KWIC Covington, KY 41015-1999	12.64%
			VALIC Retirement Services Co. 2929 Allen Parkway, Suite A6-20 Houston, TX 77019-7117	11.84%
			National Financial Services LLC 82 Devonshire Street Boston, MA 02109-3605	10.01%
			Nationwide Life Insurance Company P.O. Box 182029 Columbus, OH 43218-2029	5.48%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
February 9, 2018	DISIF	Investor	VALIC Retirement Services Co. 2929 Allen Parkway, Suite A6-20 Houston, TX 77019-7117	25.87%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	22.40%
			National Financial Services LLC 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	10.58%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	8.32%
			TD AmeriTrade Inc. For the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Omaha, NE 68103-2226	5.70%
		Class I	SEI Private Trust One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	87.29%
			Great-West Trust Company LLC Retirement Plans 8515 E. Orchard Road Greenwood Village, CO 80111	6.20%
February 9,  2018	DSSIF	Investor	Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	24.63%
			National Financial Services LLC 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	23.73%
			VALIC Retirement Services Co. 2929 Allen Parkway, Suite A6-20 Houston, TX 77019-7117	12.82%
			Wells Fargo Bank NA P.O. Box 560067 Charlotte, NC 28256-0067	5.60%
		Class I	SEI Private Trust One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	72.45%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	7.23%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
February 9, 2018	DMIF	Investor	Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	22.69%
			National Financial Services LLC 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	15.82%
			VALIC Retirement Services Co. 2929 Allen Parkway, Suite A6-20 Houston, TX 77019-7117	13.79%
		Class I	SEI Private Trust One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	96.84%
September 4, 2018	DEMF	Class A	Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. Attn: Mutual Funds 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	17.92%
			National Financial Services LLC For the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	10.79%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	6.50%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated for the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	6.32%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	6.04%
			Raymond James Omnibus for Mutual Funds 880 Carillon Parkway Saint Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	5.50%
		Class C	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	36.03%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	19.99%
			UBS WM USA Spec CDY A/C Exl Ben Customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	10.26%
			American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	6.35%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated for the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	5.81%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	5.18%
		Class I	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	43.24%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	16.27%
			UBS WM USA Spec CDY A/C Exl Ben Customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	10.52%
			National Financial Services LLC For the Exclusive Benefit of its Customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	6.14%
		Class Y	Dreyfus Premier Diversified International Fund The Dreyfus Corporation 2 Hanson Place - 11th Floor Brooklyn, NY 11217-1431	95.25%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
March 9, 2018	DBOF	Class A	Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	17.24%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			National Financial Services 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	6.99%
			J.P. Morgan Securities LLC 4 Chase Metrotech Center Brooklyn, NY 11245	5.21%
		Class C	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	21.80%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	18.85%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	15.37%
			UBS Financial Services Inc. C/O Central Ck Deposit Insurance 1000 Harbor Blvd - 7th Floor Weehawken, NJ 07086	10.28%
			Raymond James Omnibus for Mutual Funds House Account Firm Attn: Courtney Waller 880 Carillon Pkwy Saint Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	9.22%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center Plaza - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	6.60%
		Class I	American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus A/C 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	22.72%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	19.64%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	11.00%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	6.84%
			Southwest Gas Corporation Foundation 5241 Spring Mountain Road Las Vegas, NV 89150-0002	6.53%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center Plaza - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	6.25%
		Class J	Charles Schwab & Co., Incorporated 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	14.34%
			National Financial Services LLC For Exclusive Benefit of Customers Attn.: Mutual Funds Department - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995	7.31%
			TD Ameritrade Trust Company House P.O. Box 17748 Denver, CO 80217-0748	5.58%
		Class Y	BNY Mellon Corporation MBC Investments Corporation 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809	100.00%
		Class Z	Nationwide Life Insurance Company QPVA C/O IPO Portfolio Accounting P.O. Box 182029 Columbus, OH 43218-2029	15.15%
			Charles Schwab & Co., Incorporated Reinvest Account Attn: Mutual Funds 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	8.22%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
April 5, 2018	DNJMBF	Class A	None

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
		Class C	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street St. Louis, MO 63103	30.14%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	28.34%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 03711	15.04%
			UBS WM USA Exclusive benefit of customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	9.84%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	6.65%
		Class I	American Enterprise Investment Services 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	32.23%
			National Financial Services LLC For exclusive benefit of its customers Attn.: Mutual Funds Department - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	19.85%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	8.91%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street St. Louis, MO 63103	8.21%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	7.88%
			UBS WM USA Exclusive benefit of customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	6.83%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	6.43%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Company Mutual Fund Administrator 1 Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	98.12%
		Class Z	Charles Schwab & Co., Incorporated 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	5.63%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
February 9, 2018	DDIF	Class A	USI Securities Inc. 95 Glastonbury Road Glastonbury, CT 06033-4438	47.71%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	11.77%
		Class C	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	43.25%
			Charles Schwab & Co., Incorporated 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	27.86%
			National Financial Services LLC 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	7.76%
			UBS WM USA Exclusive benefit of customers of UBSFSI 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	7.38%
		Class I	Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	28.58%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. Reinvest Account 101 Montgomery Street San Francisco, CA 94104-4151	26.44%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			SEI Private Trust Company Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	13.47%
			National Financial Services LLC FBO of its Customers 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	6.36%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	6.09%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	100.00%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
February 9, 2018	DGRESF	Class A	USI Securities Inc. 95 Glastonbury Road Glastonbury, CT 06033-4438	57.44%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	5.44%
		Class C	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	31.95%
			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	22.15%
			National Financial Services LLC FBO of its Customers 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	13.87%
			UBS WM USA 100 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	10.53%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	8.06%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	7.17%
		Class I	National Financial Services LLC FBO of its Customers 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	63.05%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	6.45%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Co. Mutual Fund Administrator 1 Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	89.26%
			Dreyfus ALT Diversifier Strat FD The Dreyfus Corporation 2 Hanson Pl. - 11th Floor Brooklyn, NY 11217-1431	9.34%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
April 5, 2018	DLCEF	Class A	Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	20.44%
			J.P. Morgan Securities LLC For the exclusive benefit of its customers 4 Chase Metrotech Center Brooklyn, NY 11245	13.28%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street St. Louis, MO 63103	10.19%
			Charles Schwab & Co., Incorporated 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	8.72%
			Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	8.70%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			National Financial Services LLC For exclusive benefit of its customers Attn.: Mutual Funds Department - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310	7.48%
		Class C	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	43.44%
			The Bank of New York Mellon Cust Rollover IRA FBO Joyce Lipsky Santana Washington Township, NJ	12.96%
			Raymond James Omnibus for Mutual Funds House Account Firm Attn: Courtney Waller 880 Carillon Pkwy Saint Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	12.46%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	7.25%
			J.P. Morgan Securities LLC For the exclusive benefit of its customers 4 Chase Metrotech Center Brooklyn, NY 11245	5.35%
		Class I	Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	13.96%
			Charles Schwab & Co., Incorporated 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	12.56%
			National Financial Services LLC For the exclusive benefit of Our customers 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	9.40%
			SEI Private Trust Co. Mutual Fund Administrator 1 Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	6.71%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	5.64%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Co. Mutual Fund Administrator 1 Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	99.71%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
April 5, 2018	DLCGF	Class A	Charles Schwab & Company Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	12.27%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	11.25%
			Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn. Fund Administration 4880 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	7.12%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	6.78%
			National Financial Services LLC For the Exclusive Benefit of Its Customers Attn.: Mutual Funds Department - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	6.19%
			LPL Financial 4707 Executive Drive San Diego, CA 92121-3091	6.0%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	5.23%
		Class C	Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the sole benefit of its customers Attn. Fund Administration 4880 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	40.68%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	22.62%
			Raymond James Omnibus For Mutual Funds House Account Firm Attn. Courtney Waller 880 Carillon Pkwy St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102	17.46%
			Stifel Nicolaus & Co. Inc. For the exclusive benefit of customers 501 North Broadway St. Louis, MO 63102-2188	13.11%
		Class I	American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	25.35%
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	24.72%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	8.73%
			National Financial Services LLC For the exclusive benefit of its customers 499 Washington Boulevard – 5th Floor Jersey City, NJ 07310-2010	5.05%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Mutual Fund Administrator 1 Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	99.99%
		Class T*	N/A	N/A
May 11, 2018	DRGF	Class A	Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103	10.05%
			Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105	9.08%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			National Financial Services 82 Devonshire Street Boston, MA 02109-3605	8.96%
			Pershing LLC Pershing Division Transfer Dept. P.O. Box 2052 - 7th Floor Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	7.20%
		Class C	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	37.96%
			Morgan Stanley & Co. Harborside Financial Center, Plaza 2 - 3rd Floor Jersey City, NJ 07311	15.90%
			UBS WM USA 1000 Harbor Boulevard Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761	9.14%
			National Financial Services LLC For the exclusive benefit of its customers Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. - 4th Floor 499 Washington Boulevard Jersey City, NJ 07310-0000	8.38%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	7.65%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	7.44%
		Class I	Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated For the Sole Benefit of Its Customers Attn: Fund Administration 4800 Deer Lake Drive East - 3rd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484	18.61%
			Great-West Trust Company LLC TTEE F Recordkeeping for Large Benefit 8525 E Orchard Road 2T2 Greenwood Village, CO 80111	17.59%

 

 

Date	Fund	Class	Name & Address	Percent Owned
			Pershing LLC P.O. Box 2052 Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052	13.83%
			Wells Fargo Clearing Services 2801 Market Street Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523	8.88%
			American Enterprise Investment Services Mutual Fund Omnibus 707 2nd Avenue S Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405	7.90%
		Class Y	SEI Private Trust Mutual Fund Administrator One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, PA 19456-9989	39.93%
			Lincoln Retirement Services Company P.O. Box 7876 Fort Wayne, IN 46801-7876	26.11%
			Mac & Co. c/o The Bank of New York Mellon 500 Grant Street Pittsburgh, PA 15258	21.95%
			John Hancock Trust Company LLC 690 Canton Street, Suite 100 Westwood, MA 02090	5.43%
		Class Z	None	N/A
		Class T*	N/A	N/A

^*Class T shares were not offered as of the date shown in the left column for the relevant fund.

 

Certain shareholders of a fund may from time to time own or control a significant percentage of the fund's shares ("Large Shareholders").  Large Shareholders may include, for example, institutional investors, funds of funds, affiliates of the Manager, and discretionary advisory clients whose buy-sell decisions are controlled by a single decision-maker, including separate accounts and/or funds managed by the Manager or its affiliates.  Large Shareholders may redeem all or a portion of their shares of a fund at any time or may be required to redeem all or a portion of their shares in order to comply with applicable regulatory restrictions (including, but not limited to, restrictions that apply to U.S. banking entities and their affiliates, such as the Manager).  Redemptions by Large Shareholders of their shares of a fund may force the fund to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions, or sell more liquid assets of the fund, in order to meet redemption requests.  These sales may adversely affect a fund's NAV and may result in increasing the fund's liquidity risk, transaction costs and/or taxable distributions. 

 

From time to time, BNY Mellon Investment Management managers, including the Manager, may sponsor and/or manage a fund in which a BNY Mellon affiliate invests seed capital ("Seed Capital"). Such investments may raise potential conflicts of interest because a BNY Mellon affiliate, as an investor in the fund, may possess material

 

 

information about the fund that may not be available to other fund investors. This informational advantage could be perceived as enabling a BNY Mellon affiliate to invest or redeem Seed Capital in a manner that conflicts with the interests of other fund investors and/or benefits BNY Mellon or its affiliates. In order to mitigate such conflicts, BNY Mellon has implemented a policy (the "Seed Capital Investment and Redemption Policy") that governs its affiliates' investment and redemption of Seed Capital in the funds. The Seed Capital Investment and Redemption Policy includes specific parameters that govern the timing and extent of the investment and redemption of Seed Capital, which may be set according to one or more objective factors expressed in terms of timing, asset level, investment performance goals or other criteria approved by BNY Mellon. In extraordinary circumstances and subject to certain conditions, BNY Mellon will have the authority to modify the application of the Seed Capital Investment and Redemption Policy to a particular investment of Seed Capital after the investment has been made. The Seed Capital Investment and Redemption Policy does not apply (i) in cases where Seed Capital is invested in a fund that has no third party investors and (ii) to investments or redemptions that are required in order to comply with applicable regulatory restrictions (including, but not limited to, restrictions that apply to U.S. banking entities and their affiliates, such as the Manager).

 

 

PART II

 

HOW TO BUY SHARES

 

See "Additional Information About How to Buy Shares" in Part III of this SAI for general information about the purchase of fund shares.

 

Class T shares are available only to investors who are investing through a Service Agent. Not all Service Agents make Class T shares available to their clients. Certain Service Agents through whom you may invest in Class T shares may impose their own investment minimums, account fees, policies and procedures for purchasing and selling Class T shares, which are not described in the prospectus or this SAI, and which will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of the Service Agent. All sales load variations are described in the prospectus and in "Additional Information About How to Buy Shares" in Part III of this SAI. Consult a representative of your Service Agent about the availability of Class T shares of the fund and the intermediary's policies, procedures and other information. Class T shares are not currently being offered.

 

Investment Minimums

 

The minimum initial investment for each fund is $1,000 for full-time or part-time employees of Dreyfus or any of its affiliates, directors of Dreyfus, board members of a fund advised by Dreyfus, or the spouse, domestic partner or minor child of any of the foregoing, and $50 for full-time or part-time employees of Dreyfus or any of its affiliates who elect to have a portion of their pay directly deposited into their fund accounts.

 

Shares of each fund are offered without regard to the minimum initial or subsequent investment requirements to investors purchasing fund shares through wrap fee accounts or other fee based programs.

 

Each fund, except Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, reserves the right to offer fund shares without regard to minimum purchase requirements to government-sponsored programs or to employees participating in Retirement Plans or other programs where contributions or account information can be transmitted in a manner and form acceptable to the fund.

 

Information Pertaining to Purchase Orders

 

Index Funds. To permit these funds to invest your money as promptly as possible after receipt, thereby maximizing the fund's ability to track its Index, you are urged to transmit your purchase order in proper form so that it may be received by the Transfer Agent prior to 12:00 noon, Eastern time, on the day you want your purchase order to be effective.

 

Information Regarding the Offering of Share Classes

 

The share classes of each fund with more than one class are offered as described in the relevant fund's prospectus and as described below. Service Agents purchasing fund shares on behalf of their clients determine the share classes available for their clients. Accordingly, the availability of shares of a particular class will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of your Service Agent. To be eligible for the share classes, sales charge reductions or waivers, and/or shareholder services, as applicable, described in the prospectus or this SAI, you may need to open a fund account directly with the fund. Please consult your Service Agent.

 

Former Class B Shares of Certain Funds. On March 13, 2012, outstanding Class B shares of Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund converted to Class A shares.

 

Class C Shares of Multi-Class Funds.  Class C shares purchased directly from the fund or through a Service Agent, except as otherwise disclosed in the prospectus, automatically convert to Class A shares in the month of or month following the 10-year anniversary date of the purchase of the Class C shares, based on the relative net asset value of each such class without the imposition of any sales charge, fee or other charge.

 

 

Old Class T Shares of Certain Funds. Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund, Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund offered Old Class T shares prior to February 4, 2009.

 

Class I Shares of Certain Funds. Shareholders who received Class I shares in exchange for Institutional shares of a predecessor series of BNY Hamilton Funds or who received Class A shares in exchange for Class A shares of a predecessor series of BNY Hamilton Funds, which shares were subsequently converted to Class I shares, may purchase directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, Class I shares of Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund and Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund.

 

Holders of Class I shares of Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund who have held their fund shares since June 5, 2003 may purchase directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, Class I shares of the fund whether or not they would otherwise be eligible to do so.

 

Class I shares of certain funds that do not offer Class Y shares are offered to certain other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds and/or certain funds in BNY Mellon Funds Trust.

 

U.S.-based employees of BNY Mellon, board members of Dreyfus and board members of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, and the spouse, domestic partner or minor child of any of the foregoing, may purchase Class I shares of a fund directly through the Retail Services Division of the Distributor, provided they consent to receive electronically all relevant fund documents, including account statements, confirmations, tax forms, prospectuses, SAIs, supplements, proxy statements and shareholder reports, and make an initial investment in the fund of at least $1,000. Consent to receive electronic delivery may be revoked at any time. Upon such revocation, any Class I shares of a fund held by such investor may be converted to Class A shares of the fund. In addition, the funds reserve the right to convert Class I shares held by a board member or employee of BNY Mellon into Class A shares after the board member or employee ceases to serve in that capacity.

 

Class J Shares of Certain Funds. Holders of Class J shares of Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund may purchase additional Class J shares of the fund for their existing accounts.

 

Class Z Shares of Certain Funds. Shareholders of Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund or Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund who received Class Z shares of the respective fund in exchange for their shares of Dreyfus Balanced Fund, Inc. or Dreyfus New Jersey Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund, respectively, as a result of the reorganization of such funds (each a "Reorganized Fund") may purchase directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, Class Z shares of the respective fund.

 

Certain broker-dealers and other financial institutions maintaining accounts with a Reorganized Fund, at the time of the reorganization of each such fund, may open new accounts in Class Z shares of Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund and Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, as applicable, on behalf of qualified Retirement Plans and "wrap accounts" or similar programs.

 

Shareholders of Dreyfus Research Growth Fund with fund accounts that existed on September 30, 2008 may purchase directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, Class Z shares of the fund. Certain broker-dealers and other financial institutions maintaining accounts with Dreyfus Research Growth Fund on September 30, 2008 may open new accounts in Class Z shares of the fund on behalf of qualified Retirement Plans and "wrap accounts" or similar programs.

 

Class A

 

General information about the public offering price of Class A shares of the Multi-Class Funds can be found in Part III of this SAI under "Additional Information About How to Buy Shares—Class A."

 

Class A Shares Offered at Net Asset Value. For shareholders of Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund who have beneficially owned Class A shares of the fund since May 29, 2008, the public offering price for Class A shares

 

 

of the fund purchased directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, is the net asset value per share of that class.

 

Class A shares of Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund and Dreyfus Diversified International Fund may be purchased directly from the fund at net asset value without a sales load by participants in a health savings account program, provided that the health savings account program has maintained a fund account since on or before January 31, 2016. Health savings accounts are flexible accounts that provide employers and/or employees covered under qualified high deductible health plans the ability to make contributions to special savings accounts generally without federal or state tax consequences.

 

If you are a shareholder of a Multi-Class Fund listed above who beneficially owned Class A shares of such fund on the date indicated and would like to purchase additional shares of the fund at net asset value without a sales load, you must let the fund know at the time of purchase that you qualify for such a waiver of the sales load. If you do not let the fund know that you are eligible for a waiver, you may not receive the waiver to which you are otherwise entitled. In order to receive a waiver, you may be required to provide the fund with evidence of your qualification for the waiver, such as records regarding shares of the Multi-Class Fund held in accounts with a Service Agent, other financial intermediaries, or the Distributor.

 

HOW TO REDEEM SHARES

 

See "Additional Information About How to Redeem Shares" in Part III of this SAI for general information about the redemption of fund shares.

 

Fund	Services*
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund Dreyfus Diversified International Fund Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund Dreyfus Research Growth Fund Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund Dynamic Total Return Fund Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege Redemption Through an Authorized Entity Reinvestment Privilege Wire Redemption Privilege
Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund	Wire Redemption Privilege
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege Wire Redemption Privilege
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	Checkwriting Privilege (Class A and Z shares only) Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege Redemption Through an Authorized Entity Reinvestment Privilege Wire Redemption Privilege

 

^*       Not applicable to Class T shares. Institutional Direct accounts are not eligible for online services.

 

 

Information Pertaining to Redemptions

 

Index Funds. To maximize each fund's ability to track its Index, you are urged to transmit redemption requests so that they may be received by the fund or the Transfer Agent prior to 12:00 noon, Eastern time, on the day you want your redemption requests to be effective.

 

SHAREHOLDER SERVICES

 

The following shareholder services apply to the funds. See "Additional Information About Shareholder Services" in Part III of this SAI for more information.

 

Fund	Services*
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund Dreyfus Research Growth Fund Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund	Fund Exchanges Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege Dreyfus Automatic Asset BuilderÒ Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan Dreyfus Dividend Options Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan Corporate Pension/Profit-Sharing and Retirement Plans
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund Dreyfus Diversified International Fund Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund Dreyfus Research Growth Fund Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund Dynamic Total Return Fund Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	Fund Exchanges Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege Dreyfus Automatic Asset BuilderÒ Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan Dreyfus Dividend Options Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan Letter of Intent Corporate Pension/Profit-Sharing and Retirement Plans
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	Fund Exchanges Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege Dreyfus Automatic Asset BuilderÒ Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan Dreyfus Dividend Options Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan Letter of Intent

 

^*       Not applicable to Class T shares. Class Y shares (offered by certain funds) only have the Fund Exchanges shareholder service, as described in Part III of this SAI. Institutional Direct accounts are not eligible for online services.

 

  

DISTRIBUTION PLANS, SERVICE PLANS AND SHAREHOLDER SERVICES PLANS

 

The following Plans apply to the funds. See "Additional Information About Distribution Plans, Service Plans and Shareholder Services Plans" in Part III of this SAI for more information about the Plans.

 

Fund	Class(es)*	Plan (12b-1 or servicing)**	Key Features***
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund Dreyfus Diversified International Fund Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund Dreyfus Research Growth Fund Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund Dynamic Total Return Fund Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	Class C	Distribution Plan (12b-1)	The fund pays the Distributor 0.75% for distributing Class C shares.  The Distributor may pay one or more Service Agents for distribution-related services, and determines the amounts, if any, to be paid to Service Agents and the basis on which such payments are made.
	Class A Class C	Shareholder Services Plan (servicing)	The fund pays the Distributor 0.25% for the provision of certain services to the shareholders of these classes.  Services include personal services relating to shareholder accounts, such as answering shareholder inquiries regarding the fund, and services related to the maintenance of shareholder accounts.  Pursuant to the Plan, the Distributor may make payments to certain Service Agents in respect of these services.
Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund**** Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund	Investor	Shareholder Services Plan (servicing)	The fund pays the Distributor 0.25% for the provision of certain services to shareholders and/or the maintenance of shareholder accounts.  Services may include answering shareholder inquiries and providing reports and other information to shareholders regarding the fund, and services related to the maintenance of shareholder accounts, such as recordkeeping and sub-accounting.  Pursuant to the Plan, the Distributor may make payments to certain Service Agents in respect of these services, and determines the amounts, if any, to be paid to Service Agents and the basis on which such payments are made.

 

 

Fund	Class(es)*	Plan (12b-1 or servicing)**	Key Features***
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	Investor	Shareholder Services Plan (servicing)	The fund pays the Distributor 0.25% for the provision of certain services to the shareholders of Investor shares.  Services include personal services relating to shareholder accounts, such as answering shareholder inquiries regarding the fund, and services related to the maintenance of shareholder accounts.  Pursuant to the Plan, the Distributor may make payments to certain Service Agents in respect of these services.
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	N/A****	Shareholder Services Plan (servicing)	The fund reimburses the Distributor an amount not to exceed 0.25% for certain allocated expenses of providing personal services and/or maintaining shareholder accounts.
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund Dreyfus Research Growth Fund	Class Z	Shareholder Services Plan (servicing)	The fund reimburses the Distributor an amount not to exceed 0.25% for certain allocated expenses of providing personal services and/or maintaining shareholder accounts.
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund Dreyfus Diversified International Fund Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund Dreyfus Research Growth Fund Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund Dynamic Total Return Fund	Class T	Service Plan (12b-1)	The fund pays the Distributor 0.25% for advertising, marketing and distributing Class T shares and for providing certain services relating to shareholder accounts of this class.  The Distributor is permitted to pay certain Service Agents in respect of these services.

 

*

As applicable to the funds listed (not all funds have all classes shown).

 

**

The parenthetical indicates whether the Plan is pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act or is a type of servicing plan not adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1.

 

***

Amounts expressed as an annual rate as a percentage of the value of the average daily net assets attributable to the indicated class of fund shares or the fund, as applicable.

 

****

Shares of the fund are not designated as a separate class.

 

  

INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES AND RISKS

 

The following charts, which supplement and should be read together with the information in the prospectus, indicate some of the specific investments and investment techniques applicable to your fund. Additional policies and restrictions are described in the prospectus and below in the next section (see "Investment Restrictions"). See "Additional Information About Investments, Investment Techniques and Risks" in Part III of this SAI for more information, including important risk disclosure, about the investments and investment techniques applicable to your fund.

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund normally allocates its assets among Underlying Funds that invest primarily in equity securities issued by U.S. and foreign companies.

 

Fund	Equity Securities1	IPOs	U.S. Government Securities2	Corporate Debt Securities	High Yield and Lower-Rated Securities	Zero Coupon, Pay-in-Kind and Step-Up Securities	Inflation-Indexed Securities (other than TIPS)
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü (up to 5% of total assets)	ü	ü

 

1

Except as otherwise noted, (1) includes common and preferred stock, convertible securities and warrants and (2) each fund, except as otherwise noted, is limited to investing 5% of its net assets in warrants (2% of net assets in the case of Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund and Dreyfus Research Growth Fund), except that this limitation does not apply to warrants purchased by a fund that are sold in units with, or attached to, other securities. Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund are not subject to (2). For Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, includes common stock only.

 

Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund may only invest in common stock to a limited extent. From time to time, the fund may hold common stock sold in units with, or attached to, debt securities purchased by the fund. The fund may hold common stock received upon the conversion of convertible securities. In connection with its investments in corporate debt securities, or restructuring of investments it owned, the fund may receive warrants or other non-income producing equity securities. The fund may retain such securities until the Adviser determines it is appropriate in light of current market conditions for the fund to dispose of such securities.

 

2

For Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund and Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, see "Money Market Instruments" below.

 

 

Fund	Equity Securities1	IPOs	U.S. Government Securities2	Corporate Debt Securities	High Yield and Lower- Rated Securities	Zero Coupon, Pay-in-Kind and Step-Up Securities	Inflation- Indexed Securities (other than TIPS)
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü3
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income  Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü

 

3

The fund, to a limited extent, may invest in corporate debt obligations and other fixed-income securities when management believes that such securities offer opportunities for capital growth.

 

 

Fund	Equity Securities1	IPOs	U.S. Government Securities2	Corporate Debt Securities	High Yield and Lower- Rated Securities	Zero Coupon, Pay-in-Kind and Step-Up Securities	Inflation- Indexed Securities (other than TIPS)
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü4	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund			ü		ü (up to 20% of net assets)5	ü (municipal securities only)
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü

 

4

The fund may invest up to 35% of its net assets in high yield and lower-rated convertible debt securities, such as those rated Ba or lower by Moody's and BB or lower by S&P and Fitch and as low as Caa by Moody's or CCC by S&P and Fitch. The fund may not invest in other types of high yield and lower-rated securities.

 

5

Municipal securities only. The credit risk factors pertaining to lower-rated securities also apply to lower-rated zero coupon, pay-in-kind and step-up securities, in which the fund may invest up to 5% of its total assets.

 

 

Fund	Equity Securities1	IPOs	U.S. Government Securities2	Corporate Debt Securities	High Yield and Lower- Rated Securities	Zero Coupon, Pay-in-Kind and Step-Up Securities	Inflation- Indexed Securities (other than TIPS)
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü6
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dynamic Total Return Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü
Index Funds	ü		ü

 

6

The fund may invest up to 20% of net assets in non-investment grade securities rated as low as Caa by Moody's or CCC by S&P.

 

 

Fund	Variable and Floating Rate Securities	Loans	Mortgage- Related Securities	Asset-Backed Securities	Collateralized Debt Obligations
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	ü	ü (municipal securities only)	ü	ü
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	ü	ü	ü (intends to invest less than 5% of its assets)	ü	ü
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund		ü (municipal securities only)

 

Fund	Variable and Floating Rate Securities	Loans	Mortgage- Related Securities	Asset-Backed Securities	Collateralized Debt Obligations
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	ü	ü (municipal securities only)
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	ü	ü		ü	ü
Dynamic Total Return Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Index Funds

 

Fund	Municipal Securities7	Funding Agreements	REITs	Money Market Instruments8	Foreign Securities	Emerging Markets9	Depositary Receipts	Sovereign Debt Obligations and Brady Bonds
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü

 

7

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund each currently intends to invest no more than 25% of its assets in municipal securities; however, this percentage may be varied from time to time without shareholder approval.

 

8

Except for Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, includes short-term U.S. Government securities, bank obligations, repurchase agreements and commercial paper. Except for Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund and the Index Funds, generally (1) when the Adviser determines that adverse market conditions exist, a fund may adopt a temporary defensive position and invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments, and (2) a fund also may purchase money market instruments when it has cash reserves or in anticipation of taking a market position. Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund's, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund's, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund's and Dynamic Total Return Fund's investments in money market instruments are not limited to (1) and (2). Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund currently intends to limit the entry into repurchase agreements (other than for temporary defensive purposes) to no more than 5% of the fund's net assets. The Index Funds may invest cash reserves in money market instruments. When a fund has adopted a temporary defensive position, it may not achieve its investment objective(s).

 

The money market instruments in which Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund may invest also consist of short-term investment grade corporate bonds and other short-term debt instruments. While the fund does not intend to limit the amount of its assets invested in money market instruments, except to the extent believed necessary to achieve its investment objective, it does not expect under normal market conditions to have a substantial portion of its assets invested in money market instruments.

 

For Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, from time to time, on a temporary basis other than for temporary defensive purposes (but not to exceed 20% of the value of the fund's net assets) or for temporary defensive purposes, the fund may invest in taxable short-term investments ("Taxable Investments") consisting of: notes of issuers having, at the time of purchase, a quality rating within the two highest grades of a Rating Agency; obligations of the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities; commercial paper rated not lower than P-2 by Moody's, A-2 by S&P or F-2 by Fitch; certificates of deposit of U.S. domestic banks, including foreign branches of domestic banks, with assets of $1 billion or more; time deposits; bankers' acceptances and other short-term bank obligations; and repurchase agreements in respect of any of the foregoing. When the fund has adopted a temporary defensive position, including when acceptable New Jersey Municipal Bonds are unavailable for investment by the fund, more than 20% of the fund's net assets may be invested in securities that are not exempt from New Jersey personal income tax. Under normal market conditions, the fund anticipates that not more than 5% of the value of its total assets will be invested in any one category of Taxable Investments. When a fund has adopted a temporary defensive position, it may not achieve its investment objective(s).

 

9

For Dynamic Total Return Fund and Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, emerging market countries generally include all countries represented by the Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets Index.

 

 

Fund	Municipal Securities7	Funding Agreements	REITs	Money Market Instruments8	Foreign Securities	Emerging Markets9	Depositary Receipts	Sovereign Debt Obligations and Brady Bonds
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund				ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income  Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund			ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	ü		ü	ü10	ü		ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund			ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund			ü	ü	ü	ü	ü

 

10

Commercial paper will consist only of direct obligations which, at the time of their purchase, are (1) rated at least Prime-1 by Moody's, A-1 by S&P or F-1 by Fitch, (2) issued by companies having an outstanding unsecured debt issue currently rated at least A3 by Moody's or A- by S&P or Fitch, or (3) if unrated, determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality to those rated obligations which may be purchased by the fund.

 

 

Fund	Municipal Securities7	Funding Agreements	REITs	Money Market Instruments8	Foreign Securities	Emerging Markets9	Depositary Receipts	Sovereign Debt Obligations and Brady Bonds
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	ü			ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund			ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund			ü	ü	ü (up to 15% of assets)	ü	ü
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund				ü	ü (up to 25% of net assets)		ü
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund			ü	ü	ü (up to 30% of net assets)	ü	ü
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund			ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund			ü	ü	ü (up to 25% of net assets)	ü	ü
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund			ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dynamic Total Return Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü (up to 30% of net assets)	ü	ü
Index Funds			ü	ü11	ü		ü12

 

11

Commercial paper will consist only of direct obligations which, at the time of their purchase, are (1) rated at least Prime-1 by Moody's or A-1 by S&P, (2) issued by companies having an outstanding unsecured debt issue currently rated at least Aa by Moody's or at least AA- by S&P, or (3) if unrated, determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality to those rated obligations which may be purchased by the fund.

 

12

Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund only.

 

 

Fund	Eurodollar and Yankee Dollar Investments	Investment Companies	ETFs	Exchange- Traded Notes	MLPs	Futures Transactions	Options Transactions13
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	ü	ü	ü			ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü

 

13

Each fund, other than Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund, (1) is limited to investing 5% of its assets, represented by the premium paid, in the purchase of call and put options and (2) may write (i.e., sell) covered call and put option contracts to the extent of 20% of the value of its net assets at the time such option contracts are written.

 

 

Fund	Eurodollar and Yankee Dollar Investments	Investment Companies	ETFs	Exchange- Traded Notes	MLPs	Futures Transactions	Options Transactions13
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund		ü				ü	ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund		ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dynamic Total Return Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Index Funds		ü	ü		ü	ü

 

Fund	Swap Transactions14	Credit Linked Securities	Credit Derivatives	Structured Securities and Hybrid Instruments15	Participatory Notes	Custodial Receipts
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	ü		ü			ü
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü (municipal securities only)
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund					ü
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü (municipal securities only)
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü16	ü

 

14

For Dreyfus Diversified International Fund and Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, includes contracts for difference.

 

15

For each fund, other than Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund, structured notes only.

 

For each of Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund and Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, the fund also may invest in structured securities or hybrid instruments whose return is based on, or otherwise determined by reference to, a commodity, commodity index or commodity-related instrument.

 

For Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, the fund also may invest in equity-linked notes.

 

16

For Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, participatory notes include low exercise price options (LEPOs) and low exercise price warrants (LEPWs).

 

 

Fund	Swap Transactions14	Credit Linked Securities	Credit Derivatives	Structured Securities and Hybrid Instruments15	Participatory Notes	Custodial Receipts
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	ü					ü (municipal securities only)
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	ü		ü			ü (municipal securities only)
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	ü			ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	ü			ü
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund	ü

 

 

Fund	Swap Transactions14	Credit Linked Securities	Credit Derivatives	Structured Securities and Hybrid Instruments15	Participatory Notes	Custodial Receipts
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund	ü			ü
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	ü			ü
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	ü			ü
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dynamic Total Return Fund	ü		ü	ü		ü (municipal securities only)
Index Funds

 

Fund	Foreign Currency Transactions	Commodities	Short-Selling17	Lending Portfolio Securities	Borrowing Money18
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü

 

17

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund will not sell securities short if, after effect is given to any such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 5% of the value of the fund's net assets. Dynamic Total Return Fund may not make a short sale which results in the fund having sold short in the aggregate more than 5% of the outstanding securities of any class of an issuer.

 

For Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund, Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund, Dynamic Total Return Fund and the Index Funds, (1) the fund will not sell securities short if, after effect is given to any such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the fund's net assets, (2) the fund may not make a short sale which results in the fund having sold short in the aggregate more than 5% of the outstanding securities of any class of an issuer, and (3) at no time will more than 15% of the value of the fund's net assets be in deposits on short sales against the box. Restriction (2) does not apply to Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, and Dreyfus Research Growth Fund.

 

18

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund each currently intends to borrow money only for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes; however, these funds, along with Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund, may borrow for investment purposes on a secured basis through entering into reverse repurchase agreements.

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund each currently intends to borrow money only for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes, in an amount up to 15% of the value of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) valued at the lesser of cost or market, less liabilities (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made.

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund and Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund may borrow only for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes in an amount up to 15% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) valued at the lesser of cost or market, less liabilities (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made.

 

 

Fund	Foreign Currency Transactions	Commodities	Short-Selling17	Lending Portfolio Securities	Borrowing Money18
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	ü	ü19	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü20	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund				ü	ü

 

19

The fund will seek to achieve investment exposure to commodity markets primarily through ETFs and permissible derivative instruments.

 

20

The fund may gain exposure to commodities markets by investing in commodity-linked or index-linked structured notes, which are derivative debt instruments structured by the issuer and the purchaser of the note whose principal and/or coupon payments are linked to commodities or commodity indices, other permissible derivative instruments and commodity-related ETFs and ETNs.

 

 

Fund	Foreign Currency Transactions	Commodities	Short-Selling17	Lending Portfolio Securities	Borrowing Money18
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	ü		ü	ü	ü

 

Fund	Foreign Currency Transactions	Commodities	Short-Selling17	Lending Portfolio Securities	Borrowing Money18
Dynamic Total Return Fund	ü	ü21	ü		ü
Index Funds	ü22			ü	ü

 

21

The fund may seek to achieve investment exposure to commodity markets through commodity-related ETFs and swap agreements related to those ETFs and through investments in the Subsidiary, as described in the prospectus.

 

22

Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund only. The other Index Funds do not engage in foreign currency transactions.

 

 

Fund	Borrowing Money for Leverage18	Reverse Repurchase Agreements	Forward Commitments	Forward Roll Transactions	Illiquid Securities
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund			ü		ü
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	ü	ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund			ü		ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund			ü		ü
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund			ü		ü

 

 

Fund	Borrowing Money for Leverage18	Reverse Repurchase Agreements	Forward Commitments	Forward Roll Transactions	Illiquid Securities
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	ü	ü	ü		ü
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Dynamic Total Return Fund		ü	ü	ü	ü
Index Funds

 

Dynamic Total Return Fund. The fund has established and may invest in the Subsidiary to gain indirect exposure to the investment returns of the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax law requirements applicable to regulated investment companies. The Subsidiary invests principally in commodity futures, options and swap contracts, as well as certain fixed-income investments intended to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary's derivatives positions. The Subsidiary must comply with the 1940 Act asset coverage requirements with respect to its investments in commodity-related securities that apply to the fund's transactions in these instruments. By investing in such a subsidiary, the fund is exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary's commodity-related securities and other instruments. The fund may invest up to 25% of its assets in the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary is managed by the Manager and sub-advised by BNY Mellon AMNA and has the same investment objective as the fund.

 

The custodian of the Subsidiary's assets is Citibank, N.A., located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. The custodian has no part in determining the investment policies of the Subsidiary or which securities are to be purchased or sold by the Subsidiary. Pursuant to a custody agreement with the Subsidiary, the custodian holds the Subsidiary's investments and keeps all necessary accounts and records. For its custody services, the custodian receives a monthly fee based on the market value of the Subsidiary's assets held in custody and receives certain securities transaction charges.

 

Index Funds. Each fund is managed by determining which stocks are to be purchased or sold to match, to the extent feasible, the investment characteristics of its Index. Each fund will attempt to achieve a correlation between its performance and that of the fund's Index, in both rising and falling markets, of at least 0.95, without taking into account expenses. A correlation of 1.00 would indicate perfect correlation, which would be achieved when the fund's net asset value, including the value of its dividends and capital gain distributions, increases or decreases in exact proportion to changes in the Index. Each fund's ability to correlate its performance with that of its Index, however, may be affected by, among other things, changes in securities markets, the manner in which the total return of the fund's Index is calculated, the size of the fund's portfolio, the amount of cash or cash equivalents held in the fund's portfolio, and the timing, frequency and size of shareholder purchases and redemptions. Each fund will use cash flows from shareholder purchase and redemption activity to maintain, to the extent feasible, the similarity of its portfolio to the securities comprising the fund's Index. Inclusion of a security in an Index in no way implies an opinion by the sponsor of the Index as to its attractiveness as an investment. In the future, subject to the approval of the relevant fund's shareholders, a fund may select a different index if such a standard of comparison is deemed to be more representative of the performance of the securities the fund seeks to match. None of the funds is sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by the sponsor of its respective Index.

 

  

A large percentage of Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund's Index is comprised of Japanese securities. Therefore, stocks of Japanese companies will represent a correspondingly large component of the fund's investment assets. Such a large investment in the Japanese stock market may entail a higher degree of risk than with more diversified international portfolios, especially considering that by fundamental measures of corporate valuation, such as its high price-earnings ratios and low dividend yields, the Japanese market as a whole may appear expensive relative to other world stock markets.

 

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

 

"Fundamental Policies" may not be changed without approval of the holders of a majority of the fund's outstanding voting securities (as defined in the 1940 Act). "Nonfundamental Policies" may be changed at any time, without shareholder approval, by a vote of a majority of the board members and in compliance with applicable law and regulatory policy.

 

Fundamental Policies

 

As a matter of Fundamental Policy, each fund, as indicated, may not:

 

1.

Borrowing

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (which currently limits borrowing to no more than 33-1/3% of the value of the fund's total assets).

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Borrow money or issue any senior security, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act.

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (which currently limits borrowing to no more than 33-1/3% of the value of the fund's total assets). For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, the entry into options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices shall not constitute borrowing.

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund. Borrow money, except from banks for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes in an amount up to 15% of the value of the fund's total assets (including the amount borrowed) based on the lesser of cost or market, less liabilities (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made. While borrowings exceed 5% of the value of the fund's total assets, the fund will not make any additional investments. For Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, transactions in futures and options do not involve any borrowing for purposes of this restriction.

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Borrow money, except from banks (which, if permitted by applicable regulatory authority, may be from The Bank of New York Mellon, an affiliate of the Manager) for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes in an amount up to 15% of the value of the fund's total assets (including the amount borrowed) based on the lesser of cost or market, less liabilities (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made. While borrowings exceed 5% of the value of the fund's total assets, the fund will not make any additional investments. Transactions in futures and options do not involve any borrowing for purposes of this restriction.

 

 

2.

Commodities

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Invest in physical commodities or commodities contracts, except that the fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices and enter into swap agreements and other derivative instruments.

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund and Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund. Invest in physical commodities or physical commodities contracts, except that the fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices and enter into swap agreements and other derivative instruments.

 

Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund. Invest in physical commodities or physical commodities contracts, except that the fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices, and enter into swap agreements and other derivative instruments that are commodities or commodity contracts.

 

Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Invest in commodities, except that the fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices. (This Fundamental Policy shall not prohibit a fund, subject to restrictions described in its prospectus and this SAI, from purchasing, selling or entering into futures contracts, options on futures contracts, foreign currency forward contracts, foreign currency options, or any interest rate, securities-related or foreign currency-related hedging instrument, including swap agreements and other derivative instruments, subject to compliance with any applicable provisions of the federal securities or commodities law.)

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund. Invest in commodities, except that the fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Invest in commodities, except that the fund may invest in futures contracts as described in the fund's prospectus and this SAI.

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Invest in commodities, except that the fund may invest in futures contracts and options on futures contracts as described in the fund's prospectus and this SAI.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Invest in physical commodities or physical commodities contracts, except that the fund may purchase and sell commodity-linked or index-linked structured notes, commodity-related ETFs or ETNs, options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices and enter into swap agreements and other derivative instruments.

 

3.

Issuer Diversification

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund. Hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any single issuer. This Fundamental Policy applies only with respect to 75% of the fund's total assets and does not apply to securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, or its agencies or instrumentalities and securities of other investment companies.

 

Invest more than 5% of its assets in the obligations of any single issuer, except that up to 25% of the value of the fund's total assets may be invested, and securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities and securities of other investment companies may be purchased, without regard to any such limitation.

 

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. With respect to 75% of its total assets, purchase securities of an issuer (other than the U.S. Government, its agencies, instrumentalities or authorities or repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government securities and other investment companies), if: (a) such purchase would cause more than 5% of the fund's total assets taken at market value to be invested in the securities of such issuer; or (b) such purchase would at the time result in more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer being held by the fund.

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any single issuer. This Fundamental Policy applies only with respect to 75% of the fund's total assets.

 

Invest more than 5% of its assets in the obligations of any single issuer, except that up to 25% of the value of the fund's total assets may be invested, and securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities may be purchased, without regard to any such limitation.

 

Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund and Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund.  Hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any single issuer.  This Fundamental Policy applies only with respect to 75% of the fund's total assets.

 

Invest more than 5% of its assets in the obligations of any single issuer, except that up to 25% of the value of the fund's total assets may be invested, and securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities and securities of other investment companies may be purchased, without regard to any such limitation.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase the securities of any issuer if such purchase would cause the fund to hold more than 10% of the voting securities of such issuer.

 

Purchase the securities of any issuer if such purchase would cause more that 5% of the value of its total assets to be invested in securities of such issuer (except securities of the U.S. Government or any instrumentality thereof).

 

4.

Industry Concentration

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund and Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund. Invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. The real estate sectors, with respect to Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, in general are not considered an industry for purposes of this Fundamental Policy.

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund. Invest more than 25% of its assets in investments in any particular industry or industries (including banking), except to the extent the S&P MidCap 400 Index also is so concentrated, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities.

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities.

 

Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or

 

 

instrumentalities. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy with respect to Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund, the technology sector in general is not considered an industry.

 

Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund. Invest more than 25% of its assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry (except to the extent the fund's benchmark index as described in the prospectus also is so concentrated), provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities.

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Invest more than 25% of its assets in investments in any particular industry or industries (including banking), except to the extent the S&P 500 Index also is so concentrated, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Concentrate its investments in any particular industry or industries, except that the fund may invest up to 25% of the value of its total assets in a single industry.

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Invest more than 25% of its assets in the securities of issuers in any particular industry, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry; provided that there shall be no such limitation on the purchase of Municipal Bonds and, for temporary defensive purposes, obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry, provided that there shall be no limitation on the purchase of obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, securities issued or guaranteed by a government other than the U.S. Government or by a foreign supranational entity are considered to be the securities of an issuer in a single industry.

 

5.

Investing for Control

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund and Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Invest in the securities of a company for the purpose of exercising management or control, but the fund will vote the securities it owns in its portfolio as a shareholder in accordance with its views.

 

6.

Loans

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Lend any securities or make loans to others, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (which currently limits such loans to no more than 33-1/3% of the value of the fund's total assets) or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, the purchase of debt obligations (including acquisitions of loans, loan participations or other forms of debt instruments) and the entry into repurchase agreements shall not constitute loans by the fund. Any loans of portfolio securities will be made according to guidelines established by the SEC and the board.

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund. Lend any securities or make loans to others, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (which currently limits such loans to no more than 33-1/3% of the value of the fund's total assets). For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, the purchase of debt obligations (including acquisitions of loans, loan participations or other forms of debt instruments) and the entry into repurchase agreements shall not constitute loans by the fund. Any loans of portfolio securities will be made according to guidelines established by the SEC and the board.

 

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Make loans to others, except through the purchase of debt obligations and the entry into repurchase agreements. However, the fund may lend its portfolio securities in an amount not to exceed 33-1/3% of the value of its total assets. Any loans of portfolio securities will be made according to guidelines established by the SEC and the board.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Lend any securities or make loans to others, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (which currently limits such loans to no more than 33-1/3% of the value of the fund's total assets), and except as otherwise permitted by interpretations or modifications by, or exemptive or other relief from, the SEC or other authority with appropriate jurisdiction, and disclosed to investors. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, the purchase of debt obligations (including acquisitions of loans, loan participations or other forms of debt instruments) and the entry into repurchase agreements shall not constitute loans by the fund. Any loans of portfolio securities will be made according to guidelines established by the SEC and the board.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Make loans to others, except through the purchase of debt obligations and the entry into repurchase agreements referred to in the fund's prospectus. However, the fund may lend its portfolio securities in an amount not to exceed 33-1/3% of the value of its total assets. Any loans of portfolio securities will be made according to guidelines established by the SEC and the board.

 

7.

Margin and Short Sales

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase securities on margin, but the fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of securities.

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Purchase securities on margin, but the fund may make margin deposits in connection with transactions in options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund. Purchase securities on margin, except for use of short-term credit necessary for clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, but the fund may make margin deposits in connection with transactions in options, forward contracts, futures contracts and options on futures contracts, and except that effecting short sales will be deemed not to constitute a margin purchase for purposes of this Fundamental Policy.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Sell securities short or purchase securities on margin, but the fund may make margin deposits in connection with transactions in options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

8.

Options

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Purchase, sell or write puts, calls or combinations thereof.

 

9.

Limit on Companies with Limited Operations

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase securities of any company having less than three years' continuous operations (including operations of any predecessors) if such purchase would cause the value of the fund's investments in all such companies to exceed 5% of the value of its total assets.

 

 

10.

Limit Where Affiliated Persons Involved

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase or retain the securities of any issuer if the officers or directors of the fund or of the Manager, who own beneficially more than 0.5% of the securities of such issuer, together own beneficially more than 5% of the securities of such issuer.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase from or sell to any of its officers or directors or firms of which any of them are affiliated persons any securities (other than capital stock of the fund), but such persons or firms may act as brokers for the fund for customary commissions.

 

11.

Pledging Assets

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund. Pledge, hypothecate, mortgage or otherwise encumber its assets, except to secure borrowings for temporary or emergency purposes. Collateral arrangements with respect to initial or variation margin for futures contracts will not be deemed to be pledges of the fund's assets.

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Pledge, hypothecate, mortgage or otherwise encumber its assets, except in an amount up to 15% of the value of its total assets, but only to secure borrowings for temporary or emergency purposes. Collateral arrangements with respect to initial or variation margin for futures contracts will not be deemed to be pledges of the fund's assets.

 

12.

Real Estate; Oil and Gas

 

Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, or oil, gas or other mineral leases or exploration or development programs, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate or REITs and may acquire and hold real estate or interests therein through exercising rights or remedies with regard to such securities.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate or REITs and may acquire and hold real estate or interests therein through exercising rights or remedies with regard to such securities.

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, real estate limited partnership interests, or oil, gas or other mineral leases or exploration or development programs, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate and may purchase and sell securities issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate. In particular, the fund may purchase mortgage-backed securities and REIT securities.

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, or oil, gas or other mineral leases or exploration or development programs, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate or REITs.

 

Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, or oil, gas or other mineral leases or exploration or development programs, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Purchase or sell real estate, commodities or commodity contracts, or oil and gas interests, but this shall not prevent the fund from investing in Municipal Bonds secured by real

 

 

estate or interests therein, or prevent the fund from purchasing and selling options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, REIT securities, real estate limited partnership interests, or oil, gas or other mineral leases or exploration or development programs, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate.

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, or oil and gas interests, but the fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or issued by companies that invest or deal in real estate.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase, hold or deal in real estate (except for corporate office purposes), but this shall not prohibit the fund from investing in securities of companies engaged in real estate activities or investments.

 

13.

Senior Securities

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except insofar as the fund may be deemed to have issued a senior security by reason of borrowing money in accordance with the fund's borrowing policies. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, collateral, escrow, or margin or other deposits with respect to the making of short sales, the purchase or sale of futures contracts or options, purchase or sale of forward foreign currency contracts and the writing of options on securities are not deemed to be an issuance of a senior security.

 

Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except insofar as the fund may be deemed to have issued a senior security by reason of borrowing money in accordance with the fund's borrowing policies. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, collateral, escrow, or margin or other deposits with respect to the making of short sales, the purchase or sale of futures contracts or options and other derivative instruments, purchase or sale of forward foreign currency contracts and the writing of options on securities are not deemed to be an issuance of a senior security.

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except to the extent the activities permitted under the fund's Fundamental Policy Nos. 1 and 2 and the fund's Nonfundamental Policy Nos. 4 and 7 may be deemed to give rise to a senior security.

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except as permitted in the fund's Fundamental Policy Nos. 1 and 2 and the fund's Nonfundamental Policy Nos. 4 and 7.

 

Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except to the extent the activities permitted in the fund's Fundamental Policy Nos. 1, 2 and the fund's Nonfundamental Policy No. 4 may be deemed to give rise to a senior security.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except to the extent the activities permitted under the fund's Fundamental Policy Nos. 1 and 12 and the fund's Nonfundamental Policy No. 4 may be deemed to give rise to a senior security.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Issue any senior security (as such term is defined in Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act.

 

 

14.

Underwriting

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund, Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers, except to the extent the fund may be deemed an underwriter under the Securities Act by virtue of disposing of portfolio securities.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers, except to the extent the fund may be deemed an underwriter under the Securities Act in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio securities.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers.

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund. Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers. The fund may not enter into repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice or purchase illiquid securities if, in the aggregate, more than 10% of the value of the fund's net assets would be so invested.

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers or purchase securities subject to restrictions on disposition under the Securities Act (so-called "restricted securities"). Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund may not enter into repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice or purchase securities which are not readily marketable if, in the aggregate, more than 10% of the value of the fund's net assets would be so invested.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Underwrite the securities of other issuers, except that the fund may bid separately or as part of a group for the purchase of Municipal Bonds directly from an issuer for its own portfolio to take advantage of the lower purchase price available, and except to the extent the fund may be deemed an underwriter under the Securities Act by virtue of disposing of portfolio securities.

 

15.

Warrants

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Purchase warrants in excess of 2% of its net assets. For purposes of this Fundamental Policy, such warrants shall be valued at the lower of cost or market, except that warrants acquired by the fund in units or attached to securities shall not be included within this 2% restriction.

 

*****

 

For purposes of the restriction on industry concentration, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund invests more than 25% of its net assets in the group of industries comprising the real estate sector.

 

For purposes of the restriction on industry concentration, Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund invests more than 25% of its net assets in the group of industries comprising the technology sector.

 

For purposes of the restriction on industry concentration with respect to Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, to the extent that a Municipal Bond is backed principally by the assets and revenues of non-governmental users, the Municipal Bond will be deemed to be a security of an issuer in the "industry" of that non-governmental user and subject to the industry concentration restriction.

 

References to "commodities" or "commodity contracts" in the Fundamental Policies described above are to physical commodities or contracts in respect of physical commodities, typically natural resources or agricultural products, and are not intended to refer to instruments that are strictly financial in nature and are not related to the purchase or delivery of physical commodities.

 

 

The funds' Fundamental Policies will be interpreted broadly.  For example, the policies will be interpreted to refer to the 1940 Act and the related rules as they are in effect from time to time, and to interpretations and modifications of or relating to the 1940 Act by the SEC and others as they are given from time to time.  When a Fundamental Policy provides that an investment practice may be conducted as permitted by the 1940 Act, this will be interpreted to mean that the investment practice is either (i) expressly permitted by the 1940 Act or (ii) not expressly prohibited by the 1940 Act.

 

Notwithstanding investments and activities referenced in the Fundamental Policies of any fund, no fund will invest in a manner, or engage in activities, inconsistent with or not permitted by the fund's investment strategy and policies as described in the fund's prospectus and this SAI.

 

Nonfundamental Policies

 

Each fund, as indicated, may not:

 

1.

Arbitrage

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Engage in arbitrage transactions.

 

2.

Investing for Control

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Invest in the securities of a company (for Dynamic Total Return Fund, other than its Subsidiary) for the purpose of exercising management or control, but the fund will vote the securities it owns in its portfolio as a shareholder in accordance with its views.

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Invest in the securities of a company for the purpose of exercising management or control.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control.

 

3.

Margin

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Purchase securities on margin, except for use of short-term credit necessary for clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, but the fund may make margin deposits in connection with transactions in options, forward contracts, futures contracts and options on futures contracts, and except that effecting short sales will be deemed not to constitute a margin purchase for purposes of this Nonfundamental Policy.

 

Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund. Purchase securities on margin, except for use of short-term credit necessary for clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, but the fund may make margin deposits in connection with transactions in options, forward contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts and other derivative instruments, and except that effecting short sales will be deemed not to constitute a margin purchase for purposes of this Nonfundamental Policy.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Purchase securities on margin, except for use of short-term credit necessary for clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, but the fund may make margin deposits in connection with transactions in options, forward contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, swap agreements and other derivative instruments, and except that effecting short sales will be deemed not to constitute a margin purchase for purposes of this Nonfundamental Policy.

 

 

4.

Pledging Assets

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund. Pledge, mortgage or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to the purchase of securities on a when-issued, forward commitment or delayed-delivery basis and the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with writing covered put and call options and collateral and initial or variation margin arrangements with respect to permitted transactions.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Pledge, mortgage or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to effecting short sales of securities, the purchase of securities on a when-issued, forward commitment or delayed-delivery basis and the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with the entry into options, forward contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, swap agreements and other derivative instruments.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. Pledge, mortgage, hypothecate or otherwise encumber its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings.

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Pledge, mortgage or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to the purchase of securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with writing covered put and call options and collateral and initial or variation margin arrangements with respect to options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Pledge, mortgage or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with writing covered put and call options and the purchase of securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis and collateral and initial or variation margin arrangements with respect to options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Pledge, hypothecate, mortgage or otherwise encumber its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with the purchase of securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis and collateral and initial or variation margin arrangements with respect to options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those related to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices.

 

Dynamic Total Return Fund. Pledge, mortgage or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to effecting short sales of securities, the purchase of securities on a when-issued, forward commitment or delayed-delivery basis and the deposit of assets in escrow and initial or variation margin arrangements in connection with the entry into options, forward contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, swap agreements and other derivative instruments and permitted transactions.

 

5.

Limit on Companies with Limited Operations

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund and Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund. Purchase securities of any company having less than three years' continuous operations (including operations of any predecessors) if such purchase would cause the value of the fund's investments in all such companies to exceed 5% of the value of its total assets.

 

 

6.

Purchase Securities of Other Investment Companies

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund, Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Purchase securities of other investment companies, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act.

 

Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund. Invest in securities of other investment companies, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act.

 

7.

Puts/Calls

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. Purchase, sell or write puts, calls or combinations thereof, except as described in the fund's prospectus and this SAI.

 

8.

Illiquid Investments

 

Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund, Dreyfus Diversified International Fund, Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund, Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund, Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund, Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund. Enter into repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice or purchase securities that are illiquid if, in the aggregate, more than 15% of the value of the fund's net assets would be so invested.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Enter into repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice or purchase securities which are illiquid (which securities could include participation interests (including municipal lease/purchase agreements) that are not subject to the demand feature described in the fund's prospectus, and floating and variable rate demand obligations as to which the fund cannot exercise the demand feature described in the fund's prospectus on less than seven days' notice and as to which there is no secondary market) if, in the aggregate, more than 15% of its net assets would be so invested.

 

9.

Short Sales

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Sell securities short, but reserves the right to sell securities short against the box (a transaction in which the fund enters into a short sale of a security which the fund owns).

 

10.

Warrants

 

Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund. Purchase warrants (excluding those acquired by the fund in units or attached to securities).

 

Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund. Purchase warrants in excess of 2% of its net assets. For purposes of this Nonfundamental Policy, such warrants shall be valued at the lower of cost or market, except that warrants acquired by the fund in units or attached to securities shall not be included within this 2% restriction.

 

 

11.

Issuer Diversification

 

Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund. Invest more than 5% of the value of its total assets in the obligations of any single issuer (except securities of the U.S. Government or any instrumentality thereof).

 

12.

Industry Concentration

 

Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund. Invest more than 20% of the value of its total assets in the securities of issuers in any single industry (except securities of the U.S. Government or any instrumentality thereof).

 

13.

Investment in Other than Municipal Bonds

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. Purchase securities other than Municipal Bonds and Taxable Investments and those arising out of transactions in futures and options or as otherwise provided in the fund's prospectus.

 

With respect to each fund, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of investment, a later change in percentage resulting from a change in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction, except as otherwise required by the 1940 Act. With respect to the funds' policies pertaining to borrowing, however, if borrowings exceed 33-1/3% of the value of a fund's total assets as a result of a change in values or assets, the fund must take steps to reduce such borrowings within three days (not including Sundays and holidays) thereafter at least to the extent of such excess.

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund, Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund and Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund have adopted policies prohibiting them from operating as funds-of-funds in reliance on Section 12(d)(1)(F) or Section 12(d)(1)(G) of the 1940 Act.

 

Fundamental and Nonfundamental Policies Related to Fund Investment Objectives, Diversification and Names

 

Investment Objective(s) and Diversification Classification. Each fund's investment objective(s) is disclosed in its prospectus. A fund's investment objective(s) may be either a Fundamental Policy (may not be changed without approval of the holders of a majority of the fund's outstanding voting securities (as defined in the 1940 Act)) or a Nonfundamental Policy (may be changed at any time, without shareholder approval, by a vote of a majority of the board members and in compliance with applicable law and regulatory policy).

 

Each fund is classified as either "diversified" or "non-diversified" under the 1940 Act. A fund may not change from "diversified" to "non-diversified" without the approval of the holders of a majority of the fund's outstanding voting securities (as defined in the 1940 Act).

 

The following chart indicates, for each fund, whether its investment objective(s) is a Fundamental Policy or Nonfundamental Policy and whether the fund is diversified or non-diversified.

 

Fund	Investment Objective(s) a Fundamental or Nonfundamental Policy	Classification as Diversified or Non-Diversified
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	Nonfundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund	Nonfundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	Fundamental	Diversified

 

 

Fund	Investment Objective(s) a Fundamental or Nonfundamental Policy	Classification as Diversified or Non-Diversified
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund	Nonfundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	Fundamental	Diversified
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	Nonfundamental	Non-diversified
Dynamic Total Return Fund	Fundamental	Non-diversified

 

Names. Each of the following funds invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes (for funds that may borrow for investment purposes), in the instruments described below (or, notwithstanding anything in the prospectus to the contrary, other instruments with similar economic characteristics). Each fund has either (1) adopted a policy to provide its shareholders with at least 60 days' prior notice of any change in its policy to so invest its assets ("80% Test") or (2) adopted the 80% Test as a Fundamental Policy, as indicated below.

 

Fund	80% Test	Fundamental Policy?
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund	Stocks of companies organized, or with a majority of assets or business, in emerging market countries	No
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund	Bonds and other instruments that provide investment exposure to global bond markets	No
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund	Publicly-traded equity securities of companies principally engaged in the real estate sector, as described in the fund's prospectus	No
Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund	Stocks included in the MSCI EAFE Index and in futures whose performance is tied to certain countries included in the index*	No
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund	Stocks	No
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund	Equity securities of large capitalization companies, as described in the fund's prospectus	No
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund	Equity securities of mid-cap companies, as described in the fund's prospectus	No
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund	Mid-cap stocks as described in the prospectus	No
Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund	Stocks included in the S&P MidCap 400 Index and in futures whose performance is tied to the index*	No

 

 

Fund	80% Test	Fundamental Policy?
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund	Municipal Bonds of the State of New Jersey, its political subdivisions, authorities and corporations and certain other specified securities that provide income exempt from federal and New Jersey state personal income taxes	Yes
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund	Stocks of small-cap companies	No
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund	Common stocks	No
Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund	Stocks included in the S&P 500 Index and in futures whose performance is tied to the index*	No
Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund	Stocks included in the S&P SmallCap 600 Index and in futures whose performance is tied to the index*	No
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund	Stocks of growth companies of any size that the Manager believes to be leading producers or beneficiaries of technological innovation	No
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund	Securities of emerging market issuers and other investments that are tied economically to emerging market countries	No

^*       The fund generally is fully invested in such investments.

 

DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund.

 

The fund ordinarily declares dividends from its net investment income on each business day, which is every day the NYSE is open for regular business.

 

INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS' ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

 

Each fund is an open-end management investment company. Listed below are the forms of organization of each fund company, its corresponding fund series (if any), and the dates of organization. The fund companies (in bold) listed below are either Maryland corporations or Massachusetts business trusts. If one or more funds are listed in italics thereunder, then such fund company is a "series" company, and investments are made through, and shareholders invest in, the fund series shown. References in this SAI to a "fund" generally refer to the series of a series company; if no such funds are listed under a bold fund company name, then it is not organized as a series company and the term "fund" refers to such fund company.

 

Name	State of Organization	Date of Organization*
Advantage Funds, Inc.	Maryland	November 16, 1993
Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund
Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund
Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund
Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund
Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund
Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund
Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund
Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund
Dreyfus Total Emerging Markets Fund

 

 

Name	State of Organization	Date of Organization*
Dynamic Total Return Fund
Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Inc.	Maryland	November 15, 1991
Dreyfus Index Funds, Inc.	Maryland	October 6, 1989
Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund
Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund
Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund
Dreyfus International Funds, Inc.	Maryland	January 27, 1993
Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund
Dreyfus Manager Funds II	Massachusetts	July 28, 1995
Dreyfus Balanced Opportunity Fund
Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Inc.	Maryland	June 6, 1991
Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.	Maryland	January 11, 1988
Dreyfus Premier Investment Funds, Inc.	Maryland	November 21, 1991
Dreyfus Diversified International Fund
Dreyfus Global Real Estate Securities Fund
Dreyfus Large Cap Equity Fund
Dreyfus Large Cap Growth Fund
Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Inc.	Delaware Maryland	June 23, 1969 Reorganized as a Maryland corporation on July 23, 1981

*

As a result of legal requirements relating to the formation of Massachusetts business trusts, there may have been a significant period of time between the dates of organization and commencement of operations for funds organized in this structure, during which time no business or other activities were conducted.

 

CERTAIN EXPENSE ARRANGEMENTS AND OTHER DISCLOSURES

 

Expense Arrangements

 

Index Funds. All expenses incurred in the operation of the funds are borne by the Manager, except management fees, Shareholder Services Plan fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees and commissions, if any, fees and expenses of non-interested board members, fees and expenses of independent counsel to the fund and to the non-interested board members, and any extraordinary expenses.

 

Expense Limitations

 

Dreyfus Emerging Markets Fund, Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Midcap Value Fund, Dreyfus Opportunistic Small Cap Fund, Dreyfus Strategic Value Fund, Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dreyfus Technology Growth Fund. The Manager has agreed that if in any fiscal year the aggregate expenses of the fund, exclusive of taxes, brokerage, interest on borrowings and (with the prior written consent of the necessary state securities commissions) extraordinary expenses, but including the management fee, exceed the expense limitation of any state having jurisdiction over the fund, the fund may deduct from the payment to be made to the Manager under the fund's agreement with the Manager, or the Manager will bear, such excess expense to the extent required by state law. Such deduction or payment, if any, will be estimated daily, and reconciled and effected or paid, as the case may be, on a monthly basis.

 

Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund. The Manager has agreed that, if in any fiscal year, the aggregate expenses of Class A shares of the fund, exclusive of taxes, brokerage fees, interest on borrowings and (with the prior written consent of the necessary state securities commissions) extraordinary expenses, but including the management fee, exceed 1-1/2% of the value of the fund's average net assets attributable to Class A shares for the fiscal year, the fund may deduct from the payment to be made to the Manager under the fund's agreement with the

 

 

Manager, or the Manager will bear, such excess expense with respect to Class A shares of the fund. Such deduction or payment, if any, will be estimated daily, and reconciled and effected or paid, as the case may be, on a monthly basis.

 

Dreyfus Research Growth Fund. The Manager has agreed that if in any fiscal year the aggregate expenses of Class Z shares of the fund, exclusive of taxes, brokerage fees, interest on borrowings and (with the prior written consent of the necessary state securities commissions) extraordinary expenses, but including the management fee, exceed 1½% of the value of the fund's average daily net assets attributable to Class Z shares of the fund for the fiscal year, the fund may deduct from the payment to be made to the Manager under the fund's agreement with the Manager, or the Manager will bear, such excess expense with respect to Class Z of the fund. Such deduction or payment, if any, will be estimated daily, and reconciled and effected or paid, as the case may be, on a monthly basis.

 

Index Licensing Disclosures—S&P

 

Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund, Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund. The funds are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by S&P. S&P makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the owners of the funds or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in securities generally or in the funds particularly or the ability of the S&P 500 Index, S&P 400 Index or S&P 600 Index to track general stock market performance. S&P's only relationship to the funds is the licensing of certain trademarks and trade names of S&P and of the relevant Indexes which are determined, composed and calculated by S&P without regard to the funds. S&P has no obligation to take the needs of the funds or the owners of the funds into consideration in determining, composing or calculating the S&P 500 Index, S&P 400 Index or S&P 600 Index, respectively. S&P is not responsible for and has not participated in the calculation of the funds' net asset value, nor is S&P a distributor of the funds. S&P has no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the funds.

 

S&P DOES NOT GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY AND/OR THE COMPLETENESS OF THE S&P 500 INDEX, S&P 400 INDEX OR S&P 600 INDEX OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN. S&P MAKES NO WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY DREYFUS S&P 500 INDEX FUNDS, DREYFUS MIDCAP INDEX FUND, INC. OR DREYFUS SMALLCAP STOCK INDEX FUND, OWNERS OF SUCH FUNDS, OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FROM THE USE OF THE S&P 500 INDEX, S&P 400 INDEX OR S&P 600 INDEX OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN. S&P MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE WITH RESPECT TO THE S&P 500 INDEX, S&P 400 INDEX OR S&P 600 INDEX OR ANY DATA INCLUDED THEREIN. WITHOUT LIMITING ANY OF THE FOREGOING, IN NO EVENT SHALL S&P HAVE ANY LIABILITY FOR ANY SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS), EVEN IF NOTIFIED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

 

COUNSEL AND INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

Proskauer Rose LLP, Eleven Times Square, New York, New York 10036, serves as counsel to the funds and to the Independent Board Members.

 

[____________, an independent registered public accounting firm, has been selected to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm for the funds.

 

RISKS OF INVESTING IN STATE MUNICIPAL SECURITIES

 

The following information constitutes only a brief summary, does not purport to be a complete description, and is based on information drawn from official statements relating to securities offerings of the specified state or states (each, the "State" or the "Commonwealth") and various local agencies available as of the date of this SAI. While

 

the relevant fund(s) have not independently verified this information, the fund(s) have no reason to believe that such information is not correct in all material respects.

 

New Jersey

 

General Information

 

Demographics. New Jersey is the eleventh largest state in population and the fifth smallest in land area. With an estimated population of 8.94 million and an average of 1,196 persons per square mile, it is the most densely populated of all the states. New Jersey is located at the center of the megalopolis that extends from Boston to Washington D.C., which includes over one-fifth of the nation's population. The State's economic base is diversified, consisting of a variety of construction, manufacturing, logistics, and service industries, supplemented by rural areas with selective commercial agriculture.

 

Economic Outlook. Real gross State product grew by 1.2% in 2016, which is in line with the average rate of growth over the past five years. Personal income grew by 3.2% in 2016. The State gained 9,800 jobs in July 2017, for a year-to-date total increase of 28,600 jobs. Payroll growth over the first half of 2017 has been led by the leisure and hospitality services, construction, and manufacturing sectors, whereas payroll employment declined in the trade, transportation, information and utilities sectors. The State's unemployment rate was 4.2% at the end of July 2017, which is the lowest rate since May 2007 (4.2%). The State's labor force participation rate stood at 63.4% at the end of July 2017. The State's unemployment rate remains below the national rate of 4.3% while the State's labor force participation rate remains above the national rate of 62.9%.

 

State Funds and Accounting

 

The State operates on a fiscal year beginning July 1 and ending June 30. Annual budgets are adopted for the State General Fund and certain special revenue funds. The Legislature enacts the annual budget through specific departmental appropriations, the sum of which may not exceed estimated resources. It is a constitutional requirement that the annual State budget be balanced. Pursuant to the State Constitution, no money may be drawn from the State Treasury except for appropriations made by law. In addition, all monies for the support of State government and all other State purposes, as far as can be reasonably ascertained or predicted, must be provided for in one general appropriation law covering the span of a single fiscal year. No general appropriations law or other law appropriating money for any State purpose may be enacted if the amount of money appropriated, together with all other appropriations for that fiscal year, exceeds the total amount of revenue available (current and anticipated) for such fiscal year, as certified by the Governor.

 

State Funds

 

State General Fund. This fund is the fund into which all State revenues, not otherwise restricted by State statute, are deposited and from which appropriations are made. The largest part of the total financial operations of the State is accounted for in the State General Fund. Most revenues received from taxes, most federal sources, and certain miscellaneous revenue items are recorded in this fund. The Appropriations Act, annually enacted by the Legislature, provides the basic framework for the operations of the State General Fund. Revenues into the State General Fund were $18.55 billion in Fiscal Year 2016, and are estimated to be $19.00 billion and $19.28 billion in Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Appropriations from the State General Fund were approximately $19.60 billion in Fiscal Year 2016, and are estimated to be $19.78 billion and $19.51 billion in Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018, respectively.

 

Property Tax Relief Fund. This fund accounts for revenues from the gross income tax and for revenues derived from a tax rate of 0.5% imposed under the sales and use tax, both of which are constitutionally dedicated toward property tax relief and reform, respectively. All receipts from taxes levied on personal income of individuals, estates and trusts must be appropriated exclusively for the purpose of reducing or offsetting property taxes. Annual appropriations are made from the fund, pursuant to formulas established by the Legislature, to counties, municipalities and school districts. Revenues into this fund were $14.07 billion in Fiscal Year 2016, and are estimated to be $14.58 billion and $15.16 billion in Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Property tax relief appropriations were approximately $14.11 billion in Fiscal Year 2016, and are estimated to be $14.64 billion and $14.87 billion in Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018, respectively.

 

Special Revenue Funds. These funds account for the resources legally restricted to expenditure for specified purposes. Such purposes must be other than special assessments, private-purpose trusts, or major capital projects.

 

 

Special Revenue Funds include the Casino Control Fund, the Casino Revenue Fund and the Gubernatorial Elections Fund. Other Special Revenue Funds have been created that are either reported ultimately in the State General Fund or are created to hold revenues derived from private sources.

 

Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund. In Fiscal Year 2016, the Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund (the "UITF"), which provides funding for unemployment benefits in the State, received approximately $2.6 billion in contributions from employers and workers while paying out approximately $2.1 billion in regular, annual State unemployment benefits (excluding benefits paid entirely by the federal government) on a cash basis. In Fiscal Year 2017, contributions from employers and workers were approximately $2.2 billion, while regular State unemployment benefits were $2.0 billion. As of June 30, 2017, the State's trust fund balance, on a cash basis, was approximately $2.1 billion.

 

Other Revenue Sources

 

Federal Aid. Actual federal aid receipts in the State General Fund and the Special Transportation Fund for Fiscal Years 2014 through 2016 amounted to $12.84 billion, $14.43 billion and $14.22 billion, respectively. Federal receipts in the State General Fund and the Special Transportation Fund for Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018 are estimated to be $14.94 billion and $15.82 billion, respectively. Anticipated federal aid receipts for Fiscal Year 2018 are composed of $9.44 billion for health-related family programs, $1.15 billion for other human services, $902.3 million for education, $470.1 million for labor, $1.64 billion for transportation and the remainder for all other federal aid programs.

 

The Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013 (the "Federal Relief Act"), appropriated approximately $50.38 billion (later reduced by sequestration to $47.9 billion) to assist states and local communities impacted by Super Storm Sandy. Leveraging available resources, the State has launched nearly 80 programs and initiatives to help Sandy-impacted homeowners, renters, businesses, and communities recover and rebuild. The State is administering programs funded by a number of federal funding streams. Some of these funding streams require the State or other grantee to contribute a non-federal cost share, also known as "match" requirements, which vary based on the program and funding stream and range from 0-35%. As recovery progresses, it is likely that some projections may understate or overstate the State's actual match needs as projects are finalized and closed out. The State has appropriated $40 million to support any unanticipated costs, including expected problems identifying funding to support the match obligation. To date, the State has either expended or obligated approximately $32.1 million of the initial $40 million in funding. Because there are no additional needs for this funding, the balance not obligated lapsed to the State General Fund in Fiscal Year 2017.

 

Atlantic City and Legalized Gambling. Since 1978, casino gambling in Atlantic City has been an important State tourist attraction. The Casino Revenue Fund accounts for the taxes imposed on the casinos and other related activities. Revenues for Fiscal Years 2014 through 2016 were approximately $221.5 million, $206.2 million and $209.4 million, respectively. Revenues are estimated to be $217.4 million and $225.0 million in Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018, respectively.

 

State Economy and Finances

 

Total revenues for Fiscal Year 2016 were $32.87 billion. In Fiscal Year 2016, State aid was the largest portion of appropriations, totaling $14.43 billion. In addition, $10.33 billion was appropriated for grants-in-aid, $7.28 billion was appropriated for direct State services, $1.48 billion was appropriated for capital construction and $445.8 million was appropriated for debt service on State general obligation bonds.

 

Estimated total revenues for Fiscal Year 2017 are $33.84 billion. Revenues from the State General Fund make up over 56% of revenues—approximately $19.00 billion. The sales and use tax collections for Fiscal Year 2017 are estimated to total $9.29 billion. The gross income tax collections for Fiscal Year 2017 are estimated to total $13.84 billion. The corporation business tax collections for Fiscal Year 2017 are estimated to total $2.20 billion. The Fiscal Year 2017 estimates, which are subject to adjustment pending completion of the annual audit, show $34.68 billion in appropriations, of which $14.99 billion is for State aid. In addition, $10.36 billion was appropriated for grants-in-aid, $7.41 billion was appropriated for direct State services, $1.58 billion was appropriated for capital construction and $340.8 million was appropriated for debt service on State general obligation bonds.

 

Estimated total revenues for Fiscal Year 2018 are $34.72 billion. Revenues from the State General Fund would make up over 55% of revenues—approximately $19.28 billion. The sales and use tax collections for Fiscal Year

 

 

2018 are estimated to total $9.70 billion. The gross income tax collections for Fiscal Year 2018 are estimated to total $14.38 billion. The corporation business tax collections for Fiscal Year 2018 are estimated to total $2.38 billion. The Fiscal Year 2018 Appropriations Act calls for $34.67 billion in appropriations, of which $14.89 billion is for State aid. In addition, $10.44 billion is appropriated for grants-in-aid, $7.44 billion is appropriated for direct State services, $1.57 billion is appropriated for capital construction and $326.4 million is appropriated for debt service on State general obligation bonds.

 

Annual appropriations are based on an estimate of costs. There are various factors that could result in expenditures significantly higher or lower than current forecasts.

 

State Indebtedness

 

General. The State is empowered by voters to authorize, issue, and incur debt subject to certain constitutional restrictions. General obligation bond acts are both legislatively and voter-approved and are backed by the State's full faith and credit. As of June 30, 2017, the State had $2.04 billion of State general obligation bonds outstanding.

 

General Obligation Bonds. The State finances certain capital projects through the sale of general obligation bonds of the State. These bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the State. Certain State tax revenues and certain other fees are pledged to meet the principal payments, interest payments and redemption premium payments, if any, required to fully pay the bonds. Fiscal Years 2017 and 2018 appropriations are $340.8 million and $326.4 million respectively, representing principal and interest payments for general obligation bonds.

 

Variable Rate Obligations. As of June 30, 2017, the Transportation Trust Fund Authority (the "TTFA") and the New Jersey Economic Development Authority (the "NJEDA") had outstanding, in the aggregate, approximately $1.02 billion of variable rate demand obligations, which bear interest at a rate that resets monthly or weekly based on either London InterBank Offering Rate (LIBOR) or the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) rate plus a fixed spread. There are no letters of credit in support of these notes.

 

Obligations Supported By State Revenue Subject to Annual Appropriation. The State has entered into a number of leases and agreements with several governmental authorities to secure the financing of various projects and programs in the State in which the State has agreed to make payments equal to the debt service on, and other costs related to, the obligations sold to finance the projects, including payments on swap agreements defined below. The Legislature has no legal obligation to enact such appropriations, but has done so to date for all such obligations. The amounts appropriated to make such payments are included in the appropriation for the department, authority or other entity administering the program or in other line item appropriations. The principal amount of obligations supported by State revenue subject to annual debt service appropriations as of June 30, 2017 is $34.9 billion.

 

Tax and Revenue Anticipation Notes. The State issues tax and revenue anticipation notes ("TRANs") to aid in providing effective cash flow management to fund timing imbalances that occur in the collection and disbursement of the State General Fund and Property Tax Relief Fund revenues. TRANs do not constitute a general obligation of the State or a debt or liability within the meaning of the State Constitution, but instead constitute special obligations of the State payable solely from monies on deposit in the State General Fund and the Property Tax Relief Fund and legally available for such payment.

 

On August 30, 2017, the State Treasurer adopted a resolution authorizing the issuance of TRANs for Fiscal Year 2018. Accordingly, the State Treasurer entered into a Note Purchase Contract with RBC Capital Markets, LLC ("RBC") under which RBC agreed to purchase TRANs in one or more series in the maximum amount of $2.0 billion. The State issued TRANs to RBC on August 31, 2017 in the amount of $900 million. Those TRANs will mature on June 28, 2018. The State may issue additional TRANs in Fiscal Year 2018.

 

State Pension Plans

 

Almost all of the public employees of the State and its counties, municipalities and political subdivisions are members of pension plans administered by the State. The State sponsors and operates seven defined benefit pension plans (collectively, the "Pension Plans"). Public Employees' Retirement System ("PERS") and Teachers' Pension and Annuity Fund ("TPAF") are the largest plans, which as of June 30, 2016 covered 254,685 and 154,163 active members, respectively, and 170,774 and 101,468 retired members, respectively. The other systems are Police and Firemen's Retirement System ("PFRS"), Consolidated Police and Firemen's Pension Fund ("CP&FPF"), State Police Retirement System ("SPRS"), Judicial Retirement System ("JRS") and Prison Officers' Pension Fund ("POPF"). The State is not the only employer participating in PERS and PFRS. Local governments also participate as employers. In both of these Pension Plans, the assets that the State and the local governments contribute are

 

 

invested together and generate one investment rate of return. However, both of these Pension Plans segregate the active and retired members and the related actuarial liabilities between the State on one hand and the local governments on the other hand. The State is solely responsible for funding the benefits of the SPRS, JRS, CP&FPF and the POPF. The CP&FPF and the POPF are closed plans and not open to new membership.

 

State law requires the Pension Plans to conduct an annual actuarial valuation. Ordinarily, the actuarial valuations of the Pension Plans are completed approximately six to eight months after the end of a fiscal year. As a result, the recommended contribution rates for the Pension Plans apply not to the fiscal year immediately following the fiscal year covered by the actuarial valuations but the second immediately following fiscal year. For example, the actuarially recommended rates of contribution in the actuarial valuations of the Pension Plans as of July 1, 2016 are applicable to the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 2018. The actual rate of return on the Pension Plans depends on the performance of their respective investment portfolios. The investment portfolios of each Pension Plan can be highly volatile and the value of the securities in the investment portfolio can dramatically change from one fiscal year to the next, which could, in turn, cause substantial increases or decreases in the Plan's unfunded actuarial accrued liability ("UAAL"). For Fiscal Year 2017, the preliminary, unaudited investment rate of return was 13.07% and, for Fiscal Years 2016 and 2015, the investment rate of return was –0.93% and 4.09%, respectively. The preliminary, unaudited annualized return for the three-year period ending June 30, 2017 was 5.25%. The rate of return on assets assumed by the actuaries for valuation purposes has been lowered from 7.90% to 7.65% beginning with the July 1, 2016 actuarial valuation.

 

As a result of lower-than-recommended contributions by the State to the Pension Plans for an extended period, lower than assumed investment returns on an actuarial basis, benefit enhancements enacted during the late 1990s and early 2000s, and reductions in member contributions, the Pension Plans have experienced deterioration in their financial condition. As a result, the State believes that, in addition to the existing assets of the Pension Plans, the expected earnings on those assets, and contributions from members of the Pension Plans, the State will need to make significantly larger contributions to the Pension Plans in the future to ensure that the Pension Plans will have a sufficient amount of assets to fund expected retirement benefits.

 

Pursuant to the Lottery Enterprise Contribution Act of 2017 ("LECA"), the State's lottery and related assets (the "Lottery Enterprise") has been contributed to certain eligible Pension Plans for a 30-year term (the "Lottery Contribution"). LECA has a neutral budget impact during Fiscal Year 2018. In Fiscal Year 2018, appropriations for certain educational and other programs that were previously supported by net proceeds of the State Lottery are now funded through appropriations from the State General Fund or the Property Tax Relief Fund. LECA provides for a special asset adjustment to the amount of the annual actuarially recommended contribution to the eligible Pension Plans of approximately $1 billion for Fiscal Year 2018, alleviating the need for aggregation appropriations form the State General Fund or the Property Tax Relief Fund to the eligible Pension Plans in the same amount.

 

LECA does not contain a provision permitting the termination of the Lottery Contribution prior to the end of its 30-year term, however, future legislation could amend or reverse the Lottery Contribution. Under current valuation assumptions, the contribution of the Lottery Enterprise is expected to generate an estimated $37 billion for the eligible Pension Plans over the 30-year term of the Lottery Contribution. The Lottery Contribution, valued at June 30, 2017 at $13.535 billion, increased the funded ratio of those Pension Plans, as of June 30, 2016, on a revised basis, from 44.7% to 58.9%.

 

As of June 30, 2016, excluding the estimated value of the Lottery Contribution, the State's portion of the aggregate market value of all of the assets of the Pension Plans, as determined by the Pension Plans' actuaries, was approximately $34.7 billion. As of June 30, 2016, the State's portion of the aggregate actuarial value of all assets of the Pension Plans was $39.7 billion.

 

Litigation

 

The following are cases presently pending or threatened in which the State has the potential for either a significant loss of revenue or a significant unanticipated expenditure. At any given time, there are various numbers of claims and cases pending against the State, State agencies and employees, seeking recovery of monetary damages that are primarily paid out of the fund created pursuant to the New Jersey Tort Claims Act. The State does not formally estimate its reserve representing potential exposure for these claims and cases. The State is unable to estimate its exposure for these claims and cases.

 

The State routinely receives notices of claim seeking substantial sums of money. The majority of those claims have historically proven to be of substantially less value than the amount originally claimed. In addition, at any given

 

 

time, there are various numbers of contract and other claims against the State and State agencies, including environmental claims asserted against the State, among other parties, arising from the alleged disposal of hazardous waste. The State is unable to estimate its exposure for these claims.

 

Pension Funding Litigation (Burgos et al. v. State et al.; CWA et at. v. Christie et al.; NJEA et al. v. State et al.; PANJ et al. v. State et al.). On May 20, 2014, the Governor ordered the Budget Director to place into reserve $887 million that had been appropriated to pay down the UAAL of the Pension Funds. Additionally, the State Treasurer has recommended that, due to an unprecedented revenue shortfall, the State not make the scheduled payment in Fiscal Year 2015. A number of State Police-associated groups, the Communications Workers of America ("CWA") and various other unions, and the NJEA filed complaints and orders to show cause challenging the Governor's actions in Fiscal Year 2014 and the State's proposed action in Fiscal Year 2015, some of which did not seek preliminary injunctions. On June 10, 2014, the trial court sua sponte consolidated the matters. Also on June 10, 2014, the court ordered the State to show cause, rejected the application for preliminary restraints, and scheduled a preliminary injunction hearing for June 25, 2014. Thereafter, the New Jersey Principals and Supervisors Association ("PSA") filed a motion to intervene in the NJEA action, which the court granted. On June 17, 2014, the Probation Association of New Jersey ("PANJ") filed a separate verified complaint, but not an order to show cause. On June 18, 2014, the Legislature filed a motion to dismiss the only complaint which named it as a defendant. On June 25, 2014, the trial court heard oral argument and issued an opinion denying plaintiffs' requests for preliminary injunctive relief and granting the Legislature's motion to dismiss. On July 21, 2014, the trial court, at the Governor's request, issued an order extending the time by which to file a responsive pleading from July 25, 2014 to August 25, 2014. On September 2, 2014, the Governor moved to dismiss all of the complaints filed in this consolidated matter. On February 23, 2015, the trial court denied the Governor's motion to dismiss and granted the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. The trial court also declared that the State's failure to make the scheduled payment for Fiscal Year 2015 impairs the plaintiff's rights under the contracts clause of the federal and State Constitutions. On March 13, 2015, the State filed a notice of motion for leave to appeal an interlocutory order with the Appellate Division and filed its brief for the motion on March 31, 2015. On that same day, the State also filed an emergent motion for direct certification to the New Jersey Supreme Court who granted the motion on April 6, 2015. All briefing was complete and oral argument was held on May 6, 2015. The State Supreme Court issued an opinion on June 9, 2015 holding that the pension funding rights are subject to appropriation. Plaintiff filed two writs for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court in September 2015. Both petitions were denied by the U.S. Supreme Court on February 29, 2016.

 

In the interim, on February 23, 2015, the Burgos plaintiffs, together with additional unions and individual public employees, had filed orders to show cause and verified complaints based on the Governor's funding recommendation for Fiscal Year 2015. Plaintiffs asserted that the Governor's recommendation violates their rights and will lead to an appropriation of less than the required scheduled payment. The trial court had postponed oral argument pending the New Jersey Supreme Court's decision in Burgos. In the wake of the Burgos decision, the majority of the Burgos plaintiffs withdrew their pending Fiscal Year 2016 claims. On April 6, 2016, the remaining Burgos plaintiffs withdrew their Fiscal Year 2016 claims. Accordingly, this case regarding the Fiscal Year 2016 pension contributions is closed.

 

While the Burgos case was pending, the Boards of Trustees for PERS, TPAF and PFRS (collectively, the "Pension Boards") filed a complaint to compel payment of the unfunded liability contribution for Fiscal Year 2014 and to direct the State to pay future liabilities in Fiscal Year 2015 and beyond. The State filed a motion to dismiss on February 23, 2015. On July 24, 2015, the Pension Boards filed for leave to file a second amended complaint. On October 8, 2015, the trial court dismissed, with prejudice, the Pension Boards' suit. The Pension Boards subsequently filed notice of appeal with the Appellate Division. On December 12, 2016, the Appellate Division upheld the trial court's dismissal of the Pension Boards' complaint. The Pension Boards subsequently filed a Notice of Petition for Certification with the New Jersey Supreme Court. After all parties had finished briefing the Petition for Certification and the Professional Firefighters of New Jersey had submitted an amicus brief in support of the Petition, the Pension Boards filed a Motion to Restyle Petition for Certification to Notice of Appeal and Alternative Petition for Certification. The Motion was neither permitted under the Court rules nor timely. After the Clerk's Office advised them of these defects, the Pension Boards filed multiple motions and three separate briefs on March 6, 2017, seeking leave to file a Notice of Appeal out of time and leave to amend their merits brief to incorporate their contention that they are entitled to an appeal as of right. The State's brief in opposition to these motions was filed on March 16, 2017. On March 31, 2017, the Court granted the Pension Boards' motion for leave to file a Notice of Appeal as within time and to file an amended brief. The State filed its opposition brief on April 28, 2017

 

 

and the Pension Boards subsequently filed a reply brief. On May 19, 2017, the New Jersey Supreme Court denied the Pension Boards' Notice of Petition for Certification and the Boards' Notice of Appeal was dismissed.

 

Pepe v. State. On November 2, 2015, two retired public school teachers and a retired public school secretary ("Individual Plaintiffs"), along with the NJEA, filed suit against the State and various State officials claiming that the State is violating the Individual Plaintiffs' alleged constitutionally protected contractual right to premium-free post-retirement health insurance by deducting a portion of the premium from the Individual Plaintiffs' retirement benefits. On January 29, 2016, the State filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Oral argument on the motion was heard on October 20, 2016. On July 26, 2017, the trial court issued an oral decision granting the State's motion to dismiss. On September 7, 2017, the Individual Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

Wisniewski v. Christie, et al.; Lesniak, et al. v. The State Capitol Joint Management Commission, et al.; Codey v. The State Capitol Joint Management Commission, et al.: Five State legislators in three separate lawsuits challenged the issuance of bonds by the NJEDA on May 11, 2017 to refund certain New Jersey Building Authority bonds and to fund certain renovations to the New Jersey State House (the "State House Bonds"). The NJEDA, along with all the other State defendants, filed a motion to dismiss the complaints. Plaintiffs opposed the motion and one plaintiff also sought to amend the complaint. On June 14, 2017, the trial court entered an order dismissing the complaints on mootness grounds and denying the motion to amend.

 

On July 6, 2017, one plaintiff appealed the June 14, 2017 trial court order, and subsequently filed a merits brief. The State's time to respond has not yet begun to run. On July 21, 2017, certain other plaintiffs also filed a notice of appeal. On July 6, 2017, plaintiff Wisniewski also filed a motion for leave to appeal as within time the administrative decisions of the NJEDA and the State Capitol Joint Management Commission related to the State House renovation. The Appellate Division granted the motion on August 9, 2017. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

Verizon Americas Inc. (fka Vodafone Americas, Inc.) v. Director, Division of Taxation. On July 28, 2016, Verizon Americas Inc. ("Verizon") filed a Complaint in the Tax Court of New Jersey, contesting the 2016 denial of a tax refund by the State' Division of Taxation ("Division"). The Division concluded that Verizon was a general partner in a partnership doing business in New Jersey and, thus, subject to the State's Corporation Business Tax. The parties are in the initial discovery stage. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

Johnson & Johnson v. Director, Division of Taxation and Commissioner, Banking & Insurance. On November 2, 2015, Johnson & Johnson submitted a request to the New Jersey Department of Banking & Insurance and the Division seeking a refund of self-procured insurance premium taxes. On August 9, 2016, the Division denied Johnson & Johnson's refund claim. Johnson & Johnson filed a complaint in the Tax Court on October 24, 2016 challenging the Division's denial of the refund claim. The State's answer was filed on February 21, 2017. On May 26, 2017, Johnson & Johnson filed a motion for summary judgment with the Tax Court. The State's opposition and cross-motion were due on September 15, 2017. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

Harrington et al. v. State of New Jersey. This case involves a State statute that had previously exempted New Jersey lottery winnings from the Gross Income Tax. In June 2009, the State amended the statute to allow for lottery winnings over $10,000 to be taxable by the State. The tax was made retroactive to January 1, 2009. The plaintiffs seek refunds of the taxes that were paid as a result of the retroactive application of the amendment to their prize winnings. The Harrington case serves as the lead case for the plaintiffs who allege constitutional violations, manifest injustice, and breach of contract by the Division of State Lottery and the Division of Taxation. The Plaintiffs in the Harrington case filed a motion for partial summary judgment and the State defendants filed their oppositions and cross-motions for summary judgment. On July 22, 2016, the Tax Court issued an oral decision denying the State defendants' cross-motions and granting the plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment. On September 26, 2016, the Tax Court issued a written decision. On December 13, 2016, the Tax Court granted plaintiffs' motions to enforce litigants' rights and reversed the Taxation Director's Final Determinations denying plaintiffs' requests for a refund of gross income taxes. The Tax Court ordered the Division of Taxation to pay plaintiffs their gross income tax refunds, with interest, within 30 days from the date of the order, which were so paid. The State intends to vigorously defend these matters.

 

Paz v. Director, Division of Taxation. Plaintiff and certain grantor trusts owned 100% of an S-Corporation. Plaintiff purportedly sold the corporation to a third-party purchaser pursuant to a deemed "asset sale" under Internal Revenue Code Section 338(h)(l0). On his Gross Income Tax return for 2010, plaintiff apportioned the gain from the

 

 

sale of an S-Corporation to the 23 states where the corporation conducted business. The Division audited the plaintiff and the S-Corporation and assigned 100% of the gain on the sale to the State as non-operational income and assessed plaintiff accordingly. In a related matter, the Division issued an alternative assessment against the S-Corporation based on the trusts' share of tax due. The plaintiff argues that the Division erred or is not otherwise authorized to classify the gains from the sale of the stock as non-operational income. The Division filed an answer on April 15, 2016. On April 7, 2017, the Tax Court issued its published opinion that upheld the Gross Income Tax assessment against plaintiff in its entirety. The Tax Court, however, vacated the alternative assessment against the S-Corporation. Finally, the Tax Court abated the underpayment penalties assessed against the plaintiff and denied plaintiff's motion for attorney fees. On June 22, 2017, Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

Oracle International Corporation v. Director, Division of Taxation. In March 2009, Oracle International Corporation ("Oracle") filed a complaint contesting a State tax assessment that imposed a Corporation Business Tax on Oracle from 2001 to 2007. Oracle alleges it is not subject to tax in the State, and challenges the assessment on a number of grounds. Discovery is ongoing and the State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

Pfizer Inc. et al. v. Director, Division of Taxation. Two taxpayers, Pfizer Inc. ("Pfizer") and Whirlpool Properties, Inc. ("Whirlpool"), challenge the Tax Court's affirmance of the facial constitutionality of the State's "throw-out rule" (the "Rule"), which affected the amount of taxable income taxpayers "allocate" to the State through 2010. The taxpayers asserted that the allocation formula under the Rule violates the due process and commerce clauses of the federal Constitution as well as various equitable principles. On May 29, 2008, the Tax Court granted the cross-motion to sustain the facial constitutionality of the Rule. The Tax Court found that, on its face, the Rule did not violate any of the constitutional provisions raised. Taxpayers' "as-applied" challenges remain. On May 3, 2011, the Whirlpool matter was argued before the New Jersey Supreme Court and by a unanimous opinion dated July 28, 2011, the Court affirmed the facial constitutionality of the Rule. Plaintiff withdrew its complaint, and a final Tax Court judgment was issued on February 24, 2017.

 

Banc of America Consumer Card Holdings Corporation v. Director, Division of Taxation. On or about August 5, 2011, Banc of America Consumer Card Holdings Corporation filed a complaint in the Tax Court of New Jersey, contesting the denial of a Corporation Business Tax refund for tax periods January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008. The State filed an answer to the complaint on October 4, 2011, and an amended answer on March 6, 2012. The parties have completed the initial stage of discovery. On April 2, 2015, the plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment. The State's opposition was filed on July 14, 2015. Oral argument on the motions was heard on February 3, 2016. On October 6, 2016, the Tax Court issued a written decision and concluded that the plaintiff was required to source to the State 100% of its interest income and interchange fee income generated from New Jersey card holders. The Tax Court also held that the plaintiff was required to source to the State 50% of its service fee income from New Jersey card holders. On November 1, 2016, the Tax Court issued an order awarding the plaintiff a significantly reduced refund. On December 14, 2016, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal with the Appellate Division. On July 24, 2017, the plaintiff and affiliates filed their brief in the Appellate Division. The State's brief was due August 23, 2017. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

DeVry Educational Development Corporation v. Director, Division of Taxation. On February 23, 2012, DeVry Educational Development Corporation ("DeVry") filed a complaint in the State Tax Court, contesting a 2011 determinate by the Division of Taxation that DeVry is subject to corporate business tax commencing July 1, 2002 and is required to file State tax returns. The Division filed an answer on June 6, 2012. Discovery is ongoing. The State is vigorously defending this matter.

 

Frank Greek and Son, Inc. v. Verizon New Jersey, Inc. et al. Plaintiff filed a nominal class action lawsuit against Verizon, alleging that Verizon overcharged customers by charging certain customers for the New Jersey enhanced 911 fee ("E911 Fee") and that Verizon overcharged customers generally for various other fees and services and therefore violated the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act. Verizon denies that it improperly charged the E911 Fee and other charges, and it filed a third-party complaint against the Division. Verizon claims that all E911 Fees it collected were remitted to the Division and that Division should refund allegedly overpaid E911 Fees of approximately $30 million to a third-party class action trust fund administrator. The trial court denied Verizon's and the Division's motions to dismiss on August 20, 2014. Subsequently, Verizon filed an interlocutory appeal, which was granted by the Appellate Division. In the interim, the plaintiff amended its complaint and each of Verizon and the Division has filed motions to dismiss. On April 21, 2015, the trial court granted the Division's motion to dismiss in part with respect to claims concerning the New Jersey Civil Rights Act. Oral argument on the interlocutory

 

 

appeal was held on November 2, 2015. On the interlocutory appeal, the Appellate Division reversed the lower court ruling and held that the E911 Fee statutes specifically reference and incorporate the State Uniform Tax Procedure Law. The Appellate Division concluded that the refund provisions of the State Uniform Tax Procedure Law represent the exclusive remedy for a taxpayer seeking a refund of E911 Fees. The plaintiff has filed a motion to reopen the case and place the matter on a trial calendar, claiming that its constitutional claims were not dismissed by the Appellate Division's opinion. The court heard oral argument on the plaintiff's motion to reopen the case. The court declined to rule on the motion, and instead is allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to submit a brief to the court explaining what legal issues it believes are still outstanding and how those issues still stand in light of the Appellate Division's decision in this matter. The State intends to vigorously defend this matter.

 

East Cape May Associates v. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. This matter is a regulatory taking case in which the plaintiff claims that it is entitled to more than $30 million in damages for the taking of its property without just compensation. The property is approximately 96 acres of freshwater wetlands in the City of Cape May. Plaintiff filed its complaint on December 8, 1992 after the DEP denied an application for 366 single family homes. On motion for summary judgment, the trial court ruled that the State was liable for a regulatory taking as of December 1992. Thereafter, the New Jersey Appellate Division held that DEP could avoid liability by approving development on the property. In addition, the Appellate Division remanded the case for a determination of whether the "property" also included 100 acres previously developed by the plaintiff's principals. On remand from the Appellate Division, the trial court ruled that the "property" did not include the 100 acres previously developed, and that DEP could not approve development of the remaining acres without first adopting regulations governing the development of wetlands property. Since DEP had not adopted such regulations, the trial court held that DEP's development offer of 64 homes on the 80 acres was ineffective and DEP was liable for a taking of the property. The State filed an appeal of the trial court's decision and the plaintiff cross-appealed. Oral argument was held on May 14, 2001. On July 25, 2001, the Appellate Division affirmed the trial court's decision, and found that before DEP could approve limited development to avoid a taking, it was required to adopt and implement regulations. Upon remand, DEP promulgated regulations, which took effect on January 22, 2002. On July 1, 2009, the parties reached a settlement of the case, and submitted a consent order and stipulation of dismissal to the trial court contingent upon federal approval from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The relevant federal agencies have expressed opposition to the proposed settlement. On May 25, 2012, the plaintiff served notice asserting its rights to terminate the settlement, demanding that within 60 days DEP initiate the reconsideration process. The DEP has initiated the reconsideration process pursuant to the regulations.

 

On June 4, 2014, DEP issued its amelioration authorization which approves development of between 80 to 90 dwelling units clustered on approximately 25 acres of land on the 100-acre parcel. DEP also requires mitigation of 25 acres of barren land to serve the migratory bird species which now use the subject property. The plaintiff has reinstated its longstanding complaint in the trial court, claiming the amelioration authorization is excessive for this environmentally sensitive property and therefore does not follow DEP's rules, and is also inadequate to avoid a taking. Discovery is ongoing. The trial court judge has initially ordered that DEP must produce its experts first, stating that DEP holds the burden of proof. DEP filed an interlocutory motion for leave to appeal the burden of proof assignment, which was subsequently denied. Surrounding neighbors have also formed a nonprofit entity to challenge the amelioration authorization and have been granted intervenor status. The State is vigorously defending this matter.

 

Escobar v. DYFS et al. On July 17, 2009, Plaintiff's child was allegedly shaken by his biological father. As a result, the child is severely disabled and requires life care by professionals. The biological father is currently incarcerated for aggravated assault. The Division of Youth and Family Services ("DYFS") (now known as the Division of Child Protection and Permanency in the Department of Children and Families) allegedly had knowledge that the biological father had a history of drug use, domestic violence, mental health disorders and other issues. DYFS also was allegedly aware that the child showed prior evidence of abuse. Plaintiff alleges that DYFS failed to adequately investigate the reports of alleged abuse. After the completion of the trial, the jury awarded the Plaintiff $166 million, of which approximately $57 million was for pain and suffering, approximately $4 million was for the child's past medical needs and $105 million is to cover the child's future medical needs. The State filed a motion for a new trial and, in the alternative, for remitter on the awards for pain and suffering and the child's future medical needs. On March 19, 2014, the court ruled on the motion for remitter, reducing the award against the State to $102.6 million by reducing the amount allocated for future medical needs to $75.9 million. On April 1, 2014, the court entered a final order judgment in the case. On April 22, 2014, the State filed a notice of appeal. The Appellate Division heard oral argument in this matter on December 16, 2015. On April 4, 2017, the Appellate Division

 

 

reversed the $166 million verdict against DYFS and two of DYFS's employees finding that the State Defendants were immune from suit under the Tort Claims Act and principles of qualified immunity. On April 20, 2017, the plaintiff filed a Notice of Petition for Certification with the New Jersey Supreme Court. The State is vigorously defending this matter.

 

Gomez v. DCPP et al. On March 12, 2012, the plaintiff's child was allegedly assaulted by her biological father. The plaintiff suffered severe injuries. The plaintiff claims, among other things, that the Division of Child Protection and Permanency in the Department of Children and Families ("DCPP") failed to comply with its own policies and procedures and alleges violation of the New Jersey Child Placement Bill of Rights by the DCPP. The complaint was filed in the State Court on February 12, 2015. On March 11, 2015, DCPP removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey and filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. The State's motion to dismiss the complaint was denied without prejudice on May 8, 2015. The plaintiff agreed to withdraw the federal claims and the matter was remanded to State court. Discovery is ongoing. The State is vigorously defending this matter.

 

Medicaid, Tort, Contract, Workers' Compensation and Other Claims. The Office of the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services ("OIG") has conducted and continues to conduct various audits of Medicaid claims for different programs administered by the State's Department of Human Services ("DHS"). Currently, these audits span time periods between July 27, 2003 and December 31, 2007. The OIG audits, which have primarily focused on claim documentation and cost allocation methodologies, recommend that certain claims submitted by DHS be disallowed. OIG submits its recommendations on disallowances to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") which may, in whole or in part, accept or disagree with the OIG's recommendations. If the OIG's recommendations are not challenged by the State or are upheld by CMS, DHS will be required to refund the amount of any disallowances. However, DHS is disputing OIG's audit findings. Given that the State is currently disputing and appealing the OIG audit findings, it cannot estimate any final refund amounts or the timing of any refund payments that may be due to CMS. These current audits and any future audits of Medicaid claims submitted by DHS may result in claim disallowances which may be significant. The State is unable to estimate its exposure for these claim disallowances.

 

 

PART III

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO BUY SHARES

 

See the prospectus and "How to Buy Shares" in Part II of this SAI to determine which sections of the discussion below apply to your fund.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Buy Shares—Information Regarding the Offering of Share Classes" in Part II of this SAI or in the prospectus, fund shares may be purchased through the Distributor or Service Agents that have entered into service agreements with the Distributor (Class T shares are not available directly from the fund). Except for purchases through certain Service Agents, the initial investment must be accompanied by the Account Application. If required information is missing from your Account Application, it may be rejected. If an account is established pending receipt of requested information, it may be restricted to liquidating transactions only and closed if requested information is not received within specified time frames. Subsequent purchase requests may be sent directly to the Transfer Agent or your Service Agent or as otherwise described in the prospectus. Shares of the funds will only be issued against full payment. You will be charged a fee if a check used to purchase fund shares is returned unpayable. Effective July 1, 2011, the funds issue shares in book entry form only and no longer issue share certificates.

 

Each fund reserves the right to reject any purchase order. No fund will establish an account for a "foreign financial institution," as that term is defined in Treasury rules implementing Section 312 of the USA PATRIOT Act. Foreign financial institutions include: foreign banks (including foreign branches of U.S. depository institutions); foreign offices of U.S. securities broker-dealers, futures commission merchants and mutual funds; non-U.S. entities that, if they were located in the United States, would be securities broker-dealers, futures commission merchants or mutual funds; and non-U.S. entities engaged in the business of currency dealer or exchanger or money transmitter. No fund will accept cash, travelers' checks or money orders as payment for shares.

 

Service Agents may impose certain conditions on their clients which are different from those described in the prospectus and this SAI and, to the extent permitted by applicable regulatory authority, may charge their clients direct fees. The availability of certain share classes and/or shareholder services described, as applicable, in the prospectus or this SAI will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of the Service Agent. To be eligible for the share classes, sales charge reductions or waivers, and/or shareholder services described in the prospectus or this SAI, you may need to open a fund account directly with the fund. You should consult your Service Agent in this regard. As discussed under "Management Arrangements—Distributor" in Part III of this SAI, Service Agents may receive revenue sharing payments from Dreyfus or the Distributor. The receipt of such payments could create an incentive for a Service Agent to recommend or sell fund shares, instead of other mutual funds for which the Service Agent receives lower or no revenue sharing payments. This potential conflict of interest may be addressed by policies, procedures or practices adopted by the Service Agent. As there may be many different policies, procedures or practices adopted by different Service Agents to address the manner in which compensation is earned through the sale of investments or the provision of related services, the compensation rates and other payment arrangements that may apply to a Service Agent and its representatives may vary by Service Agent. Please contact your Service Agent for details about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of fund shares or the provision of services to a fund.

 

The Code imposes various limitations on the amount that may be contributed by fund shareholders to certain Retirement Plans or government sponsored programs. These limitations apply to participants at the Retirement Plan level and, therefore, do not directly affect the amount that may be invested in a fund by a Retirement Plan or government sponsored programs. Participants and Retirement Plan or program sponsors should consult their tax advisors for details.

 

Investment Minimums

 

Each fund reserves the right to vary further the initial and subsequent investment minimum requirements at any time.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Buy Shares—Investment Minimums" in Part II of this SAI, shares

 

 

of each fund (other than Class T shares) are offered without regard to the minimum initial investment requirements to fund board members who elect to have all or a portion of their compensation for serving in that capacity automatically invested in the fund.

 

Small Account Policies

 

The funds reserve the right to waive any small account policies that are described in the prospectus.

 

In-Kind Purchases

 

Certain funds may, at their discretion, permit the purchases of shares through an "in-kind" exchange of securities. Any securities exchanged must meet the investment objective, policies and limitations of the fund, must have a readily ascertainable market value, must be liquid and must not be subject to restrictions on resale. The market value of any securities exchanged, plus any cash, must be at least equal to the fund's minimum initial investment. Shares purchased in exchange for securities generally cannot be redeemed for fifteen days following the exchange in order to allow time for the transfer to settle.

 

Securities accepted by a fund will be valued in the same manner as the fund values its assets. Any interest earned on the securities following their delivery to the fund and prior to the exchange will be considered in valuing the securities. When securities are acquired by the fund, all interest, dividends, subscription or other rights attached to the securities become the property of the fund. The exchange of securities for fund shares may be a taxable transaction to the shareholder. For further information about "in-kind" purchases, call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only).

 

Information Pertaining to Purchase Orders

 

Purchases Through Service Agents (non-money market funds only). The funds have authorized certain Service Agents to serve as Authorized Entities (i.e., as agents for the fund that accept purchase and redemption orders on behalf of the fund). Such Authorized Entities are authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on behalf of the fund. If a Service Agent is an Authorized Entity or an Authorized Entity's designee, the fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when such Service Agent or its designee received the order, and the order will be priced at the fund's NAV next calculated after the order is received and accepted by the Service Agent or its designee. Orders submitted through a Service Agent that is not an Authorized Entity are priced at the fund's NAV next calculated after the fund receives the order in proper form from the Service Agent and accepts it, which may not occur on the day the order is submitted to the Service Agent.

 

For certain Service Agents, payment for the purchase of shares of funds may be transmitted, and must be received by the Transfer Agent, within two business days after the order is placed. If such payment is not received within two business days after the order is placed, the order may be canceled and the institution could be held liable for resulting fees and/or losses.

 

Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege (not applicable to Class T shares). Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Buy Shares—Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege" in Part II of this SAI, you may purchase fund shares by telephone or online if you have supplied the necessary information on the Account Application or have filed a Shareholder Services Form with the Transfer Agent. The proceeds will be transferred between the bank account designated in one of these documents and your fund account. Only a bank account maintained in a domestic financial institution which is an ACH member may be so designated.

 

Dreyfus TeleTransfer purchase orders may be made at any time. If purchase orders are received prior to the time as of which the fund calculates its NAV (as described in the prospectus) on any day the Transfer Agent and the NYSE are open for regular business, fund shares will be purchased at the public offering price determined on that day. If purchase orders are made after the time as of which the fund calculates its NAV on any day the Transfer Agent and the NYSE are open for regular business, or made on Saturday, Sunday or any fund holiday (e.g., when the NYSE is not open for business) fund shares will be purchased at the public offering price determined on the next bank business day following such purchase order. To qualify to use the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege, the initial payment for purchase of shares must be drawn on, and redemption proceeds paid to, the same bank and account as

 

 

are designated on the Account Application or Shareholder Services Form on file. If the proceeds of a particular redemption are to be sent to an account at any other bank, the request must be in writing and signature-guaranteed as described below under "Additional Information About How to Redeem Shares—Share Certificates; Medallion Signature Guarantees." See "Additional Information About How to Redeem Shares—Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege" below for more information. Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege enables investors to make regularly scheduled investments and may provide investors with a convenient way to invest over time, but does not guarantee a profit and will not protect an investor against loss in a declining market.

 

Reopening an Account (not applicable to Class T shares). You may reopen an account in a fund that you previously closed without filing a new Account Application during the calendar year the account is closed or during the following calendar year, provided the information in the old Account Application is still applicable. During the second calendar year after your account was closed, you may be eligible to reopen such account for part of that calendar year. Please call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or contact your financial representative for availability or options before seeking to invest in such account. You cannot at any time reopen an account that you closed in a fund, or in a share class of a fund, that previously was closed to new investment accounts.

 

Multi-Class Funds. When purchasing shares of a Multi-Class Fund, you must specify which class is being purchased. In many cases, neither the Distributor nor the Transfer Agent will have the information necessary to determine whether a quantity discount or reduced sales load (not applicable to Class T shares) is applicable to a purchase. You or your Service Agent must notify the Distributor whenever a quantity discount or reduced sales load is applicable to a purchase and must provide the Distributor with sufficient information at the time of purchase to verify that each purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount.

 

Service Agents may receive different levels of compensation for selling different classes of shares of the Multi-Class Funds, which may depend on, among other things, the type of investor and the policies, procedures and practices adopted by your Service Agent.

 

Class A. Except as may be otherwise described in the prospectus or in "How to Buy Shares—Class A" in Part II of this SAI, the public offering price for Class A shares of each Multi-Class Fund that is an equity fund is the NAV per share of that class plus a sales load as shown below:

 

Total Sales Load*—Class A Shares
Amount of Transaction	As a % of offering price per share	As a % of NAV per share	Dealers' reallowance as a % of offering price
Less than $50,000	5.75	6.10	5.00
$50,000 to less than $100,000	4.50	4.71	3.75
$100,000 to less than $250,000	3.50	3.63	2.75
$250,000 to less than $500,000	2.50	2.56	2.25
$500,000 to less than $1,000,000	2.00	2.04	1.75
$1,000,000 or more	-0-	-0-	-0-

 

*Due to rounding, the actual sales load you pay may be more or less than that calculated using these percentages.

 

Effective February 4, 2009 (the "Exchange Date"), Old Class T shares are no longer offered by any Multi-Class Fund. Holders of Old Class T shares of a Multi-Class Fund as of the Exchange Date received automatically, in exchange for their Old Class T shares of a fund, Class A shares of the fund having an aggregate NAV equal to the aggregate value of the shareholder's Old Class T shares. Shareholders of a Multi-Class Fund who received Class A shares of the fund in exchange for their Old Class T shares of the fund on the Exchange Date, may purchase Class A shares of the fund directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, at the NAV per share of Class A of

 

 

the fund.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in the prospectus or in "How to Buy Shares—Class A" in Part II of this SAI, the public offering price for Class A shares of each Multi-Class Fund that is a bond fund is the NAV per share of that class plus a sales load as shown below:

 

Total Sales Load*—Class A Shares
Amount of Transaction	As a % of offering price per share	As a % of NAV per share	Dealers' reallowance as a % of offering price
Less than $50,000	4.50	4.71	4.25
$50,000 to less than $100,000	4.00	4.17	3.75
$100,000 to less than $250,000	3.00	3.09	2.75
$250,000 to less than $500,000	2.50	2.56	2.25
$500,000 to less than $1,000,000	2.00	2.04	1.75
$1,000,000 or more	-0-	-0-	-0-

 

*Due to rounding, the actual sales load you pay may be more or less than that calculated using these percentages.

 

Class A shares of a Multi-Class Fund purchased without an initial sales load as part of an investment of $1,000,000 or more may be assessed at the time of redemption a 1% CDSC if redeemed within one year of purchase. The Distributor may pay Service Agents an up-front commission of up to 1% of the NAV of Class A shares purchased by their clients as part of a $1,000,000 or more investment in Class A shares that are subject to a CDSC. If the Service Agent waives receipt of such commission, the CDSC applicable to such Class A shares will not be assessed at the time of redemption.

 

·

Class A Shares Offered at NAV. Full-time employees of member firms of FINRA and full-time employees of other Service Agents may purchase Class A shares for themselves directly or pursuant to an employee benefit plan or other program (if fund shares are offered to such plans or programs), or for their spouses or minor children, at NAV without a sales load, provided they have furnished the Distributor with such information as it may request from time to time in order to verify eligibility for this privilege. In addition, Class A shares are offered at NAV to full-time or part-time employees of Dreyfus or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries, directors of Dreyfus, board members of a fund advised by Dreyfus or its affiliates, or the spouse, domestic partner or minor child of any of the foregoing. Additional information about purchasing Class A shares at NAV is in the prospectus.

 

·

Dealer Reallowance. The dealer reallowance provided with respect to Class A shares may be changed from time to time but will remain the same for all dealers. The Distributor, at its own expense, may provide additional promotional incentives to dealers that sell shares of funds advised or administered by Dreyfus which are sold with a sales load, such as Class A shares. In some instances, these incentives may be offered only to certain dealers who have sold or may sell significant amounts of such shares. See "Management Arrangements—Distributor" below.

 

·

Rights of Accumulation. Except as may be otherwise described in the prospectus or in "How to Buy Shares—Rights of Accumulation" in Part II of this SAI, reduced sales loads apply to any purchase of Class A shares by you and any related Purchaser where the aggregate investment including such purchase is $50,000 or more. If, for example, you previously purchased and still hold Eligible Shares, or combination thereof, with an aggregate current market value of $40,000 and subsequently purchase Class A shares of such fund having a current value of $20,000, the sales load applicable to the subsequent purchase would be the sales load in effect for a transaction in the range of $50,000 to less than $100,000. All present holdings of Eligible Shares may be combined to determine the current offering price of the aggregate investment in

 

 

ascertaining the sales load applicable to each subsequent purchase.

 

To qualify for reduced sales loads, at the time of purchase you or your Service Agent must notify the Distributor if orders are made by wire or the Transfer Agent if orders are made by mail. The reduced sales load is subject to confirmation of your holdings through a check of appropriate records.

 

·

Conversion of All Class B Shares. Effective as of the Effective Date, each Multi-Class Fund offering Class B shares converted its outstanding Class B shares to Class A shares of the fund (or, for certain funds, Class D shares of the fund—see "How to Buy Shares" in Part II of this SAI). Class B shares are no longer offered by the funds and have been terminated as a separately designated class of each fund. On the Effective Date, holders of Class B shares of a fund received Class A shares (or, as applicable, Class D shares) of the fund having an aggregate NAV equal to the aggregate NAV of the shareholder's Class B shares. Each fund's Class A shares (or, as applicable, Class D shares) have a lower total annual expense ratio than the fund's Class B shares. No front-end sales load or CDSC was imposed in connection with the conversion. Any subsequent investments in a fund's Class A shares by holders of Class A shares that were converted from Class B shares will be subject to the front-end sales load applicable to the fund's Class A shares.

 

Class C. The public offering price for Class C shares is the NAV per share of that class. No initial sales charge is imposed at the time of purchase. A CDSC is imposed, however, on redemptions of Class C shares made within the first year of purchase. See "Additional Information About How to Redeem Shares—Contingent Deferred Sales Charge—Multi-Class Funds—Class C" below.

 

Class I. The public offering price for Class I shares is the NAV per share of that class.

 

Shareholders who received Class I shares of a fund in exchange for Class Y shares of a corresponding Acquired Fund as a result of the reorganization of such Acquired Fund may purchase directly from the fund, for accounts maintained with the fund, Class I shares of any fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds whether or not they would otherwise be eligible to do so. Additional information about eligibility to purchase Class I shares is in the prospectus and may be in Part II of this SAI.

 

Institutions effecting transactions in Class I shares for the accounts of their clients may charge their clients direct fees in connection with such transactions.

 

Class Y. The public offering price for Class Y shares is the NAV per share of that class.

 

Class T. The public offering price for Class T shares is the NAV per share of that class plus a sales load as shown below:

 

Total Sales Load* –Class T Shares
Amount of Transaction	As a % of offering price per share	As a % of net asset value per share	Dealers' reallowance as a % of offering price
Less than $250,000	2.50	2.56	2.50
250,000 to less than $500,000	2.00	2.04	2.00
$500,000 to less than $1,000,000	1.50	1.52	1.50
$1,000,000 or more	1.00	1.01	1.00

 

*

Due to rounding, the actual sales load you pay may be more or less than that calculated using these percentages.

 

All Other Funds and Share Classes. The public offering price is the NAV per share of the class. Service Agents

 

 

purchasing fund shares on behalf of their clients determine the share classes available for their clients.  Accordingly, the availability of shares of a particular class will depend on the policies, procedures and trading platforms of your Service Agent.  Service Agents may receive different levels of compensation for selling different classes of shares of a fund. Please consult your Service Agent.

 

Information Relating to Purchase Orders (money market funds only)

 

Timing of Orders. Shares of each fund are sold on a continuous basis at the NAV per share next determined after an order is received "in proper form."

 

For each Government MMF and Retail MMF, an order to purchase shares received by the fund will be deemed to be "in proper form" if the fund receives Federal Funds or other immediately available funds promptly thereafter. Unless other arrangements have been made in advance, the fund generally expects to receive the funds within two hours after the order is received by the fund or an Authorized Entity by the close of the Federal Reserve wire transfer system (normally, 6:00 p.m., Eastern time), whichever is earlier.

 

For each Institutional MMF, an order to purchase shares received by the fund will be deemed to be "in proper form" if the fund receives Federal Funds or other immediately available funds promptly thereafter. Unless other arrangements have been made in advance, the fund generally expects to receive the funds within two hours after the time at which the fund's NAV is next calculated after the order is received by the fund or by the close of the Federal Reserve wire transfer system (normally, 6:00 p.m., Eastern time), whichever is earlier.

 

If you do not remit Federal Funds, your payment must be converted into Federal Funds. This usually occurs within one business day of receipt of a bank wire and within two business days of receipt of a check drawn on a member bank of the Federal Reserve System. Checks drawn on banks which are not members of the Federal Reserve System may take considerably longer to convert into Federal Funds. Prior to receipt of Federal Funds, your money will not be invested in the fund.

 

Orders Placed Through Authorized Entities. For each Government MMF and Retail MMF, financial intermediaries may serve as Authorized Entities (i.e., as agents for the fund that accept purchase and redemption orders on behalf of the fund). Such Authorized Entities are authorized to designate other intermediaries to received purchase and redemption orders on behalf of the fund. If a financial intermediary is an Authorized Entity or an Authorized Entity's designee, the fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when such financial intermediary or its designee receives the order, and the order will be priced at the fund's NAV next calculated after the order is received and accepted by the financial intermediary or its designee. Orders submitted through a financial intermediary that is not an Authorized Entity are priced at the fund's NAV next calculated after the fund receives the order in proper form from the financial intermediary and accepts it, which may not occur on the day the order is submitted to the financial intermediary.

 

With the exception of orders from certain Retirement Plans, intermediaries are not authorized by Institutional MMFs to be Authorized Entities. Orders (other than those from certain Retirement Plans that are Authorized Entities) submitted through financial intermediaries are priced at the fund's NAV next calculated after the fund receives the order in proper form from the intermediary and accepts it, which may not occur on the day the order is submitted to the intermediary.

 

If a financial intermediary serves as an Authorized Entity of a Retail MMF or a Government MMF and accepts trade orders on the fund's behalf, the Authorized Entity must record (i.e., "time stamp") the time of its acceptance of such trade orders for the purposes of, among other things, determining whether the orders preceded or followed the effective implementation time of a liquidity fee or redemption gate, or a modification thereto. If the Authorized Entity fails to time stamp orders received in a manner satisfactory to the fund, such orders will be deemed received when they are received by the fund.

 

Converting Shares

 

Under certain circumstances, shares of a fund with more than one class may be converted from one class of shares to another class of shares of the same fund. The aggregate dollar value of the shares of the class received upon any

 

 

such conversion will equal the aggregate dollar value of the converted shares on the date of the conversion. An investor whose fund shares are converted from one class to another class will not realize taxable gain or loss as a result of the conversion.

 

Taxpayer ID Number

 

Federal regulations require that you provide a certified taxpayer identification number ("TIN") upon opening or reopening an account. See the Account Application for further information concerning this requirement. Failure to furnish a certified TIN could subject you to a $50 penalty imposed by the IRS.

 

Frequent Purchases and Exchanges (non-money market funds only)

 

The funds are intended to be long-term investment vehicles and are not designed to provide investors with a means of speculating on short-term market movements. A pattern of frequent purchases and exchanges can be disruptive to efficient portfolio management and, consequently, can be detrimental to a fund's performance and its shareholders. If fund management determines that an investor is following an abusive investment strategy, it may reject any purchase request, or terminate the investor's exchange privilege, with or without prior notice. Such investors also may be barred from purchasing shares of other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. Accounts under common ownership or control may be considered as one account for purposes of determining a pattern of excessive or abusive trading. In addition, a fund may refuse or restrict purchase or exchange requests for fund shares by any person or group if, in the judgment of fund management, the fund would be unable to invest the money effectively in accordance with its investment objective and policies or could otherwise be adversely affected or if the fund receives or anticipates receiving simultaneous orders that may significantly affect the fund. If an exchange request is refused, the fund will take no other action with respect to the fund shares (i.e., shares will not be redeemed) until it receives further instructions from the investor. While a fund will take reasonable steps to prevent excessive short-term trading deemed to be harmful to the fund, it may not be able to identify excessive trading conducted through certain financial intermediaries or omnibus accounts.

 

Transactions made through Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privileges, automatic investment plans (including Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder^®), automatic non-discretionary rebalancing programs, minimum required retirement distributions and investments through certain third party programs for individual investors approved by the fund generally are not considered to be frequent trading. For employer-sponsored benefit plans, generally only participant-initiated exchange transactions are subject to the roundtrip limit.

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO REDEEM SHARES

 

See the prospectus or "How to Redeem Shares" in Part II of this SAI for fund-specific and other information about the redemption of fund shares.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares" in Part II of this SAI, each fund ordinarily will make payment for all shares redeemed within seven days after receipt by the Transfer Agent of a redemption request in proper form, except as provided by the rules of the SEC. "Proper form" includes, for example, receipt of documentation deemed by the fund to be sufficient to evidence authority to redeem shares in the account, which for certain shareholders includes receipt of a manually executed (i.e., not photocopy) Account Application and related documentation. If you have purchased fund shares by check (including a certified or cashier's check), by Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege or through Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder^® and subsequently submit a written redemption request to the Transfer Agent, the fund may delay sending the proceeds for up to eight business days following the purchase of those shares or until the fund receives verification of clearance of the funds used to purchase such shares. In addition, the fund will not honor redemption checks under the Checkwriting Privilege, and will not process wire, online or Dreyfus TeleTransfer redemption requests for up to eight business days following purchase or until the fund receives verification of clearance of the funds used to purchase the shares for which the redemption is requested. These procedures will not apply if your shares were purchased by wire payment, or if you otherwise have a sufficient collected balance in your account to cover the redemption request.

 

If you hold shares of more than one class of a fund with more than one class, any request for redemption must specify the class of shares being redeemed. If you fail to specify the class of shares to be redeemed or if you own

 

 

fewer shares of the class than specified to be redeemed, the redemption request may be delayed until the Transfer Agent receives further instructions from you or your Service Agent.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares" in Part II of this SAI, the Wire Redemption Privilege, Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege and the Telephone Exchange Privilege authorize the Transfer Agent to act on telephone (including over the Dreyfus Express^® voice-activated account access system), letter or online instructions from any person representing himself or herself to be you, or a representative of your Service Agent, and reasonably believed by the Transfer Agent to be genuine. The fund will require the Transfer Agent to employ reasonable procedures, such as requiring a form of personal identification, to confirm that instructions are genuine and, if it does not follow such procedures, the fund or the Transfer Agent may be liable for any losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent instructions. Neither the fund nor the Transfer Agent will be liable for following telephonic instructions reasonably believed to be genuine.

 

During times of drastic economic or market conditions, you may experience difficulty in contacting the Transfer Agent by telephone or online to request a redemption or exchange of fund shares. In such cases, you should consider using the other redemption procedures described herein. Use of these other redemption procedures may result in your redemption request being processed at a later time than it would have been if telephonic redemption had been used. During the delay the NAV of non-money market funds may fluctuate.

 

Redemption Fee

 

Certain funds will deduct a redemption fee as described in the relevant funds' prospectuses. Subject to the exceptions described in a fund's prospectus, shares held for less than the 60-day holding period will be subject to the fund's redemption fee, whether held directly in your name or indirectly through an intermediary, such as a broker, bank, investment adviser, recordkeeper for Retirement Plan participants or any other third party. If you hold your shares through an intermediary's omnibus account, the intermediary is responsible for imposing the fee and remitting the fee to the fund.

 

The redemption fee will be charged and retained by a fund on shares sold before the end of the required holding period. For purposes of applying the redemption fee, the fund will use the "first-in, first-out" method to determine the holding period for the shares sold. Under this method, shares held the longest will be deemed to be redeemed or exchanged first. The holding period commences on the day after your purchase order is effective. For example, the holding period for shares purchased on October 31 (trade date) begins on November 1 and ends on the 59^th day, which is December 29. Thus, if you redeemed these shares on December 29, you would be assessed the fee, but you would not be assessed the fee if you redeemed on or after December 30.

 

A redemption fee generally is collected by deduction from the redemption proceeds, but may be imposed by billing you if the fee is not imposed as part of the redemption transaction.

 

A fund may postpone the effective date of the assessment of the redemption fee on the underlying shareholder accounts within an omnibus account if an intermediary requires additional time to collect the fund's redemption fee.

 

The funds' prospectuses contain information on transactions for which the redemption fee is waived. The funds reserve the right to exempt additional transactions from the redemption fee.

 

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge—Multi-Class Funds

 

Class C. A CDSC of 1% payable to the Distributor is imposed on any redemption of Class C shares within one year of the date of purchase. No CDSC will be imposed to the extent that the NAV of the Class C shares redeemed does not exceed (i) the current NAV of Class C shares of the fund acquired through reinvestment of fund dividends or capital gain distributions, plus (ii) increases in the NAV of your Class C shares above the dollar amount of all your payments for the purchase of Class C shares held by you at the time of redemption.

 

If the aggregate value of Class C shares redeemed has declined below their original cost as a result of the fund's performance, a CDSC may be applied to the then-current NAV rather than the purchase price.

 

In determining whether a CDSC is applicable to a redemption, the calculation will be made in a manner that results

 

 

in the lowest possible rate. It will be assumed that the redemption is made first of amounts representing Class C shares acquired pursuant to the reinvestment of dividends and distributions; then of amounts representing the increase in NAV of Class C shares above the total amount of payments for the purchase of Class C shares made during the preceding year; and finally, of amounts representing the cost of shares held for the longest period.

 

For example, assume an investor purchased 100 shares of the fund at $10 per share for a cost of $1,000. Subsequently, the shareholder acquired five additional shares through the reinvestment of fund dividends. Within a year after the purchase the investor decided to redeem $500 of the investment. Assuming at the time of the redemption the NAV had appreciated to $12 per share, the value of the investor's shares would be $1,260 (105 shares at $12 per share). The CDSC would not be applied to the value of the reinvested dividend shares and the amount which represents appreciation ($260). Therefore, $240 of the $500 redemption proceeds ($500 minus $260) would be charged at a rate of 1% for a total CDSC of $2.40.

 

Waiver of CDSC. Except as otherwise may be provided in the prospectus, the CDSC may be waived in connection with (a) redemptions made within one year after the death or disability, as defined in Section 72(m)(7) of the Code, of the shareholder, (b) redemptions by Retirement Plans, provided that the shares being redeemed were purchased through a financial intermediary that performs recordkeeping or other administrative services for the Retirement Plan, or were purchased directly from the fund, (c) redemptions as a result of a combination of any investment company with the fund by merger, acquisition of assets or otherwise, (d) redemptions due to receiving applicable required minimum distributions from IRA accounts (other than Roth IRAs or Coverdell Education Savings Accounts) upon reaching age 70½ and (e) redemptions pursuant to Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, as described under "Additional Information About Shareholder Services—Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan" in Part III of this SAI. If a fund's board determines to discontinue the waiver of the CDSC, the disclosure herein will be revised appropriately. Any fund shares subject to a CDSC which were purchased prior to the termination of such waiver will have the CDSC waived as provided in the fund's prospectus or this SAI at the time of the purchase of such shares.

 

To qualify for a waiver of the CDSC, at the time of redemption you must notify the Transfer Agent or, if you are a client of a Service Agent or other financial intermediary, you must notify the Service Agent or financial intermediary and then the Service Agent or financial intermediary in turn must notify the Distributor. Any such qualification is subject to confirmation of your eligibility.

 

Redemption Through an Authorized Entity

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares—Redemption Through an Authorized Entity" in Part II of this SAI, redemption orders received by an Authorized Entity (i.e., an agent for the fund that accepts purchase and redemption orders on behalf of the fund), or an Authorized Entity's designee, by the close of trading on the floor of the NYSE on any business day and transmitted to the Distributor or its designee in accordance with the Authorized Entity's agreement with the Distributor are effected at the price determined as of the close of trading on the floor of the NYSE on that day. Otherwise, the shares will be redeemed at the next determined NAV. It is the responsibility of the Authorized Entity or its designee to transmit orders on a timely basis. The Authorized Entity may charge the shareholder a fee for executing the order. This repurchase arrangement is discretionary and may be withdrawn at any time.

 

Where an Authorized Entity accepts trade orders on a Retail or Institutional MMF's behalf, the Authorized Entity is required to promptly take the steps requested by the fund or its designee to impose or assist in implementing a liquidity fee or redemption gate as requested from time to time. See "Liquidity Fees and Redemption Gates (Institutional and Retail MMFs only)" below.

 

Checkwriting Privilege

 

Certain funds provide redemption checks ("Checks") automatically upon opening an account, unless you specifically refuse the Checkwriting Privilege by checking the applicable "No" box on the Account Application. Checks will be sent only to the registered owner(s) of the account and only to the address of record. The Checkwriting Privilege may be established for an existing account by a separate signed Shareholder Services Form. The Account Application or Shareholder Services Form must be manually signed by the registered owner(s). Checks are drawn on your fund account and, except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares—Checkwriting

 

 

Privilege" in Part II of this SAI, may be made payable to the order of any person in the amount of $500 or more. When a Check is presented to the Transfer Agent for payment, the Transfer Agent, as your agent, will cause the fund to redeem a sufficient number of full and fractional shares in your account to cover the amount of the Check. Potential fluctuations in the NAV of a non-money market fund should be considered in determining the amount of a Check. Dividends are earned until the Check clears. After clearance, a copy of the Check will be returned to you. You generally will be subject to the same rules and regulations that apply to checking accounts, although the election of this privilege creates only a shareholder-transfer agent relationship with the Transfer Agent.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares—Checkwriting Privilege" in Part II of this SAI, Checks are free but the Transfer Agent will impose a fee for stopping payment of a Check upon your request or if the Transfer Agent cannot honor a Check due to insufficient funds or other valid reason. If the amount of the Check is greater than the value of the shares in your account, the Check will be returned marked "insufficient funds." Checks should not be used to close your account.

 

You should date your Checks with the current date when you write them. Please do not postdate your Checks. If you do, the Transfer Agent will honor, upon presentment, even if presented before the date of the Check, all postdated Checks which are dated within six months of presentment for payment if they are otherwise in good order. If you hold shares in a Dreyfus sponsored IRA account, you may be permitted to make withdrawals from your IRA account using checks furnished to you for this purpose.

 

Except with respect to money market funds, the Checkwriting Privilege will be terminated immediately, without notice, with respect to any account which is, or becomes, subject to backup withholding on redemptions. Any Check written on an account which has become subject to backup withholding on redemptions will not be honored by the Transfer Agent. Institutional Direct accounts are not eligible for the Checkwriting Privilege.

 

Wire Redemption Privilege

 

Except as may be otherwise described under "How to Redeem Shares—Wire Redemption Privilege" in Part II of this SAI, by using this privilege, you authorize the fund and the Transfer Agent to act on telephone, letter or online redemption instructions from any person representing himself or herself to be you, or a representative of your Service Agent, and reasonably believed by the fund or the Transfer Agent to be genuine. Ordinarily, a fund other than a money market fund will initiate payment for shares redeemed pursuant to the Wire Redemption Privilege on the next business day if the Transfer Agent receives a redemption request in proper form prior to the time as of which the fund calculates its NAV (as described in the prospectus); for a money market fund that receives a redemption request in proper form prior to the time as of which the fund calculates its NAV, payment will be initiated the same day and the shares will not receive the dividend declared on that day.

 

Except as may be otherwise described under "How to Redeem Shares—Wire Redemption Privilege" in Part II of this SAI, redemption proceeds ($1,000 minimum) will be transferred by Federal Reserve wire only to the commercial bank account specified by you on the Account Application or Shareholder Services Form, or to a correspondent bank if your bank is not a member of the Federal Reserve System. Fees ordinarily are imposed by such bank and borne by the investor. Immediate notification by the correspondent bank to your bank is necessary to avoid a delay in crediting the funds to your bank account. To change the commercial bank or account designated to receive redemption proceeds, a written request signed by each shareholder on the account must be sent to the Transfer Agent. Shares held in an Education Savings Account may not be redeemed through the Wire Redemption Privilege.

 

Redemption through Compatible Computer Facilities

 

Certain funds make available to institutions the ability to redeem shares through compatible computer facilities. Investors desiring to redeem shares in this manner should call Dreyfus Investments Division at 1-800-346-3621 to determine whether their computer facilities are compatible and to receive instructions for redeeming shares in this manner.

 

 

Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares—Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege" in Part II of this SAI, you may request by telephone (for regular accounts or IRAs) or online (for regular accounts only) that redemption proceeds ($500 minimum) be transferred between your fund account and your bank account. Except as may be otherwise described in "How to Redeem Shares—Transaction Fees" in Part II of this SAI or in the prospectus, transaction fees do not apply to Dreyfus TeleTransfer redemptions. Only a bank account maintained in a domestic financial institution which is an ACH member may be designated. You should be aware that if you have selected the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege, any request for a Dreyfus TeleTransfer transaction will be effected through the ACH system unless more prompt transmittal specifically is requested. Redemption proceeds will be on deposit in your account at an ACH member bank ordinarily two business days after receipt of the redemption request. Shares held in an Education Savings Account may not be redeemed through the Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege. See "Additional Information About How to Buy Shares—Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege" above.

 

Reinvestment Privilege

 

You may reinvest up to the number of Class A shares of a Multi-Class Fund you have redeemed at the then-prevailing NAV without a sales load, or reinstate your account for the purpose of exercising Fund Exchanges. Upon reinstatement, if such shares were subject to a CDSC, your account will be credited with an amount equal to the CDSC previously paid upon redemption of the shares reinvested. The Reinvestment Privilege may be exercised only once and your reinvestment request must be received in writing by the fund within 45 days of redemption.

 

Share Certificates; Medallion Signature Guarantees

 

Share Certificates. Effective July 1, 2011 each fund issues shares in book entry form only and no longer issues share certificates. Any certificates representing fund shares to be redeemed must be submitted with the redemption request. Written redemption requests must be signed by each shareholder, including each holder of a joint account, and each signature must be guaranteed. Signatures on endorsed certificates submitted for redemption also must be guaranteed as described below.

 

Medallion Signature Guarantees. Certain financial transactions may require signature guarantees. The Transfer Agent has adopted standards and procedures pursuant to which signature guarantees in proper form generally will be accepted from participants in the NYSE Medallion Signature Program, the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program (STAMP) or the Stock Exchanges Medallion Program (SEMP). Guarantees must be signed by an authorized signatory of the guarantor. No other types of signature guarantees will be accepted. The Transfer Agent may request additional documentation from corporations, executors, administrators, trustees or guardians, and may accept other suitable verification arrangements from foreign investors, such as consular verification. For more information with respect to signature-guarantees, please call one of the telephone numbers listed on the cover.

 

Redemption Commitment

 

Each fund has committed itself to pay in cash all redemption requests by any fund shareholder of record, limited in amount during any 90-day period to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the value of the fund's net assets at the beginning of such period. Such commitment is irrevocable without the prior approval of the SEC. In the case of requests for redemption from the fund in excess of such amount, the fund's board reserves the right to make payments in whole or in part in securities or other assets of the fund in case of an emergency or any time a cash distribution would impair the liquidity of the fund to the detriment of the existing shareholders. In such event, the securities would be valued in the same manner as the fund's portfolio is valued. If the recipient sells such securities, brokerage charges would be incurred.

 

Suspension of Redemptions

 

The right of redemption may be suspended or the date of payment postponed (a) during any period when the NYSE is closed (other than customary weekend and holiday closings), (b) when the SEC determines that trading in the markets a fund ordinarily utilizes is restricted, or when an emergency exists as determined by the SEC so that disposal of the fund's investments or determination of its NAV is not reasonably practicable or (c) for such other periods as the SEC by order may permit to protect fund shareholders.

 

 

Fund Liquidation (money market funds only)

 

A money market fund also may permanently suspend redemptions and liquidate the fund if, among other reasons, the fund, at the end of a business day, (i) has less than 10% of its total assets invested in Weekly Liquid Assets, or, for a Government MMF or a Retail MMF, the fund's price per share as computed for the purpose of distribution, redemption and repurchase, rounded to the nearest one percent, has deviated from $1.00, or the board, including the Independent Board Members, determines that such a deviation is likely to occur, and (ii) the fund's board, including the Independent Board Members, irrevocably has approved the liquidation of the fund. In the event that the board approves liquidation of the fund, the sale of fund shares will be discontinued, and the redemption of shares will be suspended following notice to the SEC and upon the filing of a supplement to the fund's prospectus(es), summary prospectus(es) and SAI advising of the liquidation. The Manager will then commence the orderly liquidation of the fund's portfolio securities, following which the fund's net assets will be distributed to shareholders pursuant to a plan of liquidation adopted by the board. More information about the timing and other details of a fund's liquidation would be made available to fund shareholders following board approval.

 

Liquidity Fees and Redemption Gates (Institutional and Retail MMFs only)

 

If the fund's Weekly Liquid Assets fall below 30% of its total assets, the fund's board, in its discretion, may impose liquidity fees of up to 2% of the value of the shares redeemed and/or redemption gates beginning as early as the same day. In addition, if the fund's Weekly Liquid Assets fall below 10% of its total assets at the end of any business day, the fund must impose a 1% liquidity fee on shareholder redemptions unless the fund's board determines that a lower or higher fee (not to exceed 2%), or no fee, is in the best interests of the fund.

 

If a liquidity fee is imposed, it will be charged on all redemption orders received by the fund after the effective time of the imposition of the fee by the fund's board. A liquidity fee would not be imposed on checkwriting redemption drafts or redemption requests submitted by mail that are received on the same day that the fee is imposed.

 

If a redemption gate is imposed, the fund or any financial intermediary on its behalf will not accept redemption requests (including redemptions by exchange into another fund) until the fund provides notice that the redemption gate has been terminated. A redemption gate would not be imposed on checkwriting redemption drafts or redemption requests submitted by mail that are received on the same day that the gate is imposed.

 

When a fee or a gate is in place, the fund may elect to stop selling shares or to impose additional conditions on the purchase of shares.

 

Since October 14, 2016, no Institutional MMF or Retail MMF has invested less than 10% of its total assets in Weekly Liquid Assets, or more than 10%, but less than 30%, of its total assets in Weekly Liquid Assets.

 

The board has no current intention for the Government MMFs to impose liquidity fees and/or redemption gates, but the board may reserve the ability to subject a Government MMF to a liquidity fee and/or redemption gate in the future after providing appropriate notice to shareholders.

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT SHAREHOLDER SERVICES

 

See "Shareholder Services" in Part II of this SAI to determine which sections of the discussion below apply to your fund.

 

Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder, the Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan and Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege enable investors to make regularly scheduled investments and may provide these investors with a convenient way to invest for long-term financial goals, but do not guarantee a profit and will not protect an investor against loss in a declining market.

 

Shareholder Services Forms and prospectuses of the funds may be obtained by visiting www.dreyfus.com or by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only). To modify or terminate your participation in a service, call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only). Except as otherwise stated, the shareholder services described below may be modified or terminated at any time.

 

Fund Exchanges

 

You should obtain and review the prospectus of the fund and class, if applicable, into which an exchange is being made. Upon exchanging into a new account, the following shareholder services and privileges, as applicable, will

 

 

be automatically carried over to the fund into which the exchange is made: Fund Exchanges, Checkwriting Privilege, Dreyfus TeleTransfer Privilege, Wire Redemption Privilege and the dividends and distributions payment options (except Dreyfus Dividend Sweep) selected by you.

 

The funds reserve the right to reject any exchange request in whole or in part. If an exchange request is refused (such as when the investor is not eligible to invest in the fund into which the investor is seeking to exchange or if such fund has suspended purchases), the fund will take no other action with respect to the fund shares (i.e., shares will not be redeemed) until it receives further instructions from the investor. Fund Exchanges and the Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege are available to investors resident in any state in which shares of the fund being acquired may legally be sold. Shares may be exchanged only between accounts having certain identical identifying designations. The Fund Exchanges service or the Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege may be modified or terminated at any time upon notice to shareholders.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "Shareholder Services" in Part II of this SAI, you or clients of certain Service Agents may purchase, in exchange for shares of a fund, shares of the same class, or another class in which you are eligible to invest, of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. However, if you hold fund shares through financial intermediary brokerage platforms, you may only exchange fund shares for shares of the same class of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. Fund Exchanges are subject to any redemption fee applicable to the fund from which you are exchanging, as described in such fund's prospectus. You should review carefully the current prospectus of the fund from which your shares were exchanged and, if applicable, into which shares are exchanged to determine the sales load or CDSC chargeable upon the redemption of the shares and for information on conversion features. Shares of funds purchased by exchange will be purchased on the basis of relative NAV per share as follows:

 

A.

Exchanges for shares of funds offered without a sales load will be made without a sales load.

B.

Shares of funds purchased without a sales load may be exchanged for shares of other funds sold with a sales load, and the applicable sales load will be deducted.

C.

Shares of funds purchased with a sales load may be exchanged without a sales load for shares of other funds sold without a sales load.

D.

Shares of funds purchased with a sales load, shares of funds acquired by a previous exchange from shares purchased with a sales load and additional shares acquired through reinvestment of dividends or distributions of any such funds (collectively referred to herein as "Purchased Shares") may be exchanged for shares of other funds sold with a sales load (referred to herein as "Offered Shares"), but if the sales load applicable to the Offered Shares exceeds the maximum sales load that could have been imposed in connection with the Purchased Shares (at the time the Purchased Shares were acquired), without giving effect to any reduced loads, the difference may be deducted.

E.

Shares of funds subject to a CDSC that are exchanged for shares of another fund will be subject to the higher applicable CDSC of the two funds, and, for purposes of calculating CDSC rates and conversion periods, if any, will be deemed to have been held since the date the shares being exchanged were initially purchased.

 

To accomplish an exchange under item D above, you or your Service Agent acting on your behalf must notify the Transfer Agent of your prior ownership of fund shares and your account number. Any such exchange is subject to confirmation of your holdings through a check of appropriate records.

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "Shareholder Services" in Part II of this SAI or in the prospectus, to request an exchange, you, or a Service Agent acting on your behalf, may give exchange instructions to the Transfer Agent in writing, by telephone or online. Except as may be otherwise described in "Shareholder Services" in Part II of this SAI, by using this privilege, you authorize the fund and the Transfer Agent to act on telephone or online instructions (including over the Dreyfus Express^® voice-activated account access system) from any person representing himself or herself to be you or a representative of your Service Agent and reasonably believed by the fund or the Transfer Agent to be genuine. Exchanges may be subject to limitations as to the amount involved or the number of exchanges permitted. Shares issued in certificate form are not eligible for telephone or online exchange. Unless otherwise stated in the prospectus, no fees currently are charged to shareholders directly in connection with exchanges, although the funds reserve the right, upon not less than 60 days' written notice, to charge shareholders a nominal administrative fee in accordance with rules promulgated by the SEC.

 

 

When establishing a new account by exchange, the shares being exchanged must have a value of at least the minimum initial investment required for the fund into which the exchange is being made (and the investor must otherwise be eligible to invest in the class of shares being purchased). For the BASIC funds, the shares being exchanged must have a current value of at least $1,000.

 

During times of drastic economic or market conditions, Fund Exchanges may be temporarily suspended without notice, and exchange requests may be treated based on their separate components¾redemption orders with a simultaneous request to purchase the other fund's shares. In such a case, the redemption request would be processed at the fund's next determined NAV, but the purchase order would be effective only at the NAV next determined after the fund being purchased receives the proceeds of the redemption, which may result in the purchase being delayed.

 

Class A or Class C shares of a Multi-Class Fund. You also may exchange your Class A or Class C shares of a Multi-Class Fund that are subject to a CDSC ("CDSC Shares") for Dreyfus Class shares of the General Government Fund. Such shares will be held in a special account of Dreyfus Class shares of the General Government Fund (an Exchange Account). Exchanges of shares from an Exchange Account only can be made into certain other funds managed or administered by Dreyfus. No CDSC is charged when an investor exchanges into an Exchange Account; however, the applicable CDSC will be imposed when shares are redeemed from an Exchange Account or other applicable fund account. Upon redemption, the applicable CDSC will be calculated without regard to the time such shares were held in an Exchange Account. See "How to Redeem Shares" in Part II of this SAI. Redemption proceeds for Exchange Account shares are paid by federal wire or check only. Exchange Account shares also are eligible for the Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege and the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, each of which is described below.

 

Shares Received by Exchange From Class B Shares. Holders of Class A shares of a Multi-Class Fund or the General Fund received by conversion from Class B shares on the Effective Date may exchange such shares for Class A shares or no-load shares or classes of other funds managed or administered by Dreyfus, without the imposition of a front-end sales load or CDSC.

 

Class Y Shares. Class Y shares of a fund have established an exchange privilege between Class Y shares of other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds, as well as between Dreyfus Class shares of each of General Government Securities Money Market Fund, General Money Market Fund, General Treasury and Agency Money Market Fund and General Treasury Securities Money Market Fund, provided that, with respect to Dreyfus Class shares of such funds, the investor meets the eligibility requirements for investing in such shares.

 

Dreyfus Class shares of each of General Government Securities Money Market Fund, General Money Market Fund, General Treasury and Agency Money Market Fund and General Treasury Securities Money Market Fund have established an exchange privilege between Class Y shares of other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds and of BNY Mellon Income Stock Fund, provided that, with respect to Class Y shares of such funds, the investor meets the eligibility requirements for investing in such shares.

 

Exchanges of Class I or Class Y Shares Held by a Retirement Plan. Exchanges of Class I or Class Y shares held by a Retirement Plan may be made only between the investor's Retirement Plan account in one fund and such investor's Retirement Plan account in another fund.

 

Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege. Dreyfus Auto-Exchange Privilege, which is available for existing accounts only, permits you to purchase (on a semi-monthly, monthly, quarterly or annual basis), in exchange for shares of a fund, shares of the same class, or another class in which you are eligible to invest, of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds of which you are a shareholder. However, if you hold fund shares through financial intermediary brokerage platforms, you may only exchange fund shares for shares of the same class of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. The amount you designate, which can be expressed either in terms of a specific dollar or share amount ($100 minimum), will be exchanged automatically on the first and/or fifteenth day of the month according to the schedule you have selected. With respect to Class I shares held by a Retirement Plan, exchanges may be made only between the investor's Retirement Plan account in one fund and such investor's Retirement Plan account in another fund. Shares will be exchanged on the basis of relative NAV as described above under "Fund Exchanges." Enrollment in or modification or cancellation of this privilege is effective three business days following notification by you. Shares held under IRAs and Retirement Plans are eligible for this privilege. Exchanges of IRA shares may be made between IRA accounts and from regular accounts to IRA accounts, but not

 

 

from IRA accounts to regular accounts. With respect to Retirement Plan accounts, exchanges may be made only among those accounts. Shares in certificate form are not eligible for this privilege.

 

Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder^®

 

Dreyfus Automatic Asset Builder^® permits you to purchase fund shares (minimum of $100 and a maximum of $150,000 per transaction) at regular intervals selected by you. Fund shares are purchased by transferring funds from the bank account designated by you.

 

Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege

 

Dreyfus Government Direct Deposit Privilege enables you to purchase fund shares (minimum of $100 and maximum of $50,000 per transaction) by having federal salary, Social Security or certain veterans, military or other payments from the U.S. Government automatically deposited into your fund account. When selecting this service for a fund other than a money market fund, you should consider whether Direct Deposit of your entire payment into a fund with a fluctuating NAV may be appropriate for you.

 

Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan

 

Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan permits you to purchase fund shares (minimum of $100 per transaction) automatically on a regular basis. Depending upon your employer's direct deposit program, you may have part or all of your paycheck transferred to your existing Dreyfus account electronically through the ACH system at each pay period. To establish a Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan account, you must file an authorization form with your employer's payroll department. It is the sole responsibility of your employer to arrange for transactions under the Dreyfus Payroll Savings Plan. Shares held through a Retirement Plan are not eligible for this privilege.

 

Dreyfus Dividend Options

 

Dreyfus Dividend Sweep. Dreyfus Dividend Sweep allows you to invest automatically your dividends or dividends and capital gain distributions, if any, from a fund in shares of the same class, or another class in which you are eligible to invest, of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. However, if you hold fund shares through financial intermediary brokerage platforms, you may invest automatically your dividends or dividends and capital gain distributions, if any, from a fund only in shares of the same class of another fund in the Dreyfus Family of Funds. Shares held through a Dreyfus-sponsored Coverdell Education Savings Account are not eligible for this privilege. Identically registered existing IRA accounts (other than Dreyfus-sponsored Coverdell Education Savings Accounts) are eligible for this privilege. Shares of the other funds purchased pursuant to this privilege will be purchased on the basis of relative NAV per share as follows:

 

A.

Dividends and distributions paid by a fund may be invested without a sales load in shares of other funds offered without a sales load.

B.

Dividends and distributions paid by a fund that does not charge a sales load may be invested in shares of other funds sold with a sales load, and the applicable sales load will be deducted.

C.

Dividends and distributions paid by a fund that charges a sales load may be invested in shares of other funds sold with a sales load (Offered Shares), but if the sales load applicable to the Offered Shares exceeds the maximum sales load charged by the fund from which dividends or distributions are being swept (without giving effect to any reduced loads), the difference may be deducted.

D.

Dividends and distributions paid by a fund may be invested in shares of other funds that impose a CDSC and the applicable CDSC, if any, will be imposed upon redemption of such shares.

 

Dreyfus Dividend ACH. Dreyfus Dividend ACH permits you to transfer electronically dividends or dividends and capital gain distributions, if any, from a fund to a designated bank account. Only an account maintained at a domestic financial institution which is an ACH member may be so designated. Banks may charge a fee for this service.

 

Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan

 

The Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan permits you to request withdrawal of a specified dollar amount (minimum

 

 

of $50) on a specific day each month, quarter or semi-annual or annual period if you have a $5,000 minimum account. Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan transactions that fall on a non-business day generally will be processed on the next business day. However, when the next business day is part of a new month, the transaction will be processed on the previous business day. For example, if you request that Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan transactions be processed on the 30^th day of each month, and June 30^th falls on a Sunday, the transaction will be processed on June 28^th.

 

Withdrawal payments are the proceeds from sales of fund shares, not the yield on the shares. If withdrawal payments exceed reinvested dividends and distributions, your shares will be reduced and eventually may be depleted. The Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan may be established by completing a Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Form which you can obtain by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only), visiting www.dreyfus.com or contacting your financial representative. For instructions on how to establish automatic withdrawals to sell shares in an IRA account, please call 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only) or contact your financial representative. Shares for which share certificates have been issued may not be redeemed through the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan.

 

No CDSC with respect to Class C shares will be imposed on withdrawals made under the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan, provided that any amount withdrawn under the plan does not exceed on an annual basis 12% of the greater of (1) the account value at the time of the first withdrawal under the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan or (2) the account value at the time of the subsequent withdrawal. Withdrawals with respect to Class C shares under the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan that exceed such amounts will be subject to a CDSC. Withdrawals of Class A shares subject to a CDSC under the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan will be subject to any applicable CDSC. Purchases of additional Class A shares where the sales load is imposed concurrently with withdrawals of Class A shares generally are undesirable.

 

Certain Retirement Plans, including Dreyfus-sponsored Retirement Plans, may permit certain participants to establish an automatic withdrawal plan from such Retirement Plans. Participants should consult their Retirement Plan sponsor and tax advisor for details. Such a withdrawal plan is different than the Dreyfus Automatic Withdrawal Plan.

 

Letter of Intent¾Class A Shares

 

Except as may be otherwise described in the prospectus, by submitting a Letter of Intent form, you become eligible for the reduced sales load on purchases of Class A shares based on the total number of Eligible Shares purchased by you and any related Purchaser within a period of up to 13-months pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth in the Letter of Intent. Eligible Shares purchased within 90 days prior to the submission of the Letter of Intent ("Pre-LOI Purchases") may be used to equal or exceed the amount specified in the Letter of Intent. A minimum initial purchase of $5,000 is required. You can obtain a Letter of Intent form by calling 1-800-DREYFUS (inside the U.S. only).

 

Each purchase you make from the date you submit the Letter of Intent, until the earlier of (i) the date you fulfill the terms of the Letter of Intent by purchasing the minimum investment specified in the Letter of Intent (the "LOI Purchase Commitment") or (ii) the end of the 13-month period following the date you submit the Letter of Intent, will be at the public offering price applicable to a single transaction in the amount of the LOI Purchase Commitment. The Transfer Agent will hold in escrow 5% of the minimum amount indicated in the Letter of Intent, which may be used for payment of a higher sales load if you do not fulfill the LOI Purchase Commitment. When you fulfill the LOI Purchase Commitment, the escrowed amount will be released and additional shares representing such amount will be credited to your account. In addition, when you fulfill the LOI Purchase Commitment, the Pre-LOI Purchases will be adjusted to reflect the sales load applicable to the LOI Purchase Commitment. The adjustment will be made in the form of additional shares credited to your account at the then-current offering price applicable to a single purchase in the amount of the LOI Purchase Commitment. If, however, total purchases at the end of the 13-month period are less than the LOI Purchase Commitment, the offering price of the shares you purchased (including shares representing the escrowed amount) during the 13-month period will be adjusted to reflect the sales load applicable to the aggregate purchases you actually made (which will reduce the number of shares in your account), unless you have redeemed the shares in your account, in which case the Transfer Agent, as attorney-in-fact pursuant to the terms of the Letter of Intent, will redeem an appropriate number of Class A shares of

 

 

the fund held in escrow to realize the difference between the sales load actually paid and the sales load applicable to the aggregate purchases actually made and any remaining shares will be credited to your account. Submitting a Letter of Intent does not bind you to purchase, or the fund to sell, the full amount indicated at the sales load in effect at the time of signing, but you must complete the intended purchase to obtain the reduced sales load. At the time you purchase Class A shares, you must indicate your intention to do so under a Letter of Intent. Purchases pursuant to a Letter of Intent will be made at the then-current NAV plus the applicable sales load in effect at the time such Letter of Intent was submitted.

 

Retirement Plans and IRAs

 

If you wish to purchase fund shares in conjunction with a Dreyfus-sponsored Retirement Plan or Dreyfus-sponsored IRA, you may request from the Distributor forms for adoption of such plans. Shares may be purchased in connection with these plans only by direct remittance of funds to the entity acting as custodian. Such purchases will be effective when payments received by the Transfer Agent are converted into Federal Funds. Purchases for these plans may not be made in advance of receipt of funds.

 

The entity acting as custodian for Dreyfus-sponsored Retirement Plans or Dreyfus-sponsored IRAs may charge a fee, payment of which could require the liquidation of shares. All fees charged are described in the appropriate form. You should read the prototype retirement plan and the appropriate form of custodial agreement for further details on eligibility, service fees and tax implications, and should consult a tax advisor.

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT DISTRIBUTION PLANS, SERVICE PLANS AND SHAREHOLDER SERVICES PLANS

 

See "Distribution Plans, Service Plans and Shareholder Services Plans" in Part II of this SAI for more information about the Plan(s) adopted by your fund.

 

Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which is applicable to certain Plans, provides, among other things, that an investment company may bear expenses of distributing its shares only pursuant to a plan adopted in accordance with the Rule. For each fund that has adopted a Plan pursuant to Rule 12b-1, the board believes that there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plan will benefit the fund and the class(es) of fund shares to which the Plan applies.

 

A written quarterly report of the amounts expended under a fund's Plan, and the purposes for which such expenditures were incurred, must be made to the fund's board for its review. For a Plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1, the Plan provides that it may not be amended to increase materially the costs that holders of the fund's applicable class(es) of shares may bear pursuant to the Plan without the approval of the holders of such shares; other material amendments of the Plan must be approved by the board and by the Independent Board Members of the fund who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plan or in any agreements entered into in connection with the Plan, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of considering such amendments. For a Plan not adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1, the Plan provides that material amendments to the Plan must be approved by the board and by the Independent Board Members of the fund who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plan or in any agreements entered into in connection with the Plan, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of considering such amendments. Each Plan is subject to annual approval by such vote of the board members cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on the Plan. As to the relevant class of fund shares (if applicable), the Plan is generally terminable at any time by vote of a majority of the Independent Board Members of the fund who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan or, for a Plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1, by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of such class.

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES AND RISKS

 

See the prospectus and "Investments, Investment Techniques and Risks" and "Investment Restrictions" in Part II of this SAI to determine which policies and risks apply to your fund.

 

The Funds of Funds invest in Underlying Funds and, therefore, the following descriptions of investments,

 

 

investment techniques and risks apply to the Underlying Funds, as applicable. To the extent a Fund of Fund's Underlying Funds invest as described below, the effect of investment risks generally would be experienced similarly for the Fund of Funds.

 

All Funds other than Money Market Funds

 

Equity Securities

 

Equity securities include common stocks and certain preferred stocks, convertible securities and warrants. Equity securities fluctuate in value, often based on factors unrelated to the value of the issuer of the securities, and such fluctuations can be pronounced. Changes in the value of a fund's investments will result in changes in the value of its shares and thus the fund's total return to investors.

 

Investing in equity securities poses risks specific to an issuer as well as to the particular type of company issuing the equity securities. For example, equity securities of small- or mid-capitalization companies tend to have more abrupt or erratic price swings than equity securities of larger, more established companies because, among other reasons, they trade less frequently and in lower volumes and their issuers typically are more subject to changes in earnings and prospects in that they are more susceptible to changes in economic conditions, may be more reliant on singular products or services and are more vulnerable to larger competitors. Equity securities of these types of companies may have a higher potential for gains, but also may be subject to greater risk of loss. If a fund, together with other investment companies and other clients advised by the Adviser and its affiliates, owns significant positions in portfolio companies, depending on market conditions, the fund's ability to dispose of some or all positions at a desirable time may be adversely affected. While common stockholders usually have voting rights on a number of significant matters, other types of equity securities, such as preferred stock, common limited partnership units and limited liability company interests, may not ordinarily have voting rights.

 

An investment in securities of companies that have no earnings or have experienced losses is generally based on a belief that actual or anticipated products or services will produce future earnings. If the anticipated event is delayed or does not occur, or if investor perception about the company changes, the company's stock price may decline sharply and its securities may become less liquid.

 

Investing in equity securities also poses risks specific to a particular industry, market or sector, such as technology, financial services, consumer goods or natural resources (e.g., oil and gas). To some extent, the prices of equity securities tend to move by industry, market or sector. When market conditions favorably affect, or are expected to favorably affect, an industry, the share prices of the equity securities of companies in that industry tend to rise. Conversely, negative news or a poor outlook for a particular industry can cause the share prices of such securities of companies in that industry to decline quickly.

 

Common Stock. Stocks and similar securities, such as common limited partnership units and limited liability company interests, represent shares of ownership in a company. After other claims are satisfied, common stockholders and other common equity owners participate in company profits on a pro-rata basis; profits may be paid out in dividends or reinvested in the company to help it grow. Increases and decreases in earnings are usually reflected in a company's common equity securities, so common equity securities generally have the greatest appreciation and depreciation potential of all corporate securities. Common stock may be received upon the conversion of convertible securities.

 

Preferred Stock. Preferred stock is a form of equity ownership in a corporation. Generally, preferred stock has a specified dividend and ranks after bonds and before common stocks in its claim on income for dividend payments and on assets should the company be liquidated. The market value of preferred stock generally increases when interest rates decline and decreases when interest rates rise, but, as with debt securities, also is affected by the issuer's ability or perceived ability to make payments on the preferred stock. While most preferred stocks pay a dividend, a fund may purchase preferred stock where the issuer has omitted, or is in danger of omitting, payment of its dividend. Such investments would be made primarily for their capital appreciation potential. Certain classes of preferred stock are convertible, meaning the preferred stock is convertible into shares of common stock of the issuer. Holding convertible preferred stock can provide a steady stream of dividends and the option to convert the preferred stock to common stock.

 

 

Certain convertible preferred stocks may offer enhanced yield features. These preferred stocks may feature a mandatory conversion date and may have a capital appreciation limit expressed in terms of a stated price. Other types of convertible securities may be designed to provide the investor with high current income with some prospect of future capital appreciation and may have some built-in call protection. Investors may have the right to convert such securities into shares of common stock at a preset conversion ratio or hold them until maturity. Upon maturity they may convert into either cash or a specified number of shares of common stock.

 

In some cases, certain preferred securities can include loss absorption provisions that make the securities more like equity. Contingent convertible capital securities (sometimes referred to as "CoCos") may have loss absorption characteristics or may provide for mandatory conversion into common shares of the issuer under certain circumstances. Loss absorption characteristics may include downward adjustment of the liquidation value of the security to below the original par value (even to zero) under certain circumstances. This may occur, for instance, in the event that business losses have eroded capital to a substantial extent. The write down of the par value would occur automatically and would not entitle the holders to seek bankruptcy of the company. The mandatory conversion might relate, for instance, to maintenance of a capital minimum, whereby falling below the minimum would trigger automatic conversion. Since the common stock of the issuer may not pay a dividend, investors in these instruments could experience a reduced income rate, potentially to zero, and conversion to common stock would deepen the subordination of the investor, hence worsening standing in a bankruptcy. CoCos typically sit above equity and below senior debt with respect to seniority and are described further below under "Convertible securities."

 

Trust preferred securities are preferred stocks issued by a special purpose trust subsidiary backed by subordinated debt of the corporate parent. These securities typically bear a market rate coupon comparable to interest rates available on debt of a similarly rated company. Holders of trust preferred securities have limited voting rights to control the activities of the trust and no voting rights with respect to the parent company.

 

Convertible Securities. Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio or predetermined price (the conversion price). Convertible securities have characteristics similar to both equity and fixed-income securities. Convertible securities generally are subordinated to other similar but non-convertible securities of the same issuer, although convertible bonds, as corporate debt obligations, enjoy seniority in right of payment to all equity securities, and convertible preferred stock is senior to common stock of the same issuer. Because of the subordination feature, however, convertible securities typically have lower ratings than similar non-convertible securities.

 

Although to a lesser extent than with fixed-income securities, the market value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, tends to increase as interest rates decline. In addition, because of the conversion feature, the market value of convertible securities tends to vary with fluctuations in the market value of the underlying common stock. A unique feature of convertible securities is that as the market price of the underlying common stock declines, convertible securities tend to trade increasingly on a yield basis, and so may not experience market value declines to the same extent as the underlying common stock. When the market price of the underlying common stock increases, the prices of the convertible securities tend to rise as a reflection of the value of the underlying common stock. While no securities investments are without risk, investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than investments in common stock of the same issuer.

 

Convertible securities provide for a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than common stocks, but there can be no assurance of current income because the issuers of the convertible securities may default on their obligations. A convertible security, in addition to providing fixed-income, offers the potential for capital appreciation through the conversion feature, which enables the holder to benefit from increases in the market price of the underlying common stock. There can be no assurance of capital appreciation, however, because securities prices fluctuate. Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible securities of similar quality because of the potential for capital appreciation.

 

CoCos are slightly different than regular convertible bonds in that the likelihood of the bonds converting to equity is "contingent" on a specified event or trigger. CoCos are securities typically issued by a bank that are designed to absorb the bank's losses during a period of financial stress, thereby improving the bank's capital position. CoCos

 

 

absorb losses by converting to equity or having their principal written down (either partially or in full) when a pre-specified trigger event occurs. Absent a trigger event, the securities are hybrid instruments with debt-like characteristics. CoCos may be structured with various types of trigger events.

 

Synthetic Convertible Securities. So-called "synthetic convertible securities" are comprised of two or more different securities, each with its own market value, whose investment characteristics, taken together, resemble those of convertible securities. An example is a non-convertible debt security and a warrant or option. The "market value" of a synthetic convertible is the combined value of its fixed-income component and its convertible component. For this reason, the values of a synthetic convertible and a true convertible security may respond differently to market fluctuations.

 

Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights. Warrants or stock purchase rights ("rights") give the holder the right to subscribe to equity securities at a specific price for a specified period of time. Warrants and rights are subject to the same market risk as stocks, but may be more volatile in price. A fund's investment in warrants and rights will not entitle it to receive dividends or exercise voting rights, provide no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer and will become worthless if not profitably exercised before the expiration date. Warrants, rights or other non-income producing equity securities may be received in connection with a fund's investments in corporate debt securities (further described below), or restructuring of investments. Bonds with warrants attached to purchase equity securities have many characteristics of convertible bonds and their prices may, to some degree, reflect the performance of the underlying stock.

 

IPOs. An IPO is a corporation's first offering of stock to the public. Shares are given a market value reflecting expectations for the corporation's future growth. Special rules of FINRA apply to the distribution of IPOs. Corporations offering IPOs generally have limited operating histories and may involve greater investment risk than companies with longer operating histories. Special risks associated with IPOs may include a limited number of shares available for trading, unseasoned trading, lack of investor knowledge of the company, and limited operating history, all of which may contribute to price volatility. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for a fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. In addition, some IPOs are involved in relatively new industries or lines of business, which may not be widely understood by investors. Some of the companies involved in new industries may be regarded as developmental stage companies, without revenues or operating income, or the near-term prospects of such. Foreign IPOs are subject to foreign political and currency risks. Many IPOs are issued by undercapitalized companies of small or microcap size. The prices of these companies' securities can be very volatile, rising and falling rapidly, sometimes based solely on investor perceptions rather than economic reasons.

 

Fixed-Income Securities

 

Fixed-income securities include interest-bearing securities, such as corporate debt securities. Interest-bearing securities are investments which promise a stable stream of income, although the prices of fixed rate fixed-income securities are inversely affected by changes in interest rates and, therefore, are subject to interest rate risk, as well as the risk of unrelated market price fluctuations. Fixed-income securities may have various interest rate payment and reset terms, including fixed rate, floating or adjustable rate, zero coupon, contingent, deferred, payment in kind and auction rate features. Floating rate instruments, the rates of which adjust periodically by reference to another measure, such as the market interest rate, are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than fixed rate instruments, although the value of floating rate loans and other floating rate securities may decline if their interest rates do not rise as quickly, or as much, as general interest rates or as expected. Certain securities, such as those with interest rates that fluctuate directly or indirectly based on multiples of a stated index, are designed to be highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and can subject the holders thereof to extreme reductions of yield and possibly loss of principal. Certain fixed-income securities may be issued at a discount from their face value or purchased at a price less than their stated face amount or at a price less than their issue price plus the portion of "original issue discount" previously accrued thereon, i.e., purchased at a "market discount." The amount of original issue discount and/or market discount on certain obligations may be significant, and accretion of market discount together with original issue discount, will cause a fund to realize income prior to the receipt of cash payments with respect to these securities. In order for a fund to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid liability for federal income taxes, such fund may be required to distribute such income accrued with respect to these securities and may have to dispose of portfolio securities under disadvantageous circumstances in order to generate cash to satisfy these distribution

 

 

requirements.

 

Failure of an issuer to make timely interest or principal payments, or a decline or perception of a decline in the credit quality of a fixed-income security (known as credit risk), can cause the security's price to fall, potentially lowering a fund's share price. The values of fixed-income securities also may be affected by changes in the credit rating of the issuer. Once the rating of a portfolio security has been changed, a fund will consider all circumstances deemed relevant in determining whether to continue to hold the security. Fixed-income securities rated below investment grade by the Rating Agencies may be subject to greater risks with respect to the issuing entity and to greater market fluctuations (and not necessarily inversely with changes in interest rates) than certain lower yielding, higher-rated fixed-income securities. See "High Yield and Lower-Rated Securities" below for a discussion of those securities and see "Rating Categories" below for a general description of the Rating Agencies' ratings.

 

As a measure of a fixed-income security's cash flow, duration is an alternative to the concept of "term to maturity" in assessing the price volatility associated with changes in interest rates (known as interest rate risk). Generally, the longer the duration, the more volatility an investor should expect. For example, the market price of a bond with a duration of three years would be expected to decline 3% if interest rates rose 1%. Conversely, the market price of the same bond would be expected to increase 3% if interest rates fell 1%. The market price of a bond with a duration of six years would be expected to increase or decline twice as much as the market price of a bond with a three-year duration. Duration is a way of measuring a security's maturity in terms of the average time required to receive the present value of all interest and principal payments as opposed to its term to maturity. The maturity of a security measures only the time until final payment is due; it does not take account of the pattern of a security's cash flows over time, which would include how cash flow is affected by prepayments and by changes in interest rates. Incorporating a security's yield, coupon interest payments, final maturity and option features into one measure, duration is computed by determining the weighted average maturity of a bond's cash flows, where the present values of the cash flows serve as weights. In computing the duration of a fund, the Adviser will estimate the duration of obligations that are subject to features such as prepayment or redemption by the issuer, put options retained by the investor or other imbedded options, taking into account the influence of interest rates on prepayments and coupon flows.

 

Average weighted maturity is the length of time, in days or years, until the securities held by a fund, on average, will mature or be redeemed by their issuers. The average maturity is weighted according to the dollar amounts invested in the various securities by the fund. In general, the longer a fund's average weighted maturity, the more its share price will fluctuate in response to changing interest rates. For purposes of calculating average effective portfolio maturity, a security that is subject to redemption at the option of the issuer on a particular date (the "call date") which is prior to the security's stated maturity may be deemed to mature on the call date rather than on its stated maturity date. The call date of a security will be used to calculate average effective portfolio maturity when the Adviser reasonably anticipates, based upon information available to it, that the issuer will exercise its right to redeem the security. The Adviser may base its conclusion on such factors as the interest rate paid on the security compared to prevailing market rates, the amount of cash available to the issuer of the security, events affecting the issuer of the security, and other factors that may compel or make it advantageous for the issuer to redeem a security prior to its stated maturity.

 

When interest rates fall, the principal on certain fixed-income securities, including mortgage-backed and certain asset-backed securities (discussed below), may be prepaid. The loss of higher yielding underlying mortgages and the reinvestment of proceeds at lower interest rates can reduce a fund's potential price gain in response to falling interest rates, reduce the fund's yield, or cause the fund's share price to fall. This is known as prepayment risk. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the effective duration of a fund's fixed rate mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities may lengthen due to a drop in prepayments of the underlying mortgages or other assets. This is known as extension risk and would increase the fund's sensitivity to rising interest rates and its potential for price declines.

 

U.S. Government Securities. U.S. Government securities are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities. U.S. Government securities include Treasury bills, Treasury notes and Treasury bonds, which differ in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one year or less; Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies and

 

 

instrumentalities are supported by the full faith and credit of Treasury; others by the right of the issuer to borrow from Treasury; others by discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase certain obligations of the agency or instrumentality; and others only by the credit of the agency or instrumentality. These securities bear fixed, floating or variable rates of interest. While the U.S. Government currently provides financial support to such U.S. Government-sponsored agencies or instrumentalities, no assurance can be given that it will always do so, since it is not so obligated by law. A security backed by Treasury or the full faith and credit of the United States is guaranteed only as to timely payment of interest and principal when held to maturity. Neither the market value nor a fund's share price is guaranteed.

 

TIPS are issued by Treasury and are designed to provide investors a long-term investment vehicle that is not vulnerable to inflation. The interest rate paid by TIPS is fixed, while the principal value rises or falls semi-annually based on changes in a published Consumer Price Index. Thus, if inflation occurs, the principal and interest payments on the TIPS are adjusted accordingly to protect investors from inflationary loss. During a deflationary period, the principal and interest payments decrease, although the TIPS' principal will not drop below its face value at maturity. In exchange for the inflation protection, TIPS generally pay lower interest rates than typical Treasury securities. Only if inflation occurs will TIPS offer a higher real yield than a conventional Treasury bond of the same maturity. The secondary market for TIPS may not be as active or liquid as the secondary market for conventional Treasury securities. Principal appreciation and interest payments on TIPS generally will be taxed annually as ordinary interest income or original issue discount for federal income tax calculations. As a result, any appreciation in principal generally will be counted as income in the year the increase occurs, even though the investor will not receive such amounts until the TIPS are sold or mature. Principal appreciation and interest payments will be exempt from state and local income taxes. See also "Inflation-Indexed Securities" below.

 

Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to shareholders of a fund from interest income earned by that fund from direct obligations of the U.S. Government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the fund. Investments in securities issued by the GNMA or FNMA, bankers' acceptances, commercial paper and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government securities do not generally qualify for tax-free treatment.

 

On August 5, 2011, S&P lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating for the United States of America to "AA+" from "AAA." The value of shares of a fund that may invest in U.S. Government obligations may be adversely affected by S&P's downgrade or any future downgrades of the U.S. Government's credit rating. While the long-term impact of the downgrade is uncertain, it could, for example, lead to increased volatility in the short-term.

 

Corporate Debt Securities. Corporate debt securities include corporate bonds, debentures, notes and other similar instruments, including certain convertible securities. Debt securities may be acquired with warrants attached to purchase additional fixed-income securities at the same coupon rate. A decline in interest rates would permit a fund to buy additional bonds at the favorable rate or to sell the warrants at a profit. If interest rates rise, the warrants would generally expire with no value. Corporate income-producing securities also may include forms of preferred or preference stock, which may be considered equity securities. The rate of interest on a corporate debt security may be fixed, floating or variable, and may vary inversely with respect to a reference rate such as interest rates or other financial indicators. The rate of return or return of principal on some debt obligations may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies. Such securities may include those whose principal amount or redemption price is indexed to, and thus varies directly with, changes in the market price of certain commodities, including gold bullion or other precious metals.

 

Ratings of Securities; Unrated Securities. Subsequent to its purchase by a fund, an issue of rated securities may cease to be rated or its rating may be reduced below any minimum that may be required for purchase by a fund. Neither event will require the sale of such securities by the fund, but the Adviser will consider such event in determining whether the fund should continue to hold the securities. In addition, it is possible that a Rating Agency might not timely change its ratings of a particular issue to reflect subsequent events. To the extent the ratings given by a Rating Agency for any securities change as a result of changes in such organizations or their rating systems, a fund will attempt to use comparable ratings as standards for its investments in accordance with its investment policies.

 

A fund may purchase unrated securities, which are not rated by a Rating Agency but that the Adviser determines are

 

 

of comparable quality to the rated securities in which the fund may invest. Unrated securities may be less liquid than comparable rated securities, because dealers may not maintain daily markets in such securities and retail markets for many of these securities may not exist. As a result, a fund's ability to sell these securities when, and at a price, the Adviser deems appropriate may be diminished. Investing in unrated securities involves the risk that the Adviser may not accurately evaluate the security's comparative credit rating. To the extent that a fund invests in unrated securities, the fund's success in achieving its investment objective(s) may depend more heavily on the Adviser's credit analysis than if the fund invested exclusively in rated securities.

 

High Yield and Lower-Rated Securities. Fixed-income securities rated below investment grade, such as those rated Ba by Moody's or BB by S&P and Fitch, and as low as those rated Caa/CCC by Rating Agencies at the time of purchase (commonly known as "high yield" or "junk" bonds), or, if unrated, deemed to be of comparable quality by the Adviser, though higher yielding, are characterized by higher risk. See "Rating Categories" below for a general description of securities ratings. These securities may be subject to certain risks with respect to the issuing entity and to greater market fluctuations than certain lower yielding, higher-rated securities. These securities generally are considered by the Rating Agencies to be, on balance, predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer's ability to make principal and interest payments in accordance with the terms of the obligation and generally will involve more credit risk than securities in the higher rating categories. The ratings of Rating Agencies represent their opinions as to the quality of the obligations which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are relative and subjective and are not absolute standards of quality and, although ratings may be useful in evaluating the safety or interest and principal payments, they do not evaluate the market value risk of such obligations. Although these ratings may be an initial criterion for selection of portfolio investments, the Adviser also will evaluate these securities and the ability of the issuers of such securities to pay interest and principal based upon financial and other available information. The success of a fund's investments in lower-rated securities may be more dependent on the Adviser's credit analysis than might be the case for investments in higher-rated securities.

 

Bond prices generally are inversely related to interest rate changes. However, bond price volatility also may be inversely related to coupon. Accordingly, below investment grade securities may be relatively less sensitive to interest rate changes than higher quality securities of comparable maturity, because of their higher coupon. This higher coupon is what the investor receives in return for bearing greater credit risk. The higher credit risk associated with below investment grade securities potentially can have a greater effect on the value of such securities than may be the case with higher quality issues of comparable maturity, and will be a substantial factor in a fund's relative share price volatility.

 

The prices of these securities can fall dramatically in response to negative news about the issuer or its industry. The market values of many of these securities also tend to be more sensitive to general economic conditions than are higher-rated securities and will fluctuate over time. Companies that issue certain of these securities often are highly leveraged and may not have available to them more traditional methods of financing. Therefore, the risk associated with acquiring the securities of such issuers generally is greater than is the case with the higher-rated securities. These securities may be particularly susceptible to economic downturns. For example, during an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers of these securities may not have sufficient revenues to meet their interest payment obligations. The issuer's ability to service its debt obligations also may be affected adversely by specific corporate developments, forecasts or the unavailability of additional financing. The risk of loss because of default by the issuer is significantly greater for the holders of these securities because such securities generally are unsecured and often are subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. It is likely that an economic recession also would disrupt severely the market for such securities and have an adverse impact on their value.

 

Because there is no established retail secondary market for many of these securities, it may be anticipated that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of dealers or institutional investors. To the extent a secondary trading market for these securities does exist, it generally is not as liquid as the secondary market for higher-rated securities. The lack of a liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on market price and yield and a fund's ability to dispose of particular issues when necessary to meet the fund's liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The lack of a liquid secondary market for certain securities also may make it more difficult for a fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing the fund's portfolio and calculating its NAV. Adverse conditions could make it difficult at times for a fund to sell certain securities or could result in lower prices than those used in calculating the fund's NAV. Adverse

 

 

publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of these securities. In such cases, the Adviser's judgment may play a greater role in valuation because less reliable, objective data may be available.

 

Certain funds may invest in these securities when their issuers will be close to, or already have entered, reorganization proceedings. As a result, it is expected that these securities will cease or will have ceased to meet their interest payment obligations, and accordingly would trade in much the same manner as an equity security. Consequently, a fund would intend to make such investments on the basis of potential appreciation in the price of these securities, rather than any expectation of realizing income. Reorganization entails a complete change in the structure of a business entity. An attempted reorganization may be unsuccessful, resulting in substantial or total loss of amounts invested. If reorganization is successful, the value of securities of the restructured entity may depend on numerous factors, including the structure of the reorganization, the market success of the entity's products or services, the entity's management and the overall strength of the marketplace.

 

High yield, lower-rated securities acquired during an initial offering may involve special risks because they are new issues. A fund will not have any arrangement with any person concerning the acquisition of such securities.

 

Distressed and Defaulted Securities. Investing in securities that are the subject of bankruptcy proceedings or in default or at risk of being in default as to the repayment of principal and/or interest at the time of acquisition by a fund ("Distressed Securities") is speculative and involves significant risks.

 

A fund may make such investments when, among other circumstances, the Adviser believes it is reasonably likely that the issuer of the Distressed Securities will make an exchange offer or will be the subject of a plan of reorganization pursuant to which the fund will receive new securities in return for the Distressed Securities. There can be no assurance, however, that such an exchange offer will be made or that such a plan of reorganization will be adopted. In addition, a significant period of time may pass between the time at which a fund makes its investment in Distressed Securities and the time that any such exchange offer or plan of reorganization is completed, if at all. During this period, it is unlikely that the fund would receive any interest payments on the Distressed Securities, the fund would be subject to significant uncertainty whether the exchange offer or plan of reorganization will be completed and the fund may be required to bear certain extraordinary expenses to protect and recover its investment. A fund also will be subject to significant uncertainty as to when, in what manner and for what value the obligations evidenced by the Distressed Securities will eventually be satisfied (e.g., through a liquidation of the obligor's assets, an exchange offer or plan of reorganization involving the Distressed Securities or a payment of some amount in satisfaction of the obligation). Even if an exchange offer is made or plan of reorganization is adopted with respect to Distressed Securities held by a fund, there can be no assurance that the securities or other assets received by the fund in connection with the exchange offer or plan of reorganization will not have a lower value or income potential than may have been anticipated when the investment was made, or no value. Moreover, any securities received by a fund upon completion of an exchange offer or plan of reorganization may be restricted as to resale. Similarly, if a fund participates in negotiations with respect to any exchange offer or plan of reorganization with respect to an issuer of Distressed Securities, the fund may be restricted from disposing of such securities for a period of time. To the extent that a fund becomes involved in such proceedings, the fund may have a more active participation in the affairs of the issuer than that assumed generally by an investor.

 

Zero Coupon, Pay-In-Kind and Step-Up Securities. Zero coupon securities are issued or sold at a discount from their face value and do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or a specified redemption date or cash payment date. Zero coupon securities also may take the form of notes and bonds that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, the coupons themselves and receipts or certificates representing interests in such stripped debt obligations and coupons. Zero coupon securities issued by corporations and financial institutions typically constitute a proportionate ownership of the issuer's pool of underlying Treasury securities. A zero coupon security pays no interest to its holders during its life and is sold at a discount to its face value at maturity. The amount of any discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or cash payment date, prevailing interest rates, liquidity of the security and perceived credit quality of the issuer. Pay-in-kind securities generally pay interest through the issuance of additional securities. Step-up coupon bonds are debt securities that typically do not pay interest for a specified period of time and then pay interest at a series of different rates. The amount of any discount on these securities varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or cash payment date, prevailing interest rates, liquidity of the security and perceived credit quality of the issuer. The market prices

 

 

of these securities generally are more volatile and are likely to respond to a greater degree to changes in interest rates than the market prices of securities that pay cash interest periodically having similar maturities and credit qualities. In addition, unlike bonds that pay cash interest throughout the period to maturity, a fund will realize no cash until the cash payment date unless a portion of such securities are sold and, if the issuer defaults, the fund may obtain no return at all on its investment. Federal income tax law requires the holder of a zero coupon security or of certain pay-in-kind or step-up bonds to accrue income with respect to these securities prior to the receipt of cash payments. In order for a fund to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid liability for federal income taxes, such fund may be required to distribute such income accrued with respect to these securities and may have to dispose of portfolio securities under disadvantageous circumstances in order to generate cash to satisfy these distribution requirements.

 

The credit risk factors pertaining to high-yield, lower-rated securities (discussed above) also apply to lower-rated zero coupon, pay-in-kind and step-up securities. In addition to the risks associated with the credit rating of the issuers, the market prices of these securities may be very volatile during the period no interest is paid.

 

Inflation-Indexed Securities. Inflation-indexed securities, such as TIPS, are fixed-income securities whose value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. Two structures are common. Treasury and some other issuers utilize a structure that accrues inflation into the principal value of the bond. Most other issuers pay out the Consumer Price Index accruals as part of a semi-annual coupon.

 

Inflation-indexed securities issued by Treasury have varying maturities and pay interest on a semi-annual basis equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. If the periodic adjustment rate measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation-index bonds will be adjusted downward, and consequently the interest payable on these securities (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. Repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed in the case of Treasury inflation-indexed bonds, even during a period of deflation. However, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed and will fluctuate. Other inflation-related bonds may or may not provide a similar guarantee. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal amount.

 

The periodic adjustment of U.S. inflation-indexed securities is tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers ("CPI-U"), which is calculated monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation-indexed securities issued by a foreign government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index calculated by that government. There can be no assurance that the CPI-U or any foreign inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a foreign country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States.

 

The value of inflation-indexed securities is expected to change in response to changes in real interest rates. Real interest rates in turn are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if the rate of inflation rises at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-indexed securities. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-index securities. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed security generally will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though investors do not receive their principal until maturity. While these securities are expected to be protected from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may lead to a decline in value. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the security's inflation measure.

 

Variable and Floating Rate Securities. Variable and floating rate securities provide for adjustment in the interest rate paid on the obligations. The terms of such obligations typically provide that interest rates are adjusted based upon an interest or market rate adjustment as provided in the respective obligations. The adjustment intervals may be regular, and range from daily up to annually, or may be event-based, such as based on a change in the prime rate. Variable rate obligations typically provide for a specified periodic adjustment in the interest rate, while floating rate obligations typically have an interest rate which changes whenever there is a change in the external interest or

 

 

market rate. Because of the interest rate adjustment feature, variable and floating rate securities provide a fund with a certain degree of protection against rises in interest rates, although the fund will participate in any declines in interest rates as well. Generally, changes in interest rates will have a smaller effect on the market value of variable and floating rate securities than on the market value of comparable fixed-income obligations. Thus, investing in variable and floating rate securities generally allows less opportunity for capital appreciation and depreciation than investing in comparable fixed-income securities.

 

Variable Rate Demand Notes. Variable rate demand notes include master demand notes, which are obligations that permit a fund to invest fluctuating amounts, at varying rates of interest, pursuant to direct arrangements between the fund, as lender, and the borrower. These obligations permit daily changes in the amounts borrowed. Because these obligations are direct lending arrangements between the lender and borrower, it is not contemplated that such instruments generally will be traded, and there generally is no established secondary market for these obligations, although they are redeemable on demand at face value, plus accrued interest. Accordingly, where these obligations are not secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements, the fund's right to redeem is dependent on the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest on demand. Such obligations frequently are not rated by credit rating agencies. Changes in the credit quality of banks or other financial institutions providing any credit support or liquidity enhancements could cause losses to the fund.

 

Floating and Inverse Floating Rate Debt Instruments. The interest rate on a floating rate debt instrument ("floater") is a variable rate which is tied to another interest rate, such as a prime rate or Treasury bill rate. The interest rate on an inverse floating rate debt instrument moves or resets in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed or inversely to a multiple of the applicable index. An inverse floating rate debt instrument may exhibit greater price volatility than a fixed rate obligation of similar credit quality, and investing in these instruments involves leveraging which may magnify gains or losses.

 

Loans. Senior secured loans ("Senior Loans") typically hold a first lien priority and, like other types of loans, pay interest at rates that are determined daily, monthly, quarterly or semi-annually on the basis of a floating base lending rate plus a premium or credit spread. These base lending rates are primarily LIBOR and secondarily the prime rate offered by one or more major U.S. banks and the certificate of deposit rate or other base lending rates used by commercial lenders. As short-term interest rates increase, interest payable to a fund from its investments in loans is likely to increase, and as short-term interest rates decrease, interest payable to the fund from its investments in loans is likely to decrease. To the extent a fund invests in loans with a base lending rate floor, the fund's potential for decreased income in a flat or falling rate environment may be mitigated, but the fund may not receive the benefit of increased coupon payments if the relevant interest rate increases but remains below the base lending rate floor.

 

Loans in which a fund may invest are typically made to U.S. and, to a limited extent, non-U.S. corporations, partnerships and other business entities that operate in various industries and geographical regions (a "Borrower"). Borrowers may obtain loans to, among other reasons, refinance existing debt and for acquisitions, dividends, leveraged buyouts and general corporate purposes. Subordinated loans generally have the same characteristics as Senior Loans except that such loans are subordinated in payment and/or lower in lien priority to first lien holders or may be unsecured.

 

Senior Loans hold the most senior position in the capital structure of a Borrower, are secured with specific collateral and have a claim on the assets and/or stock of the Borrower that is senior to that held by unsecured creditors, subordinated debt holders and stockholders of the Borrower. Typically, in order to borrow money pursuant to a Senior Loan, a Borrower will, for the term of the Senior Loan, pledge collateral, including, but not limited to: (i) working capital assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory, (ii) tangible fixed assets, such as real property, buildings and equipment, (iii) intangible assets, such as trademarks and patent rights (but excluding goodwill) and (iv) security interests in shares of stock of subsidiaries or affiliates. In the case of Senior Loans made to non-public companies, the company's shareholders or owners may provide collateral in the form of secured guarantees and/or security interests in assets that they own. In many instances, a Senior Loan may be secured only by stock in the Borrower or its subsidiaries. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of such assets would satisfy fully a Borrower's obligations under a Senior Loan.

 

A Borrower must comply with various restrictive covenants contained in a loan agreement or note purchase agreement between the Borrower and the holders of a loan (the "Loan Agreement"). In a typical loan, an agent (the

 

 

"Agent Bank") administers the terms of the Loan Agreement. In such cases, the Agent Bank is normally responsible for the collection of principal and interest payments from the Borrower and the apportionment of these payments to the credit of all institutions that are parties to the Loan Agreement. A fund will generally rely upon the Agent Bank or an intermediate participant to receive and forward to the fund its portion of the principal and interest payments on the loan. Additionally, a fund normally will rely on the Agent Bank and the other loan investors to use appropriate credit remedies against the Borrower. The Agent Bank is typically responsible for monitoring compliance with covenants contained in the Loan Agreement based upon reports prepared by the Borrower. The Agent Bank may monitor the value of any collateral and, if the value of the collateral declines, may accelerate the loan, may give the Borrower an opportunity to provide additional collateral or may seek other protection for the benefit of the participants in the loan. The Agent Bank is compensated by the Borrower for providing these services under a Loan Agreement, and such compensation may include special fees paid upon structuring and funding the Senior Loan and other fees paid on a continuing basis. With respect to loans for which the Agent Bank does not perform such administrative and enforcement functions, the Adviser may perform such tasks on a fund's behalf, although a collateral bank will typically hold any collateral on behalf of the fund and the other loan investors pursuant to the applicable Loan Agreement.

 

In the process of buying, selling and holding loans, a fund may receive and/or pay certain fees. These fees are in addition to interest payments received and may include facility fees, commitment fees, amendment fees, commissions and prepayment penalty fees. When a fund buys a loan it may receive a facility fee and when it sells a loan it may pay a facility fee. On an ongoing basis, a fund may receive a commitment fee based on the undrawn portion of the underlying line of credit portion of a loan. In certain circumstances, a fund may receive a prepayment penalty fee upon the prepayment of a loan by a Borrower. Other fees received by a fund may include covenant waiver fees, covenant modification fees or other amendment fees.

 

Offerings of Senior Loans and other loans in which a fund may invest generally are not registered with the SEC, or any state securities commission, and are not listed on any national securities exchange. Because there is less readily available or reliable information about most loans than is the case for many other types of securities, the Adviser will rely primarily on its own evaluation of a Borrower's credit quality rather than on any available independent sources. Therefore, a fund investing in loans will be particularly dependent on the analytical abilities of the Adviser. No active trading market may exist for some loans, which may make it difficult to value them. Loans may not be considered securities, and purchasers, such as a fund, may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws, including those with respect to the use of material non-public information. Because of the financial services and asset management activities of the Adviser and its affiliates, the Adviser may not have access to material non-public information regarding a Borrower to which other lenders have access which could put a fund at a disadvantage compared to such other investors. Some loans may be subject to restrictions on resale. In some cases, negotiations involved in disposing of indebtedness may require weeks to complete. Any secondary market for loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods, which may impair the ability of a seller to realize full value and thus cause a material decline in a fund's net asset value. In addition, a fund may not be able to readily dispose of its loans at prices that approximate those at which the fund could sell such loans if they were more widely-traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, the fund may have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations. If a fund's investments are focused on loans, a limited supply or relative illiquidity of loans may adversely affect a fund's yield.

 

The settlements of secondary market purchases of Senior Loans in the ordinary course, on a settlement date beyond the period expected by loan market participants (i.e., T+7 for par loans and T+20 for distressed loans, in other words more than seven or twenty business days beyond the trade date, respectively), are subject to the delayed compensation mechanics prescribed by the Loan Syndications and Trading Association (''LSTA''). For par loans, for example, income accrues to the buyer of the loan (the ''Buyer'') during the period beginning on the last date by which the loan purchase should have settled (T+7) and through (including) the actual settlement date. Should settlement of a par loan purchased in the secondary market be delayed beyond the T+7 period prescribed by the LSTA, the Buyer is typically compensated for such delay through a payment from the seller of the loan (this payment may be netted from the wire released on the settlement date for the purchase price of the loan paid by the Buyer). In brief, the adjustment is typically calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the trade by the applicable margin in the Loan Agreement pro rated for the number of business days (calculated using a year of 360 days) beyond the settlement period prescribed by the LSTA, plus any amendment or consent fees that the Buyer should have received.

 

 

Furthermore, the purchase of a Senior Loan in the secondary market is typically negotiated and finalized pursuant to a binding trade confirmation, and, therefore, the risk of non-delivery of the security to the fund is reduced or eliminated.

 

A fund may purchase and retain in its portfolio loans where the Borrower has experienced, or may be perceived to be likely to experience, credit problems, including involvement in or recent emergence from bankruptcy court proceedings or other forms of debt restructuring. Such investments may provide opportunities for enhanced income, although they also will be subject to greater risk of loss. At times, in connection with the restructuring of a loan either outside of bankruptcy court or in the context of bankruptcy court proceedings, a fund may determine or be required to accept equity securities or junior credit securities in exchange for all or a portion of a loan. A fund may from time to time participate on ad-hoc committees formed by creditors to negotiate with the management of financially troubled Borrowers and may incur legal fees as a result of such participation. In addition, such participation may restrict the fund's ability to trade in or acquire additional positions in a particular security when it might otherwise desire to do so. Participation by a fund also may expose the fund to potential liabilities under bankruptcy or other laws governing the rights of creditors and debtors.

 

Loans are usually rated below investment grade and may also be unrated. As a result, the risks associated with investing in loans are similar to the risks of fixed-income securities rated below investment grade, although Senior Loans are senior and secured, in contrast to other fixed-income securities rated below investment grade, which are often subordinated and/or unsecured. Any specific collateral used to secure a loan, however, may decline in value or become illiquid, which would adversely affect the loan's value. Loans are subject to a number of risks described elsewhere in this SAI section titled "Fixed-Income Securities," including non-payment of principal and interest, liquidity risk and the risk of investing in fixed-income securities rated below investment grade.

 

Investing in loans is subject to legislative risk. If legislation or state or federal regulations impose additional requirements or restrictions on the ability of financial institutions to make loans, the availability of Senior Loans and other types of loans for investment by a fund may be adversely affected. In addition, such requirements or restrictions could reduce or eliminate sources of financing for certain issuers. This would increase the risk of default. If legislation or federal or state regulations require financial institutions to increase their capital requirements, this may cause financial institutions to dispose of loans that are considered highly leveraged transactions. If a fund attempts to sell a loan at a time when a financial institution is engaging in such a sale, the price the fund could receive for the loan may be adversely affected.

 

Subordinated loans generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investments in Senior Loans, except that such loans are subordinated in payment and/or lower in lien priority to first lien holders or may be unsecured. In the event of default on a subordinated loan, the first priority lien holder has first claim to the underlying collateral of the loan. These loans are subject to the additional risk that the cash flow of the Borrower and property securing the loan or debt, if any, may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments after giving effect to the senior unsecured or senior secured obligations of the Borrower. This risk is generally higher for subordinated unsecured loans or debt that is not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral. Subordinated loans generally have greater price volatility than Senior Loans and may be less liquid.

 

The Adviser and/or its affiliates may participate in the primary and secondary market for loans. Because of limitations imposed by applicable law, the presence of the Adviser and/or the Adviser's affiliates in the loan market may restrict a fund's ability to acquire certain loans, or affect the timing or price of such acquisitions. Also, because the Adviser, in the course of investing fund assets in loans, may have access to material non-public information regarding a Borrower, the ability of a fund or funds advised by such Adviser to purchase or sell publicly-traded securities of such Borrowers may be restricted. Conversely, because of the financial services and asset management activities of the Adviser and/or its affiliates, the Adviser may not have access to material non-public information regarding the Borrower to which other lenders have access.

 

Participation Interests and Assignments. Loans may be originated, negotiated and structured by a syndicate of lenders ("Co-Lenders"), consisting of commercial banks, thrift institutions, insurance companies, financial companies or other financial institutions one or more of which acts as Agent Bank. Co-Lenders may sell such securities to third parties called "Participants." A fund investing in such securities may participate as a Co-Lender at origination or acquire an interest in the security (a "participation interest") from a Co-Lender or a Participant. Co-Lenders and Participants interposed between a fund and the Borrower, together with the Agent Bank(s), are referred

 

 

herein as "Intermediate Participants." A participation interest gives a fund an undivided interest in the security in the proportion that the fund's participation interest bears to the total principal amount of the security. These instruments may have fixed, floating or variable rates of interest.

 

A fund may purchase a participation interest in a portion of the rights of an Intermediate Participant, which would not establish any direct relationship between the fund and the Borrower. The fund would be required to rely on the Intermediate Participant that sold the participation interest not only for the enforcement of the fund's rights against the Borrower but also for the receipt and processing of payments due to the fund under the security. The fund would have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the Intermediate Participant and only upon receipt of the payments from the Borrower. The fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the Borrower with the terms of the Loan Agreement nor any rights of set-off against the Borrower, and the fund may not directly benefit from any collateral supporting the obligation in which it has purchased the participation interest. Because it may be necessary to assert through an Intermediate Participant such rights as may exist against the Borrower, in the event the Borrower fails to pay principal and interest when due, the fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would be involved if the fund would enforce its rights directly against the Borrower. Moreover, under the terms of a participation interest, a fund may be regarded as a creditor of the Intermediate Participant (rather than of the Borrower), so that the fund may also be subject to the risk that the Intermediate Participant may become insolvent. In the event of the insolvency of the Intermediate Participant, the fund may be treated as a general creditor of the Intermediate Participant and may not benefit from any set-off between the Intermediate Participant and the Borrower. Certain participation interests may be structured in a manner designed to avoid purchasers being subject to the credit risk of the Intermediate Participant, but even under such a structure, in the event of the Intermediate Participant's insolvency, the Intermediate Participant's servicing of the participation interests may be delayed and the assignability of the participation interest impaired. Similar risks may arise with respect to the Agent Bank if, for example, assets held by the Agent Bank for the benefit of a fund were determined by the appropriate regulatory authority or court to be subject to the claims of the Agent Bank's creditors. In such case, the fund might incur certain costs and delays in realizing payment in connection with the participation interest or suffer a loss of principal and/or interest. Further, in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Borrower, the obligation of the Borrower to repay the loan may be subject to certain defenses that can be asserted by such Borrower as a result of improper conduct by the Agent Bank or Intermediate Participant.

 

A fund may invest in the underlying loan to the Borrower through an assignment of all or a portion of such loan ("Assignments") from a third party. When the fund purchases Assignments from Co-Lenders it will acquire direct rights against the Borrower on the loan. Because Assignments are arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, however, the rights and obligations acquired by the fund as the purchaser of an Assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning Co-Lender.

 

A fund may have difficulty disposing of participation interests and Assignments because to do so it will have to sell such securities to a third party. Because there is no established secondary market for such securities, it is anticipated that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of institutional investors. The lack of an established secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such securities and the fund's ability to dispose of particular participation interests or Assignments when necessary to meet the fund's liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the Borrower. The lack of an established secondary market for participation interests and Assignments also may make it more difficult for the fund to assign a value to these securities for purposes of valuing the fund's portfolio and calculating its NAV.

 

Mortgage-Related Securities. Mortgage-related securities are a form of derivative collateralized by pools of residential or commercial mortgages. Pools of mortgage loans are assembled as securities for sale to investors by various governmental, government-related and private organizations. These securities may include complex instruments such as collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") and stripped mortgage-backed securities, mortgage pass-through securities, interests in REMICs, adjustable rate mortgage loans, or other kinds of mortgage-backed securities, including those with fixed, floating and variable interest rates; interest rates based on multiples of changes in a specified index of interest rates; interest rates that change inversely to changes in interest rates; and those that do not bear interest.

 

Mortgage-related securities are subject to credit, prepayment and interest rate risk, and may be more volatile and less

 

 

liquid, and more difficult to price accurately, than more traditional debt securities. Although certain mortgage-related securities are guaranteed by a third party (such as a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality with respect to government-related mortgage-backed securities) or otherwise similarly secured, the market value of the security, which may fluctuate, is not secured. Mortgage-backed securities issued by private issuers, whether or not such securities are subject to guarantees or another form of credit enhancement, may entail greater risk than securities directly or indirectly guaranteed by the U.S. Government. The market value of mortgage-related securities depends on, among other things, the level of interest rates, the securities' coupon rates and the payment history of the mortgagors of the underlying mortgages.

 

Mortgage-related securities generally are subject to credit risks associated with the performance of the underlying mortgage properties and to prepayment risk. In certain instances, the credit risk associated with mortgage-related securities can be reduced by third party guarantees or other forms of credit support. Improved credit risk does not reduce prepayment risk, which is unrelated to the rating assigned to the mortgage-related security. Prepayment risk may lead to pronounced fluctuations in value of the mortgage-related security. If a mortgage-related security is purchased at a premium, all or part of the premium may be lost if there is a decline in the market value of the security, whether resulting solely from changes in interest rates or from prepayments on the underlying mortgage collateral (the rates of which are highly dependent upon changes in interest rates, as discussed below). Mortgage loans are generally partially or completely prepaid prior to their final maturities as a result of events such as sale of the mortgaged premises, default, condemnation or casualty loss. Because these securities may be subject to extraordinary mandatory redemption in whole or in part from such prepayments of mortgage loans, a substantial portion of such securities may be redeemed prior to their scheduled maturities or even prior to ordinary call dates. Extraordinary mandatory redemption without premium could also result from the failure of the originating financial institutions to make mortgage loans in sufficient amounts within a specified time period. The ability of issuers of mortgage-backed securities to make payments depends on such factors as rental income, occupancy levels, operating expenses, mortgage default rates, taxes, government regulations and appropriation of subsidies.

 

Certain mortgage-related securities, such as inverse floating rate CMOs, have coupons that move inversely to a multiple of a specific index, which may result in a form of leverage. As with other interest-bearing securities, the prices of certain mortgage-related securities are inversely affected by changes in interest rates. However, although the value of a mortgage-related security may decline when interest rates rise, the converse is not necessarily true, since in periods of declining interest rates the mortgages underlying the security are more likely to be prepaid. For this and other reasons, a mortgage-related security's stated maturity may be shortened by unscheduled prepayments on the underlying mortgages, and, therefore, it is not possible to predict accurately the security's return to a fund. Moreover, with respect to certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, if the underlying mortgage securities experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, a fund may fail to fully recoup its initial investment even if the securities are rated in the highest rating category by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. During periods of rapidly rising interest rates, prepayments of mortgage-related securities may occur at slower than expected rates. Slower prepayments effectively may lengthen a mortgage-related security's expected maturity, which generally would cause the value of such security to fluctuate more widely in response to changes in interest rates. Were the prepayments on a fund's mortgage-related securities to decrease broadly, the fund's effective duration, and thus sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, would increase. Commercial real property loans, however, often contain provisions that reduce the likelihood that such securities will be prepaid. The provisions generally impose significant prepayment penalties on loans and in some cases there may be prohibitions on principal prepayments for several years following origination.

 

Residential Mortgage-Related Securities. Residential mortgage-related securities representing participation interests in pools of one- to four-family residential mortgage loans issued or guaranteed by governmental agencies or instrumentalities, such as the GNMA, the FNMA and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"), or issued by private entities, have been issued using a variety of structures, including multi-class structures featuring senior and subordinated classes. Some mortgage-related securities have structures that make their reactions to interest rate changes and other factors difficult to predict, making their value highly volatile.

 

Mortgage-related securities issued by GNMA include Ginnie Maes which are guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by GNMA and such guarantee is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Ginnie Maes are created by an "issuer," which is a Federal Housing Administration ("FHA") approved mortgagee that also meets criteria imposed by GNMA. The issuer assembles a pool of FHA, Farmers' Home Administration or

 

 

Department of Veterans' Affairs ("VA") insured or guaranteed mortgages which are homogeneous as to interest rate, maturity and type of dwelling. Upon application by the issuer, and after approval by GNMA of the pool, GNMA provides its commitment to guarantee timely payment of principal and interest on the Ginnie Maes backed by the mortgages included in the pool. The Ginnie Maes, endorsed by GNMA, then are sold by the issuer through securities dealers. Ginnie Maes bear a stated "coupon rate" which represents the effective FHA-VA mortgage rate at the time of issuance, less GNMA's and the issuer's fees. GNMA is authorized under the National Housing Act to guarantee timely payment of principal and interest on Ginnie Maes. This guarantee is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. GNMA may borrow Treasury funds to the extent needed to make payments under its guarantee. When mortgages in the pool underlying a Ginnie Mae are prepaid by mortgagors or by result of foreclosure, such principal payments are passed through to the certificate holders. Accordingly, the life of the Ginnie Mae is likely to be substantially shorter than the stated maturity of the mortgages in the underlying pool. Because of such variation in prepayment rates, it is not possible to predict the life of a particular Ginnie Mae. Payments to holders of Ginnie Maes consist of the monthly distributions of interest and principal less GNMA's and the issuer's fees. The actual yield to be earned by a holder of a Ginnie Mae is calculated by dividing interest payments by the purchase price paid for the Ginnie Mae (which may be at a premium or a discount from the face value of the certificate). Monthly distributions of interest, as contrasted to semi-annual distributions which are common for other fixed interest investments, have the effect of compounding and thereby raising the effective annual yield earned on Ginnie Maes.

 

Mortgage-related securities issued by FNMA, including FNMA Guaranteed Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates (also known as "Fannie Maes"), are solely the obligations of FNMA and are not backed by or entitled to the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Fannie Maes are guaranteed as to timely payment of principal and interest by FNMA. Mortgage-related securities issued by FHLMC include FHLMC Mortgage Participation Certificates (also known as "Freddie Macs" or "PCs"). Freddie Macs are not guaranteed by the U.S. Government or by any Federal Home Loan Bank and do not constitute a debt or obligation of the U.S. Government or of any Federal Home Loan Bank. Freddie Macs entitle the holder to timely payment of interest, which is guaranteed by FHLMC. FHLMC guarantees either ultimate collection or timely payment of all principal payments on the underlying mortgage loans. When FHLMC does not guarantee timely payment of principal, FHLMC may remit the amount due on account of its guarantee of ultimate payment of principal at any time after default on an underlying mortgage, but in no event later than one year after it becomes payable.

 

In September 2008, Treasury and the Federal Housing Finance Agency ("FHFA") announced that FNMA and FHLMC had been placed in conservatorship. Since that time, FNMA and FHLMC have received significant capital support through Treasury preferred stock purchases, as well as Treasury and Federal Reserve purchases of their mortgage-backed securities. The FHFA and Treasury (through its agreement to purchase FNMA and FHLMC preferred stock) have imposed strict limits on the size of their mortgage portfolios. While the mortgage-backed securities purchase programs ended in 2010, Treasury continued its support for the entities' capital as necessary to prevent a negative net worth through at least 2012. When a credit rating agency downgraded long-term U.S. Government debt in August 2011, the agency also downgraded FNMA and FHLMC's bond ratings, from AAA to AA+, based on their direct reliance on the U.S. Government (although that rating did not directly relate to their mortgage-backed securities). From the end of 2007 through the fourth quarter of 2017, FNMA and FHLMC required Treasury support of approximately $187.5 billion through draws under the preferred stock purchase agreements. However, no payments will be made due to net losses incurred by each entity. FNMA and FHLMC paid approximately $278.8 billion in aggregate cash dividends to Treasury over the same period (although these payments do not constitute a repayment of their draws). Each entity's projected fourth quarter payment was ultimately decreased due to an agreement entered into with Treasury that modified the dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock. In its 2016 report to Congress, FHFA stated that FNMA and FHLMC had been stabilized. However, FHFA also conducted a stress test mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act, which suggested that in a "severely adverse scenario" additional Treasury support of between $49.2 billion and $125.8 billion (depending on the treatment of deferred tax assets) might be required. FNMA did not require any draws from Treasury from the fourth quarter of 2011 through the fourth quarter of 2017. Similarly, FHLMC did not require any draws from Treasury from the first quarter of 2012 through the fourth quarter of 2017. However, in the first quarter of 2018, FNMA and FHLMC each reported that the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017 had resulted in a decrease in the value of their deferred tax assets. As a result, FNMA and FHLMC each reported net losses during the fourth quarter of 2017 and indicated that they would request draws from Treasury in the amount of $3.7 billion and $0.3 billion, respectively. No assurance can be given that the Federal Reserve or Treasury will ensure that FNMA and

 

 

FHLMC will be successful in meeting their obligations with respect to the debt and mortgage-backed securities that they issue.

 

In addition, the problems faced by FNMA and FHLMC, resulting in their being placed into federal conservatorship and receiving significant U.S. Government support, have sparked serious debate among federal policymakers regarding the continued role of the U.S. Government in providing liquidity for mortgage loans. In December 2011, Congress enacted the Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011 which, among other provisions, requires that FNMA and FHLMC increase their single-family guaranty fees by at least 10 basis points and remit this increase to Treasury with respect to all loans acquired by FNMA or FHLMC on or after April 1, 2012 and before January 1, 2022. Serious discussions among policymakers continue, however, as to whether FNMA and FHLMC should be nationalized, privatized, restructured or eliminated altogether. FNMA reported in the third quarter of 2016 that it expected "continued significant uncertainty" regarding its future and the housing finance system, including how long FNMA will continue to exist in its current form, the extent of its role in the market, how long it will be in conservatorship, what form it will have and what ownership interest, if any, current common and preferred stockholders will hold after the conservatorship is terminated, and whether FNMA will continue to exist following conservatorship. FHLMC faces similar uncertainty about its future role. FNMA and FHLMC also are the subject of several continuing legal actions and investigations over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may continue to have an adverse effect on the guaranteeing entities.

 

Commercial Mortgage-Related Securities. Commercial mortgage-related securities generally are multi-class debt or pass-through certificates secured by mortgage loans on commercial properties. These mortgage-related securities generally are constructed to provide protection to holders of the senior classes against potential losses on the underlying mortgage loans. This protection generally is provided by having the holders of subordinated classes of securities ("Subordinated Securities") take the first loss if there are defaults on the underlying commercial mortgage loans. Other protection, which may benefit all of the classes or particular classes, may include issuer guarantees, reserve funds, additional Subordinated Securities, cross-collateralization and over-collateralization. Commercial lending, however, generally is viewed as exposing the lender to a greater risk of loss than one- to four-family residential lending. Commercial lending, for example, typically involves larger loans to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers than residential one- to four-family mortgage loans. In addition, the repayment of loans secured by income-producing properties typically is dependent upon the successful operation of the related real estate project and the cash flow generated therefrom. Consequently, adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances are more likely to have an adverse impact on mortgage-related securities secured by loans on certain types of commercial properties than those secured by loans on residential properties. The risks that recovery or repossessed collateral might be unavailable or inadequate to support payments on commercial mortgage-related securities may be greater than is the case for non-multifamily residential mortgage-related securities.

 

Subordinated Securities. Subordinated Securities, including those issued or sponsored by commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers, private mortgage insurance companies and other non-governmental issuers, have no governmental guarantee, and are subordinated in some manner as to the payment of principal and/or interest to the holders of more senior mortgage-related securities arising out of the same pool of mortgages. The holders of Subordinated Securities typically are compensated with a higher stated yield than are the holders of more senior mortgage-related securities. On the other hand, Subordinated Securities typically subject the holder to greater risk than senior mortgage-related securities and tend to be rated in a lower rating category, and frequently a substantially lower rating category, than the senior mortgage-related securities issued in respect of the same pool of mortgages. Subordinated Securities generally are likely to be more sensitive to changes in prepayment and interest rates and the market for such securities may be less liquid than is the case for traditional fixed-income securities and senior mortgage-related securities.

 

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs) and Multi-Class Pass-Through-Securities. CMOs are multiclass bonds backed by pools of mortgage pass-through certificates or mortgage loans. CMOs may be collateralized by: (1) Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac pass-through certificates; (2) unsecuritized mortgage loans insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans' Affairs; (3) unsecuritized conventional mortgages; (4) other mortgage-related securities; or (5) any combination thereof.

 

Each class of CMOs, often referred to as a "tranche," is issued at a specific coupon rate and has a stated maturity or

 

 

final distribution date. Principal prepayments on collateral underlying a CMO may cause it to be retired substantially earlier than the stated maturities or final distribution dates. The principal and interest on the underlying mortgages may be allocated among the several classes of a series of a CMO in many ways. One or more tranches of a CMO may have coupon rates which reset periodically at a specified increment over an index or market rate, such as LIBOR (or sometimes more than one index). These floating rate CMOs typically are issued with lifetime caps on the coupon rate thereon. Inverse floating rate CMOs constitute a tranche of a CMO with a coupon rate that moves in the reverse direction to an applicable index or market rate such as LIBOR. Accordingly, the coupon rate thereon will increase as interest rates decrease. Inverse floating rate CMOs are typically more volatile than fixed or floating rate tranches of CMOs.

 

Many inverse floating rate CMOs have coupons that move inversely to a multiple of the applicable indexes. The effect of the coupon varying inversely to a multiple of an applicable index creates a leverage factor. Inverse floating rate CMOs based on multiples of a stated index are designed to be highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and can subject the holders thereof to extreme reductions of yield and loss of principal. The markets for inverse floating rate CMOs with highly leveraged characteristics at times may be very thin. The ability of a fund to dispose of positions in such securities will depend on the degree of liquidity in the markets for such securities. It is impossible to predict the amount of trading interest that may exist in such securities, and therefore the future degree of liquidity. It should be noted that inverse floaters based on multiples of a stated index are designed to be highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and can subject the holders thereof to extreme reductions of yield and loss of principal.

 

As CMOs have evolved, some classes of CMO bonds have become more prevalent. The planned amortization class ("PAC") and targeted amortization class ("TAC"), for example, were designed to reduce prepayment risk by establishing a sinking-fund structure. PAC and TAC bonds assure to varying degrees that investors will receive payments over a predetermined period under varying prepayment scenarios. Although PAC and TAC bonds are similar, PAC bonds are better able to provide stable cash flows under various prepayment scenarios than TAC bonds because of the order in which these tranches are paid.

 

Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are created by segregating the cash flows from underlying mortgage loans or mortgage securities to create two or more new securities, each with a specified percentage of the underlying security's principal or interest payments. Mortgage securities may be partially stripped so that each investor class receives some interest and some principal. When securities are completely stripped, however, all of the interest is distributed to holders of one type of security, known as an interest-only security ("IO") and all of the principal is distributed to holders of another type of security known as a principal-only security ("PO"). IOs and POs can be created in a pass-through structure or as tranches of a CMO. The yields to maturity on IOs and POs are very sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, a fund may not fully recoup its initial investment in IOs. Conversely, if the underlying mortgage assets experience less than anticipated prepayments of principal, the yield on POs could be materially and adversely affected.

 

Adjustable-Rate Mortgage Loans ("ARMs"). ARMs eligible for inclusion in a mortgage pool will generally provide for a fixed initial mortgage interest rate for a specified period of time, generally for either the first three, six, twelve, thirteen, thirty-six, or sixty scheduled monthly payments. Thereafter, the interest rates are subject to periodic adjustment based on changes in an index. ARMs typically have minimum and maximum rates beyond which the mortgage interest rate may not vary over the lifetime of the loans. Certain ARMs provide for additional limitations on the maximum amount by which the mortgage interest rate may adjust for any single adjustment period. Negatively amortizing ARMs may provide limitations on changes in the required monthly payment. Limitations on monthly payments can result in monthly payments that are greater or less than the amount necessary to amortize a negatively amortizing ARM by its maturity at the interest rate in effect during any particular month.

 

Private Entity Securities. Mortgage-related securities may be issued by commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers, private mortgage insurance companies and other non-governmental issuers. Timely payment of principal and interest on mortgage-related securities backed by pools created by non-governmental issuers often is supported partially by various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance. The insurance and guarantees are issued by government entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or mortgage poolers can meet their obligations under the policies, so that if the issuers default on their obligations the holders of the security could

 

 

sustain a loss. No insurance or guarantee covers a fund or the price of a fund's shares. Mortgage-related securities issued by non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than government-agency and government-related securities because there are no direct or indirect government guarantees of payment.

 

Other Mortgage-Related Securities. Other mortgage-related securities include securities other than those described above that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property, including a CMO tranche which collects any cash flow from collateral remaining after obligations to the other tranches have been met. Other mortgage-related securities may be equity or debt securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, homebuilders, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks, partnerships, trusts and special purpose entities of the foregoing.

 

Asset-Backed Securities. Asset-backed securities are a form of derivative instrument. Non-mortgage asset-backed securities are securities issued by special purpose entities whose primary assets consist of a pool of loans, receivables or other assets. Payment of principal and interest may depend largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, supported by letters of credit, surety bonds or other forms of credit or liquidity enhancements. The value of these asset-backed securities also may be affected by the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool of assets, the originator of the loans or receivables or the financial institution providing the credit support.

 

The securitization techniques used for asset-backed securities are similar to those used for mortgage-related securities, including the issuance of securities in senior and subordinated classes (see "Mortgage-Related Securities—Commercial Mortgage-Related Securities" and "—Subordinated Securities" above). These securities include debt securities and securities with debt-like characteristics. The collateral for these securities has included home equity loans, automobile and credit card receivables, boat loans, computer leases, airplane leases, mobile home loans, recreational vehicle loans and hospital account receivables. Other types of asset-backed securities may be developed in the future. The purchase of non-mortgage asset-backed securities raises considerations particular to the financing of the instruments underlying such securities.

 

Asset-backed securities present certain risks of mortgage-backed securities, such as prepayment risk, as well as risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may provide a less effective security interest in the related collateral than do mortgage-backed securities. Therefore, there is the possibility that recoveries on the underlying collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities.

 

Collateralized Debt Obligations. Collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs") are securitized interests in pools of—generally non-mortgage—assets. Assets called collateral usually are comprised of loans or other debt instruments. A CDO may be called a collateralized loan obligation (CLO) or collateralized bond obligation (CBO) if it holds only loans or bonds, respectively. Investors bear the credit risk of the collateral. Multiple tranches of securities are issued by the CDO, offering investors various maturity and credit risk characteristics. Tranches are categorized as senior, mezzanine and subordinated/equity, according to their degree of credit risk. If there are defaults or the CDO's collateral otherwise underperforms, scheduled payments to senior tranches take precedence over those of mezzanine tranches, and scheduled payments to mezzanine tranches take precedence over those to subordinated/equity tranches. Senior and mezzanine tranches are typically rated, with the former receiving ratings of A to AAA/Aaa and the latter receiving ratings of B to BBB/Baa. The ratings reflect both the credit quality of underlying collateral as well as how much protection a given tranche is afforded by tranches that are subordinate to it.

 

Municipal Securities.

 

Municipal Securities Generally. "Municipal securities" are debt securities or other obligations issued by states, territories and possessions of the United States and the District of Columbia and their political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities, or multistate agencies and authorities, and certain other specified securities, the interest from which generally is, in the opinion of bond counsel to the issuer, exempt from federal and, with respect to municipal securities in which certain funds invest, the personal income taxes of a specified state (referred to in this SAI as Municipal Bonds, Municipal Obligations, State Municipal Bonds or State Municipal Obligations, as applicable—see "Glossary" below). Municipal securities generally include debt obligations issued to obtain funds

 

 

for various public purposes and include certain industrial development bonds issued by or on behalf of public authorities. Municipal securities are classified as general obligation bonds, revenue bonds and notes. General obligation bonds are secured by the issuer's pledge of its full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. Revenue bonds are payable from the revenue derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source, but not from the general taxing power. Tax-exempt industrial development bonds, in most cases, are revenue bonds that do not carry the pledge of the credit of the issuing municipality, but generally are guaranteed by the corporate entity on whose behalf they are issued. Notes are short-term instruments which are obligations of the issuing municipalities or agencies and are sold in anticipation of a bond issuance, collection of taxes or receipt of other revenues. Issues of municipal commercial paper typically represent short-term, unsecured, negotiable promissory notes. These obligations are issued by agencies of state and local governments to finance seasonal working capital needs of municipalities or to provide interim construction financing and are paid from general revenues of municipalities or are refinanced with long-term debt. In most cases, municipal commercial paper is backed by letters of credit, lending agreements, note repurchase agreements or other credit facility agreements offered by banks or other institutions. Municipal securities include municipal lease/purchase agreements which are similar to installment purchase contracts for property or equipment issued by municipalities.

 

A fund's investments in municipal securities may include investments in U.S. territories or possessions such as Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. A fund's investments in a territory or possession could be affected by economic, legislative, regulatory or political developments affecting issuers in the territory or possession. For example, Puerto Rico, like many other states and U.S. municipalities, experienced a significant downturn during the recent recession and continues to face significant fiscal challenges, including persistent government deficits, underfunded public pensions, sizable debt service obligations and a high unemployment rate. As a result, many Rating Agencies have downgraded Puerto Rico's various municipal issuers, including the Commonwealth itself and its general obligation debt, or placed them on "negative watch." If the economic situation in Puerto Rico persists or worsens, the volatility, credit quality and performance of a fund holding securities of issuers in Puerto Rico could be adversely affected.

 

Municipal securities bear fixed, floating or variable rates of interest, which are determined in some instances by formulas under which the municipal security's interest rate will change directly or inversely to changes in interest rates or an index, or multiples thereof, in many cases subject to a maximum and minimum. Certain municipal securities are subject to redemption at a date earlier than their stated maturity pursuant to call options, which may be separated from the related municipal security and purchased and sold separately. The purchase of call options on specific municipal securities may protect a fund from the issuer of the related municipal security redeeming, or other holder of the call option from calling away, the municipal security before maturity. The sale by a fund of a call option that it owns on a specific municipal security could result in the receipt of taxable income by the fund.

 

The municipal securities market is not subject to the same level of regulation as other sectors of the U.S. capital markets due to broad exemptions under the federal securities laws for municipal securities. As a result, there may be less disclosure, including current audited financial information, available about municipal issuers than is available for issuers of securities registered under the Securities Act.

 

For a fund that is a RIC for tax purposes and invests less than 50% of its assets in municipal securities, dividends received by shareholders on fund shares which are attributable to interest income received by the fund from municipal securities generally will be subject to federal income tax. While, in general, municipal securities are tax exempt securities having relatively low yields as compared to taxable, non-municipal securities of similar quality, certain municipal securities are taxable obligations, offering yields comparable to, and in some cases greater than, the yields available on other permissible investments.

 

For the purpose of diversification under the 1940 Act, the identification of the issuer of municipal securities depends on the terms and conditions of the security. When the assets and revenues of an agency, authority, instrumentality or other political subdivision are separate from those of the government creating the subdivision and the security is backed only by the assets and revenues of the subdivision, such subdivision would be deemed to be the sole issuer. Similarly, in the case of an industrial development bond, if the bond is backed only by the assets and revenues of the non-governmental user, then such non-governmental user would be deemed to be the sole issuer. If, however, in either case, the creating government or some other entity guarantees a security, such a guaranty would be considered

 

 

a separate security and would be treated as an issue of such government or other entity.

 

Municipal securities include certain private activity bonds (a type of revenue bond issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance various privately operated or public facilities and for which the payment of principal and interest is dependent solely on the ability of the facility's user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property so financed as security for such payment), the income from which is subject to AMT. Taxable municipal securities also may include remarketed certificates of participation. Certain funds may invest in these municipal securities if the Adviser determines that their purchase is consistent with a fund's investment objective. A municipal or other tax-exempt fund that invests substantially all of its assets in Municipal Bonds may invest more than 25% of the value of the fund's total assets in Municipal Bonds which are related in such a way that an economic, business or political development or change affecting one such security also would affect the other securities (e.g., securities the interest upon which is paid from revenues of similar types of projects, or securities whose issuers are located in the same state). A fund that so invests its assets may be subject to greater risk as compared to municipal or other tax-exempt funds that do not follow this practice.

 

Municipal securities may be repayable out of revenue streams generated from economically related projects or facilities or whose issuers are located in the same state. Sizable investments in these securities could increase risk to a fund should any of the related projects or facilities experience financial difficulties. An investment in a fund that focuses its investments in securities issued by a particular state or entities within that state may involve greater risk than investments in certain other types of municipal funds. You should consider carefully the special risks inherent in a fund's investment in such municipal securities. If applicable, you should review the information in "Risks of Investing in State Municipal Securities" in Part II of this SAI, which provides a brief summary of special investment considerations and risk factors relating to investing in municipal securities of a specific state.

 

The yields on municipal securities are dependent on a variety of factors, including general economic and monetary conditions, money market factors, conditions in the municipal securities market, size of a particular offering, maturity of the obligation and rating of the issue. The achievement of the investment objective of a municipal or other tax-exempt fund is dependent in part on the continuing ability of the issuers of municipal securities in which the fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of principal and interest when due. Municipal securities historically have not been subject to registration with the SEC, although there have been proposals which would require registration in the future. Issuers of municipal securities, like issuers of corporate securities, may declare bankruptcy, and obligations of issuers of municipal securities are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors. Many such bankruptcies historically have been of smaller villages, towns, cities and counties, but in November 2011 Jefferson County, Alabama (the state's most populous county) became the subject of what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy ever in the U.S., at over $4 billion in total indebtedness, surpassing in size the 1994 bankruptcy of Orange County, California. Other prominent municipal bankruptcies have followed. In July 2013, Detroit, Michigan filed for bankruptcy. With an estimated $18 to $20 billion in total indebtedness, it became the largest municipal bankruptcy in the U.S. The obligations of municipal issuers may become subject to laws enacted in the future by Congress or state legislatures, or referenda extending the time for payment of principal and/or interest, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations or upon the ability of municipalities to levy taxes. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the ability of any municipal issuer to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on its municipal securities may be materially affected.

 

Certain provisions in the Code relating to the issuance of municipal securities may reduce the volume of municipal securities qualifying for federal tax exemption. One effect of these provisions could be to increase the cost of the municipal securities available for purchase by a fund and thus reduce available yield. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors concerning the effect of these provisions on an investment in such a fund. Proposals that may restrict or eliminate the income tax exemption for interest on municipal securities may be introduced in the future. If any such proposal were enacted that would reduce the availability of municipal securities for investment by a fund so as to adversely affect fund shareholders, the fund would reevaluate its investment objective and policies and submit possible changes in the fund's structure to shareholders for their consideration. If legislation were enacted that would treat a type of municipal securities as taxable, a fund would treat such security as a permissible Taxable Investment or, with respect to a money market fund, Money Fund Taxable Investment (in each case, as discussed below), within the applicable limits set forth herein.

 

 

Instruments Related to Municipal Securities. The following is a description of certain types of investments related to municipal securities in which some funds may invest. A fund's use of certain of the investment techniques described below may give rise to taxable income.

 

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Floating and Variable Rate Demand Notes and Bonds. Floating and variable rate demand notes and bonds are tax exempt obligations ordinarily having stated maturities in excess of one year, but which permit the holder to demand payment of principal at any time, or at specified intervals. Variable rate demand notes include master demand notes. See "Fixed-Income Securities—Variable and Floating Rate Securities" above.

 

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Tax Exempt Participation Interests. A participation interest in municipal securities (such as industrial development bonds and municipal lease/purchase agreements) purchased from a financial institution gives a fund an undivided interest in the municipal security in the proportion that the fund's participation interest bears to the total principal amount of the municipal security. These instruments may have fixed, floating or variable rates of interest and generally will be backed by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of a bank. For certain participation interests, a fund will have the right to demand payment, on not more than seven days' notice, for all or any part of the fund's participation interest in the municipal security, plus accrued interest. As to these instruments, a fund intends to exercise its right to demand payment only upon a default under the terms of the municipal security, as needed to provide liquidity to meet redemptions, or to maintain or improve the quality of its investment portfolio. See also "Fixed-Income Securities—Loans—Participation Interests and Assignments" above.

 

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Municipal Lease Obligations. Municipal lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, "lease obligations") have special risks not ordinarily associated with general obligation or revenue bonds. Leases and installment purchase or conditional sale contracts (which normally provide for title to the leased asset to pass eventually to the government issuer) have evolved as a means for governmental issuers to acquire property and equipment without meeting the constitutional and statutory requirements for the issuance of debt. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality's taxing power is pledged, a lease obligation ordinarily is backed by the municipality's covenant to budget for, appropriate and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, lease obligations in which a fund may invest may contain "non-appropriation" clauses which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. Although "non-appropriation" lease obligations are secured by the leased property, disposition of the property in the event of foreclosure might prove difficult. Certain lease obligations may be considered illiquid. Determination as to the liquidity of such securities is made in accordance with guidelines established by the board. Pursuant to such guidelines, the boards have directed the Adviser to monitor carefully a fund's investment in such securities with particular regard to: (1) the frequency of trades and quotes for the lease obligation; (2) the number of dealers willing to purchase or sell the lease obligation and the number of other potential buyers; (3) the willingness of dealers to undertake to make a market in the lease obligation; (4) the nature of the marketplace trades, including the time needed to dispose of the lease obligation, the method of soliciting offers and the mechanics of transfer; and (5) such other factors concerning the trading market for the lease obligation as the Adviser may deem relevant. In addition, in evaluating the liquidity and credit quality of a lease obligation that is unrated, the boards have directed the Adviser to consider: (1) whether the lease can be canceled; (2) what assurance there is that the assets represented by the lease can be sold; (3) the strength of the lessee's general credit (e.g., its debt, administrative, economic and financial characteristics); (4) the likelihood that the municipality will discontinue appropriating funding for the leased property because the property is no longer deemed essential to the operations of the municipality (e.g., the potential for an "event of non-appropriation"); (5) the legal recourse in the event of failure to appropriate; and (6) such other factors concerning credit quality as the Adviser may deem relevant.

 

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Tender Option Bonds. A tender option bond is a municipal security (generally held pursuant to a custodial arrangement) having a relatively long maturity and bearing interest at a fixed rate substantially higher than prevailing short-term tax exempt rates, that has been coupled with the agreement of a third party, such as a bank, broker-dealer or other financial institution, pursuant to which such institution grants the security holders the option, at periodic intervals, to tender their securities to the institution and receive the face

 

 

value thereof. As consideration for providing the option, the financial institution receives periodic fees equal to the difference between the municipal security's fixed coupon rate and the rate, as determined by a remarketing or similar agent at or near the commencement of such period, that would cause the securities, coupled with the tender option, to trade at par on the date of such determination. Thus, after payment of this fee, the security holder effectively holds a demand obligation that bears interest at the prevailing short-term tax exempt rate. In certain instances and for certain tender option bonds, the option may be terminable in the event of a default in payment of principal or interest on the underlying municipal security and for other reasons. The funds expect to be able to value tender option bonds at par; however, the value of the instrument will be monitored to assure that it is valued at fair value. The quality of the underlying creditor or of the third party provider of the tender option, as the case may be, as determined by the Adviser, must be equivalent to the quality standard prescribed for the fund. In addition, the Adviser monitors the earning power, cash flow and other liquidity ratios of the issuers of such obligations.

 

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Pre-Refunded Municipal Securities. The principal and interest on pre-refunded municipal securities are no longer paid from the original revenue source for the securities. Instead, the source of such payments is typically an escrow fund consisting of U.S. Government securities. The assets in the escrow fund are derived from the proceeds of refunding bonds issued by the same issuer as the pre-refunded municipal securities. Issuers of municipal securities use this advance refunding technique to obtain more favorable terms with respect to bonds that are not yet subject to call or redemption by the issuer. For example, advance refunding enables an issuer to refinance debt at lower market interest rates, restructure debt to improve cash flow or eliminate restrictive covenants in the indenture or other governing instrument for the pre-refunded municipal securities. However, except for a change in the revenue source from which principal and interest payments are made, the pre-refunded municipal securities remain outstanding on their original terms until they mature or are redeemed by the issuer.

 

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Mortgage-Related and Asset-Backed Municipal Securities. Mortgage-backed municipal securities are municipal securities of issuers that derive revenues from mortgage loans on multiple family residences, retirement housing or housing projects for low- to moderate-income families. Certain of such securities may be single family mortgage revenue bonds issued for the purpose of acquiring from originating financial institutions notes secured by mortgages on residences located within the issuer's boundaries. Non-mortgage asset-based securities are securities issued by special purpose entities whose primary assets consist of a pool of loans, receivables or other assets. See "Fixed-Income Securities—Mortgage-Related Securities" and "Fixed-Income Securities—Asset-Backed Securities" above.

 

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Custodial Receipts. Custodial receipts represent the right to receive certain future principal and/or interest payments on municipal securities which underlie the custodial receipts. A number of different arrangements are possible. A fund also may purchase directly from issuers, and not in a private placement, municipal securities having characteristics similar to custodial receipts. These securities may be issued as part of a multi-class offering and the interest rate on certain classes may be subject to a cap or floor. See "Derivatives—Custodial Receipts" below.

 

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Indexed and Inverse Floating Rate Municipal Securities. Indexed rate municipal securities are securities that pay interest or whose principal amount payable upon maturity is based on the value of an index of interest rates. Interest and principal payable on certain securities also may be based on relative changes among particular indexes. So-called "inverse floating obligations" or "residual interest bonds" ("inverse floaters") are derivative instruments created by depositing municipal securities in a trust which divides the bond's income stream into two parts: (1) a short-term variable rate demand note; and (2) a residual interest bond (the inverse floater) which receives interest based on the remaining cash flow of the trust after payment of interest on the note and various trust expenses. The interest rate on the inverse floater varies inversely with a floating rate (which may be reset periodically by a "Dutch" auction, a remarketing agent or by reference a short-term tax-exempt interest rate index), usually moving in the opposite direction as the interest on the variable rate demand note.

 

A fund may either participate in structuring an inverse floater or purchase an inverse floater in the secondary market. When structuring an inverse floater, a fund will transfer to a trust fixed rate municipal securities held in the fund's portfolio. The trust then typically issues the inverse floaters and the variable

 

 

rate demand notes that are collateralized by the cash flows of the fixed rate municipal securities. In return for the transfer of the municipal securities to the trust, the fund receives the inverse floaters and cash associated with the sale of the notes from the trust. For accounting purposes, a fund treats these transfers as part of a secured borrowing or financing transaction (not a sale), and the interest payments and related expenses due on the notes issued by the trusts and sold to third parties as expenses and liabilities of the fund. Inverse floaters purchased in the secondary market are treated as the purchase of a security and not as a secured borrowing or financing transaction. Synthetically created inverse floating rate bonds evidenced by custodial or trust receipts are securities that have the effect of providing a degree of investment leverage, since they may increase or decrease in value in response to changes in market interest rates at a rate that is a multiple of the rate at which fixed rate securities increase or decrease in response to such changes.

 

An investment in inverse floaters may involve greater risk than an investment in a fixed rate municipal security. Because changes in the interest rate on the other security or index inversely affect the residual interest paid on the inverse floater, the value of an inverse floater is generally more volatile than that of a fixed rate municipal security. Inverse floaters have interest rate adjustment formulas which generally reduce or, in the extreme, eliminate the interest paid to a fund when short-term interest rates rise, and increase the interest paid to the fund when short-term interest rates fall. Investing in inverse floaters involves leveraging which may magnify the fund's gains or losses. Although volatile, inverse floaters typically offer the potential for yields exceeding the yields available on fixed rate municipal securities with comparable credit quality, coupon, call provisions and maturity. These securities usually permit the investor to convert the floating rate to a fixed rate (normally adjusted downward), and this optional conversion feature may provide a partial hedge against rising rates if exercised at an opportune time. Investments in inverse floaters may be illiquid.

 

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Zero Coupon, Pay-In-Kind and Step-Up Municipal Securities. Zero coupon municipal securities are issued or sold at a discount from their face value and do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or a specified redemption date or cash payment date. Zero coupon securities also may take the form of municipal securities that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, the coupons themselves and receipts or certificates representing interest in such stripped debt obligations and coupons. Pay-in-kind municipal securities generally pay interest through the issuance of additional securities. Step-up municipal securities typically do not pay interest for a specified period of time and then pay interest at a series of different rates. See "Fixed-Income Securities—Zero Coupon, Pay-In-Kind and Step-Up Securities."

 

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Special Taxing Districts. Some municipal securities may be issued in connection with special taxing districts. Special taxing districts are organized to plan and finance infrastructure development to induce residential, commercial and industrial growth and redevelopment. The bond financing methods, such as tax increment finance, tax assessment, special services district and Mello-Roos bonds, generally are payable solely from taxes or other revenues attributable to the specific projects financed by the bonds without recourse to the credit or taxing power of related or overlapping municipalities. They often are exposed to real estate development-related risks and can have more taxpayer concentration risk than general tax-supported bonds, such as general obligation bonds. Further, the fees, special taxes or tax allocations and other revenues that are established to secure such financings generally are limited as to the rate or amount that may be levied or assessed and are not subject to increase pursuant to rate covenants or municipal or corporate guarantees. The bonds could default if development failed to progress as anticipated or if larger taxpayers failed to pay the assessments, fees and taxes as provided in the financing plans of the districts.

 

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Stand-By Commitments. Under a stand-by commitment, a fund obligates a broker, dealer or bank to repurchase, at the fund's option, specified securities at a specified price prior to such securities' maturity date and, in this respect, stand-by commitments are comparable to put options. The exercise of a stand-by commitment, therefore, is subject to the ability of the seller to make payment on demand. The funds will acquire stand-by commitments solely to facilitate portfolio liquidity and do not intend to exercise their rights thereunder for trading purposes. A fund may pay for stand-by commitments if such action is deemed necessary, thus increasing to a degree the cost of the underlying municipal security and similarly decreasing such security's yield to investors. Gains realized in connection with stand-by commitments will

 

 

be taxable. For a fund that focuses its investments in New Jersey Municipal Bonds, the fund will acquire stand-by commitments only to the extent consistent with the requirements for a "qualified investment fund" under the New Jersey Gross Income Tax Act.

 

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Structured Notes. Structured notes typically are purchased in privately negotiated transactions from financial institutions and, therefore, may not have an active trading market. When a fund purchases a structured note, it will make a payment of principal to the counterparty. Some structured notes have a guaranteed repayment of principal while others place a portion (or all) or the principal at risk. The possibility of default by the counterparty or its credit provider may be greater for structured notes than for other types of money market instruments.

 

Taxable Investments (municipal or other tax-exempt funds only). From time to time, on a temporary basis other than for temporary defensive purposes (but not to exceed 20% of the value of the fund's net assets) or for temporary defensive purposes, a fund may invest in taxable short-term investments (Taxable Investments, as defined in Part II of this SAI under "Investments, Investments Techniques and Risks"). Dividends paid by a fund that are attributable to income earned by the fund from Taxable Investments will be taxable to investors. When a fund invests for temporary defensive purposes, it may not achieve its investment objective(s).

 

Funding Agreements. In a funding agreement (sometimes referred to as a Guaranteed Interest Contract or "GIC"), a fund contributes cash to a deposit fund of an insurance company's general account, and the insurance company then credits the fund, on a monthly basis, guaranteed interest that is based on an index. This guaranteed interest will not be less than a certain minimum rate. Because the principal amount of a funding agreement may not be received from the insurance company on seven days' notice or less, the agreement is considered to be an illiquid investment.

 

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

 

A REIT is a corporation, or a business trust that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation, which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things, invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs) or cash and government securities, derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property, and distribute to shareholders annually a substantial portion of its otherwise taxable income.

 

REITs are characterized as equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. Equity REITs invest primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings and derive their income primarily from rental income. Equity REITs also can realize capital gains (or losses) by selling properties that have appreciated (or depreciated) in value. Mortgage REITs can make construction, development or long-term mortgage loans and are sensitive to the credit quality of the borrower. Mortgage REITs derive their income from interest payments on such loans. Hybrid REITs combine the characteristics of both equity and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate. The value of securities issued by REITs is affected by tax and regulatory requirements and by perceptions of management skill. They also are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers or tenants, self-liquidation and the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free status under the Code or to maintain exemption from the 1940 Act. A fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of expenses, including management fees, paid by each REIT in which it invests in addition to the expenses of the fund.

 

Money Market Instruments

 

When the Adviser determines that adverse market conditions exist, a fund may adopt a temporary defensive position and invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments, including U.S. Government securities, bank obligations, repurchase agreements and commercial paper. During such periods, the fund may not achieve its investment objective(s). A fund also may purchase money market instruments when it has cash reserves or in anticipation of taking a market position.

 

Investing in money market instruments is subject to certain risks. Money market instruments (other than certain U.S.

 

 

Government securities) are not backed or insured by the U.S. Government, its agencies or its instrumentalities. Accordingly, only the creditworthiness of an issuer, or guarantees of that issuer, support such instruments.

 

Bank Obligations. See "Bank Obligations" below under "Money Market Funds."

 

Repurchase Agreements. See "Repurchase Agreements" below under "Money Market Funds."

 

Commercial Paper. Commercial paper represents short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by banks or bank holding companies, corporations and finance companies used to finance short-term credit needs and may consist of U.S. dollar-denominated obligations of domestic issuers and foreign currency-denominated obligations of domestic or foreign issuers. Commercial paper may be backed only by the credit of the issuer or may be backed by some form of credit enhancement, typically in the form of a guarantee by a commercial bank. Commercial paper backed by guarantees of foreign banks may involve additional risk due to the difficulty of obtaining and enforcing judgments against such banks and the generally less restrictive regulations to which such banks are subject.

 

Foreign Securities

 

Foreign securities include the securities of companies organized under the laws of countries other than the United States and those issued or guaranteed by governments other than the U.S. Government or by foreign supranational entities. They also include securities of companies whose principal trading market is in a country other than the United States or of companies (including those that are located in the United States or organized under U.S. law) that derive a significant portion of their revenue or profits from foreign businesses, investments or sales, or that have a majority of their assets outside the United States. They may be traded on foreign securities exchanges or in the foreign over-the-counter markets. Supranational entities include international organizations designated or supported by governmental entities to promote economic reconstruction or development and international banking institutions and related government agencies. Examples include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), the European Coal and Steel Community, the Asian Development Bank and the InterAmerican Development Bank. Obligations of the World Bank and certain other supranational organizations are supported by subscribed but unpaid commitments of member countries. There is no assurance that these commitments will be undertaken or complied with in the future.

 

Investing in the securities of foreign issuers, as well as instruments that provide investment exposure to foreign securities and markets, involves risks that are not typically associated with investing in U.S. dollar-denominated securities of domestic issuers. Investments in foreign issuers may be affected by changes in currency rates (i.e., affecting the value of assets as measured in U.S. dollars), changes in foreign or U.S. laws or restrictions applicable to such investments and in exchange control regulations (e.g., currency blockage). A decline in the exchange rate of the currency (i.e., weakening of the currency against the U.S. dollar) in which a portfolio security is quoted or denominated relative to the U.S. dollar would reduce the value of the portfolio security. A change in the value of such foreign currency against the U.S. dollar also will result in a change in the amount of income available for distribution. If a portion of a fund's investment income may be received in foreign currencies, such fund will be required to compute its income in U.S. dollars for distribution to shareholders, and therefore the fund will absorb the cost of currency fluctuations. After the fund has distributed income, subsequent foreign currency losses may result in the fund having distributed more income in a particular fiscal period than was available from investment income, which could result in a return of capital to shareholders. In addition, if the exchange rate for the currency in which a fund receives interest payments declines against the U.S. dollar before such income is distributed as dividends to shareholders, the fund may have to sell portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to enable the fund to pay such dividends. Commissions on transactions in foreign securities may be higher than those for similar transactions on domestic stock markets, and foreign custodial costs are higher than domestic custodial costs. In addition, clearance and settlement procedures may be different in foreign countries and, in certain markets, such procedures have on occasion been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, thus making it difficult to conduct such transactions.

 

Foreign securities markets generally are not as developed or efficient as those in the United States. Securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Similarly, volume and liquidity in most foreign securities markets are less than in the United States and, at times, volatility of price can

 

 

be greater than in the United States.

 

Many countries throughout the world are dependent on a healthy U.S. economy and are adversely affected when the U.S. economy weakens or its markets decline. For example, in 2007 and 2008, the meltdown in the U.S. subprime mortgage market quickly spread throughout global credit markets, triggering a liquidity crisis that affected fixed-income and equity markets around the world.

 

Foreign investments involve risks unique to the local political, economic, and regulatory structures in place, as well as the potential for social instability, military unrest or diplomatic developments that could prove adverse to the interests of U.S. investors. Individual foreign economies can differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. In addition, significant external political and economic risks currently affect some foreign countries. For example, both Taiwan and China claim sovereignty over Taiwan and there is a demilitarized border and hostile relations between North and South Korea. War and terrorism affect many countries, especially those in Africa and the Middle East. A number of countries in Europe have suffered terror attacks. The future proliferation and effects of these and similar events and other socio-political or geographical issues are not known but could suddenly and/or profoundly affect global economies, markets, certain industries and/or specific securities.

 

Because evidences of ownership of foreign securities usually are held outside the United States, additional risks of investing in foreign securities include possible adverse political and economic developments, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits and adoption of governmental restrictions that might adversely affect or restrict the payment of principal and interest on the foreign securities to investors located outside the country of the issuer, whether from currency blockage, exchange control regulations or otherwise. Foreign securities held by a fund may trade on days when the fund does not calculate its NAV and thus may affect the fund's NAV on days when shareholders have no access to the fund.

 

Investing in Europe. Ongoing concerns regarding the economies of certain European countries and/or their sovereign debt, as well as the possibility that one or more countries might leave the European Union (the "EU"), create risks for investing in the EU. In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the "UK") held a referendum resulting in a vote in favor of the exit of the UK from the EU (known as "Brexit"). The current uncertainty and related future developments could have a negative impact on both the UK economy and the economies of other countries in Europe, as well as greater volatility in the global financial and currency markets.

 

A number of countries in Europe have experienced severe economic and financial difficulties. Many non-governmental issuers, and even certain governments, have defaulted on, or been forced to restructure, their debts. Many other issuers have faced difficulties obtaining credit or refinancing existing obligations. Financial institutions have in many cases required government or central bank support, have needed to raise capital, and/or have been impaired in their ability to extend credit, and financial markets in Europe and elsewhere have experienced significant volatility and declines in asset values and liquidity. These difficulties may continue, worsen or spread within and outside of Europe. Responses to the financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not be effective, may result in social unrest and may limit future growth and economic recovery or have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and others of outstanding debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world.

 

A process of negotiation will follow that will determine the future terms of the UK's relationship with the EU. In March 2017, the British Prime Minister invoked Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, which gives the UK two years to negotiate an exit deal with the EU. It is unclear how and in what timeframe Brexit withdrawal negotiations will proceed and what the potential consequences may be. In November 2017, the EU presented the UK with a divorce bill which would require the UK to pay financial settlements to the EU as a result of its exit. The final amount of the required payments, which are estimated to be in the billions, and the timing of the payments are yet to be decided. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth on markets in the UK, Europe and globally.

 

 

Depreciation of the British pound sterling and/or the Euro in relation to the U.S. dollar in anticipation of Brexit would adversely affect fund investments denominated in British pound sterling and/or the Euro that are not fully and effectively hedged, regardless of the performance of the investment.

 

Whether or not a fund invests in securities of issuers located in Europe or has significant exposure to European issuers or countries, these events could negatively affect the value and liquidity of the fund's investment.

 

Investing in Japan. The Japanese economy has only recently emerged from a prolonged economic stagnation. Over the last few decades, Japan's economic growth rate has remained relatively low compared to that of its Asian neighbors and other major developed economies mainly due to deflation. The economy is characterized by an aging demographic, a declining population, a large government debt and a highly regulated labor market. Monetary and fiscal policies designed to stimulate economic growth in Japan have had limited success in the past prior to the current government. Overseas trade is important to Japan's economy, although exports as a percentage of GDP is lower than other Asian countries and most developed countries. The Japanese economy can be adversely affected by trade tariffs, other protectionist measures, competition from emerging economies, and the economic conditions of its trading partners. Japan has a growing economic relationship with China and other Southeast Asian countries, and economic, political or social instability in those countries, whether resulting from country, regional or global events, could have an adverse effect on Japan's economy. The specific risks of investing in Japan, certain of which are summarized in this section, could, individually or in the aggregate, adversely impact investments in Japan.

 

Labor Market. Japan's labor market, affected by the aging and shrinking population, appears to be undergoing fundamental structural changes. The changing population has increased the cost of Japan's pension and public welfare system. Japan's labor market, which traditionally preferred lifetime employment, also has sought to adjust to meet the need for increased labor mobility. Issues in Japan's labor market may, among other consequences, adversely affect Japan's economic competitiveness.

 

Currency Fluctuations. The Japanese yen has fluctuated widely at times, and any material increase in its value may cause a decline in exports that could weaken the Japanese economy. Japan has, in the past, intervened in the currency markets to attempt to maintain or reduce the value of the yen. Japan's intervention in the currency markets could cause the value of the yen to fluctuate dramatically and unpredictably. A decline in value of the yen relative to the U.S. dollar will affect the value of these investments held by a fund.

 

Natural Disasters. Japan has experienced natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tidal waves, of varying degrees of severity. The risks of such phenomena, and the resulting damage, continue to exist and could have a severe and negative impact on a fund's holdings in Japanese securities. Japan also has one of the world's highest population densities, with a significant percentage of its total population concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. As a result, a natural disaster centered in or very near one of these cities could have a particularly devastating effect on Japan's financial markets. For example, Japan suffered economic distress from the earthquake and resulting tsunami that struck northeastern Japan in March 2011 and caused major damage along the coast, including damage to nuclear power plants in the region.

 

Emerging Markets. Investments in, or economically tied to, emerging market countries may be subject to higher risks than investments in companies in developed countries. Risks of investing in emerging markets and emerging market securities include, but are not limited to (in addition to those described above): less social, political and economic stability; less diverse and mature economic structures; the lack of publicly available information, including reports of payments of dividends or interest on outstanding securities; certain national policies that may restrict a fund's investment opportunities, including restrictions on investment in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to national interests; local taxation; the absence of developed structures governing private or foreign investment or allowing for judicial redress for injury to private property; the absence until recently, in certain countries, of a capital structure or market-oriented economy; the possibility that recent favorable economic developments in certain countries may be slowed or reversed by unanticipated political or social events in these countries; restrictions that may make it difficult or impossible for a fund to vote proxies, exercise shareholder rights, pursue legal remedies, and obtain judgments in foreign courts; the risk of uninsured loss due to lost, stolen, or counterfeit stock certificates; possible losses through the holding of securities in domestic and foreign custodial banks and depositories; heightened opportunities for governmental corruption; large amounts of foreign debt to finance basic governmental duties that could lead to restructuring or default; and heavy reliance on exports that may be severely affected by global economic downturns.

 

 

The purchase and sale of portfolio securities in certain emerging market countries may be constrained by limitations as to daily changes in the prices of listed securities, periodic trading or settlement volume and/or limitations on aggregate holdings of foreign investors. In certain cases, such limitations may be computed based upon the aggregate trading by or holdings of a fund, its Adviser and its affiliates and their respective clients and other service providers. A fund may not be able to sell securities in circumstances where price, trading or settlement volume limitations have been reached.

 

Economic conditions, such as volatile currency exchange rates and interest rates, political events and other conditions may, without prior warning, lead to government intervention and the imposition of "capital controls." Countries use these controls to restrict volatile movements of capital entering (inflows) and exiting (outflows) their country to respond to certain economic conditions. Such controls are mainly applied to short-term capital transactions to counter speculative flows that threaten to undermine the stability of the exchange rate and deplete foreign exchange reserves. Capital controls include the prohibition of, or restrictions on, the ability to transfer currency, securities or other assets in such a way that may adversely affect the ability of a fund to repatriate its income and capital. These limitations may have a negative impact on the fund's performance and may adversely affect the liquidity of the fund's investment to the extent that it invests in certain emerging market countries. Some emerging market countries may have fixed or managed currencies which are not free-floating against the U.S. dollar. Further, certain emerging market countries' currencies may not be internationally traded. Certain of these currencies have experienced a steady devaluation relative to the U.S. dollar. If a fund does not hedge the U.S. dollar value of securities it owns denominated in currencies that are devalued, the fund's NAV will be adversely affected. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods, extremely high rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, adverse effects on the economies and securities markets of certain of these countries. Further, the economies of emerging market countries generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade.

 

Certain funds may invest in companies organized or with their principal place of business, or majority of assets or business, in pre-emerging markets, also known as frontier markets. The risks associated with investments in frontier market countries include all the risks described above for investments in foreign securities and emerging markets, although the risks are magnified for frontier market countries. Because frontier markets are among the smallest, least mature and least liquid of the emerging markets, investments in frontier markets generally are subject to a greater risk of loss than investments in developed markets or traditional emerging markets. Frontier market countries have smaller economies, less developed capital markets, more political and economic instability, weaker legal, financial accounting and regulatory infrastructure, and more governmental limitations on foreign investments than typically found in more developed countries, and frontier markets typically have greater market volatility, lower trading volume, lower capital flow, less investor participation, fewer large global companies and greater risk of a market shutdown than more developed markets. Frontier markets are more prone to economic shocks associated with political and economic risks than are emerging markets generally. Many frontier market countries may be dependent on commodities, foreign trade or foreign aid.

 

Certain Asian Emerging Market Countries. Many Asian economies are characterized by over-extension of credit, frequent currency fluctuation, devaluations and restrictions, rising unemployment, rapid fluctuations in inflation, reliance on exports and less efficient markets. Currency devaluation in one Asian country can have a significant effect on the entire region. The legal systems in many Asian countries are still developing, making it more difficult to obtain and/or enforce judgments.

 

Furthermore, increased political and social unrest in some Asian countries could cause economic and market uncertainty throughout the region. The auditing and reporting standards in some Asian emerging market countries may not provide the same degree of shareholder protection or information to investors as those in developed countries. In particular, valuation of assets, depreciation, exchange differences, deferred taxation, contingent liability and consolidation may be treated differently than under the auditing and reporting standards of developed countries.

 

Certain Asian emerging market countries are undergoing a period of growth and change which may result in trading volatility and difficulties in the settlement and recording of securities transactions, and in interpreting and applying the relevant law and regulations. The securities industries in these countries are comparatively underdeveloped.

 

 

Stockbrokers and other intermediaries in Asian emerging market countries may not perform as well as their counterparts in the United States and other more developed securities markets. Certain Asian emerging market countries may require substantial withholding on dividends paid on portfolio securities and on realized capital gains. There can be no assurance that repatriation of the fund's income, gains or initial capital from these countries can occur.

 

Investing in Russia and other Eastern European Countries. Many formerly communist, eastern European countries have experienced significant political and economic reform over the past decade. However, the democratization process is still relatively new in a number of the smaller states and political turmoil and popular uprisings remain threats. Investments in these countries are particularly subject to political, economic, legal, market and currency risks. The risks include uncertain political and economic policies and the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, short-term market volatility, poor accounting standards, corruption and crime, an inadequate regulatory system, unpredictable taxation, the imposition of capital controls and/or foreign investment limitations by a country and the imposition of sanctions on an Eastern European country by other countries, such as the U.S. Adverse currency exchange rates are a risk, and there may be a lack of available currency hedging instruments.

 

These securities markets, as compared to U.S. markets, have significant price volatility, less liquidity, a smaller market capitalization and a smaller number of exchange-traded securities. A limited volume of trading may result in difficulty in obtaining accurate prices and trading. There is little publicly available information about issuers. Settlement, clearing and registration of securities transactions are subject to risks because of insufficient registration systems that may not be subject to effective government supervision. This may result in significant delays or problems in registering the transfer of shares. It is possible that a fund's ownership rights could be lost through fraud or negligence. While applicable regulations may impose liability on registrars for losses resulting from their errors, it may be difficult for a fund to enforce any rights it may have against the registrar or issuer of the securities in the event of loss of share registration.

 

Political risk in Russia remains high, and steps that Russia may take to assert its geopolitical influence may increase the tensions in the region and affect economic growth. Russia's economy is heavily dependent on exportation of natural resources, which may be particularly vulnerable to economic sanctions by other countries during times of political tension or crisis.

 

In response to recent political and military actions undertaken by Russia, the United States and certain other countries, as well as the European Union, have instituted economic sanctions against certain Russian individuals and companies. The political and economic situation in Russia, and the current and any future sanctions or other government actions against Russia, may result in the decline in the value and liquidity of Russian securities, devaluation of Russian currency, a downgrade in Russia's credit rating, the inability to freely trade sanctioned companies (either due to the sanctions imposed or related operational issues) and/or other adverse consequences to the Russian economy, any of which could negatively impact a fund's investments in Russian securities. Sanctions could result in the immediate freeze of Russian securities, impairing the ability of a fund to buy, sell, receive or deliver those securities. Both the current and potential future sanctions or other government actions against Russia also could result in Russia taking counter measures or retaliatory actions, which may impair further the value or liquidity of Russian securities and negatively impact a fund. Any or all of these potential results could lead Russia's economy into a recession.

 

Depositary Receipts and New York Shares. Securities of foreign issuers in the form of ADRs, EDRs and GDRs and other forms of depositary receipts may not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as the securities into which they may be converted. ADRs are receipts typically issued by a U.S. bank or trust company which evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation. EDRs are receipts issued in Europe, and GDRs are receipts issued outside the United States typically by non-U.S. banks and trust companies that evidence ownership of either foreign or domestic securities. Generally, ADRs in registered form are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets, EDRs in bearer form are designed for use in Europe, and GDRs in bearer form are designed for use outside the United States. New York Shares are securities of foreign companies that are issued for trading in the United States. New York Shares are traded in the United States on national securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter market.

 

Depositary receipts may be purchased through "sponsored" or "unsponsored" facilities. A sponsored facility is established jointly by the issuer of the underlying security and a depositary. A depositary may establish an

 

 

unsponsored facility without participation by the issuer of the deposited security. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of such facilities, and the depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through voting rights to the holders of such receipts in respect of the deposited securities. Purchases or sales of certain ADRs may result, indirectly, in fees being paid to the Depositary Receipts Division of The Bank of New York Mellon, an affiliate of the Manager, by brokers executing the purchases or sales.

 

Securities of foreign issuers that are represented by ADRs or that are listed on a U.S. securities exchange or traded in the U.S. over-the-counter markets are not subject to many of the considerations and risks discussed in the prospectus and this SAI that apply to foreign securities traded and held abroad. A U.S. dollar investment in ADRs or shares of foreign issuers traded on U.S. exchanges may be impacted differently by currency fluctuations than would an investment made in a foreign currency on a foreign exchange in shares of the same issuer.

 

Sovereign Debt Obligations. Investments in sovereign debt obligations involve special risks which are not present in corporate debt obligations. The foreign issuer of the sovereign debt or the foreign governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and a fund may have limited recourse in the event of a default. During periods of economic uncertainty, the market prices of sovereign debt, and the NAV of a fund, to the extent it invests in such securities, may be more volatile than prices of U.S. debt issuers. In the past, certain foreign countries have encountered difficulties in servicing their debt obligations, withheld payments of principal and interest and declared moratoria on the payment of principal and interest on their sovereign debt.

 

A sovereign debtor's willingness or ability to repay principal and pay interest in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign currency reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange, the relative size of the debt service burden, the sovereign debtor's policy toward principal international lenders and local political constraints. Sovereign debtors may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and other entities to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The failure of a sovereign debtor to implement economic reforms, achieve specified levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of third party commitments to lend funds to the sovereign debtor, which may further impair such debtor's ability or willingness to service its debts.

 

Moreover, no established secondary markets may exist for many of the sovereign debt obligations in which a fund may invest. Reduced secondary market liquidity may have an adverse effect on the market price and a fund's ability to dispose of particular instruments when necessary to meet its liquidity requirements or in response to specific economic events such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. Reduced secondary market liquidity for certain sovereign debt obligations also may make it more difficult for a fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing its portfolio. Market quotations are generally available on many sovereign debt obligations only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent firm bids of those dealers or prices of actual sales.

 

Sovereign Debt Obligations of Emerging Market Countries. Investing in foreign government obligations and the sovereign debt of emerging market countries creates exposure to the direct or indirect consequences of political, social or economic changes in the countries that issue the securities or in which the issuers are located. The ability and willingness of sovereign obligors in emerging market countries or the governmental authorities that control repayment of their external debt to pay principal and interest on such debt when due may depend on general economic and political conditions within the relevant country. Certain countries in which a fund may invest have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. Many of these countries also are characterized by political uncertainty or instability. Additional factors which may influence the ability or willingness to service debt include a country's cash flow situation, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of its debt service burden to the economy as a whole and its government's policy towards the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and other international agencies. The ability of a foreign sovereign obligor to make timely payments on its external debt obligations also will be strongly influenced by the obligor's balance of payments, including export performance, its access to international credits and investments, fluctuations in interest rates and the extent of its foreign reserves. A governmental obligor may default on its obligations. If

 

 

such an event occurs, a fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. In some cases, remedies must be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign sovereign debt securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of commercial bank debt will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign sovereign debt obligations in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements. Sovereign obligors in emerging market countries are among the world's largest debtors to commercial banks, other governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions. These obligors, in the past, have experienced substantial difficulties in servicing their external debt obligations, which led to defaults on certain obligations and the restructuring of certain indebtedness. Restructuring arrangements have included, among other things, reducing and rescheduling interest and principal payments by negotiating new or amended credit agreements or converting outstanding principal and unpaid interest to Brady Bonds (discussed below), and obtaining new credit to finance interest payments. Holders of certain foreign sovereign debt securities may be requested to participate in the restructuring of such obligations and to extend further loans to their issuers. There can be no assurance that the Brady Bonds and other foreign sovereign debt securities in which a fund may invest will not be subject to similar restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit which may adversely affect the fund's holdings. Obligations of the World Bank and certain other supranational organizations are supported by subscribed but unpaid commitments of member countries. There is no assurance that these commitments will be undertaken or complied with in the future.

 

Brady Bonds. "Brady Bonds" are securities created through the exchange of existing commercial bank loans to public and private entities in certain emerging markets for new bonds in connection with debt restructurings. In light of the history of defaults of countries issuing Brady Bonds on their commercial bank loans, investments in Brady Bonds may be viewed as speculative. Brady Bonds may be fully or partially collateralized or uncollateralized, are issued in various currencies (but primarily in U.S. dollars) and are actively traded in over-the-counter secondary markets. Brady Bonds with no or limited collateralization of interest or principal payment obligations have increased credit risk, and the holders of such bonds rely on the willingness and ability of the foreign government to make payments in accordance with the terms of such Brady Bonds. U.S. dollar-denominated collateralized Brady Bonds, which may be fixed rate bonds or floating rate bonds, generally are collateralized by Treasury zero coupon bonds having the same maturity as the Brady Bonds. One or more classes of securities ("structured securities") may be backed by, or represent interests in, Brady Bonds. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly-issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of the payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. See "Derivatives—Structured Securities" below.

 

Eurodollar and Yankee Dollar Investments. Eurodollar instruments are bonds of foreign corporate and government issuers that pay interest and principal in U.S. dollars generally held in banks outside the United States, primarily in Europe. Yankee Dollar instruments are U.S. dollar-denominated bonds typically issued in the United States by foreign governments and their agencies and foreign banks and corporations. Eurodollar Certificates of Deposit are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by foreign branches of domestic banks; Eurodollar Time Deposits are U.S. dollar-denominated deposits in a foreign branch of a U.S. bank or in a foreign bank; and Yankee Certificates of Deposit are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by a U.S. branch of a foreign bank and held in the United States. These investments involve risks that are different from investments in securities issued by U.S. issuers, including potential unfavorable political and economic developments, foreign withholding or other taxes, seizure of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations or other governmental restrictions which might affect payment of principal or interest.

 

Investment Companies

 

The 1940 Act, subject to a fund's own more restrictive limitations, if applicable, currently limits a fund's investment in securities issued by registered and unregistered investment companies, including exchange-traded funds (discussed below), subject to certain exceptions (including those that apply for a Fund of Funds' investment in Underlying Funds), to: (1) 3% of the total voting stock of any one investment company; (2) 5% of the fund's total assets with respect to any one investment company; and (3) 10% of the fund's total assets in the aggregate. Exemptions in the 1940 Act or the rules thereunder or exemptive orders granted by the SEC may allow a fund to invest in another investment company in excess of (1), (2) and/or (3).

 

 

As a shareholder of another investment company, a fund would bear, along with other shareholders, its pro rata portion of the other investment company's expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses would be in addition to the advisory fees and other expenses that the fund bears directly in connection with its own operations.

 

A fund also may invest its uninvested cash reserves or cash it receives as collateral from borrowers of its portfolio securities in connection with the fund's securities lending program, in shares of one or more money market funds advised by the Manager. In addition, a fund may invest in shares of one or more money market funds advised by the Manager for strategic purposes related to the management of the fund. To the extent such fund invests in a money market fund advised by the Manager for such purposes, the Manager has agreed to waive a portion of its management fee payable to it by such fund equal to the management fee the Manager receives from the money market fund with respect to the assets of the investing fund invested in the money market fund. Such investments will not be subject to the limitations described above.

 

Private Investment Funds. As with investments in registered investment companies, if a fund invests in a private investment fund, such as a "hedge fund" or private equity fund, the fund will be charged its proportionate share of the advisory fees, including any incentive compensation and other operating expenses, of the private investment fund. These fees, which can be substantial, would be in addition to the advisory fees and other operating expenses incurred by the fund. In addition, private investment funds are not registered with the SEC and may not be registered with any other regulatory authority. Accordingly, they are not subject to certain regulatory requirements and oversight to which registered issuers are subject. There may be very little public information available about their investments and performance. Moreover, because sales of shares of private investment funds are generally restricted to certain qualified purchasers, such shares may be illiquid and it could be difficult for the fund to sell its shares at an advantageous price and time. Finally, because shares of private investment funds are not publicly traded, a fair value for the fund's investment in these companies typically will have to be determined under policies approved by the board.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds and Similar Exchange-Traded Products (ETFs)

 

Although certain ETFs are actively managed, most ETFs are designed to provide investment results that generally correspond to the performance of the component securities or commodities of a benchmark index. ETF shares are listed on an exchange, and shares are generally purchased and sold in the secondary market at market price. At times, the market price may be at a premium or discount to the ETF's per share NAV. In addition, ETFs are subject to the risk that an active trading market for an ETF's shares may not develop or be maintained. Because shares of ETFs trade on an exchange, they may be subject to trading halts on the exchange. Trading of an ETF's shares may be halted if the listing exchange's officials deem such action appropriate, the shares are de-listed from the exchange, or market-wide "circuit breakers" (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halt stock trading generally.

 

The values of ETFs' shares are subject to change as the values of their respective component securities or commodities fluctuate according to market volatility (although, as noted above, the market price of an ETF's shares may be at a premium or discount to the ETF's per share NAV). The price of an ETF's shares can fluctuate within a wide range, and a fund could lose money investing in an ETF if the prices of the securities or commodities owned by the ETF go down. Investments in ETFs that are designed to correspond to an index of securities involve certain inherent risks generally associated with investments in a portfolio of such securities, including the risk that the general level of securities prices may decline, thereby adversely affecting the value of ETFs invested in by a fund. Similarly, investments in ETFs that are designed to correspond to commodity returns involve certain inherent risks generally associated with investment in commodities. Moreover, investments in ETFs designed to correspond to indexes of securities may not exactly match the performance of a direct investment in the respective indexes to which they are intended to correspond due to the temporary unavailability of certain index securities in the secondary market or other extraordinary circumstances, such as discrepancies with respect to the weighting of securities.

 

With respect to a fund's investments in ETFs, the fund may enter into an agreement with certain ETFs pursuant to SEC exemptive orders obtained by the ETFs, and on which the fund may rely, that permit the fund to invest in excess of the limits in the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder. These agreements and orders also may require the Manager to vote the fund's ETF shares in proportion to votes cast by other ETF stockholders and may subject the fund to other requirements in connection with investments in these ETFs.

 

 

Exchange-Traded Notes

 

ETNs are senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt securities whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market benchmark or strategy minus applicable fees. ETNs are traded on an exchange (e.g., the NYSE) during normal trading hours. However, investors can also hold the ETN until maturity. At maturity, the issuer pays to the investor a cash amount equal to the principal amount, subject to adjustment for the market benchmark or strategy factor.

 

ETNs do not make periodic coupon payments or provide principal protection. ETNs are subject to credit risk, and the value of the ETN may drop due to a downgrade in the issuer's credit rating, despite the underlying market benchmark or strategy remaining unchanged. The value of an ETN may also be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer's credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the referenced underlying asset. When a fund invests in an ETN, it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN. These fees and expenses generally reduce the return realized at maturity or upon redemption from an investment in an ETN; therefore, the value of the index underlying the ETN must increase significantly in order for an investor in an ETN to receive at least the principal amount of the investment at maturity or upon redemption. A fund's decision to sell ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market.

 

Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs)

 

Although MLP investments may take many forms, a fund investing in MLPs would be expected to invest primarily in MLPs that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes ("Pass-Thru MLPs") and whose interests or "units" are traded on securities exchanges like shares of corporate stock. A typical Pass-Thru MLP consists of a general partner and limited partners. The general partner manages the partnership, has an ownership stake in the partnership and is typically eligible to receive an incentive distribution. The limited partners provide capital to the partnership, have a limited (if any) role in the operation and management of the partnership and receive cash distributions. Due to their partnership structure, Pass-Thru MLPs generally do not pay income taxes.

 

MLP common units and other equity securities can be affected by macroeconomic and other factors affecting the stock market in general, expectations of interest rates, investor sentiment towards MLPs or the relevant business sector(s), changes in a particular issuer's financial condition, or unfavorable or unanticipated poor performance of a particular issuer (in the case of MLPs, generally measured in terms of distributable cash flow). Prices of common units of individual MLPs and other equity securities also can be affected by fundamentals unique to the MLP, including earnings power and coverage ratios. Investing in MLPs also involves certain risks related to investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs. Holders of partnership MLP units, either as general or limited partners, could potentially become subject to liability for all of the obligations of the MLP under certain circumstances, such as if a court determines that the rights of the unitholders to take certain action under the limited partnership agreement would constitute "control" of the business of that MLP, or if a court or governmental agency determines that the MLP is conducting business in a state without complying with the limited partnership statute of that state.

 

The benefit derived from a fund's investment in Pass-Thru MLPs is largely dependent on those MLPs being treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A change in current tax law (or the interpretation thereof), or a change in the business of a Pass-Thru MLP, could result in that MLP being treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which would result in the MLP being required to pay U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income. Thus, if any of the Pass-Thru MLPs owned by a fund were treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the after-tax return to the fund with respect to its investment in such MLPs would be materially reduced, which could cause a decline in the value of the fund's shares.

 

Some limited liability companies ("LLCs") may be treated as Pass-Thru MLPs for federal income tax purposes. Similar to other Pass-Thru MLPs, these LLCs typically do not pay federal income tax at the entity level and are required by their operating agreements to distribute a large percentage of their current operating earnings. In contrast to other MLPs, these LLCs have no general partner and there are no incentives that entitle management or other unitholders to increased percentages of cash distributions as distributions reach higher target levels. In addition, LLC common unitholders typically have voting rights with respect to the LLC units, whereas MLP

 

 

common units have limited voting rights.

 

MLP interests in which a fund may invest include MLP common units, MLP subordinated interests, MLP convertible subordinated units, MLP preferred units, MLP general partner interests, MLP debt securities, equity and debt securities issued by affiliates of MLPs, MLP I-Shares and private investment in public equities ("PIPEs"), each as described below. A fund may invest in more than one class of an MLP's interests, and the classes may have different voting, trading and/or distribution features or rights.

 

MLP Common Units. The common units of many MLPs are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges such as the NYSE or the NASDAQ. MLP common units can be purchased through open market transactions and underwritten offerings, and may also be acquired through direct placements and privately negotiated transactions. Holders of MLP common units typically have very limited control and voting rights. Unlike stockholders of a corporation, common unitholders do not elect directors annually and generally have the right to vote only on certain significant events, such as mergers, a sale of substantially all of the assets, removal of the general partner or material amendments to the partnership agreement. Holders of such common units are typically entitled to receive a minimum quarterly distribution ("MQD") from the issuer and typically have a right, to the extent that an MLP fails to make a previous MQD, to recover in future distributions the amount by which the MQD was short ("arrearage rights"). Generally, an MLP must pay (or set aside for payment) the MQD to holders of common units before any distributions may be paid to subordinated unitholders. In addition, incentive distributions are typically not paid to the general partner unless the quarterly distributions on the common units exceed specified threshold levels above the MQD. In the event of a liquidation, common unitholders are intended to have a preference with respect to the remaining assets of the issuer over holders of subordinated units. Additionally, the general partner may have the right to require common unitholders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price.

 

MLP Subordinated Units. Subordinated units, which, like common units, represent limited partner interests, are not typically listed or traded on an exchange. Outstanding subordinated units may be purchased through negotiated transactions directly with holders of such units or newly issued subordinated units directly from the issuer. Holders of such subordinated units are generally entitled to receive a distribution only after the MQD and any arrearages from prior quarters have been paid to holders of common units. Holders of subordinated units typically have the right to receive distributions before any incentive distributions are payable to the general partner. Subordinated units generally do not provide arrearage rights. Most MLP subordinated units are convertible into common units after the passage of a specified period of time or upon the achievement by the issuer of specified financial goals.

 

MLP Convertible Subordinated Units. MLP convertible subordinated units are typically issued by MLPs to founders, corporate general partners of MLPs, entities that sell assets to MLPs and institutional investors. The issuance of convertible subordinated units increases the likelihood that, during the subordination period, there will be available cash to be distributed to common unitholders. MLP convertible subordinated units generally are not entitled to distributions until holders of common units have received their specified MQD, plus any arrearages, and may receive less than common unitholders in distributions upon liquidation. Convertible subordinated unitholders generally are entitled to MQD prior to the payment of incentive distributions to the general partner, but are not entitled to arrearage rights. Therefore, MLP convertible subordinated units generally entail greater risk than MLP common units. Convertible subordinated units are generally convertible automatically into senior common units of the same issuer at a one-to-one ratio upon the passage of time or the satisfaction of certain financial tests. Convertible subordinated units do not trade on a national exchange or over-the-counter, and there is no active market for them. The value of a convertible subordinated unit is a function of its worth if converted into the underlying common units. Convertible subordinated units generally have similar voting rights as do MLP common units. Distributions may be paid in cash or in-kind.

 

MLP Preferred Units. MLP preferred units are not typically listed or traded on an exchange. MLP preferred units may be purchased through negotiated transactions directly with MLPs, affiliates of MLPs and institutional holders of such units. Holders of MLP preferred units can be entitled to a wide range of voting and other rights, depending on the structure of each separate security.

 

MLP General Partner Interests. The general partner interest in an MLP is typically retained by the original sponsors of an MLP, such as its founders, corporate partners and entities that sell assets to the MLP. The holder of the

 

 

general partner interest can be liable in certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder's investment in the general partner. General partner interests often confer direct board participation rights in, and in many cases control over the operations of, the MLP. General partner interests can be privately held or owned by publicly traded entities. General partner interests receive cash distributions, typically in an amount of up to 2% of available cash, which is contractually defined in the partnership agreement. In addition, holders of general partner interests typically receive incentive distribution rights ("IDRs"), which provide them with an increasing share of the entity's aggregate cash distributions upon the payment of per common unit distributions that exceed specified threshold levels above the MQD. Incentive distributions to a general partner are designed to encourage the general partner, who controls and operates the MLP, to maximize cash flow and increase distributions to the limited partners. Due to the IDRs, general partners of MLPs have higher distribution growth prospects than their underlying MLPs, but quarterly incentive distribution payments would also decline at a greater rate than the decline rate in quarterly distributions to common and subordinated unitholders in the event of a reduction in the MLP's quarterly distribution. The ability of the limited partners or members to remove the general partner without cause is typically very limited. In addition, some MLPs permit the holder of IDRs to reset, under specified circumstances, the incentive distribution levels and receive compensation in exchange for the distribution rights given up in the reset. MLPs have liabilities, such as litigation, environmental liability and regulatory proceedings related to their business operations or transactions. To the extent that actual outcomes differ from management's estimates, earnings would be affected. If recorded liabilities are not adequate, earnings would be reduced. To the extent that an MLP incurs liability for which there was an inadequate offsetting liability recorded, or if reserves or insurance are not available to satisfy an MLP's liabilities, the MLP's general partner would be liable for those amounts, which could be in excess of its investment in the MLP. However, MLP general partners typically are structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies in order to limit their liability to the creditors of the MLP to the amount of capital the general partner has invested in the MLP.

 

MLP Debt Securities. Debt securities issued by MLPs may include those rated below investment grade. Investments in such securities may not offer the tax characteristics of equity securities of MLPs.

 

Equity and Debt Securities Issued by Affiliates of MLPs. A fund may invest in equity and debt securities issued by affiliates of MLPs, including the general partners of MLPs and companies that own MLP general partner interests and are energy companies. Such issuers may be organized and/or taxed as corporations and therefore may not offer the advantageous tax characteristics of MLP units. Such other MLP equity securities may be purchased through market transactions and through direct placements.

 

MLP I-Shares. I-Shares (also called "I-Units" and "institutional units") represent an ownership interest issued by an affiliate of an MLP and typically are issued as publicly traded limited liability company interests. The MLP affiliate uses the proceeds from the sale of I-Shares to purchase limited partnership interests in the MLP. I-Shares represent an indirect limited partner interest in the MLP. I-Shares have features similar to MLP common units in terms of voting rights, liquidation preference and distributions. I-Share holders typically have the right to vote as a class on certain issues affecting an MLP that would have a material adverse effect on the rights of the MLP's I-Share holders. I-Shares differ from MLP common units primarily in that, instead of receiving cash distributions, holders of I-Shares receive distributions of additional I-Shares in an amount equal to the cash distributions received by common unitholders of the MLP. I-Shares also bear additional costs associated with a separate, publicly-traded legal entity, including auditing, accounting and legal expenses, SEC filing fees and other compliance costs, which expenses may be duplicative of the MLP's expenses. A fund will receive taxable income from its ownership of I-Shares when they are sold or exchanged, or the MLP is liquidated. I-Shares are not redeemable at the holder's option, and trade on a national stock exchange in the secondary market. I-Shares may be thinly traded, based on investors' perceptions of the MLP's value. The market price of I-Shares may be affected by dividend or distribution levels, stability of dividends or distributions and general market and economic conditions. These factors may result in the market price of the I-Shares being less than the value of its net assets. This means that I-Shares may trade at a discount to the price of the MLP's common units. Issuers of MLP I-Shares are treated as corporations and not partnerships for tax purposes.

 

PIPEs. The Adviser may elect to invest in PIPEs and other unregistered or otherwise restricted securities issued by public MLPs and similar entities, including unregistered MLP preferred units. The Adviser expects most such private securities to be liquid within six to nine months of funding, but may also invest in other private securities

 

 

with significantly longer or shorter restricted periods. PIPEs involve the direct placement of equity securities to a purchaser such as a fund. Equity issued in this manner is often unregistered and therefore less liquid than equity issued through a public offering. Such private equity offerings provide issuers greater flexibility in structure and timing as compared to public offerings.

 

Derivatives

 

Depending on the fund, derivatives may be used for a variety of reasons, including to (1) hedge to seek to mitigate certain market, interest rate or currency risks; (2) to manage the maturity or the interest rate sensitivity (sometimes called duration) of fixed-income securities; (3) to provide a substitute for purchasing or selling particular securities to reduce portfolio turnover, to seek to obtain a particular desired return at a lower cost to a fund than if the fund had invested directly in an instrument yielding the desired return, such as when a fund "equitizes" available cash balances by using a derivative instrument to gain exposure to relevant equity investments or markets consistent with its investment objective and policies, or for other reasons; or (4) to seek to increase potential returns. Generally, a derivative is a financial contract whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to stocks, bonds, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates and related indexes. Derivatives may provide a cheaper, quicker or more specifically focused way to invest than "traditional" securities would. Examples of derivative instruments include futures contracts, options, swap agreements, contracts for difference, forward volatility agreements, credit linked securities, credit derivatives, structured securities and hybrid instruments, exchange-linked notes, participation notes, custodial receipts and currency forward contracts. Whether or not a fund may use some or all of these derivatives varies by fund. In addition, a fund's portfolio managers may decide not to employ some or all of these strategies, and there is no assurance that any derivatives strategy used by the fund will succeed.

 

Risks. Successful use of certain derivatives may be a highly specialized activity that requires skills that may be different than the skills associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. If the Adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market factors, or a counterparty defaults, investment performance would diminish compared with what it would have been if derivatives were not used. Successful use of derivatives by a fund also is subject to the Adviser's ability to predict correctly movements in the direction of the relevant market and, to the extent the transaction is entered into for hedging purposes, to ascertain the appropriate correlation between the securities or position being hedged and the price movements of the corresponding derivative position. For example, if a fund enters into a derivative position to hedge against the possibility of a decline in the market value of securities held in its portfolio and the prices of such securities instead increase, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of securities which it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in the derivative position.

 

It is possible that developments in the derivatives markets, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the ability to terminate existing derivatives positions or to realize amounts to be received in such transactions.

 

Derivatives can be volatile and involve various types and degrees of risk, depending upon the characteristics of the particular derivative and the portfolio as a whole. Derivatives permit a fund to increase or decrease the level of risk, or change the character of the risk, to which its portfolio is exposed in much the same way as the fund can increase or decrease the level of risk, or change the character of the risk, of its portfolio by making investments in specific securities. However, derivatives may entail investment exposures that are greater than their cost would suggest, meaning that a small investment in derivatives could have a large potential impact on the fund's performance. Derivatives involve greater risks than if a fund had invested in the reference obligation directly.

 

An investment in derivatives at inopportune times or when market conditions are judged incorrectly may lower return or result in a loss. A fund could experience losses if its derivatives were poorly correlated with underlying instruments or the fund's other investments or if the fund were unable to liquidate its position because of an illiquid secondary market. The market for many derivatives is, or suddenly can become, illiquid. Changes in liquidity may result in significant, rapid and unpredictable changes in the prices for derivatives.

 

Over-the-Counter Derivatives. Derivatives may be purchased on established exchanges or through privately negotiated transactions referred to as over-the-counter derivatives. Exchange-traded derivatives, primarily futures contracts and options, generally are guaranteed by the clearing agency that is the issuer or counterparty to such derivatives. This guarantee usually is supported by a variation margin payment system operated by the clearing agency in order to reduce overall credit risk. As a result, unless the clearing agency defaults, there is relatively little

 

 

counterparty credit risk associated with derivatives purchased on an exchange. In contrast, no clearing agency guarantees over-the-counter derivatives. Therefore, each party to an over-the-counter derivative bears the risk that the counterparty will default. Accordingly, the Adviser will consider the creditworthiness of counterparties to over-the-counter derivatives in the same manner as it would review the credit quality of a security to be purchased by a fund. Over-the-counter derivatives are less liquid than exchange-traded derivatives since the other party to the transaction may be the only investor with sufficient understanding of the derivative to be interested in bidding for it. Derivatives that are considered illiquid will be subject to a fund's limit on illiquid investments.

 

Leverage. Some derivatives may involve leverage (e.g., an instrument linked to the value of a securities index may return income calculated as a multiple of the price movement of the underlying index). This economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying security, index, futures contract, currency or other economic variable. Pursuant to regulations and/or published positions of the SEC, a fund may be required to segregate permissible liquid assets, or engage in other measures approved by the SEC or its staff, to "cover" the fund's obligations relating to its transactions in derivatives. For example, in the case of futures contracts or forward contracts that are not contractually required to cash settle, a fund must set aside liquid assets equal to such contracts' full notional value (generally, the total numerical value of the asset underlying a future or forward contract at the time of valuation) while the positions are open. With respect to futures contracts or forward contracts that are contractually required to cash settle, however, a fund is permitted to set aside liquid assets in an amount equal to the fund's daily marked-to-market net obligation (i.e., the fund's daily net liability) under the contracts, if any, rather than such contracts' full notional value. By setting aside assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled derivatives, a fund may employ leverage to a greater extent than if the fund were required to segregate assets equal to the full notional value of such contracts. Requirements to maintain cover might impair a fund's ability to sell a portfolio security, meet redemption requests or other current obligations, or make an investment at a time when it would otherwise be favorable to do so, or require that the fund sell a portfolio security at a disadvantageous time.

 

Options and Futures Contracts. Options and futures contracts prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments. Options and futures contracts prices are affected by such factors as current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract, which may not affect the prices of the underlying instruments in the same way. Imperfect correlation may also result from differing levels of demand in the options and futures markets and the securities markets, from structural differences in how options and futures and securities are traded, or from imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or trading halts. A fund may purchase or sell options and futures contracts with a greater or lesser value than any securities it wishes to hedge or intends to purchase in order to attempt to compensate for differences in volatility between the contract and the securities, although this may not be successful in all cases. If price changes in a fund's options or futures positions used for hedging purposes are poorly correlated with the investments the fund is attempting to hedge, the options or futures positions may fail to produce anticipated gains or result in losses that are not offset by gains in other investments.

 

CPO Funds. The funds, except the CPO Funds, have claimed exclusions from the definition of the term "commodity pool operator" pursuant to Regulation 4.5 under the CEA and, therefore, are not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. Although the Manager has been registered as a "commodity trading advisor" and "commodity pool operator" with the National Futures Association since December 19, 2012 and January 1, 2013, respectively, the Manager relies on the exemption in Regulation 4.14(a)(8) to provide commodity interest trading advice to the funds that rely on Regulation 4.5 exclusion.

 

The funds, except the CPO Funds, may be limited in their ability to use commodity futures or options thereon, engage in certain swap transactions or make certain other investments (collectively, "commodity interests") if the funds continue to claim the exclusion from the definition of CPO. In order to be eligible to continue to claim this exclusion, if a fund uses commodity interests other than for bona fide hedging purposes (as defined by the CFTC), the aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish those positions (after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions and excluding the amount by which options are "in-the-money" at the time of purchase) may not exceed 5% of the fund's NAV, or, alternatively, the aggregate net notional value of those positions, as determined at the time the most recent position was established, may not exceed 100% of the fund's NAV (after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions). In addition to meeting one of the foregoing trading limitations, a fund may not market itself as a commodity pool or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in the commodity futures, commodity options or swaps markets. Even if a fund's direct use of

 

 

commodity interests complies with the trading limitations described above, the fund may have indirect exposure to commodity interests in excess of such limitations. Such exposure may result from the fund's investment in other investment vehicles, including investment companies that are not managed by the Manager or one of its affiliates, certain securitized vehicles that may invest in commodity interests and/or non-equity REITs that may invest in commodity interests (collectively, "underlying funds"). Because the Manager may have limited or no information as to the commodity interests in which an underlying fund invests at any given time, the CFTC has issued temporary no-action relief permitting registered investment companies, such as the funds, to continue to rely on the exclusion from the definition of CPO. The Manager, on behalf of the funds, has filed the required notice to claim this no-action relief. In order to rely on the temporary no-action relief, the Manager must meet certain conditions and the funds must otherwise comply with the trading and market limitations described above with respect to their direct investments in commodity interests.

 

The CPO Funds do not claim an exclusion from the definition of CPO and, as a result, are not subject to the trading and marketing limitations discussed above with respect to their use of commodity interests. In accordance with CFTC guidance, the Manager, and not the CPO Funds, has registered as a CPO with the NFA and will operate the CPO Funds in compliance with applicable CFTC regulations, in addition to all applicable SEC regulations. On August 13, 2013, the CFTC adopted final rules (the "Harmonization Rules") with respect to the compliance obligations of advisers to registered investment companies that are registered as CPOs, such as the CPO Funds. Under the Harmonization Rules, the Manager will be deemed to have fulfilled its disclosure, reporting and recordkeeping obligations under applicable CFTC regulations with respect to the CPO Funds by complying with comparable SEC regulations, subject to certain notice filings with the NFA and disclosures in the CPO Funds' prospectuses.

 

If a fund, except the CPO Funds, were to invest in commodity interests in excess of the trading limitations discussed above and/or market itself as a vehicle for trading in the commodity futures, commodity options or swaps markets, the fund would withdraw its exclusion from the definition of CPO and the Manager would become subject to regulation as a CPO, and would need to comply with the Harmonization Rules, with respect to that fund, in addition to all applicable SEC regulations.

 

Specific Types of Derivatives.

 

Futures Contracts. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy and sell a security or other asset for a set price on a future date. When a fund sells a futures contract, it incurs an obligation to deliver a specified amount of the obligation underlying the futures contract at a specified time in the future for an agreed upon price. With respect to index futures, no physical transfer of the securities underlying the index is made. Rather, the parties settle by exchanging in cash an amount based on the difference between the contract price and the closing value of the index on the settlement date. An option on a futures contract gives the holder of the option the right to buy from or sell to the writer of the option a position in a futures contract at a specified price on or before a specified expiration date. When a fund writes an option on a futures contract, it becomes obligated, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the term of the option. If the fund has written a call option, it assumes a short futures position. If the fund has written a put option, it assumes a long futures position. When a fund purchases an option on a futures contract, it acquires the right, in return for the premium it pays, to assume a position in a futures contract (a long position if the option is a call and a short position if the option is a put). The purchase of futures or call options on futures can serve as a long hedge, and the sale of futures or the purchase of put options on futures can serve as a short hedge. Writing call options on futures contracts can serve as a limited short hedge, using a strategy similar to that used for writing call options on securities or indexes. Similarly, writing put options on futures contracts can serve as a limited long hedge.

 

Futures contracts are traded on exchanges, so that, in most cases, either party can close out its position on the exchange for cash, without delivering the security or other asset. Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities or other asset, generally these obligations are closed out before delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (same exchange, underlying asset, and delivery month). Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of financial instrument with the same delivery date. If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, a fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, a fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sale price is more than the original purchase price, a fund realizes a capital gain, or if it

 

 

is less, a fund realizes a capital loss. Transaction costs also are included in these calculations.

 

Engaging in these transactions involves risk of loss to a fund which could adversely affect the value of the fund's net assets. No assurance can be given that a liquid market will exist for any particular contract at any particular time. Many futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond that limit or trading may be suspended for specified periods during the trading day. Futures contract prices could move to the limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of futures positions and potentially leading to substantial losses.

 

A fund may engage in futures transactions in foreign markets to the extent consistent with applicable law and the fund's ability to invest in foreign securities. Foreign futures markets may offer advantages such as trading opportunities or arbitrage possibilities not available in the United States. Foreign markets, however, may have greater risk potential than domestic markets. For example, some foreign exchanges are principal markets so that no common clearing facility exists and an investor may look only to the broker for performance of the contract. In addition, any profits that a fund might realize in trading could be eliminated by adverse changes in the currency exchange rate, or the fund could incur losses as a result of those changes.

 

Futures contracts and options on futures contracts include those with respect to securities, securities indexes, interest rates and foreign currencies and Eurodollar contracts, to the extent a fund can invest in the underlying reference security, instrument or asset.

 

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Security Futures Contract. A security future obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific security at a future date at a specific price.

 

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Index Futures Contract. An index future obligates a fund to pay or receive an amount of cash based upon the change in value of the index based on the prices of the securities that comprise the index.

 

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Interest Rate Futures Contract. An interest rate future obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific debt security at a future date at a specific price (or, in some cases, to settle an equivalent amount in cash).

 

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Foreign Currency Futures Contract. A foreign currency future obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific currency at a future date at a specific price.

 

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Eurodollar Contracts. A Eurodollar contract is a U.S. dollar-denominated futures contract or option thereon which is linked to the LIBOR, although foreign currency-denominated instruments are available from time to time. Eurodollar futures contracts enable purchasers to obtain a fixed rate for the lending of funds and sellers to obtain a fixed rate for borrowings. Certain funds might use Eurodollar futures contracts and options thereon to hedge against changes in LIBOR, to which many interest rate swaps and fixed-income instruments are linked.

 

Options. A call option gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and obligates the writer to sell, the underlying security, securities or other asset at the exercise price at any time during the option period, or at a specific date. Conversely, a put option gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell, and obligates the writer to buy, the underlying security, securities or other asset at the exercise price at any time during the option period, or at a specific date. A fund receives a premium from writing an option which it retains whether or not the option is exercised.

 

A covered call option written by a fund is a call option with respect to which the fund owns the underlying security or otherwise covers the transaction such as by segregating permissible liquid assets. The principal reason for writing covered call options is to realize, through the receipt of premiums, a greater return than would be realized on the underlying securities alone.

 

Options may be traded on U.S. or, to the extent a fund may invest in foreign securities, foreign securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. There is no assurance that sufficient trading interest to create a liquid secondary

 

 

market on a securities exchange will exist for any particular option or at any particular time, and for some options no such secondary market may exist. A liquid secondary market in an option may cease to exist for a variety of reasons. In the past, for example, higher than anticipated trading activity or order flow, or other unforeseen events, at times have rendered certain of the clearing facilities inadequate and resulted in the institution of special procedures, such as trading rotations, restrictions on certain types of orders or trading halts or suspensions in one or more options. There can be no assurance that similar events, or events that may otherwise interfere with the timely execution of customers' orders, will not recur. In such event, it might not be possible to effect closing transactions in particular options. If, as a covered call option writer, a fund is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction in a secondary market, it will not be able to sell the underlying security until the option expires or it delivers the underlying security upon exercise or it otherwise covers its position.

 

Purchases or sales of options on exchanges owned by The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. may result, indirectly, in a portion of the transaction and other fees assessed on options trading being paid to The Bank of New York Mellon, an affiliate of the Manager, as the result of an arrangement between The NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon.

 

Call and put options in which a fund may invest include the following, in each case, to the extent that a fund can invest in such securities or instruments (or securities underlying an index, in the case of options on securities indexes).

 

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Options on Securities. Call and put options on specific securities (or groups or "baskets" of specific securities), including equity securities (including convertible securities), U.S. Government securities, municipal securities, mortgage-related securities, asset-backed securities, foreign sovereign debt, corporate debt securities or Eurodollar instruments, convey the right to buy or sell, respectively, the underlying securities at prices which are expected to be lower or higher than the current market prices of the securities at the time the options are exercised.

 

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Options on Securities Indexes. An option on an index is similar to an option in respect of specific securities, except that settlement does not occur by delivery of the securities comprising the index. Instead, the option holder receives an amount of cash if the closing level of the index upon which the option is based is greater in the case of a call, or less, in the case of a put, than the exercise price of the option. Thus, the effectiveness of purchasing or writing index options will depend upon price movements in the level of the index rather than the price of a particular security.

 

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Foreign Currency Options. Call and put options on foreign currency convey the right to buy or sell the underlying currency at a price which is expected to be lower or higher than the spot price of the currency at the time the option is exercised or expires.

 

Swap Agreements. Swap agreements involve the exchange by a fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive payments at specified dates based upon or calculated by reference to changes in specified prices or rates (e.g., interest rates in the case of interest rate swaps) based on a specified amount (the "notional") amount. Some swaps are, and more in the future will be, centrally cleared. Swaps that are centrally cleared are subject to the creditworthiness of the clearing organizations involved in the transaction. For example, a fund could lose margin payments it has deposited with a clearing organization as well as the net amount of gains not yet paid by the clearing organization if the clearing organization breaches its agreement with the fund or becomes insolvent or goes into bankruptcy. In the event of bankruptcy of the clearing organization, the fund may be entitled to the net amount of gains the fund is entitled to receive plus the return of margin owed to it only in proportion to the amount received by the clearing organization's other customers, potentially resulting in losses to the fund. Swap agreements also may be two party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to more than one year.

 

Swap agreements will tend to shift investment exposure from one type of investment to another. For example, if a fund agreed to exchange payments in U.S. dollars for payments in a foreign currency, the swap agreement would tend to decrease the fund's exposure to U.S. interest rates and increase its exposure to foreign currency and interest rates. Depending on how they are used, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of a fund's investments and its share price and yield.

 

 

Most swap agreements entered into are cash settled and calculate the obligations of the parties to the agreement on a "net basis." Thus, a fund's current obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement generally will be equal only to the net amount to be paid or received under the agreement based on the relative values of the positions held by each party to the agreement (the "net amount"). A fund's current obligations under a swap agreement will be accrued daily (offset against any amounts owed to the fund) and any accrued but unpaid net amounts owed to a swap counterparty will be covered by the segregation of permissible liquid assets of the fund. A fund will enter into swap agreements only with counterparties that meet certain standards of creditworthiness (generally, such counterparties would have to be eligible counterparties under the terms of the Manager's repurchase agreement guidelines).

 

A swap option is a contract (sometimes called "swaptions") that gives a counterparty the right (but not the obligation) in return for payment of a premium, to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement, at some designated future time on specified terms. A cash-settled option on a swap gives the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to receive an amount of cash equal to the value of the underlying swap as of the exercise date. These options typically are entered into with institutions, including securities brokerage firms. Depending on the terms of the particular option agreement, a fund generally will incur a greater degree of risk when it writes a swap option than it will incur when it purchases a swap option. When a fund purchases a swap option, it risks losing only the amount of the premium it has paid should it decide to let the option expire unexercised. However, when a fund writes a swap option, upon exercise of the option the fund will become obligated according to the terms of the underlying agreement.

 

The swaps market has been an evolving and largely unregulated market. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including new regulatory requirements, could limit or prevent a fund's ability to utilize swap agreements or options on swaps as part of its investment strategy, terminate existing swap agreements or realize amounts to be received under such agreements, which could negatively affect the fund. As discussed above, some swaps currently are, and more in the future will be, centrally cleared, which affects how swaps are transacted. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Act, has resulted in new clearing and exchange-trading requirements for swaps and other over-the-counter derivatives. The Dodd-Frank Act also requires the CFTC and/or the SEC, in consultation with banking regulators, to establish capital requirements for swap dealers and major swap participants as well as requirements for margin on uncleared derivatives, including swaps, in certain circumstances that will be clarified by rules proposed by the CFTC and/or the SEC. In addition, the CFTC and the SEC are reviewing the current regulatory requirements applicable to derivatives, including swaps, and it is not certain at this time how the regulators may change these requirements. For example, some legislative and regulatory proposals would impose limits on the maximum position that could be held by a single trader in certain contracts and would subject certain derivatives transactions to new forms of regulation that could create barriers to certain types of investment activity. Other provisions would expand entity registration requirements; impose business conduct, reporting and disclosure requirements on dealers, recordkeeping on counterparties such as the funds; and require banks to move some derivatives trading units to a non-guaranteed (but capitalized) affiliate separate from the deposit-taking bank or divest them altogether. While some provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act have either already been implemented through rulemaking by the CFTC and/or the SEC or must be implemented through future rulemaking by those and other federal agencies, and any regulatory or legislative activity may not necessarily have a direct, immediate effect upon the funds, it is possible that, when compliance with these rules is required, they could potentially limit or completely restrict the ability of a fund to use certain derivatives as a part of its investment strategy, increase the cost of entering into derivatives transactions or require more assets of the fund to be used for collateral in support of those derivatives than is currently the case. Limits or restrictions applicable to the counterparties with which a fund engages in derivative transactions also could prevent the funds from using derivatives or affect the pricing or other factors relating to these transactions, or may change the availability of certain derivatives.

 

Specific swap agreements (and options thereon) include currency swaps; index swaps; interest rate swaps (including interest rate locks, caps, floors and collars); credit default swaps; inflation swaps; and total return swaps (including equity swaps), in each case, to the extent that a fund can invest in the underlying reference security, instrument or asset (or fixed-income securities, in the case of interest rate swaps, or securities underlying an index, in the case of index swaps).

 

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Currency Swap Transactions. A currency swap agreement involves the exchange of principal and interest in one currency for the same in another currency.

 

 

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Index Swap Transactions. An index swap agreement involves the exchange of cash flows associated with a securities or other index.

 

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Interest Rate Swap Transactions. An interest rate swap agreement involves the exchange of cash flows based on interest rate specifications and a specified principal amount, often a fixed payment for a floating payment that is linked to an interest rate.

 

An interest rate lock transaction (which may also be known as a forward rate agreement) is a contract between two parties to make or receive a payment at a future date determined on the basis of a specified interest rate or yield of a particular security (the "contracted interest rate") over a predetermined time period, with respect to a stated notional amount. These transactions typically are entered as a hedge against interest rate changes. One party to the contract locks in the contracted interest rate to seek to protect against an interest rate increase, while the other party seeks to protect against a possible interest rate decline. The payment at maturity is determined by the difference between the contracted interest rate and the then-current market interest rate.

 

In an interest rate cap one party receives payments at the end of each period in which a specified interest rate on a specified principal amount exceeds an agreed rate; conversely, in an interest rate floor one party may receive payments if a specified interest rate on a specified principal amount falls below an agreed rate. Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. Interest rate collars involve selling a cap and purchasing a floor, or vice versa, to protect a fund against interest rate movements exceeding given minimum or maximum levels.

 

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Credit Default Swap Transactions. Credit default swap agreements and similar agreements may have as reference obligations debt securities that are or are not currently held by a fund. The protection "buyer" in a credit default contract may be obligated to pay the protection "seller" an up front payment or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided generally that no credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the "par value" (full notional value) of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity described in the swap, or the seller may be required to deliver the related net cash amount, if the swap is cash settled. If a fund enters into a credit default swap agreement as a seller of credit protection, it will segregate liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the swap.

 

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Inflation Swap Transactions. An inflation swap agreement involves the exchange of cash flows based on interest and inflation rate specifications and a specified principal amount, usually a fixed payment, such as the yield difference between Treasury securities and TIPS of the same maturity, for a floating payment that is linked to the consumer price index (the "CPI"). The following is an example. The swap buyer pays a predetermined fixed rate to the swap seller (or counterparty) based on the yield difference between Treasuries and TIPS of the same maturity. (This yield spread represents the market's current expected inflation for the time period covered by the maturity date.) In exchange for this fixed rate, the counterparty pays the buyer an inflation-linked payment, usually the CPI rate for the maturity period (which represents the actual change in inflation).

 

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Total Return Swap Transactions. In a total return swap agreement one party makes payments based on a set rate, either fixed or variable, while the other party makes payments based on the return of an underlying asset, which includes both the income it generates and any capital gains, and recovers any capital losses from the first party. The underlying reference asset of a total return swap may include an equity index, loans or bonds.

 

Contracts for Difference. A contract for difference ("CFD") is a contract between two parties, typically described as "buyer" and "seller," stipulating that the seller will pay to the buyer the difference between the current value of an asset and its value in the future. (If the difference is negative, then the buyer instead pays the seller.) In effect, CFDs are financial derivatives that allow a fund to take advantage of values moving up (long positions) or values moving down (short positions) on underlying assets. For example, when applied to equities, a CFD is an equity derivative that allows a fund to obtain investment exposure to share price movements, without the need for

 

 

ownership of the underlying shares. CFDs are over-the-counter derivative instruments that are subject to the credit risk of the counterparty. Because CFDs are not traded on an exchange and may not have an expiration date, CFDs generally are illiquid.

 

Forward Volatility Agreements. Forward volatility agreements are agreements in which two parties agree to exchange a straddle option (holding a position in both call and put options with the same exercise price and expiration date, allowing the holder to profit regardless of whether the price of the underlying asset goes up or down, assuming a significant change in the price of the underlying asset) at a specific expiration date and volatility. Essentially, a forward volatility agreement is a forward contract on the realized volatility of a given underlying asset, which may be, among other things, a stock, stock index, interest rate or currency. Forward volatility agreements are over-the-counter derivative instruments that are subject to the credit risk of the counterparty.

 

Credit Linked Securities. Credit linked securities are issued by a limited purpose trust or other vehicle that, in turn, invests in a derivative instrument or basket of derivative instruments, such as credit default swaps or interest rate swaps, to obtain exposure to certain fixed-income markets or to remain fully invested when more traditional income producing securities are not available. Like an investment in a bond, an investment in these credit linked securities represents the right to receive periodic income payments (in the form of distributions) and payment of principal at the end of the term of the security. However, these payments are conditioned on the issuer's receipt of payments from, and the issuer's potential obligations to, the counterparties to certain derivative instruments entered into by the issuer of the credit linked security. For example, the issuer may sell one or more credit default swaps entitling the issuer to receive a stream of payments over the term of the swap agreements provided that no event of default has occurred with respect to the referenced debt obligation upon which the swap is based. If a default occurs, the stream of payments may stop and the issuer would be obligated to pay the counterparty the par (or other agreed upon value) of the referenced debt obligation.

 

Credit Derivatives. Credit derivative transactions include those involving default price risk derivatives and credit spread derivatives. Default price risk derivatives are linked to the price of reference securities or loans after a default by the issuer or borrower, respectively. Credit spread derivatives are based on the risk that changes in credit spreads and related market factors can cause a decline in the value of a security, loan or index. Credit derivatives may take the form of options, swaps, credit-linked notes and other over-the-counter instruments. The risk of loss in a credit derivative transaction varies with the form of the transaction. For example, if a fund purchases a default option on a security, and if no default occurs with respect to the security, the fund's loss is limited to the premium it paid for the default option. In contrast, if there is a default by the grantor of a default option, a fund's loss will include both the premium it paid for the option and the decline in value of any underlying security that the default option hedged (if the option was entered into for hedging purposes). If a fund is a buyer of credit protection in a credit default swap agreement and no credit event occurs, the fund recovers nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a credit event occurs, the fund may elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity that may have little or no value. As a seller of credit protection, a fund generally receives an upfront payment or a fixed rate of income throughout the term of the swap, which typically is between six months and three years, provided that there is no credit event. If a credit event occurs, generally the seller must pay the buyer the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity that may have little or no value. Unlike credit default swaps, credit-linked notes are funded balance sheet assets that offer synthetic credit exposure to a reference entity in a structure designed to resemble a synthetic corporate bond or loan. Credit-linked notes are frequently issued by special purpose vehicles that would hold some form of collateral securities financed through the issuance of notes or certificates to a fund. The fund receives a coupon and par redemption, provided there has been no credit event of the reference entity. The vehicle enters into a credit swap with a third party in which it sells default protection in return for a premium that subsidizes the coupon to compensate the fund for the reference entity default risk. A fund will enter into credit derivative transactions only with counterparties that meet certain standards of creditworthiness (generally, such counterparties would have to be eligible counterparties under the terms of the Manager's repurchase agreement guidelines).

 

Structured Securities and Hybrid Instruments.

 

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Structured Securities. Structured securities are securities whose cash flow characteristics depend upon one or more indexes or that have embedded forwards or options or securities where a fund's investment return and the issuer's payment obligations are contingent on, or highly sensitive to, changes in the value of

 

 

underlying assets, indexes, interest rates or cash flows ("embedded index"). When a fund purchases a structured security, it will make a payment of principal to the counterparty. Some structured securities have a guaranteed repayment of principal while others place a portion (or all) of the principal at risk. Guarantees are subject to the risk of default by the counterparty or its credit provider. The terms of such structured securities normally provide that their principal and/or interest payments are to be adjusted upwards or downwards (but not ordinarily below zero) to reflect changes in the embedded index while the structured securities are outstanding. As a result, the interest and/or principal payments that may be made on a structured security may vary widely, depending upon a variety of factors, including the volatility of the embedded index and the effect of changes in the embedded index on principal and/or interest payments. The rate of return on structured securities may be determined by applying a multiplier to the performance or differential performance of the embedded index. Application of a multiplier involves leverage that will serve to magnify the potential for gain and the risk of loss. Structured securities may be issued in subordinated and unsubordinated classes, with subordinated classes typically having higher yields and greater risks than an unsubordinated class. Structured securities may not have an active trading market, which may have an adverse impact on a fund's ability to dispose of such securities when necessary to meet the fund's liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The lack of an active trading market also may make it more difficult for a fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing the fund's portfolio and calculating its NAV.

 

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Hybrid Instruments. A hybrid instrument can combine the characteristics of securities, futures and options. For example, the principal amount or interest rate of a hybrid instrument could be tied (positively or negatively) to the price of a benchmark, e.g., currency, securities index or another interest rate. The interest rate or the principal amount payable at maturity of a hybrid security may be increased or decreased, depending on changes in the value of the benchmark. Hybrids can be used as an efficient means of pursuing a variety of investment strategies, including currency hedging, duration management and increased total return. Hybrids may not bear interest or pay dividends. The value of a hybrid or its interest rate may be a multiple of a benchmark and, as a result, may be leveraged and move (up or down) more steeply and rapidly than the benchmark. These benchmarks may be sensitive to economic and political events, such as currency devaluations, which cannot be readily foreseen by the purchaser of a hybrid. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of a hybrid could be zero. Thus, an investment in a hybrid may entail significant market risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional, U.S. dollar-denominated bond that has a fixed principal amount and pays a fixed rate or floating rate of interest.

 

Exchange-Linked Notes. Exchange-linked notes ("ELNs") are debt instruments that differ from a more typical fixed-income security in that the final payout is based on the return of the underlying equity, which can be a single stock, basket of stocks, or an equity index. Usually, the final payout is the amount invested times the gain in the underlying stock(s) or index times a note-specific participation rate, which can be more or less than 100%. Most ELNs are not actively traded on the secondary market and are designed to be kept to maturity. However, the issuer or arranger of the notes may offer to buy back the ELNs, although the buy-back price before maturity may be below the original amount invested. As a result, ELNs generally are considered illiquid.

 

ELNs are generally subject to the same risks as the securities to which they are linked. If the linked securities decline in value, the ELN may return a lower amount at maturity. ELNs involve further risks associated with purchases and sales of notes, including any applicable exchange rate fluctuations and a decline in the credit quality of the note's issuer. ELNs are frequently secured by collateral. If an issuer defaults, the fund would look to any underlying collateral to recover its losses. Ratings of issuers of ELNs refer only to the issuers' creditworthiness and the related collateral. They provide no indication of the potential risks of the linked securities.

 

Participation Notes. Participation notes are issued by banks or broker-dealers and are designed to replicate the performance of certain equity or debt securities or markets. Participation notes are a type of derivative which generally is traded over-the-counter. The performance results of participation notes will not replicate exactly the performance of the securities or markets that the notes seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. Risks of investing in participation notes include the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying security or market the notes seek to replicate. Participation notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them, and a fund is relying on the creditworthiness of such

 

 

banks or broker-dealers and has no rights under a participation note against the issuers of the assets underlying such participation notes, including any collateral supporting a loan participation note. The types of participation notes which a fund may use include low exercise price options ("LEPOs") and low exercise price warrants ("LEPWs"). LEPOs, LEPWs, and other participation notes are offshore derivative instruments issued to foreign institutional investors and their sub-accounts against underlying securities traded in emerging or frontier markets. These securities may be listed on an exchange or traded over-the-counter, and are similar to depositary receipts. As a result, the risks of investing in LEPOs, LEPWs, and other participation notes are similar to depositary receipts risk and foreign securities risk in general. Specifically these securities entail both counterparty risk—the risk that the issuer of the LEPO, LEPW, or participation note may not be able to fulfill its obligations or that the holder and counterparty or issuer may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms—and liquidity risk—the risk that a liquid market may not exist for such securities.

 

Custodial Receipts. Custodial receipts, which may be underwritten by securities dealers or banks, represent the right to receive certain future principal and/or interest payments on a basket of securities which underlie the custodial receipts, or, in some cases, the payment obligation of a third party that has entered into an interest rate swap or other arrangement with the custodian. Underlying securities may include U.S. Government securities, municipal securities or other types of securities in which a fund may invest. A number of different arrangements are possible. In a typical custodial receipt arrangement, an issuer or a third party owner of securities deposits such securities obligations with a custodian in exchange for custodial receipts. These custodial receipts are typically sold in private placements and are designed to provide investors with pro rata ownership of a portfolio of underlying securities. For certain securities law purposes, custodial receipts may not be considered obligations of the underlying securities held by the custodian. As a holder of custodial receipts, a fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses charged to the custodial account. Although under the terms of a custodial receipt a fund typically would be authorized to assert its rights directly against the issuer of the underlying obligation, the fund could be required to assert through the custodian bank those rights as may exist against the underlying issuers. Thus, in the event an underlying issuer fails to pay principal and/or interest when due, the fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the fund had purchased a direct obligation of the issuer. In addition, in the event that the custodial account in which the underlying securities have been deposited is determined to be an association taxable as a corporation, instead of a non-taxable entity, the yield on the underlying securities would be reduced in recognition of any taxes paid.

 

Certain custodial receipts may be synthetic or derivative instruments that have interest rates that reset inversely to changing short-term rates and/or have embedded interest rate floors and caps that require the issuer to pay an adjusted interest rate if market rates fall below or rise above a specified rate. Because some of these instruments represent relatively recent innovations, and the trading market for these instruments is less developed than the markets for more traditional types of instruments, it is uncertain how these instruments will perform under different economic and interest-rate scenarios. Also, because these instruments may be leveraged, their market values may be more volatile than other types of fixed-income instruments and may present greater potential for capital gain or loss. The possibility of default by an issuer or the issuer's credit provider may be greater for these derivative instruments than for other types of instruments.

 

Combined Transactions. Certain funds may enter into multiple transactions, including multiple options, futures, swap, currency and/or interest rate transactions, and any combination of options, futures, swaps, currency and/or interest rate transactions ("combined transactions"), instead of a single transaction, as part of a single or combined strategy when, in the opinion of the Adviser, it is in the best interests of the fund to do so. A combined transaction will usually contain elements of risk that are present in each of its component transactions. Although combined transactions are normally entered into based on the Adviser's judgment that the combined strategies will reduce risk or otherwise more effectively achieve the desired portfolio management goal, it is possible that the combination will instead increase such risks or hinder achievement of the portfolio management objective.

 

Future Developments. A fund may take advantage of opportunities in derivatives transactions which are not presently contemplated for use by the fund or which are not currently available but which may be developed, to the extent such opportunities are both consistent with the fund's investment objective and legally permissible for the fund. Before a fund enters into such transactions or makes any such investment, the fund will provide appropriate disclosure in its prospectus or this SAI.

 

 

Foreign Currency Transactions

 

Investments in foreign currencies, including investing directly in foreign currencies, holding financial instruments that provide exposure to foreign currencies, or investing in securities that trade in, or receive revenues in, foreign currencies, are subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar.

 

Depending on the fund, foreign currency transactions could be entered into for a variety of purposes, including: (1) to fix in U.S. dollars, between trade and settlement date, the value of a security a fund has agreed to buy or sell; (2) to hedge the U.S. dollar value of securities the fund already owns, particularly if it expects a decrease in the value of the currency in which the foreign security is denominated; or (3) to gain or reduce exposure to the foreign currency for investment purposes. Foreign currency transactions may involve, for example, a fund's purchase of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars or the maintenance of short positions in foreign currencies. A short position would involve the fund agreeing to exchange an amount of a currency it did not currently own for another currency at a future date in anticipation of a decline in the value of the currency sold relative to the currency the fund contracted to receive. A fund may engage in cross currency hedging against price movements between currencies, other than the U.S. dollar, caused by currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, a fund might seek to hedge against changes in the value of a particular currency when no derivative instruments on that currency are available or such derivative instruments are more expensive than certain other derivative instruments. In such cases, the fund may hedge against price movements in that currency by entering into transactions using derivative instruments on another currency or a basket of currencies, the values of which the Adviser believes will have a high degree of positive correlation to the value of the currency being hedged. The risk that movements in the price of the derivative instrument will not correlate perfectly with movements in the price of the currency being hedged is magnified when this strategy is used.

 

Currency hedging may substantially change a fund's exposure to changes in currency exchange rates and could result in losses if currencies do not perform as the Adviser anticipates. There is no assurance that a fund's currency hedging activities will be advantageous to the fund or that the Adviser will hedge at an appropriate time.

 

The cost of engaging in foreign currency exchange contracts for the purchase or sale of a specified currency at a specified future date ("forward contracts") varies with factors such as the currency involved, the length of the contract period and the market conditions then prevailing. Because forward contracts are usually entered into on a principal basis, no fees or commissions are involved. Generally, secondary markets do not exist for forward contracts, with the result that closing transactions can be made for forward contracts only by negotiating directly with the counterparty to the contract. As with other over-the-counter derivatives transactions, forward contracts are subject to the credit risk of the counterparty.

 

Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets and the relative merits of investments in different countries, actual or perceived changes in interest rates and other complex factors, as seen from an international perspective. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably by intervention, or failure to intervene, by U.S. or foreign governments or central banks, or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or abroad.

 

The value of derivative instruments on foreign currencies depends on the value of the underlying currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market might involve substantially larger amounts than those involved in the use of foreign currency derivative instruments, a fund could be disadvantaged by having to deal in the odd lot market (generally consisting of transactions of less than $1 million) for the underlying foreign currencies at prices that are less favorable than for round lots.

 

There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or any regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Quotation information generally is representative of very large transactions in the interbank market and thus might not reflect odd-lot transactions where rates might be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, round-the-clock market.

 

Settlement of transactions involving foreign currencies might be required to take place within the country issuing the

 

 

underlying currency. Thus, a fund might be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying foreign currency in accordance with any U.S. or foreign regulations regarding the maintenance of foreign banking arrangements by U.S. residents and might be required to pay any fees, taxes and charges associated with such delivery assessed in the issuing country.

 

Commodities

 

Commodities are assets that have tangible properties, such as oil, metals, livestock or agricultural products. Historically, commodity investments have had a relatively high correlation with changes in inflation and a relatively low correlation to stock and bond returns. Commodity-related instruments provide exposure, which may include long and/or short exposure, to the investment returns of physical commodities that trade in commodities markets, without investing directly in physical commodities. A fund may invest in commodity-related securities and other instruments, such as certain ETFs, that derive value from the price movement of commodities, or some other readily measurable economic variable dependent upon changes in the value of commodities or the commodities markets. However, the ability of a fund to invest directly in commodities and certain commodity-related securities and other instruments is subject to significant limitations in order to enable the fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code.

 

The value of commodity-related instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, volatility of the underlying benchmark, changes in interest rates or factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, acts of terrorism, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The value of commodity-related instruments will rise or fall in response to changes in the underlying commodity or related index. Investments in commodity-related instruments may be subject to greater volatility than non-commodity based investments. A liquid secondary market may not exist for certain commodity-related instruments, and there can be no assurance that one will develop. Commodity-related instruments also are subject to credit and interest rate risks that in general affect the values of debt securities.

 

Short-Selling

 

A fund may make short sales as part of its investment strategy, to hedge positions (such as to limit exposure to a possible market decline in the value of portfolio securities), for duration and risk management, to maintain portfolio flexibility or to seek to enhance returns. A short sale involves the sale of a security that a fund does not own in the expectation of purchasing the same security (or a security exchangeable therefor) at a later date and at a lower price. To complete a short sale transaction and make delivery to the buyer, the fund must borrow the security. The fund is obligated to replace the borrowed security to the lender, which is accomplished by a later purchase of the security by the fund. Until the security is replaced, the fund is required to pay the lender any dividends or interest accruing during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the fund also may have to pay a fee to the lender, which would increase the cost to the fund of the security it sold short. The fund will incur a loss as a result of a short sale if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the fund replaces the borrowed security. The fund will realize a gain if the security declines in price between those two dates. In certain cases, purchasing a security to cover a short position can itself cause the price of the security to rise, thereby exacerbating any loss, especially in an environment where others are taking the same actions. Short positions in stocks involve more risk than long positions in stocks because the maximum sustainable loss on a stock purchased is limited to the amount paid for the stock plus the transaction costs, whereas there is no maximum attainable price on the shorted stock. In theory, stocks sold short have unlimited risk. The amount of any gain will be decreased and the amount of any loss will be increased by any interest, premium and transaction charges or other costs a fund may be required to pay in connection with the short sale. A fund may not always be able to borrow a security the fund seeks to sell short at a particular time or at an acceptable price.

 

A fund also may make short sales "against the box," in which the fund enters into a short sale of a security it owns or has the immediate and unconditional right to acquire at no additional cost at the time of the sale.

 

When a fund makes a short sale, it must leave the proceeds thereof with the broker and deposit with, or pledge to, the broker an amount of cash or liquid securities sufficient under current margin regulations to collateralize its obligation to replace the borrowed securities that have been sold. Until a fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the fund will: (1) segregate permissible liquid assets in an amount that, together with the

 

 

amount provided as collateral, is at least equal to the current value of the security sold short; or (2) otherwise cover its short position through offsetting positions. Short-selling is considered "leverage" and may involve substantial risk.

 

Lending Portfolio Securities

 

Fund portfolio securities may be lent to brokers, dealers and other financial institutions needing to borrow securities to complete certain transactions. In connection with such loans, a fund would remain the owner of the loaned securities and continue to be entitled to payments in amounts equal to the interest, dividends or other distributions payable on the loaned securities. A fund also has the right to terminate a loan at any time. Subject to a fund's own more restrictive limitations, if applicable, an investment company is limited in the amount of portfolio securities it may loan to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the value of all assets received as collateral for the loan). Except as may be otherwise described in "Investments, Investment Techniques and Risks" in Part II of this SAI, a fund will receive collateral consisting of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government securities or irrevocable letters of credit, which will be maintained at all times in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities. If the collateral consists of a letter of credit or securities, the borrower will pay the fund a loan premium fee. If the collateral consists of cash, the fund will reinvest the cash and pay the borrower a pre-negotiated fee or "rebate" from any return earned on the investment. A fund may participate in a securities lending program operated by the Lending Agent. The Lending Agent will receive a percentage of the total earnings of the fund derived from lending its portfolio securities. Should the borrower of the securities fail financially, the fund may experience delays in recovering the loaned securities or exercising its rights in the collateral. Loans are made only to borrowers that are deemed by the Adviser to be of good financial standing. In a loan transaction, a fund will also bear the risk of any decline in value of securities acquired with cash collateral. A fund will minimize this risk by limiting the investment of cash collateral to money market funds advised by the Manager, repurchase agreements or other high quality instruments with short maturities, in each case to the extent it is a permissible investment for the fund.

 

Borrowing Money

 

The 1940 Act, subject to a fund's own more restrictive limitations, if applicable, permits an investment company to borrow in an amount up to 33-1/3% of the value of its total assets. Such borrowings may be for temporary or emergency purposes or for leveraging. If borrowings are for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes, when such borrowings exceed 5% of the value of a fund's total assets the fund will not make any additional investments.

 

Borrowing Money for Leverage. Leveraging (buying securities using borrowed money) exaggerates the effect on NAV of any increase or decrease in the market value of a fund's investments. These borrowings will be subject to interest costs which may or may not be recovered by appreciation of the securities purchased; in certain cases, interest costs may exceed the return received on the securities purchased. For borrowings for investment purposes, the 1940 Act requires a fund to maintain continuous asset coverage (total assets including borrowings, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed. If the required coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or other reasons, the fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio securities within three days to reduce the amount of its borrowings and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint to sell securities at that time. A fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with such borrowing or pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.

 

Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements may be entered into with banks, broker/dealers or other financial institutions. This form of borrowing involves the transfer by a fund of an underlying debt instrument in return for cash proceeds based on a percentage of the value of the security. The fund retains the right to receive interest and principal payments on the security. At an agreed upon future date, the fund repurchases the security at principal plus accrued interest. As a result of these transactions, the fund is exposed to greater potential fluctuations in the value of its assets and its NAV per share. These borrowings will be subject to interest costs which may or may not be recovered by appreciation of the securities purchased; in certain cases, interest costs may exceed the return received on the securities purchased. To the extent a fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund will segregate permissible liquid assets at least equal to the aggregate amount of its reverse repurchase

 

 

obligations, plus accrued interest, in certain cases, in accordance with SEC guidance. The SEC views reverse repurchase transactions as collateralized borrowings by a fund.

 

Forward Commitments. The purchase or sale of securities on a forward commitment (including "TBA" (to be announced)), when-issued or delayed-delivery basis, means delivery and payment take place at a future date at a predetermined price and/or yield. Typically, no interest accrues to the purchaser until the security is delivered. When purchasing a security on a forward commitment basis, a fund assumes the risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield fluctuations, and takes such fluctuations into account when determining its NAV. Purchasing securities on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed-delivery basis can involve the additional risk that the yield available in the market when the delivery takes place actually may be higher than that obtained in the transaction itself. The sale of securities on a forward commitment or delayed-delivery basis involves the risk that the prices available in the market on the delivery date may be greater than those obtained in the sale transaction.

 

Debt securities purchased on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed-delivery basis are subject to changes in value based upon the perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and changes, real or anticipated, in the level of interest rates (i.e., appreciating when interest rates decline and depreciating when interest rates rise). Securities purchased on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed-delivery basis may expose a fund to risks because they may experience declines in value prior to their actual delivery. A fund will make commitments to purchase such securities only with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but the fund may sell these securities or dispose of the commitment before the settlement date if it is deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy. A fund would engage in forward commitments to increase its portfolio's financial exposure to the types of securities in which it invests. If the fund is fully or almost fully invested when forward commitment purchases are outstanding, such purchases may result in a form of leverage. Leveraging the portfolio in this manner will increase the fund's exposure to changes in interest rates and may result in greater potential fluctuation in the value of the fund's net assets and its NAV per share. A fund will segregate permissible liquid assets at least equal at all times to the amount of the fund's purchase commitments.

 

Forward Roll Transactions. In a forward roll transaction, a fund sells a security, such as a mortgage-related security, to a bank, broker-dealer or other financial institution and simultaneously agrees to purchase a similar security from the institution at a later date at an agreed upon price. During the period between the sale and purchase, the fund will not be entitled to receive interest and principal payments on the securities sold by the fund. Proceeds of the sale typically will be invested in short-term instruments, particularly repurchase agreements, and the income from these investments, together with any additional fee income received on the sale, will be expected to generate income for the fund exceeding the yield on the securities sold. Forward roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by the fund may decline below the purchase price of those securities. A fund will segregate permissible liquid assets at least equal to the amount of the repurchase price (including accrued interest).

 

In a mortgage "dollar roll" transaction, a fund sells mortgage-related securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to purchase substantially similar securities on a specified future date. The mortgage-related securities that are purchased will be of the same type and will have the same interest rate as those securities sold, but generally will be supported by different pools of mortgages with different prepayment histories than those sold. A fund forgoes principal and interest paid during the roll period on the securities sold in a dollar roll, but the fund is compensated by the difference between the current sales price and the lower prices of the future purchase, as well as by any interest earned on the proceeds of the securities sold. The dollar rolls entered into by a fund normally will be "covered." A covered roll is a specific type of dollar roll for which there is an offsetting cash position or a cash equivalent security position that matures on or before the forward settlement date of the related dollar roll transaction. Covered rolls are not treated as borrowings or other senior securities and will be excluded from the calculation of a fund's borrowings.

 

Illiquid Securities

 

Illiquid Securities Generally. The 1940 Act, subject to a fund's own more restrictive limitations, if applicable, limits funds other than money market funds to 15% of net assets in illiquid securities. Illiquid securities, which are securities that cannot be sold or disposed of in the ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately the value ascribed to them by a fund, may include securities that are not readily marketable, such as securities that

 

 

are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale that do not have readily available market quotations, repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice and certain privately negotiated derivatives transactions and securities used to cover such derivatives transactions. As to these securities, there is a risk that, should a fund desire to sell them, a ready buyer will not be available at a price the fund deems representative of their value, which could adversely affect the value of a fund's net assets.

 

Section 4(2) Paper and Rule 144A Securities. "Section 4(2) paper" consists of commercial obligations issued in reliance on the so-called "private placement" exemption from registration afforded by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. Section 4(2) paper is restricted as to disposition under the federal securities laws, and generally is sold to institutional investors that agree that they are purchasing the paper for investment and not with a view to public distribution. Any resale by the purchaser must be pursuant to registration or an exemption therefrom. Section 4(2) paper normally is resold to other institutional investors through or with the assistance of the issuer or investment dealers who make a market in the Section 4(2) paper, thus providing liquidity. "Rule 144A securities" are securities that are not registered under the Securities Act but that can be sold to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act. Rule 144A securities generally must be sold to other qualified institutional buyers. If a particular investment in Section 4(2) paper or Rule 144A securities is not determined to be liquid, that investment will be included within the percentage limitation on investment in illiquid securities. Investing in Rule 144A securities could have the effect of increasing the level of fund illiquidity to the extent that qualified institutional buyers become, for a time, uninterested in purchasing these securities from a fund or other holders. Liquidity determinations with respect to Section 4(2) paper and Rule 144A securities will be made by the fund's board or by the Adviser pursuant to guidelines established by the board. The fund's board or the Adviser will consider availability of reliable price information and other relevant information in making such determinations.

 

Non-Diversified Status

 

A fund's classification as a "non-diversified" investment company means that the proportion of the fund's assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer is not limited by the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act generally requires a "diversified" investment company, with respect to 75% of its total assets, to invest not more than 5% of such assets in securities of a single issuer. Since a relatively high percentage of a fund's assets may be invested in the securities of a limited number of issuers or industries, the fund may be more sensitive to changes in the market value of a single issuer or industry. However, to meet federal tax requirements, at the close of each quarter a fund may not have more than 25% of its total assets invested in any one issuer and, with respect to 50% of its total assets, not more than 5% of its total assets invested in any one issuer. These limitations do not apply to U.S. Government securities or investments in certain other investment companies.

 

Cybersecurity Risk

 

The funds and their service providers are susceptible to operational and information security risks due to cybersecurity incidents. In general, cybersecurity incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. Cybersecurity attacks include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems (e.g., through "hacking" or malicious software coding) for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. Cyber attacks also may be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make services unavailable to intended users). Cybersecurity incidents affecting the Manager, Subadviser(s), Transfer Agent or Custodian or other service providers such as financial intermediaries have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, including by interference with a fund's ability to calculate its NAV; impediments to trading for a fund's portfolio; the inability of fund shareholders to transact business with the fund; violations of applicable privacy, data security or other laws; regulatory fines and penalties; reputational damage; reimbursement or other compensation or remediation costs; legal fees; or additional compliance costs. Similar adverse consequences could result from cybersecurity incidents affecting issuers of securities in which a fund invests, counterparties with which the fund engages in transactions, governmental and other regulatory authorities, exchange and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies and other financial institutions and other parties. While information risk management systems and business continuity plans have been developed which are designed to reduce the risks associated with cybersecurity, there are inherent limitations in any cybersecurity risk management systems or business continuity plans, including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified.

 

 

Investments in the Technology Sector

 

The technology sector has been among the most volatile sectors of the stock market. Many technology companies involve greater risks because their revenues and earnings tend to be less predictable (and some companies may be experiencing significant losses) and their share prices tend to be more volatile. Certain technology companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources, or may depend on a limited management group. In addition, these companies are strongly affected by worldwide technological developments, and their products and services may not be economically successful or may quickly become outdated. Investor perception may play a greater role in determining the day-to-day value of technology stocks than it does in other sectors. Investments made in anticipation of future products and services may decline dramatically in value if the anticipated products or services are delayed or cancelled.

 

Investments in the Real Estate Sector

 

An investment in securities of real estate companies may be susceptible to adverse economic or regulatory occurrences affecting that sector. An investment in real estate companies, while not an investment in real estate directly, involves risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate. These risks include: declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage funds; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increased competition; increases in property taxes and operating expenses; changes in zoning laws; losses due to costs resulting from the clean-up of environmental problems; liability to third parties for damages resulting from environmental problems; casualty or condemnation losses; limitations on rents; changes in neighborhood values and the appeal of properties to tenants; changes in interest rates; financial condition of tenants, buyers and sellers of real estate; and quality of maintenance, insurance and management services.

 

An economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on the real estate markets and on real estate companies.

 

Real property investments are subject to varying degrees of risk. The yields available from investments in real estate depend on the amount of income and capital appreciation generated by the related properties. Income and real estate values may also be adversely affected by such factors as applicable laws (e.g., the Americans with Disabilities Act and tax laws), interest rate levels and the availability of financing. If the properties do not generate sufficient income to meet operating expenses, including, where applicable, debt service, ground lease payments, tenant improvements, third party leasing commissions and other capital expenditures, the income and ability of the real estate company to make payments of any interest and principal on its debt securities will be adversely affected. In addition, real property may be subject to the quality of credit extended and defaults by borrowers and tenants. The performance of the economy in each of the regions and countries in which the real estate owned by a portfolio company is located affects occupancy, market rental rates and expenses and, consequently, has an impact on the income from such properties and their underlying values.

 

The financial results of major local employers also may have an impact on the cash flow and value of certain properties. In addition, certain real estate investments are relatively illiquid and, therefore, the ability of real estate companies to vary their portfolios promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions is limited. A real estate company may also have joint venture investments in certain of its properties and, consequently, its ability to control decisions relating to such properties may be limited.

 

Investments in the Infrastructure Sector

 

Infrastructure companies are subject to a variety of factors that may affect their business or operations including high interest costs in connection with capital construction programs, costs associated with environmental and other regulations, the level of government spending on infrastructure projects, the effects of economic slowdown and surplus capacity, increased competition from other providers of services, uncertainties concerning the availability of fuel at reasonable prices, the effects of energy conservation policies and other factors. Infrastructure companies may also be subject to regulation by various governmental authorities and may also be affected by governmental regulation of rates charged to customers, service interruption due to environmental, operational or other mishaps, and the imposition of special tariffs and changes in tax laws, regulatory policies and accounting standards. Changes in law or regulations or general changes in market sentiment towards infrastructure assets may be difficult to predict or respond to, which may adversely affect the operations of infrastructure companies. Certain infrastructure

 

 

companies may operate in limited areas, have few sources of revenue or face intense competition.

 

Some infrastructure companies' assets are not movable, which creates the risk that an event may occur in the region of the company's asset that may impair the performance of that asset and the performance of the issuer. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, flood, lightning, hurricanes and wind or other man-made disasters, terrorist attacks or political activities could result in substantial damage to the facilities of companies located in the affected areas, and significant volatility in the products or services of infrastructure companies could adversely impact the prices of infrastructure companies' securities. Any destruction or loss of an infrastructure asset may have a major impact on the infrastructure company. Failure by the infrastructure company to carry adequate insurance or to operate the asset appropriately could lead to significant losses and damages.

 

Infrastructure companies' revenues may also be impacted by a number of factors, including a decrease in the number of users of the asset, inability to meet user demand, failure to efficiently maintain and operate infrastructure assets, failure of customers or counterparties to pay their contractual obligations, difficulties in obtaining financing for construction programs during inflationary periods or the inability to complete a project within budget. In addition, infrastructure assets can be highly leveraged, which makes such companies more susceptible to changes in interest rates. The market value of infrastructure companies also may decline in value in times of higher inflation rates.

 

Other factors that may affect the operations of infrastructure companies include changes in technology that could render the way in which a company delivers a product or service obsolete, significant changes to the number of ultimate end-users of a company's products, increased susceptibility to terrorist acts or political actions, and risks of environmental damage due to a company's operations or an accident.

 

Investments in the Natural Resources Sector

 

Many companies in the natural resources sector may experience more price volatility than securities of companies in other industries. Some of the commodities that these industries use or provide are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors. Others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of the prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials. These factors can affect the profitability of companies in the natural resources sector and, as a result, the value of their securities. To the extent a fund invests in the securities of companies with substantial natural resource assets, the fund will be exposed to the price movements of natural resources.

 

Money Market Funds

 

The money market funds attempt to increase yields by trading to take advantage of short-term market variations. This policy is expected to result in high portfolio turnover but should not adversely affect a fund since the funds usually do not pay brokerage commissions when purchasing short-term obligations. The value of the portfolio securities held by a fund will vary inversely to changes in prevailing interest rates and, therefore, are subject to the risk of market price fluctuations. Thus, if interest rates have increased from the time a security was purchased, such security, if sold, might be sold at a price less than its cost. Similarly, if interest rates have declined from the time a security was purchased, such security, if sold, might be sold at a price greater than its purchase cost. In any event, if a security was purchased at face value and held to maturity and was paid in full, no gain or loss would be realized. The values of fixed-income securities also may be affected by changes in the credit rating or financial condition of the issuing entities. The NAV of the each Institutional MMF's shares fluctuates with changes in the values of the fund's portfolio securities. For Retail and Government MMFs, decreases in the value of the fund's portfolio securities may affect the fund's ability to maintain a stable NAV.

 

Ratings of Securities

 

If, subsequent to its purchase by a fund, (a) a portfolio security ceases to be rated in the highest rating category by at least two rating organizations (or one rating organization if the instrument was rated by only one such organization) or the board determines that it is no longer of comparable quality or (b) the Adviser becomes aware that any portfolio security not so highly rated or any unrated security has been given a rating by any rating organization below the rating organization's second highest rating category, the board will reassess promptly whether such security continues to present minimal credit risks and will cause the fund to take such action as it determines is in the best interest of the fund and its shareholders; provided that the reassessments required by clauses (a) and (b) are

 

 

not required if the portfolio security is disposed of or matures within five business days of the specified event and, in the case of events specified in clause (b), the board is subsequently notified of the Adviser's actions. To the extent the ratings given by a Rating Agency for securities change as a result of changes in such organizations or their rating systems, a fund will attempt to use comparable ratings as standards for its investments in accordance with the investment policies described in such fund's prospectus and this SAI. The ratings of the Rating Agencies represent their opinions as to the quality of the securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are relative and subjective and are not absolute standards of quality. Although these ratings may be an initial criterion for selection of portfolio investments, the Adviser also will evaluate these securities and the creditworthiness of the issuers of such securities based upon financial and other available information.

 

Treasury Securities

 

Treasury securities include Treasury bills, Treasury notes and Treasury bonds that differ in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one year or less; Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years.

 

U.S. Government Securities

 

U.S. Government securities are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities. Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies and instrumentalities are supported by the full faith and credit of Treasury; others by the right of the issuer to borrow from Treasury; others by discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase certain obligations of the agency or instrumentality; and others only by the credit of the agency or instrumentality. These securities bear fixed, floating or variable rates of interest. Interest rates may fluctuate based on generally recognized reference rates or the relationship of rates. While the U.S. Government currently provides financial support to such U.S. Government-sponsored agencies or instrumentalities, no assurance can be given that it will always do so, since it is not so obligated by law. A security backed by Treasury or the full faith and credit of the United States is guaranteed only as to timely payment of interest and principal when held to maturity. Neither the market value nor a fund's share price is guaranteed.

 

Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to shareholders of a fund from interest income earned by that fund from direct obligations of the U.S. Government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the fund. Investments in securities issued by the GNMA or FNMA, bankers' acceptances, commercial paper and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government securities do not generally qualify for tax-free treatment.

 

Repurchase Agreements

 

A repurchase agreement is a contract under which a fund would acquire a security for a relatively short period subject to the obligation of the seller, typically a bank, broker/dealer or other financial institution, to repurchase and the fund to resell such security at a fixed time and at a price higher than the purchase price (representing the fund's cost plus interest). The repurchase agreement thereby determines the yield during the purchaser's holding period, while the seller's obligation to repurchase is secured by the value of the underlying security. The fund's custodian or sub-custodian engaged in connection with tri-party repurchase agreement transactions will have custody of, and will segregate, securities acquired by the fund under a repurchase agreement. In connection with its third party repurchase transactions, a fund will engage only eligible sub-custodians that meet the requirements set forth in Section 17(f) of the 1940 Act. The value of the underlying securities (or collateral) will be at least equal at all times to the total amount of the repurchase obligation, including the interest factor. The fund bears a risk of loss if the other party to the repurchase agreement defaults on its obligations and the fund is delayed or prevented from exercising its rights to dispose of the collateral securities. This risk includes the risk of procedural costs or delays in addition to a loss on the securities if their value should fall below their repurchase price. Repurchase agreements are considered by the staff of the SEC to be loans by the fund that enters into them. Repurchase agreements could involve risks in the event of a default or insolvency of the other party to the agreement, including possible delays or restrictions upon a fund's ability to dispose of the underlying securities. A fund may engage in repurchase agreement transactions that are collateralized by U.S. Government securities (which are deemed to be "collateralized fully" pursuant to the 1940 Act) or, for certain funds, to the extent consistent with the fund's investment policies, collateralized by securities other than U.S. Government securities ("credit and/or equity collateral"). Transactions that are collateralized fully enable the fund to look to the collateral for diversification purposes under the 1940 Act.

 

 

Conversely, transactions secured with credit and/or equity collateral require the fund to look to the counterparty to the repurchase agreement for determining diversification. Because credit and/or equity collateral is subject to certain credit, liquidity, market and/or other additional risks that U.S. Government securities are not subject to, the amount of collateral posted in excess of the principal value of the repurchase agreement is expected to be higher in the case of repurchase agreements secured with credit and/or equity collateral compared to repurchase agreements secured with U.S. Government securities. In an attempt to reduce the risk of incurring a loss on a repurchase agreement, a fund will require that additional securities be deposited with it if the value of the securities purchased should decrease below resale price. See "Fixed-Income Securities—High Yield and Lower-Rated Securities" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds" for a discussion of certain risks of collateral rated below investment grade. The funds may jointly enter into one or more repurchase agreements in accordance with an exemptive order granted by the SEC pursuant to Section 17(d) of the 1940 Act and Rule 17d-1 thereunder. Any joint repurchase agreements must be collateralized fully by U.S. Government securities.

 

Bank Obligations

 

Bank obligations include certificates of deposit ("CDs"), time deposits ("TDs"), bankers' acceptances and other short-term obligations issued by domestic or foreign banks or thrifts or their subsidiaries or branches and other banking institutions. CDs are negotiable certificates evidencing the obligation of a bank to repay funds deposited with it for a specified period of time. TDs are non-negotiable deposits maintained in a banking institution for a specified period of time (in no event longer than seven days) at a stated interest rate. Bankers' acceptances are credit instruments evidencing the obligation of a bank to pay a draft drawn on it by a customer. These instruments reflect the obligation both of the bank and the drawer to pay the face amount of the instrument upon maturity. The other short-term obligations may include uninsured, direct obligations bearing fixed, floating or variable interest rates. TDs and CDs may be issued by domestic or foreign banks or their subsidiaries or branches. A fund may purchase CDs issued by banks, savings and loan associations and similar institutions with less than $1 billion in assets, the deposits of which are insured by the FDIC, provided the fund purchases any such CD in a principal amount of no more than an amount that would be fully insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the FDIC. Interest payments on such a CD are not insured by the FDIC. A fund would not own more than one such CD per such issuer.

 

Domestic commercial banks organized under federal law are supervised and examined by the Comptroller of the Currency and are required to be members of the Federal Reserve System and to have their deposits insured by the FDIC. Domestic banks organized under state law are supervised and examined by state banking authorities but are members of the Federal Reserve System only if they elect to join. In addition, state banks whose CDs may be purchased by a fund are insured by the FDIC (although such insurance may not be of material benefit to the fund, depending on the principal amount of the CDs of each bank held by the fund) and are subject to federal examination and to a substantial body of federal law and regulation. As a result of federal and state laws and regulations, domestic branches of domestic banks whose CDs may be purchased by the fund generally, among other things, are required to maintain specified levels of reserves and are subject to other supervision and regulation designed to promote financial soundness. However, not all of such laws and regulations apply to the foreign branches of domestic banks.

 

Obligations of foreign subsidiaries or branches of domestic banks may be general obligations of the parent banks in addition to the issuing subsidiary or branch, or may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation and governmental regulation. Such obligations and obligations of foreign banks or their subsidiaries or branches are subject to different risks than are those of domestic banks. These risks include foreign economic and political developments, foreign governmental restrictions that may adversely affect payment of principal and interest on the obligations, foreign exchange controls, seizure of assets, declaration of a moratorium and foreign withholding and other taxes on interest income. Foreign subsidiaries and branches of domestic banks and foreign banks are not necessarily subject to the same or similar regulatory requirements that apply to domestic banks, such as mandatory reserve requirements, loan limitations, and accounting, auditing and financial recordkeeping requirements. In addition, less information may be publicly available about a foreign subsidiary or branch of a domestic bank or about a foreign bank than about a domestic bank.

 

Obligations of U.S. branches of foreign banks may be general obligations of the parent bank in addition to the issuing branch, or may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation or by federal or state regulation as well as

 

 

governmental action in the country in which the foreign bank has its head office. A U.S. branch of a foreign bank with assets in excess of $1 billion may or may not be subject to reserve requirements imposed by the Federal Reserve System or by the state in which the branch is located if the branch is licensed in that state. In addition, federal branches licensed by the Comptroller of the Currency and branches licensed by certain states may be required to: (1) pledge to the regulator, by depositing assets with a designated bank within the state, a certain percentage of their assets as fixed from time to time by the appropriate regulatory authority; and (2) maintain assets within the state in an amount equal to a specified percentage of the aggregate amount of liabilities of the foreign bank payable at or through all of its agencies or branches within the state.

 

In view of the foregoing factors associated with the purchase of CDs and TDs issued by foreign subsidiaries or branches of domestic banks, or by foreign banks or their branches or subsidiaries, the Adviser carefully evaluates such investments on a case-by-case basis.

 

Bank Securities

 

To the extent a money market fund's investments are concentrated in the banking industry, the fund will have correspondingly greater exposure to the risk factors which are characteristic of such investments. Sustained increases in interest rates can adversely affect the availability or liquidity and cost of capital funds for a bank's lending activities, and a deterioration in general economic conditions could increase the exposure to credit losses. In addition, the value of and the investment return on the fund's shares could be affected by economic or regulatory developments in or related to the banking industry, which industry also is subject to the effects of competition within the banking industry as well as with other types of financial institutions. A fund, however, will seek to minimize its exposure to such risks by investing only in debt securities which are determined to be of the highest quality.

 

Floating and Variable Rate Obligations

 

Floating and variable rate demand notes and bonds are obligations ordinarily having stated maturities in excess of 397 days but which permit the holder to demand payment of principal at any time, or at specified intervals not exceeding 397 days, in each case upon not more than 30 days' notice. Frequently these obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements secured by banks. Variable rate demand notes include master demand notes (see "Fixed-Income Securities—Variable and Floating Rate Securities " above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds").

 

Participation Interests

 

A participation interest purchased from a financial institution gives a fund an undivided interest in a security in the proportion that the fund's participation interest bears to the total principal amount of the security. If the participation interest is unrated, or has been given a rating below that which is permissible for purchase by the fund, the participation interest will be backed by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of a bank, or the payment obligation otherwise will be collateralized by U.S. Government securities, or, in the case of unrated participation interests, the Adviser must have determined that the instrument is of comparable quality to those instruments in which the fund may invest. See "Fixed-Income Securities—Loans—Participation Interests and Assignments" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Asset-Backed Securities

 

A fund may purchase asset-backed securities, which are securities issued by special purpose entities whose primary assets consist of a pool of mortgages, loans, receivables or other assets. Payment of principal and interest may depend largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, supported by letters of credit, surety bonds or other forms of credit or liquidity enhancements. The value of these asset-backed securities also may be affected by the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool of assets, the originator of the loans or receivables or the financial institution providing the credit support.

 

Commercial Paper

 

Commercial paper represents short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued to finance short-term credit needs. The

 

 

commercial paper purchased by a fund will consist only of direct obligations issued by domestic and foreign entities. The other corporate obligations in which a fund may invest consist of high quality, U.S. dollar-denominated short-term bonds and notes (which may include variable rate master demand notes).

 

Investment Companies

 

See "Investment Companies" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Foreign Securities

 

Foreign securities may include U.S. dollar-denominated securities issued by foreign subsidiaries or foreign branches of domestic banks, domestic and foreign branches of foreign banks, foreign government obligations and commercial paper issued by foreign issuers. Foreign government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed by foreign governments or any of their political subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities and debt obligations of supranational entities. Supranational entities include organizations designated or supported by governmental entities to promote economic reconstruction or development and international banking institutions and related government agencies. Examples include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), the European Coal and Steel Community, the Asian Development Bank and the InterAmerican Development Bank.

 

A fund investing in foreign securities, including foreign government obligations, may be subject to additional investment risks with respect to these securities or obligations that are different in some respects from those incurred by a money market fund which invests only in debt obligations of U.S. domestic issuers. See, as applicable, "Foreign Securities" and "Foreign Securities—Sovereign Debt Obligations" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Municipal Securities

 

See "Fixed-Income Securities—Municipal Securities—Municipal Securities Generally" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Derivative Products. The value of certain derivative products is tied to underlying municipal securities. A fund investing in derivative products will purchase only those derivative products that are consistent with its investment objective and policies and comply with the quality, maturity, liquidity and diversification standards of Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act. The principal types of derivative products include tax exempt participation interests, tender option bonds and custodial receipts (see " Fixed-Income Securities—Municipal Securities—Instruments Related to Municipal Securities" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds") and structured notes (see "Derivative Instruments—Structured Securities and Hybrid Instruments—Structured Securities" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds").

 

Stand-By Commitments. See "Fixed-Income Securities—Municipal Securities—Stand-By Commitments" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Taxable Investments (municipal or other tax-exempt funds only)

 

From time to time, on a temporary basis other than for temporary defensive purposes (but not to exceed 20% of the value of the fund's net assets) or for temporary defensive purposes, a fund may invest in taxable short-term investments (Money Fund Taxable Investments, as defined in Part II of this SAI). Dividends paid by a fund that are attributable to income earned by the fund from Money Fund Taxable Investments will be taxable to investors. When a fund invests for temporary defensive purposes, it may not achieve its investment objective(s). If a fund purchases Money Fund Taxable Investments, it will value them using the amortized cost method and comply with the provisions of Rule 2a-7 relating to purchases of taxable instruments.

 

Illiquid Securities

 

The 1940 Act, subject to a fund's own more restrictive limitations, if applicable, limits money market funds to 5% of total assets in illiquid securities. Illiquid securities, which are securities that cannot be sold or disposed of in the ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately the value ascribed to them by a fund, may include securities that are not readily marketable, such as securities that are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on

 

 

resale that do not have readily available market quotations, and repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice. As to these securities, there is a risk that, should a fund desire to sell them, a ready buyer will not be available at a price the fund deems representative of their value, which could adversely affect the value of a fund's net assets. See "Illiquid Securities—Section 4(2) Paper and Rule 144A Securities" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Borrowing Money

 

The 1940 Act, subject to a fund's own more restrictive limitations, if applicable, permits an investment company to borrow in an amount up to 33-1/3% of the value of its total assets. Such borrowings may be for temporary or emergency purposes or for leveraging. If borrowings are for temporary or emergency (not leveraging) purposes, when such borrowings exceed 5% of the value of a fund's total assets the fund will not make any additional investments.

 

Reverse Repurchase Agreements. See "Borrowing Money—Reverse Repurchase Agreements" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Forward Commitments. The purchase of portfolio securities on a forward commitment (including "TBA" (to be announced)), when-issued or delayed-delivery basis means that delivery and payment take place in the future after the date of the commitment to purchase. See "Borrowing Money—Forward Commitments" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds."

 

Interfund Borrowing and Lending Program. Pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the SEC, a fund may lend money to, and/or borrow money from, certain other funds advised by the Manager or its affiliates. All interfund loans and borrowings must comply with the conditions set forth in the exemptive order, which are designed to ensure fair and equitable treatment of all participating funds. A fund's participation in the Interfund Borrowing and Lending Program must be consistent with its investment policies and limitations. A fund will borrow through the Interfund Borrowing and Lending Program only when the costs are equal to or lower than the costs of bank loans, and will lend through the Program only when the returns are higher than those available from an investment in repurchase agreements. Interfund loans and borrowings are normally expected to extend overnight, but can have a maximum duration of seven days. Loans may be called on one day's notice. Any delay in repayment to a lending fund could result in a lost investment opportunity or additional borrowing costs.

 

Lending Portfolio Securities

 

The funds have no intention currently or for the foreseeable future to lend portfolio securities. To the extent a fund would seek to lend portfolio securities (see "Lending Portfolio Securities" above under "All Funds other than Money Market Funds"), the fund's shareholders would be notified within a reasonable time prior to such activity occurring.

 

RATING CATEGORIES

 

The following is a description of certain ratings assigned by S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS.

 

S&P

 

An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P's view of the obligor's capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.

 

Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. In the U.S., for example, that means obligations with an original maturity of no more than 365 days¾including commercial paper. Short-term ratings also are used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. The result is a dual

 

 

rating, in which the short-term rating addresses the put feature, in addition to the usual long-term rating. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.

 

Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings. Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P's analysis of the following considerations: likelihood of payment¾capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on an obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; nature of and provisions of the obligation; and protection afforded by, and relative position of, the obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors' rights.

 

Issue ratings are an assessment of default risk, but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect the lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)

 

An obligation rated "AAA" has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.

 

An obligation rated "AA" differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.

 

An obligation rated "A" is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.

 

An obligation rated "BBB" exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

Obligations rated "BB," "B," "CCC," "CC" and "C" are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. "BB" indicates the least degree of speculation and "C" the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

 

An obligation rated "BB" is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

An obligation rated "B" is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated "BB," but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

An obligation rated "CCC" is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

An obligation rated "CC" is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The "CC" rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

 

An obligation rated "C" is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher.

 

An obligation rated "D" is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the "D" rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The "D" rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or

 

 

the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to "D" if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

 

Note: The ratings from "AA" to "CCC" may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

 

An "NR" indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that S&P does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

 

Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings. A short-term obligation rated "A-1" is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.

 

A short-term obligation rated "A-2" is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.

 

A short-term obligation rated "A-3" exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

A short-term obligation rated "B" is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

 

A short-term obligation rated "C" is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

A short-term obligation rated "D" is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the "D" rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The "D" rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to "D" if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

 

Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings Definitions. A S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P's opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P analysis will review the following considerations: amortization schedule¾the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and source of payment¾the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.

 

Note rating symbols are as follows:

 

SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

 

SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

 

SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

 

Moody's

 

Ratings assigned on Moody's global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the

 

 

relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles and public sector entities.

 

Long-Term Obligation Ratings and Definitions. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.

 

Obligations rated "Aaa" are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

 

Obligations rated "Aa" are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

 

Obligations rated "A" are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

 

Obligations rated "Baa" are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

 

Obligations rated "Ba" are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

 

Obligations rated "B" are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

 

Obligations rated "Caa" are judged to be speculative, of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

 

Obligations rated "Ca" are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

 

Obligations rated "C" are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

 

Note: Moody's appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a "(hyb)" indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies and securities firms.

 

Short-Term Ratings. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.

 

Moody's employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:

 

P-1	Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2	Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3	Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
NP	Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

 

U.S. Municipal Short-Term Debt and Demand Obligation Ratings.

 

Short-Term Obligation Ratings. The Municipal Investment Grade ("MIG") scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. MIG ratings are divided into three levels—MIG 1 through MIG 3—while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated "SG."

 

MIG 1

This designation denotes superior credit quality.  Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

 

 

MIG 2	This designation denotes strong credit quality.  Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3	This designation denotes acceptable credit quality.  Liquidity and cash flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG	This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality.  Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

 

Demand Obligation Ratings. In the case of variable rate demand obligations ("VRDOs"), a two-component rating is assigned: a long- or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody's evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody's evaluation of the degree of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand ("demand feature"). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade ("VMIG") scale.

 

VMIG 1	This designation denotes superior credit quality.  Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2	This designation denotes strong credit quality.  Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3	This designation denotes acceptable credit quality.  Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG	This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality.  Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.

For VRDOs supported with conditional liquidity support, short-term ratings transition down at higher long-term ratings to reflect the risk of termination of liquidity support as a result of a downgrade below investment grade.

 

VMIG ratings of VRDOs with unconditional liquidity support reflect the short-term debt rating (or counterparty assessment) of the liquidity support provider with VMIG 1 corresponding to P-1, VMIG 2 to P-2, VMIG 3 to P-3 and SG to not prime.

 

Fitch

 

Corporate Finance Obligations — Long-Term Rating Scales. Ratings of individual securities or financial obligations of a corporate issuer address relative vulnerability to default on an ordinal scale. In addition, for financial obligations in corporate finance, a measure of recovery given default on that liability also is included in the rating assessment. This notably applies to covered bond ratings, which incorporate both an indication of the probability of default and of the recovery given a default of this debt instrument.

 

The relationship between issuer scale and obligation scale assumes a generic historical average recovery. As a result, individual obligations of entities, such as corporations, are assigned ratings higher, lower or the same as that entity's issuer rating.

 

Highest credit quality: "AAA" ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

 

Very high credit quality: "AA" ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong

 

 

capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

 

High credit quality: "A" ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

 

Good credit quality: "BBB" ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

 

Speculative: "BB" ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.

 

Highly speculative: "B" ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.

 

Substantial credit risk: "CCC" ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.

 

Very high levels of credit risk: "CC" ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.

 

Exceptionally high levels of credit risk: "C" indicates exceptionally high levels of credit risk.

 

Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned "RD" or "D" ratings (see "Short-Term Ratings Assigned to Obligations in Corporate, Public and Structured Finance" below), but are instead rated in the "B" to "C" rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.

 

Note: The modifiers "+" or "-" may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the "AAA" obligation rating category, or to corporate finance obligation ratings in the categories below "CCC."

 

Structured, Project & Public Finance Obligations — Long-Term Rating Scales. Ratings of structured finance obligations on the long-term scale consider the obligations' relative vulnerability to default. These ratings are typically assigned to an individual security or tranche in a transaction and not to an issuer.

 

Highest credit quality: "AAA" ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

 

Very high credit quality: "AA" ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

 

High credit quality: "A" ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

 

Good credit quality: "BBB" ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

 

Speculative: "BB" ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time.

 

Highly speculative: "B" ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

 

Substantial credit risk: "CCC" indicates that default is a real possibility.

 

 

Very high levels of credit risk: "CC" indicates that default of some kind appears probable.

 

Exceptionally high levels of credit risk: "C" indicates that default appears imminent or inevitable.

 

Default: "D" indicates a default. Default generally is defined as one of the following: failure to make payment of principal and/or interest under the contractual terms of the rated obligation; the bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other winding-up or cessation of the business of an issuer/obligor; or the distressed exchange of an obligation, where creditors were offered securities with diminished structural or economic terms compared with the existing obligation to avoid a probable payment default.

 

Short-Term Ratings Assigned to Issuers and Obligations. A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as "short-term" based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.

 

Highest short-term credit quality: "F1" indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added "+" to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

 

Good short-term credit quality: "F2" indicates good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

 

Fair short-term credit quality: "F3" indicates that the intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

 

Speculative short-term credit quality: "B" indicates minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

 

High short-term default risk: "C" indicates that default is a real possibility.

 

Restricted default: "RD" indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.

 

Default: "D" indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a specific short-term obligation.

 

DBRS

 

Long Term Obligations. The DBRS long-term rating scale provides an opinion on the risk of default. That is, the risk that an issuer will fail to satisfy its financial obligations in accordance with the terms under which an obligation has been issued. Ratings are based on quantitative and qualitative considerations relevant to the issuer, and the relative ranking of claims. All ratings categories other than AAA and D also contain subcategories "(high)" and "(low)." The absence of either a "(high)" or "(low)" designation indicates the rating is in the middle of the category.

 

Long-term debt rated "AAA" is considered to be of the highest credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is exceptionally high and unlikely to be adversely affected by future events.

 

Long-term debt rated "AA" is considered to be of superior credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is considered high. Credit quality differs from AAA only to a small degree. Unlikely to be significantly vulnerable to future events.

 

Long-term debt rated "A" is considered to be of good credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is substantial, but of lesser credit quality than AA. May be vulnerable to future events, but qualifying negative factors are considered manageable.

 

Long-term debt rated "BBB" is considered to be of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of financial obligations is considered acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events.

 

Long-term debt rated "BB" is considered to be of speculative, non-investment-grade credit quality. The capacity for

 

 

the payment of financial obligations is uncertain. Vulnerable to future events.

 

Long-term debt rated "B" is considered to be of highly speculative credit quality. There is a high level of uncertainty as to the capacity to meet financial obligations.

 

Long-term debt rated "CCC," "CC" or "C" is of very highly speculative credit quality. In danger of defaulting on financial obligations. There is little difference between these three categories, although CC and C ratings are normally applied to obligations that are seen as highly likely to default, or subordinated to obligations rated in the CCC to B range. Obligations in respect of which default has not technically taken place but is considered inevitable may be rated in the C category.

 

A "D" rating may occur when the issuer has filed under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or winding up statute or there is a failure to satisfy an obligation after the exhaustion of grace periods. DBRS may also use SD (Selective Default) in cases where only some securities are impacted, such as the case of a "distressed exchange."

 

Commercial Paper and Short Term Debt. The DBRS short-term debt rating scale provides an opinion on the risk that an issuer will not meet its short-term financial obligations in a timely manner. Ratings are based on quantitative and qualitative considerations relevant to the issuer and the relative ranking of claims. The R-1 and R-2 rating categories are further denoted by the subcategories "(high)," "(middle)" and "(low)."

 

Short-term debt rated "R-1 (high)" is considered to be of the highest credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is exceptionally high. Unlikely to be adversely affected by future events.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-1 (middle)" is considered to be of superior credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is very high. Differs from R-1 (high) by a relatively modest degree. Unlikely to be significantly vulnerable to future events.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-1 (low)" is considered to be of good credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is substantial. Overall strength is not as favorable as higher rating categories. May be vulnerable to future events, but qualifying negative factors are considered manageable.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-2 (high)" is considered to be at the upper end of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-2 (middle)" is considered to be of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events or may be exposed to other factors that could reduce credit quality.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-2 (low)" is considered to be at the lower end of adequate credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is acceptable. May be vulnerable to future events. A number of challenges are present that could affect the issuer's ability to meet such obligations.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-3" is considered to be at the lowest end of adequate credit quality. There is a capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due. May be vulnerable to future events and the certainty of meeting such obligations could be impacted by a variety of developments.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-4" is considered to be of speculative credit quality. The capacity for the payment of short-term financial obligations as they fall due is uncertain.

 

Short-term debt rated "R-5" is considered to be of highly speculative credit quality. There is a high level of uncertainty as to the capacity to meet short-term financial obligations as they fall due.

 

A security rated "D" rating may occur when the issuer has filed under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or winding up statute or there is a failure to satisfy an obligation after the exhaustion of grace periods. DBRS may also use SD (Selective Default) in cases where only some securities are impacted, such as the case of a "distressed exchange."

 

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE BOARDS

 

Boards' Oversight Role in Management

 

The boards' role in management of the funds is oversight. As is the case with virtually all investment companies (as distinguished from operating companies), service providers to the funds, primarily the Manager and its affiliates, have responsibility for the day-to-day management of the funds, which includes responsibility for risk management (including management of investment risk, valuation risk, issuer and counterparty credit risk, compliance risk and operational risk). As part of their oversight, the boards, acting at their scheduled meetings, or the Chairman, acting between board meetings, regularly interacts with and receives reports from senior personnel of the Manager and its affiliates, service providers, including the Manager's Director of Investment Oversight (or a senior representative of his office), the funds' and the Manager's CCO and portfolio management personnel. The boards' audit committee (which consists of all Independent Board Members) meets during its regularly scheduled and special meetings, and between meetings the audit committee chair is available to the funds' independent registered public accounting firm and the funds' Chief Financial Officer. The boards also receive periodic presentations from senior personnel of Dreyfus and its affiliates regarding risk management generally, as well as periodic presentations regarding specific operational, compliance or investment areas, such as cybersecurity, anti-money laundering, personal trading, valuation, investment research and securities lending. As warranted, the boards also receive informational reports from the boards' independent legal counsel (and, if applicable, separate counsel to the fund) regarding regulatory compliance and governance matters. The boards have adopted policies and procedures designed to address certain risks to the funds. In addition, the Manager and other service providers to the funds have adopted a variety of policies, procedures and controls designed to address particular risks to the funds. Different processes, procedures and controls are employed with respect to different types of risks. However, it is not possible to eliminate all of the risks applicable to the funds, and the boards' risk management oversight is subject to inherent limitations.

 

Board Composition and Leadership Structure

 

The 1940 Act requires that at least 40% of the board members be Independent Board Members and as such are not affiliated with the Manager. To rely on certain exemptive rules under the 1940 Act, a majority of the funds' board members must be Independent Board Members, and for certain important matters, such as the approval of investment advisory agreements or transactions with affiliates, the 1940 Act or the rules thereunder require the approval of a majority of the Independent Board Members. Currently, except as noted in Part I of this SAI, all of the funds' board members, including the Chairman of the Boards, are Independent Board Members. The boards have determined that their leadership structure, in which the Chairman of the Boards is not affiliated with the Manager, is appropriate in light of the specific characteristics and circumstances of the funds, including, but not limited to: (i) the services that the Manager and its affiliates provide to the funds and potential conflicts of interest that could arise from these relationships; (ii) the extent to which the day-to-day operations of the funds are conducted by fund officers and employees of the Manager and its affiliates; and (iii) the boards' oversight role in management of the funds.

 

Additional Information About the Boards and their Committees

 

Board members are elected to serve for an indefinite term. The boards have standing audit, nominating, compensation, litigation and pricing committees. The functions of the audit committees are (i) to oversee the funds' accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the funds' financial statements and (ii) to assist in the boards' oversight of the integrity of the funds' financial statements, the funds' compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the independent registered public accounting firm's qualifications, independence and performance. The nominating committees are responsible for selecting and nominating persons as members of the boards for election or appointment by the boards and for election by shareholders. In evaluating potential nominees, including any nominees recommended by shareholders, a committee takes into consideration various factors listed in the nominating committee charter. The nominating committees will consider recommendations for nominees from shareholders submitted to the Secretary of the Dreyfus Family of Funds, c/o The Dreyfus Corporation Legal Department, 200 Park Avenue, 7^th Floor East, New York, New York 10166, which include information regarding the recommended nominee as specified in the nominating committee charter. The function of the compensation committees is to establish appropriate compensation for serving on the boards. The litigation committee seeks to address any potential conflicts of interest between the funds and the Manager in connection with any potential or

 

 

existing litigation or other legal proceeding relating to securities held by a fund and held or otherwise deemed to have a beneficial interest held by the Manager or its affiliate. The boards also have standing pricing committees comprised of any one board member; the function of the pricing committee is to assist in valuing fund investments.

 

MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

 

The Manager

 

The Manager is a wholly-owned subsidiary of BNY Mellon. Dreyfus is the primary mutual fund business of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, a global financial services company focused on helping clients manage and service their financial assets, operating in 36 countries and serving more than 100 markets. BNY Mellon is a leading investment management and investment services company, uniquely focused to help clients manage and move their financial assets in the rapidly changing global marketplace. BNY Mellon Investment Management is one of the world's leading investment management organizations, and one of the top U.S. wealth managers, encompassing BNY Mellon's affiliated investment management firms, wealth management services and global distribution companies. Additional information is available at www.bnymellon.com.

 

Pursuant to a management or advisory agreement applicable to each fund, the Manager generally maintains office facilities on behalf of the funds, and furnishes statistical and research data, clerical help, data processing, bookkeeping and internal auditing and certain other required services to the funds (including, when a fund does not have a separate administration agreement, accounting and administration services).

 

As further described below under "Distributor," Dreyfus may pay the Distributor or financial intermediaries for shareholder or other services from Dreyfus' own assets, including past profits but not including the management fee paid by the funds. The Distributor may use part or all of such payments to pay Service Agents. Dreyfus also may make such advertising and promotional expenditures, using its own resources, as it from time to time deems appropriate, and may make revenue transfers to affiliates. Service Agents and their representatives generally will be able to accept payments or other compensation only to the extent consistent with applicable law and the Service Agent's own policies, procedures and practices.

 

Sub-Advisers

 

See the prospectus to determine if any of the information about Sub-Advisers (below and elsewhere in this SAI) applies to your fund.

 

For funds with one or more Sub-Advisers, the Manager or the fund has entered into a Sub-Advisory Agreement with each Sub-Adviser. A Sub-Adviser provides day-to-day investment management of a fund's portfolio (or a portion thereof allocated by the Manager), and certain related services.

 

The following is a list of persons (to the extent known by the fund) who are deemed to control each Sub-Adviser by virtue of ownership of stock or other interests of the Sub-Adviser. Companies listed are in the asset management or other financial services business. For Alcentra, BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation, BNYMAM Japan, Insight, Insight NA, Newton and Walter Scott, which are all subsidiaries of BNY Mellon, see "The Manager" above for ownership information.

 

Amherst Capital: Amherst Holdings, LLC

 

CenterSquare: CenterSquare Investment Management Holdings LLC, LM CenterSquare Holdings LLC, LM CenterSquare Investment Holdings IV-A INC., Lovell Minnick Equity Partners IV-A LP, Lovell Minnick Equity Partners IV LP, Lovell Minnick Equity Advisors IV LP, Fund IV UGP LLC and Lovell Minnick Partners LLC

 

Channing: Rodney B. Herenton and Wendell E. Mackey

 

CRM: WT Investments, Inc., Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn, Inc., CRM Group, LLC and M&T Bank Corporation

 

Dalton: James B. Rosenwald III, Steven D. Persky, Gifford Combs and Belita Ong

 

 

EAM: Montie L. Weisenberger, Travis Prentice, Joshua Moss, Frank Hurst, Byron Roth, CR Financial Holdings, Inc. and Waco Limited, LLC

 

Eastern Shore: Robert C. Barringer, Eli Kent, William Moody, James M. O'Brien, Sarah L. Westwood and Moody Aldrich Partners, LLC

 

GCM: Henderson Global Investors (North America) Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Janus Henderson

 

Gotham: Joe Greenblatt and Robert Goldstein

 

Granite: Michael Abare, Alison Edelstein, Geoffrey Edelstein, Robert Foran, Jeffrey Hoo, Edward Han, Peter Lopez, Douglas Morse, Richard Passafiume, Della Rolle, Erik Rolle, Joshua Shaskan, Lisa Shaskan, Bradley Slocum, Shirley Wang, Bradley G. Slocum Trust, Edelstein Trust, Gary and Della Rolle Trust, Jeffrey Hoo and Shirley Wang Revocable Trust, Joshua D. Shaskan and Lisa M. Shaskan Revocable Trust, Morse-Abare Family Trust and Rolle Financial, LLC

 

Kayne: Virtus Partners, Inc. and Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. ("Virtus")

 

Neuberger Berman: Joseph Amato, Bradley Tank, Robert Conti, Neuberger Berman Holdings LLC, Neuberger Berman Group LLC and NBSH Acquisition, LLC

 

Nicholas: Laura DeMarco, Catherine C. Somhegyi Nicholas, Arthur E. Nicholas, John Wylie and Nicholas Investment Partners, LLC

 

Ramius: Peter A. Cohen, Cowen Group, Inc. and Ramius LLC

 

Redwood: Jennifer K. Silver, Michael J. Mufson and Estancia Capital Partners, LP

 

RHJ: Thuong-Thao Buu-Hoan, Lou Holtz, George Kruntchev, Yossi Lipsker, Thomas McDowell, Michael Meoli, Carl Obeck, Gary Rice, Cara Thome, Timothy Todaro and Reed Wirick

 

Sarofim & Co.: Fayez S. Sarofim and The Sarofim Group, Inc.

 

Sirios: John F. Brennan, Jr. and Sirios Associates, L.L.C.

 

Three Bridges: Eugene Aaron Salamon and Three Bridges Capital Holdings, LLC

 

TSW: Horace P. Whitworth, Frank H. Reichel, John L. Reifsnider, Lori N. Anderson, Jennifer Souza, TS&W Investment Holdings LP and BrightSphere Investment Group plc.

 

Walthausen: Deforest Hinman, Mark Hodge, Paul Nichols, John B. Walthausen and Stanley Westhoff

 

Portfolio Allocation Manager

 

EACM, a wholly-owned subsidiary of BNY Mellon, has been engaged as the Portfolio Allocation Manager for certain funds as described in the prospectus. EACM is responsible for evaluating and recommending Sub-Advisers for these funds. It is expected that differences in investment returns among the portions of a fund managed by different Sub-Advisers will cause the actual percentage of the fund's assets managed by each Sub-Adviser to vary over time.

 

Portfolio Managers and Portfolio Manager Compensation

 

See the prospectus to determine which portions of the information provided below apply to your fund.

 

For funds other than money market funds, an Affiliated Entity or the Sub-Adviser(s), as applicable, provide the funds with portfolio managers who are authorized by the board to execute purchases and sales of securities. For the Dreyfus International Equity Fund, portfolio managers are employed by the Manager. Portfolio managers are compensated by the company that employs them, and are not compensated by the funds. Each fund's portfolio

 

 

managers are listed in Part I of this SAI.

 

The following provides information about the compensation policies for portfolio managers.

 

Alcentra. Alcentra's compensation arrangements include a fixed salary, discretionary cash bonus and a number of long term incentive plans that are structured to align an employee's interest with the firm's longer term goals. Portfolio managers are compensated in line with portfolio performance, rather than the growth of assets under management. Other factors that may be taken into consideration include asset selection and trade execution and management of portfolio risk.

 

Amherst Capital. The portfolio managers' compensation is comprised primarily of a market-based salary and an incentive compensation plan (annual and long-term). Funding for the Amherst Capital Incentive Plan is through a pre-determined fixed percentage of overall company profitability. Therefore, all bonus awards are based initially on Amherst Capital's overall performance as opposed to the performance of a single product or group. All investment professionals are eligible to receive incentive awards. Cash awards are payable in the February month end pay of the following year. Most of the awards granted have some portion deferred for three years in the form of deferred cash, equity in BNY Mellon, interests in investment vehicles (consisting of investments in a range of Amherst Capital products), or a combination of the above. Individual awards for portfolio managers are discretionary, based on both individual and portfolio performance. Also considered in determining individual awards are team participation and general contributions to Amherst Capital. Individual objectives and goals are also established at the beginning of each calendar year and are taken into account. Portfolio managers whose compensation exceeds certain levels may elect to defer portions of their base salaries and/or incentive compensation pursuant to BNY Mellon's Elective Deferred Compensation Plan.

 

BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation.

 

Former Mellon Capital Employees. The firm's rewards program is designed to be market-competitive and align our compensation with the goals of our clients. This alignment is achieved through an emphasis on deferred awards, which incentivizes our investment personnel to focus on long-term alpha generation.

 

Our incentive model is designed to compensate for quantitative and qualitative objectives achieved during the performance year. An individual's final annual incentive award is tied to the firm's overall performance, the team's investment performance, as well as individual performance.

 

Awards are paid in cash on an annual basis; however, some portfolio managers may receive a portion of their annual incentive award in deferred vehicles. Annual incentive as a percentage of fixed pay varies with the profitability of the firm and the product team.

 

The following factors encompass our investment professional rewards program.

·

Base salary

 

·

Annual cash bonus

 

·

Long-Term Incentive Plan

 

o

Deferred investment

 

o

BNY Mellon restricted stock and/or

 

o

BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation equity

 

Awards for selected senior portfolio managers are based on a two-stage model: an opportunity range based on the current level of business and an assessment of long-term business value. A significant portion of the opportunity awarded is structured and based upon the performance of the portfolio manager's accounts relative to the performance of appropriate peers, with longer-term performance more heavily weighted.

 

Former Standish Employees. The portfolio managers' compensation is comprised primarily of a market-based

 

 

salary and an incentive compensation plan (annual and long-term). Funding for the Standish Incentive Plan is through a pre-determined fixed percentage of overall company profitability. Therefore, all bonus awards are based initially on Standish's overall performance as opposed to the performance of a single product or group. All investment professionals are eligible to receive incentive awards. Cash awards are payable in the February month end pay of the following year. Most of the awards granted have some portion deferred for three years in the form of deferred cash, BNY Mellon equity, interests in investment vehicles (consisting of investments in a range of Standish products), or a combination of the above. Individual awards for portfolio managers are discretionary, based on both individual and multi-sector product risk adjusted performance relative to both benchmarks and peer comparisons over one year, three year and five year periods. Also considered in determining individual awards are team participation and general contributions to Standish. Individual objectives and goals are also established at the beginning of each calendar year and are taken into account. Portfolio managers whose compensation exceeds certain levels may elect to defer portions of their base salaries and/or incentive compensation pursuant to BNY Mellon's Elective Deferred Compensation Plan.

 

Former TBCAM Employees. TBCAM's rewards program was designed to be market competitive and align its compensation with the goals of its clients. This alignment is achieved through an emphasis on deferred awards which incentivizes its investment personnel to focus on long-term alpha generation. The following factors encompass its investment professional awards program: base salary, annual cash bonus, long-term incentive plan, deferred cash, BNY Mellon restricted stock, TBCAM restricted shares and a franchise dividend pool (i.e., if a team meets a pre-established contribution margin, any excess contribution is shared by the team and TBCAM and is paid out in both cash and long-term incentives).

 

Incentive compensation awards are generally subject to management discretion and pool funding availability. Funding for TBCAM annual and long-term incentive plans is through a pre-determined fixed percentage of overall TBCAM profitability. Awards are paid in cash on an annual basis; however, some portfolio managers may receive a portion of their annual incentive award in deferred vehicles.

 

Awards for select senior portfolio managers are based on a two-stage model: an opportunity range based on the current level of business and an assessment of long-term business value. A significant portion of the opportunity awarded is structured and based upon the one-, three- and five-year (three-year and five-year weighted more heavily) pre-tax performance of the portfolio manager's accounts relative to the performance of the appropriate peer groups.

 

BNYMAM Japan. Portfolio managers' compensation is comprised of a base salary and a bonus. Annual bonus amount is closely tied to investment performance, and may include an equity-based incentive award.

 

CenterSquare. The portfolio managers' compensation is comprised of a market-based salary and incentive compensation. Portfolio managers' incentive opportunities are 100% discretionary and are pre-established for each individual based upon competitive industry compensation benchmarks.

 

Individuals' packages are designed with the appropriate component combinations of:

 

·

Base pay: salary is competitive and base pay levels link pay with performance and reflect the market value of the position, individual performance and company business results.

 

·

Annual cash bonus: the annual cash bonus plan is based on individual performance, including individual contribution to meeting business unit goals, career development goals and adherence to corporate values. The annual cash bonus plan pool is computed based on the profitability of the firm.

 

·

Equity grant awards: management has reserved equity grant awards for employees based on a number of factors including exemplary performance and contributions to the company.

 

The current compensation structure was formulated with the intent of attracting and retaining high caliber professional employees. CenterSquare, as a fiduciary, is committed to providing the necessary resources to maintain the quality of its services for the funds.

 

 

Channing. Total compensation is comprised of (1) base salaries, (2) performance bonuses, (3) equity participations, where applicable, and (4) benefits. For investment professionals, the bonus component is determined based on equal weighting of four factors: firm performance, product performance, individual performance and management discretion. Channing has a stock incentive program where key employees may be allocated phantom equity, with an intended five-year growth trajectory (20% each year) into ownership stakes.

 

CRM. Portfolio manager compensation is based on an internal scorecard weighted towards the overall strategy's performance versus both the benchmark and competitors. Portfolio managers are eligible to participate in CRM's profit sharing plan that becomes available when the firm achieves a certain level of profitability.

 

Dalton. Portfolio managers receive a base salary and a discretionary bonus which reflects their performance and overall firm profitability.  Some members of Dalton's investment staff are paid on a fee sharing basis at the discretion of Dalton's Management Committee.

 

Dreyfus. Compensation of portfolio managers in the BNY Mellon Cash Investment Strategies ("CIS") division of Dreyfus is comprised primarily of a market-based salary and an incentive compensation plan. All investment professionals are eligible to receive incentive awards, which are distributed in the month of February after the end of each calendar year. Incentive awards granted can be a combination of cash and BNY Mellon equity, which may be deferred or vest over a period of years. Individual awards for portfolio managers are discretionary, based on both individual and product risk-adjusted performance relative to peer comparisons over one-, three- and five-year periods. Team participation and general contributions to CIS also are considered in determining individual awards. In addition, individual objectives and goals are established at the beginning of each calendar year and are taken into account. Portfolio managers whose compensation exceeds certain levels may elect to defer portions of their base salaries and/or incentive compensation pursuant to BNY Mellon's Elective Deferred Compensation Plan.

 

EACM. Employees at EACM, including investment professionals (e.g., portfolio managers), generally receive two forms of compensation: a base salary and a discretionary annual bonus (based on the firm's profitability and their performance). The discretionary bonus is based upon an individual's overall performance, with as much emphasis (for the relevant personnel) on contribution to the risk monitoring and quality control areas as there is on generating superior performance. Personal performance and firm performance are roughly equally weighted. As part of EACM's retention plan for key management personnel, a portion of each annual bonus pool also is invested in an offshore fund of hedge funds managed by EACM and vests over a period of three years.

 

EAM. Portfolio managers at EAM are paid a base salary in line with industry benchmarks and participate in EAM's revenue share plan. Portfolio managers also are compensated by distribution of profits based on ownership.

 

Eastern Shore. The portfolio managers' compensation is comprised of base salaries and benefits, and as equity owners of Eastern Shore they receive proportional shares of Eastern Shore's profits.  After the expenses of the business are covered, including the salaries of the investment team partners, the remaining distributable cash (profits) is distributed to the portfolio managers in proportion to their ownership interests in Eastern Shore.

 

GCM. Portfolio managers of Janus Henderson and its subsidiaries, including GCM, are compensated for managing portfolios or accounts for which they have exclusive or shared responsibilities through two components: fixed compensation and variable compensation. The overall investment team variable compensation pool is based on Janus Henderson profitability and is fully discretionary. Portfolio managers are eligible for an annual variable compensation award based on management’s discretion. Both quantitative and qualitative factors will be used to determine these awards. Such factors include, among other things, consistent short-term and long-term performance (i.e., one-, three- and five-year performance), client support and investment team support through the sharing of ideas, leadership, development, mentoring and team work.

 

·

Fixed Compensation: An annual base salary is paid in cash. The base salary is based on factors such as performance, complexity of managing portfolios, scope of responsibility (including assets under management), skills, knowledge, experience, ability and market competitiveness.

 

·

Variable Compensation: Other compensation is variable and paid in cash and deferred awards. Deferrals are typically made in Janus Henderson restricted stock, although in some cases deferrals are invested in mutual funds for regulatory reasons. For some individuals with significant Janus Henderson stock holdings, they may also elect to have some or all of their deferral invested in mutual funds.

 

 

Individual awards, if any, are discretionary and given based on company, department and individual performance.

 

GCM receives performance fees in relation to certain funds (other than Dreyfus funds) depending on outperformance of the fund against pre-determined benchmarks. GCM shares performance fees, on a discretionary basis, with fund managers of the relevant funds. This provides further alignment between overall fund/GCM performance (and the performance of its funds) and individual reward. Individual allocations are also subject to mandatory deferral mechanisms and, where required by European regulations, individuals are obliged to defer a proportion of their incentive compensation into the funds in which the performance fees were generated.

 

Gotham. Each portfolio manager owns an equity interest in the parent of Gotham and is therefore entitled to receive a share of Gotham's profits.

 

Granite. Granite's compensation plan for investment professionals is a combination of both formula and discretionary components. Currently, all full-time portfolio managers are principals of the firm and are remunerated in accordance with Granite's Operating Agreement, which provides for a compensation plan as follows: (i) minimum base draw against incentive compensation; (ii) revenue-based and performance-based compensation for each team (small cap and large cap); and (iii) a profits interest in Granite. Analysts are compensated based on the following: (i) base compensation; (ii) subjective bonus based on contribution to the relevant strategy and the firm; and (iii) a profits interest in Granite (if applicable).

 

The factors taken into consideration for determining maximum incentive compensation amounts include a portfolio performance based calculation based upon (i) relative rankings of track record (pre-tax) and return formula criteria and (ii) revenue generated from the clients of each strategy. Additional factors include such items as co-management responsibilities, portfolio performance versus peer universe rankings and length of time managing portfolios (based on annualized returns of one-year, three-years, five-years and ten-years or since-inception, whichever is shorter). For purposes of determining the level of performance-based compensation, potential track records (pre-tax) are based on full years of portfolio management experience.

 

Portfolio managers, and other key investment personnel, have membership interests in Granite and are evaluated on an annual basis to determine additional allocations of membership interests. Such interests entitle the members to distribution of profits as well as certain liquidity features. The interests effectively vest over a determined time period so as to provide a retention incentive. New equity grants generally contain a three year vesting period. This ownership feature is intended to create both stability and an entrepreneurial atmosphere at Granite.

 

Portfolio managers for accounts in the same strategy are compensated in the same manner.

 

Insight. Insight has a flexible and progressive remuneration policy which allows it to attract and retain what it believes to be the best available talent in the industry. Insight's approach to remuneration is designed to ensure that top performance is recognized with top quartile industry pay. This includes matching each individual with a suitable peer group that reflects competitors at every level and specialism within the industry. The components of remuneration are base salary and variable pay which is made up of two elements; discretionary annual cash amount and a deferral into the Insight long-term incentive plan (the "Insight LTIP"), a shadow equity plan. Cash and deferred pay play a significant role in total compensation. The overall value of these payments is based on company performance while individual payments are made with the dual aims of ensuring that key individuals are incentivized and rewarded for their contribution and that their total remuneration is competitive. Insight also has a competitive benefits package (including eligibility for company pension and private medical plans) broadly aligned with the firm's parent company, BNY Mellon.

 

Discretionary pay is allocated following a detailed annual evaluation and performance appraisal against individual objectives, based on key performance indicators such as mandate performance (including effective management of risk and generation of relative returns where appropriate), contribution to team-based investment decisions, team management and professional development. Account is also taken of non-investment related issues such as business wins, client feedback, product and service development, internal relationship building, as well as experience, tenure and status within the team. For investment teams, including portfolio managers, performance is typically assessed over a multi-year framework including fund performance over 1/3/5 years performance cycles. This is also supported by the Insight LTIP, which typically vests over 3 years.

 

 

The application of the above policy and principles are reviewed at least twice each year by the Insight Remuneration Committee, where compensation proposals in respect of the relevant performance year are considered and approved.

 

Insight NA. Insight NA has a flexible and progressive remuneration policy which allows it to attract and retain what it believes to be the best available talent in the industry. Insight NA's approach to remuneration is designed to ensure that top performance is recognized with top quartile industry pay. This includes matching each individual with a suitable peer group that reflects competitors at every level and specialism within the industry. The components of remuneration are base salary and variable pay which is made up of two elements; discretionary annual cash amount and a deferral into the Insight LTIP. Cash and deferred pay play a significant role in total compensation. The overall value of these payments is based on company performance while individual payments are made with the dual aims of ensuring that key individuals are incentivized and rewarded for their contribution and that their total remuneration is competitive. Insight NA also has a competitive benefits package (including eligibility for company pension and private medical plans) broadly aligned with the firm's parent company, BNY Mellon.

 

Discretionary pay is allocated following a detailed annual evaluation and performance appraisal against individual objectives, based on key performance indicators such as mandate performance (including effective management of risk and generation of relative returns where appropriate), contribution to team-based investment decisions, team management and professional development. Account is also taken of non-investment related issues such as business wins, client feedback, product and service development and internal relationship building, as well as experience, tenure and status within the team. For investment teams, including portfolio managers, performance is typically assessed over a multi-year framework including fund performance over one-, three- and five-years performance cycles. This is also supported by the Insight LTIP, which typically vests over three years.

 

The application of the above policy and principles are reviewed at least twice each year by the Insight Remuneration Committee, where compensation proposals in respect of the relevant performance year are considered and approved.

 

Kayne. Kayne's compensation structure includes a base salary, an incentive bonus opportunity and a benefits package.

 

Base Salary. Kayne pays each of its portfolio managers a fixed base salary, which is designed to be competitive in light of the individual's experience and responsibilities. Kayne management uses compensation survey results of investment industry compensation conducted by an independent third party in evaluating competitive market compensation for its investment management professionals.

 

Incentive Bonus. Incentive bonus pools at Kayne are based upon individual firm profits and in some instances overall Virtus profitability. Individual payments are assessed using comparisons of actual investment performance with specific peer group or index measures established at the beginning of each calendar year. Performance of a fund managed is measured over one-, three and five-year periods. Generally, an individual manager's participation is based on the performance of the funds/accounts managed as weighted roughly by total assets in each of these funds/accounts. In certain instances, comparison of portfolio risk factors to peer or index risk factors, as well as achievement of qualitative goals, also may be components of the individual payment potential. The short-term incentive payment is generally paid in cash, but a portion may be made in Virtus Restricted Stock Units.

 

Other Benefits. Portfolio managers at Kayne also are eligible to participate in broad-based plans offered generally to employees of Virtus and its affiliates, including 401(k), health and other employee benefit plans. While portfolio manager compensation contains a performance component, this component is adjusted by Kayne to reward investment personnel for managing within the stated framework and for not taking unnecessary risk.

 

Neuberger Berman. The compensation philosophy is one that focuses on rewarding performance and incentivizing our employees. Neuberger Berman is also focused on creating a compensation process that it believes is fair, transparent, and competitive with the market.

 

Compensation for portfolio managers consists of fixed (salary) and variable (bonus) compensation but is more heavily weighted on the variable portion of total compensation and is paid from a team compensation pool made available to the portfolio management team with which the portfolio manager is associated. The size of the team compensation pool is determined based on a formula that takes into consideration a number of factors including the pre-tax revenue that is generated by that particular portfolio management team, less certain adjustments. The bonus

 

 

portion of the compensation for a portfolio manager is discretionary and is determined on the basis of a variety of criteria, including investment performance (including the aggregate multi-year track record), utilization of central resources (including research, sales and operations/support), business building to further the longer term sustainable success of the investment team, effective team/people management and overall contribution to the success of the Neuberger Berman Group. Certain portfolio managers may manage products other than mutual funds, such as high net worth separate accounts. For the management of these accounts, a portfolio manager may generally receive a percentage of pre-tax revenue determined on a monthly basis less certain deductions. The percentage of revenue a portfolio manager receives will vary based on certain revenue thresholds. Neuberger Berman has policies and procedures in place to monitor and manage any conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of this structure.

 

The terms of Neuberger Berman's long-term retention incentives are as follows:

 

Employee-Owned Equity. Certain employees (i.e., senior leadership and investment professionals) participate in Neuberger Berman's equity ownership structure, which was designed to incentivize and retain key personnel. Most equity issuances are subject to vesting.

 

In addition, in prior years certain employees may have elected to have a portion of their compensation delivered in the form of equity, which, in certain instances, is vested upon issuance and in other instances vesting aligns with the vesting of the Neuberger Berman Group Contingent Compensation Plan (the "CCP") (vesting over 3 years).

 

For confidentiality and privacy reasons, Neuberger Berman cannot disclose individual equity holdings or program participation.

 

Contingent Compensation. Neuberger Berman established the CCP to serve as a means to further align the interests of employees with the success of the firm and the interests of firm clients, and to reward continued employment. Under the CCP, a percentage of a participant's total compensation is contingent and tied to the performance of a portfolio of Neuberger Berman investment strategies as specified by the firm on an employee-by-employee basis. By having a participant's contingent compensation tied to Neuberger Berman investment strategies, each employee is given further incentive to operate as a prudent risk manager and to collaborate with colleagues to maximize performance across all business areas. In the case of portfolio managers, the CCP is currently structured so that such employees have exposure to the investment strategies of their respective teams as well as the broader Neuberger Berman portfolio. Subject to satisfaction of certain conditions of the CCP (including conditions relating to continued employment), contingent compensation amounts vest over three years. Neuberger Berman determines annually which employees participate in the program based on total compensation for the applicable year.

 

Restrictive Covenants. Most investment professionals, including portfolio managers, are subject to notice periods and restrictive covenants which include employee and client non-solicit restrictions as well as restrictions on the use of confidential information. In addition, depending on participation levels, certain senior professionals who have received equity have also agreed to additional notice and transition periods and, in some cases, non-compete restrictions.

 

Newton. Portfolio manager compensation is primarily comprised of a market-based salary, annual cash bonus and participation in the Newton Long Term Incentive Plan. The level of variable compensation (annual cash bonus and Newton Long Term Incentive Plan) ranges from 0% of base salary to in excess of 200% of base salary, depending upon corporate profits, team performance and individual performance. The annual cash bonus is discretionary. Portfolio manager awards are heavily weighted towards their investment performance relative to both benchmarks and peer comparisons and individual qualitative performance. Awards also are reviewed against market data from industry compensation consultants such as McLagan Partners to ensure comparability with competitors. The portfolio managers also are eligible to participate, at the discretion of management, in the Newton Long Term Incentive Plan. This plan provides for an annual cash award that vests after four years. The value of the award may change during the vesting period based upon changes in Newton's operating income. Portfolio managers also are eligible to join the BNY Mellon Group Personal Pension Plan. Employer contributions are invested in individual member accounts. The value of the fund is not guaranteed and fluctuates based on market factors.

 

Nicholas. Portfolio managers are partners of the firm. Nicholas' compensation structure for its portfolio managers specifically aligns their goals with that of Nicholas' clients, rewards investment performance and promotes teamwork through their partnership in the firm. Portfolio managers typically receive a base salary and, as partners

 

 

of the firm, proportionately share in the aggregate profits of Nicholas. In addition to cash compensation, portfolio managers receive a benefit package.

 

Ramius. Compensation is comprised of base salary and a bonus. There is no fixed percentage of compensation allocated to base salary, performance bonus, equity incentive or other forms of compensation. The performance bonus is closely tied to the investment performance of Ramius' merger arbitrage strategy. Some compensation for certain senior portfolio managers is deferred and subject to a vesting schedule.

 

Redwood. Portfolio managers are paid both competitive salaries and awarded annual bonuses.  Annual bonus amounts are based upon each portfolio manager's individual contribution to Redwood's investment performance.

 

RHJ. Compensation of portfolio managers at RHJ includes base compensation and bonus. In addition, Messrs. Holtz and Lipsker participate in revenues generated by the strategies they manage.

 

Sarofim & Co. The portfolio managers are compensated through (i) payment of a fixed annual salary and discretionary annual bonus that may be based on a number of factors, including fund performance, the performance of other accounts and the overall performance of Sarofim & Co. over various time frames, including one-year, two-year and three-year periods, and (ii) the possible issuance of stock options. The fixed annual salary amounts and the discretionary annual bonus amounts constitute the largest component of the portfolio managers' compensation, and these amounts are determined annually through a comprehensive review process pursuant to which executive officers and the members of Sarofim & Co.'s board of directors review and consider the accomplishments and development of each portfolio manager, especially with respect to those client accounts involving the portfolio manager. A lesser component of the portfolio managers' compensation results from the possible issuance of stock options. Portfolio managers are sometimes granted stock options and incentive stock options to acquire shares of the capital stock of The Sarofim Group, Inc., the ultimate corporate parent of Sarofim & Co. The decisions as to whether to issue such options and to whom the options are to be issued are made in conjunction with the annual salary and bonus review process, and the options are issued pursuant to a stock option plan adopted by The Sarofim Group, Inc. The options are not based on the particular performance or asset value of any particular client account or of all client accounts as a group, but rather the performance and accomplishments of the individual to whom the option is to be granted. There are various aspects of the review process that are designed to provide objectivity, but, in the final analysis, the evaluation is a subjective one that is based upon a collective overall assessment. There are, however, no specified formulas or benchmarks tied to the particular performance or asset value of any particular client account or of all client accounts as a group.

 

Sirios. John F. Brennan, Jr. is compensated through a combination of base salary and the remuneration from his ownership in Sirios.

 

Three Bridges. Mr. Salamon receives a base salary and a competitive benefits package and determines his compensation from the profitability of the firm.

 

TSW. For each portfolio manager, TSW's compensation structure includes the following components: base salary, annual bonus, deferred profit sharing and the ability to participate in a voluntary income deferral plan.

 

Base Salary. Each portfolio manager is paid a fixed base salary, which varies among portfolio managers depending on the experience and responsibilities of the portfolio manager as well as the strength or weakness of the employment market at the time the portfolio manager is hired or upon any renewal period.

 

Bonus. Each portfolio manager is eligible to receive an annual bonus. Targeted bonus amounts vary among portfolio managers based on the experience level and responsibilities of the portfolio manager. Bonus amounts are discretionary and tied to overall performance versus individual objectives. Performance versus peer groups and benchmarks are taken into consideration. For capacity constrained products, like small cap value, the small cap portfolio manager has an incentive program tied to the revenue generated in that product area.

 

Deferred Profit Sharing. All employees are eligible to receive annual profit sharing contributions under a qualified profit sharing plan, subject to IRS limitations. Discretionary contributions are made on an annual basis at the sole discretion of TSW.

 

 

Deferred Compensation Plan. Portfolio managers meeting certain requirements also are eligible to participate in a voluntary, nonqualified deferred compensation plan that allows participants to defer a portion of their income on a pre-tax basis and potentially earn tax-deferred returns.

 

Equity Plan. Key employees may be awarded deferred TSW equity grants. In addition, key employees may purchase TSW equity directly.

 

Walter Scott. Compensation generally consists of a competitive base salary and entitlement to annual profit share. In addition, all staff qualify for retirement benefits, life assurance and health insurance. All staff are eligible to participate in the firm's annual profit share, which is a fixed percentage of pre-incentive operating profits. This is the sole source of incentive compensation. Investment, operations, compliance and client service staff are all focused upon the same goals of providing superior performance and service to clients. Success in these goals drives the firm's profits and therefore the profit share.

 

For directors and some senior staff, the majority of annual compensation is the profit share. An element of this is deferred via a long-term incentive plan. This is primarily invested in a long-term global equity fund for which Walter Scott is the investment adviser and, for some, in BNY Mellon stock. Both have a deferral period which vests on a pro-rata basis over four years.

 

Walter Scott's compensation structure is designed to promote fair and equal treatment of all clients. The remuneration and nominations committee of Walter Scott's governing board determines the salary and profit share allocation based on the overall performance of the firm.

 

Walthausen. All members of Walthausen have common stock ownership in the firm. This is a founding principle of the firm, which Walthausen believes maximizes the alignment of goals for the firm and its clients. As the firm grows, Walthausen intends to expand ownership to new team members after an initial review period. Walthausen's compensation structure consists of base salary, bonus and profit sharing. Each member of the investment team receives a base salary which is commensurate with past experience and role within the firm. Bonuses are similarly awarded based on team performance and firm profitability. As the firm grows, Walthausen intends to allocate profits across ownership levels.

 

Certain Conflicts of Interest with Other Accounts

 

Portfolio managers may manage multiple accounts for a diverse client base, including mutual funds, separate accounts (assets managed on behalf of private clients or institutions such as pension funds, insurance companies and foundations), private funds, bank collective trust funds or common trust accounts and wrap fee programs that invest in securities in which a fund may invest or that may pursue a strategy similar to a fund's component strategies ("Other Accounts").

 

Potential conflicts of interest may arise because of an Adviser's or portfolio manager's management of a fund and Other Accounts. For example, conflicts of interest may arise with both the aggregation and allocation of securities transactions and allocation of limited investment opportunities, as an Adviser may be perceived as causing accounts it manages to participate in an offering to increase the Adviser's overall allocation of securities in that offering, or to increase the Adviser's ability to participate in future offerings by the same underwriter or issuer. Allocations of bunched trades, particularly trade orders that were only partially filled due to limited availability, and allocation of investment opportunities generally, could raise a potential conflict of interest, as an Adviser may have an incentive to allocate securities that are expected to increase in value to preferred accounts. IPOs, in particular, are frequently of very limited availability. A potential conflict of interest may be perceived to arise if transactions in one account closely follow related transactions in a different account, such as when a fund purchase increases the value of securities previously purchased by the Other Account or when a sale in one account lowers the sale price received in a sale by a second account. Conflicts of interest may also exist with respect to portfolio managers who also manage performance-based fee accounts, which could give the portfolio managers an incentive to favor such Other Accounts over the corresponding funds such as deciding which securities to allocate to a fund versus the performance-based fee account. Additionally, portfolio managers may be perceived to have a conflict of interest if there are a large number of Other Accounts, in addition to a fund, that they are managing on behalf of an Adviser. The Advisers periodically review each portfolio manager's overall responsibilities to ensure that he or she is able to allocate the

 

 

necessary time and resources to effectively manage the fund. In addition, an Adviser could be viewed as having a conflict of interest to the extent that the Adviser or its affiliates and/or portfolio managers have a materially larger investment in Other Accounts than their investment in the fund.

 

Other Accounts may have investment objectives, strategies and risks that differ from those of the relevant fund. In addition, the funds, as registered investment companies, are subject to different regulations than certain of the Other Accounts and, consequently, may not be permitted to engage in all the investment techniques or transactions, or to engage in such techniques or transactions to the same degree, as the Other Accounts. For these or other reasons, the portfolio managers may purchase different securities for the fund and the Other Accounts, and the performance of securities purchased for the fund may vary from the performance of securities purchased for Other Accounts. The portfolio managers may place transactions on behalf of Other Accounts that are directly or indirectly contrary to investment decisions made for the fund, which could have the potential to adversely impact the fund, depending on market conditions. In addition, if a fund's investment in an issuer is at a different level of the issuer's capital structure than an investment in the issuer by Other Accounts, in the event of credit deterioration of the issuer, there may be a conflict of interest between the fund's and such Other Accounts' investments in the issuer. If an Adviser sells securities short, it may be seen as harmful to the performance of any funds investing "long" in the same or similar securities whose market values fall as a result of short-selling activities.

 

BNY Mellon and its affiliates, including the Manager, Sub-Advisers affiliated with the Manager and others involved in the management, sales, investment activities, business operations or distribution of the funds, are engaged in businesses and have interests other than that of managing the funds. These activities and interests include potential multiple advisory, transactional, financial and other interests in securities, instruments and companies that may be directly or indirectly purchased or sold by the funds or the funds' service providers, which may cause conflicts that could disadvantage the funds.

 

BNY Mellon and its affiliates may have deposit, loan and commercial banking or other relationships with the issuers of securities purchased by the funds. BNY Mellon has no obligation to provide to the Adviser or the funds, or effect transactions on behalf of the funds in accordance with, any market or other information, analysis, or research in its possession. Consequently, BNY Mellon (including, but not limited to, BNY Mellon's central Risk Management Department) may have information that could be material to the management of the funds and may not share that information with relevant personnel of the Adviser. Accordingly, in making investment decisions for a fund, the Adviser does not seek to obtain or use material inside information that BNY Mellon may possess with respect to such issuers. However, because an Adviser, in the course of investing fund assets in loans (as described above), may have access to material non-public information regarding a Borrower, the ability of a fund or funds advised by such Adviser to purchase or sell publicly-traded securities of such Borrowers may be restricted.

 

Code of Ethics. The funds, the Manager, the Sub-Advisers and the Distributor each have adopted a Code of Ethics that permits its personnel, subject to such respective Code of Ethics, to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by a fund. The Code of Ethics subjects the personal securities transactions of employees to various restrictions to ensure that such trading does not disadvantage any fund. In that regard, portfolio managers and other investment personnel employed by the Manager or an Affiliated Entity or a Sub-Adviser affiliated with the Manager must preclear and report their personal securities transactions and holdings, which are reviewed for compliance with the Code of Ethics and also are subject to the oversight of BNY Mellon's Investment Ethics Committee. Portfolio managers and other investment personnel may be permitted to purchase, sell or hold securities which also may be or are held in fund(s) they manage or for which they otherwise provide investment advice.

 

Distributor

 

The Distributor, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dreyfus, located at 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166, serves as each fund's distributor on a best efforts basis pursuant to an agreement, renewable annually, with the fund or the corporation or trust of which it is a part. The Distributor also serves as distributor for the other funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds and BNY Mellon Funds Trust.

 

Depending on your fund's distribution arrangements and share classes offered, not all of the language below may be applicable to your fund (see the prospectus and "How to Buy Shares" in Part II of this SAI to determine your fund's arrangements and share classes).

 

 

The Distributor compensates from its own assets certain Service Agents for selling Class A shares subject to a CDSC and Class C shares at the time of purchase. The proceeds of the CDSCs and fees pursuant to a fund's 12b-1 Plan, in part, are used to defray the expenses incurred by the Distributor in connection with the sale of the applicable class of a fund's shares. For purchases of Class A shares subject to a CDSC and Class C shares, the Distributor generally will pay Service Agents on new investments made through such Service Agents a commission of up to 1% of the NAV of such shares purchased by their clients.

 

The Distributor may pay Service Agents that have entered into agreements with the Distributor a fee based on the amount invested in fund shares through such Service Agents by employees participating in Retirement Plans, or other programs. Generally, the Distributor may pay such Service Agents a fee of up to 1% of the amount invested through the Service Agents. The Distributor, however, may pay Service Agents a higher fee and reserves the right to cease paying these fees at any time. The Distributor will pay such fees from its own assets, other than amounts received from a fund, including past profits or any other source available to it. Sponsors of such Retirement Plans or the participants therein should consult their Service Agent for more information regarding any such fee payable to the Service Agent.

 

Dreyfus or the Distributor may provide additional cash payments out of its own resources to Service Agents that sell shares of a fund or provide other services (other than Class Y shares). Such payments are separate from any sales charges, 12b-1 fees and/or shareholder services fees or other expenses paid by the fund to those Service Agents. Because those payments are not made by you or the fund, the fund's total expense ratio will not be affected by any such payments. These additional payments may be made to Service Agents, including affiliates, that provide shareholder servicing, sub-administration, recordkeeping and/or sub-transfer agency services, marketing support and/or access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the Service Agent. Cash compensation also may be paid from Dreyfus' or the Distributor's own resources to Service Agents for inclusion of a fund on a sales list, including a preferred or select sales list or in other sales programs. These payments sometimes are referred to as "revenue sharing." From time to time, Dreyfus or the Distributor also may provide cash or non-cash compensation to Service Agents in the form of: occasional gifts; occasional meals, tickets or other entertainment; support for due diligence trips; educational conference sponsorships; support for recognition programs; technology or infrastructure support; and other forms of cash or non-cash compensation permissible under broker-dealer regulations. In some cases, these payments or compensation may create an incentive for a Service Agent to recommend or sell shares of a fund to you. In addition, except when not consistent with legal requirements, the Distributor may provide additional and differing compensation from its own assets to certain of its employees who promote the sale of select funds to certain Service Agents, who in turn may recommend such funds to their clients; in some cases, these payments may create an incentive for the employees of the Distributor to promote a fund for which the Distributor provides a higher level of compensation. This potential conflict of interest may be addressed by policies, procedures or practices that are adopted by the Service Agent. As there may be many different policies, procedures or practices adopted by different Service Agents to address the manner in which compensation is earned through the sale of investments or the provision of related services, the compensation rates and other payment arrangements that may apply to a Service Agent and its representatives may vary by Service Agent.

 

Please contact your Service Agent for details about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of fund shares or the provision of services to a fund.

 

The Distributor also may act as a Service Agent and retain sales loads, CDSCs and 12b-1 Plan fees (except with respect to Class T shares, as applicable). These payments as well as other payments from the fund to the Distributor's affiliates, such as the management fee payable to the Manager, may create an incentive for the Distributor to recommend or sell shares of a fund to you. The Distributor and its representatives generally will be able to accept the applicable payments in exchange for serving as a Service Agent only to the extent consistent with applicable law and any related policies, procedures or practices adopted by the Distributor.

 

Transfer and Dividend Disbursing Agent and Custodian

 

The Transfer Agent, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dreyfus, located at 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166, is each fund's transfer and dividend disbursing agent. Pursuant to a transfer agency agreement with the funds, the Transfer Agent arranges for the maintenance of shareholder account records for the funds, the handling of

 

 

certain communications between shareholders and the funds and the payment of dividends and distributions payable by the funds. For these services, the Transfer Agent receives a monthly fee computed on the basis of the number of shareholder accounts it maintains for each fund during the month, and is reimbursed for certain out-of-pocket expenses. The funds, other than the Index Funds, also may make payments to certain financial intermediaries, including affiliates, who provide sub-administration, recordkeeping and/or sub-transfer agency services to beneficial owners of fund shares.

 

The Custodian, an affiliate of the Manager, located at 225 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10286, serves as custodian for the investments of the funds. The Custodian has no part in determining the investment policies of the funds or which securities are to be purchased or sold by the funds. Pursuant to a custody agreement applicable to each fund, the Custodian holds each fund's securities and keeps all necessary accounts and records. For its custody services, the Custodian receives a monthly fee based on the market value of each fund's assets held in custody and receives certain securities transaction charges.

 

Annual Anti-Money Laundering Program Review

 

The funds may engage an accounting firm (which may be the independent registered public accounting firm that audits certain of the funds' financial statements) to perform an annual independent review of the funds' anti-money laundering program.

 

Funds' Compliance Policies and Procedures

 

The funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures pursuant to Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act that cover, among other matters, certain compliance matters relevant to the management and operations of the funds.

 

Combined Prospectuses

 

A fund's prospectus may be combined with the prospectus of one or more funds that are not governed by the same board as such fund. This practice of combining prospectuses is for the convenience of fund shareholders and prospective fund shareholders, so that they can review features of multiple funds simultaneously. However, a fund's board is only responsible for the disclosure in the fund's prospectus applicable to such fund, regardless of other disclosure that may be contained in a combined prospectus for such fund and one or more other funds.

 

Escheatment

 

Under certain circumstances, your fund account may be deemed "abandoned" or "unclaimed" under a state's abandoned or unclaimed property laws. The fund then may be required to "escheat" or transfer the assets in your account to the applicable state's unclaimed property administration. Escheatment rules vary from state to state, but generally, your account could be escheated if:

 

·

there has been no account activity or contact initiated by you for the period of time specified by your state (usually three or five years) and/or

·

mail to the account address is returned as undeliverable by the United States Postal Service

 

In addition, no interest will accrue on uncashed dividends, capital gains or redemption checks, and such checks may be escheated.

 

Your assets would be escheated to the state indicated in the account address of record. If you have a foreign address, your assets would be escheated to the state where your Dreyfus mutual fund is organized, which is either Maryland or Massachusetts. If fund shares are escheated to the state, the state is typically permitted to sell or liquidate the escheated shares at NAV. If you seek to reclaim your proceeds of liquidation from the state after your shares have been escheated to and liquidated by the state, you may only be able to recover the amount received when the shares were sold, and not any appreciation that may otherwise have been realized had the shares not been liquidated. The escheat of your assets to the state may also result in tax penalties to you if the shares were held in a tax-deferred account such as an IRA.

 

It is your responsibility to ensure that you maintain a correct address for your account, keep your account active by

 

 

contacting the Transfer Agent or the Distributor by mail or telephone or accessing your account through the fund's website at least once a year, and promptly cash all checks for dividends, capital gains and redemptions. For retirement or Transfer on Death accounts, please make sure the beneficiary information on file with the Transfer Agent is current and notify a family member or trusted advisor of the location of your account records. The fund, the Transfer Agent and Dreyfus and its affiliates will not be liable to shareholders or their representatives for good faith compliance with state escheatment laws.

 

DETERMINATION OF NAV

 

See the prospectus and "Investments, Investment Techniques and Risks" in Part II of this SAI to determine which sections of the discussion below apply to your fund.

 

Valuation of Portfolio Securities (funds other than Retail and Government MMFs)

 

A fund's equity investments, including option contracts and ETFs (but not including investments in other open-end registered investment companies), generally are valued at the last sale price on the day of valuation on the securities exchange or national securities market on which such securities primarily are traded.  Securities listed on NASDAQ markets generally will be valued at the official closing price.  If there are no transactions in a security, or no official closing prices for a NASDAQ market-listed security on that day, the security will be valued at the average of the most recent bid and asked prices.  Bid price is used when no asked price is available.  Open short positions for which there is no sale price on a given day are valued at the lowest asked price.  Investments in other open-end investment companies are valued at their reported NAVs each day.

 

Substantially all of a fund's debt securities and instruments generally will be valued, to the extent possible, by one or more independent pricing services (the "Service").  When, in the judgment of the Service, quoted bid prices for investments are readily available and are representative of the bid side of the market, these investments are valued at the mean between the quoted bid prices (as obtained by the Service from dealers in such securities) and asked prices (as calculated by the Service based upon its evaluation of the market for such securities).  The value of other debt securities and instruments is determined by the Service based on methods which include consideration of:  yields or prices of securities of comparable quality, coupon, maturity and type; indications as to values from dealers; and general market conditions.  The Services are engaged under the general supervision of the board.  Overnight and certain other short-term debt securities and instruments (excluding Treasury bills) will be valued by the amortized cost method, which approximates value, unless a Service provides a valuation for such security or, in the opinion of the board or a committee or other persons designated by the board, the amortized cost method would not represent fair value.

 

Market quotations of foreign securities in foreign currencies and any fund assets or liabilities initially expressed in terms of foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the spot rate, and foreign currency forward contracts generally are valued using the forward rate obtained from a Service.  If a fund has to obtain prices as of the close of trading on various exchanges throughout the world, the calculation of the fund's NAV may not take place contemporaneously with the determination of prices of certain of the fund's portfolio securities.  Fair value of foreign equity securities may be determined with the assistance of a pricing service using correlations between the movement of prices of foreign securities and indexes of domestic securities and other appropriate indicators, such as closing market prices of relevant ADRs and futures contracts.  The valuation of a security based on this fair value process may differ from the security's most recent closing price and from the prices used by other mutual funds to calculate their NAVs.  Foreign securities held by a fund may trade on days when the fund does not calculate its NAV and thus may affect the fund's NAV on days when investors will not be able to purchase or sell (redeem) fund shares.

 

Generally, over-the-counter option contracts and interest rate, credit default, total return and equity swap agreements, and options thereon, will be valued by the Service.  Equity-linked instruments, such as contracts for difference, generally will be valued by the Service based on the value of the underlying reference asset(s).  Futures contracts will be valued at the most recent settlement price.  Restricted securities, as well as securities or other assets for which recent market quotations or official closing prices are not readily available or are determined not to reflect accurately fair value (such as when the value of a security has been materially affected by events occurring after the close of the exchange or market on which the security is principally traded (for example, a foreign exchange or

 

 

market) but before the fund calculates its NAV), or which are not valued by the Service, are valued at fair value as determined in good faith based on procedures approved by the board.  Fair value of investments may be determined by the board or its pricing committee or the fund's valuation committee using such information as it deems appropriate under the circumstances.  The factors that may be considered when fair valuing a security include fundamental analytical data, the nature and duration of restrictions on disposition, an evaluation of the forces that influence the market in which the securities are purchased and sold, and public trading in similar securities of the issuer or comparable issuers.  Using fair value to price investments may result in a value that is different from a security's most recent closing price and from the prices used by other mutual funds to calculate their net asset values.

 

Valuation of Portfolio Securities (Retail and Government MMFs only)

 

The valuation of the fund's portfolio securities is based upon their amortized cost which does not take into account unrealized gains or losses. This involves valuing an instrument at its cost and thereafter assuming a constant amortization to maturity of any discount or premium, regardless of the impact of fluctuating interest rates on the market value of the instrument. While this method provides certainty in valuation, it may result in periods during which value, as determined by amortized cost, is higher or lower than the price the fund would receive if it sold the instrument. Boards overseeing these money market funds have established, as a particular responsibility within the overall duty of care owed to fund investors, procedures reasonably designed to stabilize the funds' price per share as computed for the purpose of purchases and redemptions at $1.00. Such procedures include review of the funds' portfolio holdings by the boards, at such intervals as it may deem appropriate, to determine whether the funds' NAV calculated by using available market quotations or market equivalents (including valuations obtained from a Service) deviates from $1.00 per share based on amortized cost. Other investments and assets will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the boards.

 

Calculation of NAV

 

Fund shares are sold on a continuous basis.  Except as otherwise described in the prospectus, NAV per share of each fund and each class of a multi-class fund is determined on each day the NYSE is scheduled to be open for regular business, as of the scheduled close of regular session trading on the NYSE (usually 4:00 p.m. Eastern time). For purposes of determining NAV, certain options and futures contracts may be valued 15 minutes after the scheduled close of trading on the floor of the NYSE.  The NAV per share of a fund is computed by dividing the value of the fund's net assets (i.e., the value of its assets less liabilities) by the total number of shares of such fund outstanding.

 

Fund expenses and fees, including management fees and fees pursuant to Plans (reduced by the fund's expense limitation, if any), are accrued daily and taken into account for the purpose of determining the NAV of a fund's shares. For funds with more than one class of shares, because of the differences in operating expenses incurred by each class of shares of a fund, the per share NAV of each class of shares of the fund will differ. The NAV of each class of a fund with more than one class of shares is computed by dividing the value of the fund's net assets represented by such class (i.e., the value of its assets less liabilities) by the total number of shares of such class outstanding.

 

Expense Allocations

 

Except as may be otherwise described in "Certain Expense Arrangements and Other Disclosures" in Part II of this SAI, all expenses incurred in the operation of the series of a fund company are borne by the fund company. Expenses attributable to a particular series of a fund company are charged against the assets of that series; other expenses of the fund company are allocated among the series on the basis determined by the board, including, but not limited to, proportionately in relation to the net assets of each series. In addition, each class of shares of a fund with more than one class bears any class specific expenses allocated to such class, such as expenses related to the distribution and/or shareholder servicing of such class.

 

NYSE and Transfer Agent Closings

 

The holidays (as observed) on which both the NYSE and the Transfer Agent are closed currently are: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. In addition, the NYSE is closed on Good Friday.

 

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS

 

Dividends automatically are reinvested in additional shares of the fund from which they were paid at NAV without a sales load (if applicable), or, at your option, paid in cash. If a fund investor elects to receive dividends and distributions in cash, and the investor's dividend or distribution check is returned to the fund as undeliverable or remains uncashed for six months, the fund reserves the right to reinvest such dividends or distributions and all future dividends and distributions payable to you in additional fund shares at NAV. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed distribution or redemption checks.

 

For a fund that declares dividends each business day, if you redeem all shares in your account at any time during a month, all dividends to which you are entitled will be paid to you along with the proceeds of the redemption. If an omnibus accountholder indicates in a partial redemption request that a portion of any accrued dividends to which such account is entitled belongs to an underlying accountholder who has redeemed all shares in his or her account, such portion of the accrued dividends will be paid to the omnibus accountholder along with the proceeds of the redemption.

 

Dividends and distributions among share classes in the same fund may vary due to the different expenses of such share classes.

 

Funds other than Money Market Funds

 

Any dividend or distribution paid shortly after an investor's purchase of fund shares may have the effect of reducing the aggregate NAV of the shares below the cost of the investment ("buying a dividend"). Such a dividend or distribution would be a return of capital in an economic sense, although taxable as stated in the prospectus and this SAI. In addition, the Code provides that if a shareholder holds shares of a fund for six months or less and has (or is deemed to have) received a capital gain distribution with respect to such shares, any loss incurred on the sale of such shares will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the capital gain distribution received or deemed to have been received. The Code further provides that if a shareholder holds shares of a municipal or other tax-exempt fund for six months or less and has received an exempt-interest dividend with respect to such shares, any loss incurred on the sale of such shares generally will be disallowed to the extent of the exempt-interest dividend received.

 

A fund may make distributions on a more frequent basis than is described in its prospectus to comply with the distribution requirements of the Code, in all events in a manner consistent with the provisions of the 1940 Act. A fund may not make distributions from net realized securities gains unless capital loss carryovers, if any, have been utilized or have expired.

 

For a bond fund that declares dividends daily (see "Distributions and Taxes" in the prospectus or Part II of this SAI under "Dividends and Distributions"), dividends accrue beginning one day after the date of purchase and through the date a redemption is effective. When determining a fund's dividend rate on a weekend or holiday, the fund will use the dividend rate on the business day following the weekend or holiday. All expenses are accrued daily and deducted before declaration of dividends to shareholders.

 

Money Market Funds

 

Dividends accrue beginning on the date of purchase and through the day prior to the date a redemption is effective. A fund's earnings for Saturdays, Sundays and holidays are declared as dividends on the preceding business day. Dividends usually are paid on the last calendar day of each month. All expenses are accrued daily and deducted before declaration of dividends to shareholders.

 

Dividends from net realized short-term capital gains, if any, generally are declared and paid once a year, but the funds may make distributions on a more frequent basis to comply with the distribution requirements of the Code, in all events in a manner consistent with the provisions of the 1940 Act. A fund will not make distributions from net realized capital gains unless capital loss carryovers, if any, have been utilized or have expired. Retail and Government MMFs do not expect to realize any long-term capital gains or losses.

 

CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

 

See the prospectus and "Investment Policies and Restrictions" in Part II of this SAI to determine which sections of the discussion below apply to your funds.

 

 

The following discussion is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a fund and its shareholders, including each fund's qualification and taxation as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This discussion is based upon the Code, its legislative history, Treasury regulations (including temporary and proposed regulations), published rulings and court decisions, each as of the date of this SAI and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, which could affect the continuing accuracy of this discussion. No fund has sought and no fund will seek any ruling from the IRS regarding the offering pursuant to its prospectus or this SAI, including, without limitation, such fund's status as a RIC.

 

This discussion does not purport to be a complete description of all of the tax considerations applicable to a fund or its shareholders. In particular, this discussion does not address certain considerations that may be relevant to certain types of shareholders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws, including shareholders subject to the alternative minimum tax, insurance companies, dealers in securities, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings, pension plans and trusts, REITs, other RICs, tax exempt organizations, banks and other financial institutions, persons who hold fund shares as part of a straddle or a hedging or conversion transaction and U.S. shareholders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. This discussion assumes that shareholders hold a fund's shares as capital assets (within the meaning of the Code) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This discussion does not discuss any aspects of U.S. estate or gift tax or non-U.S., state or local tax laws. Tax matters are very complicated, and the tax consequences to shareholders will depend on the facts of their particular situation. Shareholders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the specific consequences of an investment in a fund, including tax reporting requirements, the applicability of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax laws, eligibility for the benefits of any applicable tax treaty and the effect of any possible changes in the tax laws. The tax consequences described herein may be affected (possibly with retroactive effect) by various legislative bills and proposals that may be initiated in Congress. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the status of any proposed legislation and the effect, if any, on their investment in a fund.

 

A "U.S. shareholder" is a beneficial owner of a fund's shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

 

1.

a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

 

2.

a corporation, or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

 

3.

a trust, if a court within the United States has primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or the trust has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person; or

 

4.

an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.

 

A "non-U.S. shareholder" is a beneficial owner of a fund's shares that is neither a U.S. shareholder nor an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 

If a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds a fund's shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Beneficial owners of a fund's shares that are partnerships or partners in such partnerships should consult their own tax advisers with respect to the ownership and disposition of such fund's shares.

 

A fund generally is required to withhold and remit to Treasury a percentage of the taxable distributions paid to certain shareholders who fail to properly furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number, who have under-reported dividend or interest income, or who fail to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. Corporate shareholders, certain non-U.S. persons and other shareholders specified in the Code and applicable regulations are generally exempt from backup withholding, but may need to provide documentation to a fund to establish such exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be

 

 

credited against the shareholder's U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.

 

Taxation of the Funds

 

RIC Qualification Requirements. Each fund has elected to be treated as, and intends to continue to qualify in each taxable year as, a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, and the remainder of this discussion so assumes. A fund that qualifies as a RIC and that satisfies certain annual distribution requirements, described below, generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of such fund's investment company taxable income and net capital gain (generally, net long-term capital gain in excess of net short-term capital loss) that it timely distributes (or is deemed to distribute) to holders of a fund's shares. A fund that qualifies as a RIC will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rates on any income or capital gain not distributed (or deemed distributed) to holders of the fund's shares.

 

A fund that qualifies as a RIC will be subject to a 4% nondeductible U.S. federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless the fund distributes in a timely manner an amount at least equal to the sum of: (1) 98% of the fund's ordinary income for each calendar year; (2) 98.2% of the fund's capital gain net income for the one year period ending October 31^st in that calendar year; and (3) any income recognized, but not distributed, in preceding years (collectively, the "Excise Tax Requirement").

 

To qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a fund generally must, among other things, meet the following tests:

 

"90% Income Test"—derive in each taxable year at least 90% of the fund's gross income from (a) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale of stock, other securities, foreign currencies or other income derived with respect to the fund's business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, or (b) net income derived from the fund's interest in a "qualified publicly traded partnership," or "QPTP" (generally, a publicly traded partnership that is eligible to be treated as a partnership under the Code, other than a publicly traded partnership that derives 90% of its income from the sources described in clause (a) of the 90% Income Test);

 

"Diversification Test"—diversify the fund's holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the taxable year:

 

·

at least 50% of the value of the fund's assets consists of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities that, with respect to any issuer, do not represent more than 5% of the value of the fund's assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of that issuer; and

 

·

no more than 25% of the value of the fund's assets is invested in the securities, other than U.S. Government securities or securities of other RICs, of (i) one issuer; (ii) two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable tax rules, by such fund and that are engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses; or (iii) securities of one or more QPTPs.

 

"Annual Distribution Test"—distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of the fund's investment company taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction) and net tax exempt interest income, if any, for such year.

 

In general, for purposes of the 90% Income Test described above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership that would be qualifying income if realized by a RIC. However, as noted above, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a QPTP is qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test. Although income from a QPTP is qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test, investment in QPTPs cannot exceed 25% of a fund's assets.

 

A fund's investment in a partnership (including an MLP) may qualify as an investment in (1) a QPTP; (2) a "regular" partnership; (3) a "passive foreign investment company" (a "PFIC"); or (4) a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The treatment of a particular partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes will affect the extent to which a fund can invest in such partnership. Some amounts received by a fund with respect to certain investments

 

 

in a partnership will likely be treated as a return of capital because of accelerated deductions available with respect to the activities of such partnership. On the disposition of an investment in a partnership, the fund will likely realize taxable income in excess of economic gain with respect to that asset (or, if the fund does not dispose of the partnership, the fund likely will realize taxable income in excess of cash flow with respect to the partnership in a later period), and the fund must take such income into account in determining whether the fund has satisfied its distribution requirements. The fund may have to borrow or liquidate securities to satisfy its distribution requirements and to meet its redemption requests, even though investment considerations might otherwise make it undesirable for the fund to sell securities or borrow money at such time. For tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, sellers shall generally be required to withhold 10% of the amount realized on the sale or exchange of an interest in a partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business unless (i) the transferor certifies that it is not a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation, or (ii) certain other limited circumstances apply. In general, the fund should be able to provide the required certification to avoid withholding, but Treasury has not yet issued or implemented regulations for this provision.

 

Gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time the fund accrues income, expenses or other liabilities denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar and the time such fund actually collects such income or pays such expenses or liabilities may be treated as ordinary income or loss. Similarly, gains or losses on foreign currency forward contracts, the disposition of debt denominated in a foreign currency and other financial transactions denominated in foreign currency, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, may also be treated as ordinary income or loss by a fund.

 

If a fund, otherwise qualifying as a RIC, fails to satisfy the 90% Income Test or the Diversification Test in any taxable year, such fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the Diversification Test if the fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the applicable relief provisions are not available or cannot be met, all of the fund's income would be subject to corporate level income tax. No fund can provide assurance that it will qualify for any such relief should it fail either the 90% Income Test or the Diversification Test.

 

If a fund fails to satisfy the Annual Distribution Test or otherwise fails to qualify as a RIC in any taxable year, and is not eligible for relief as described above, the fund will be subject to tax in that year on all of its taxable income, regardless of whether a fund makes any distributions to the fund's shareholders. In that case, all of the fund's income will be subject to corporate level income tax, reducing the amount available to be distributed to the fund's shareholders, and such shareholders would no longer be eligible for the benefits related to the fund's treatment as a RIC, such as the benefits of the rules related to "interest related dividends." See "Taxation of U.S. shareholders."

 

Capital Loss Carryforwards. A fund that qualifies as a RIC generally would be permitted to carry forward a net capital loss realized, if any, in a taxable year beginning on or before January 1, 2011 to offset such fund's capital gain, if any, realized during the eight years following the year of the loss. A capital loss carryforward realized in a taxable year beginning before January 1, 2011 is treated as a short term capital loss in the year to which it is carried. A fund is permitted to carry forward a net capital loss realized in taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2011 to offset capital gain indefinitely. For net capital losses realized in taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2011, the excess of a fund's net short term capital loss over such fund's net long term capital gain is treated as a short term capital loss arising on the first day of such fund's next taxable year, and the excess of such fund's net long term capital loss over such fund's net short term capital gain is treated as a long term capital loss arising on the first day of such fund's next taxable year. If future capital gain is offset by capital losses which are carried forward, such future capital gain generally is not subject to fund level U.S. federal income tax, regardless of whether distributed to shareholders. A RIC cannot carry back or carry forward any net operating losses, which for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 can only be used in a given tax year to offset 80% of the fund's adjusted taxable income.

 

Although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a RIC with respect to items attributable to an interest in a QPTP. A fund's investments in partnerships, including in QPTPs, may result in the fund being subject to state, local or non-U.S. income, franchise or withholding tax liabilities.

 

Investments in PFICs. A fund may purchase shares in a PFIC, and as such a fund may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of any "excess distribution" or gain from the disposition of such shares, even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by the fund to its shareholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may

 

 

be imposed on the fund in respect of deferred taxes arising from such distributions or gains. If a fund invests in a PFIC and elects to treat the PFIC as a "qualified electing fund" under the Code (a "QEF"), in lieu of the foregoing requirements, the fund will be required to include in income each year a portion of the ordinary earnings and net capital gain of the QEF, even if such income is not distributed to the fund. Alternatively, a fund may elect to mark to market at the end of each taxable year the fund's shares in such PFIC; in this case, the fund will recognize as ordinary income any increase in the value of such shares, and as ordinary loss any decrease in such value to the extent it does not exceed prior increases included in income. A fund's ability to make either election will depend on factors beyond its control, and the funds are subject to limitations which may limit the availability or benefit of these elections. Under either election, a fund may be required to recognize in any year income in excess of its distributions from PFICs and its proceeds from dispositions of PFIC shares during that year, and generally such income will nevertheless be subject to the Annual Distribution Test, will be taken into account for purposes of determining whether the fund satisfies the Excise Tax Requirement, and generally will not be treated as qualifying income for the 90% Income Test.

 

Other Fund Investments and Activities.

 

Derivatives. A fund's investments in options, futures contracts, forward contracts, swaps and derivatives, as well as any of its other hedging, short sale or similar transactions, may be subject to one or more special tax rules (including notional principal contract, constructive sale, straddle, wash sale, short sale and other rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the fund (including, potentially, without a corresponding receipt of cash with which to make required distributions), defer fund losses, cause adjustments in the holding periods of fund securities, convert capital gains into ordinary income, render dividends that would otherwise be eligible for the dividends received deduction or preferential rates of taxation ineligible for such treatment, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains and convert short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders of a fund. In addition, because the tax rules applicable to derivative financial instruments are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether a fund has made sufficient distributions, and otherwise satisfied the applicable requirements, to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid fund-level taxation.

 

Securities Lending. A fund's participation in loans of securities may affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders. With respect to any security subject to a securities loan, any (i) amounts received by a fund in place of dividends earned on the security during the period that such security was not directly held by the fund may not give rise to qualified dividend income and (ii) withholding taxes accrued on dividends during the period that such security was not directly held by the fund will not qualify as a foreign tax paid by the fund and therefore cannot be passed through to shareholders even if the fund meets the requirements described in "Fund Investments in Non-U.S. Securities" below.

 

Debt Obligations. A fund's investments, if any, in securities issued or purchased at a discount, as well as certain other securities (including zero coupon obligations and certain redeemable preferred stock), may require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. Similarly, a fund's investment in payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is required to be distributed even though the fund receives no payment in cash on the security during the year. In order to generate sufficient cash to make its requisite distributions, a fund may be required to borrow money or sell securities in its portfolio that it otherwise would have continued to hold.

 

The taxation of inflation-indexed Treasury securities is similar to the taxation of conventional bonds. Both interest payments and the difference between original principal and the inflation-adjusted principal generally will be treated as interest or original issue discount income subject to taxation. Interest payments generally are taxable when received or accrued. The inflation adjustment to the principal generally is subject to tax in the year the adjustment is made, not at maturity of the security when the cash from the repayment of principal is received. Accordingly, as in the case of securities issued or purchased at a discount and zero coupon obligations, a fund's investments in inflation-indexed Treasury securities may require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. Decreases in the indexed principal in a given year generally (i) will reduce the amount of interest income otherwise includible in income for that year in respect of the security; (ii) to the extent not treated as an offset to current income under (i), will constitute an ordinary loss to the extent of prior year inclusions of interest, original issue discount and market discount in respect of the security that exceed ordinary losses in respect of the security in such prior years; and (iii) to the extent not treated as an offset to current income under (i) or an ordinary loss under (ii),

 

 

can be carried forward as an ordinary loss to reduce interest, original issue discount and market discount in respect of the security in subsequent taxable years. If inflation-indexed Treasury securities are sold prior to maturity, capital losses or gains generally are realized in the same manner as traditional debt instruments. Special rules apply in respect of inflation-indexed Treasury securities issued with more than a prescribed de minimis amount of discount or premium.

 

Certain funds may invest in lower-quality fixed-income securities, including debt obligations of issuers not currently paying interest or that are in default. Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or are in default present special tax issues for a fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear on the treatment of such debt obligations, including as to whether and to what extent a fund should recognize market discount on such a debt obligation, when a fund may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent a fund may take deductions for bad debts or worthless securities and how a fund shall allocate payments received on obligations in default between principal and interest. These and other related issues would be addressed by each fund if it invests in such securities, including in connection with the fund's efforts to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a RIC and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.

 

Investments in Entities Which Invest in or Finance Mortgage Debt. Special tax rules may apply to the investments by a fund in entities which invest in or finance mortgage debt. Such investments include residual interests in REMICs and interests in a REIT which qualifies as a taxable mortgage pool under the Code or has a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool under the Code. Although it is the practice of each fund not to make such investments, there is no guarantee that a fund will be able to avoid an inadvertent investment in REMIC residual interests or a taxable mortgage pool.

 

Such investments may result in a fund receiving excess inclusion income ("EII") in which case a portion of its distributions will be characterized as EII and shareholders receiving such distributions, including shares held through nominee accounts, will be deemed to have received EII. This can result in the fund being required to pay tax on the portion of its EII that is allocated to disqualified organizations, including certain cooperatives, agencies or instrumentalities of a government or international organization, and tax-exempt organizations that are not subject to tax on unrelated business taxable income ("UBTI"). In addition, EII generally cannot be offset by net operating losses and will be subject to a 30% withholding tax for non-U.S. shareholders, notwithstanding any otherwise applicable exemptions or rate reductions in any relevant tax treaties.

 

Special tax consequences also apply where charitable remainder trusts invest in RICs that invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in REMICs or in taxable mortgage pools. Furthermore, any investment in residual interests of a REMIC can create complex tax consequences to both a fund and its shareholders, especially if a fund has state or local governments or other tax-exempt organizations as shareholders.

 

Taxation of the Subsidiary (Dynamic Total Return Fund only). A foreign corporation, such as the Subsidiary, will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless it is deemed to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business. It is expected that the Subsidiary will conduct its activities in a manner so as to meet the requirements of a "safe harbor" contained in the Code under which the Subsidiary may engage in trading in stocks or securities or certain commodities without being deemed to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business. However, if certain of the Subsidiary's activities were determined not to be of the type described in the safe harbor (which is not expected), then the activities of the Subsidiary may constitute a U.S. trade or business, in which case the Subsidiary would be subject to U.S. income and branch profits tax (and possibly state tax) on its income, if any, that is effectively connected with such U.S. trade or business. In general, a foreign corporation, such as the Subsidiary, that does not conduct a U.S. trade or business is nonetheless subject to tax at a flat rate of 30% (or lower tax treaty rate), generally payable through withholding, on the gross amount of certain U.S.-source income that is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. It is not expected that the Subsidiary will derive income subject to such withholding tax. The Subsidiary will be treated as a "controlled foreign corporation," and the fund will be treated as a "U.S. shareholder" of the Subsidiary. As a result, the fund will be required to include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes all of the Subsidiary's "subpart F income," whether or not such income is distributed by the Subsidiary. It is expected that all of the Subsidiary's income will be subpart F income. Distributions by the Subsidiary of income previously included in the fund's gross income as subpart F income will be tax-free to the fund. Subpart F income is generally treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of the Subsidiary's underlying income. If a net loss is realized by the Subsidiary, such loss is not generally available to offset the income earned by the fund.

 

 

Fund Investments in Non-U.S. Securities. Investment income that may be received by a fund from sources within foreign countries may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes. Tax treaties between the United States and certain countries may reduce or eliminate such taxes. If more than 50% of the value of a fund's total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the fund may elect to "pass through" to its shareholders the amount of foreign taxes paid or deemed paid by the fund. If a fund so elects, each of its shareholders subject to U.S. federal income tax would be required to include in gross income, even though not actually received, his or her pro rata share of the foreign taxes paid or deemed paid by the fund, but would be treated as having paid his or her pro rata share of such foreign taxes and would therefore be allowed to either deduct such amount in computing taxable income or use such amount (subject to various Code limitations) as a foreign tax credit against federal income tax (but not both). For purposes of the foreign tax credit limitation rules of the Code, each shareholder subject to U.S. federal income tax would treat as foreign source income his or her pro rata share of such foreign taxes plus the portion of dividends received from a fund representing income derived from foreign sources. No deduction for foreign taxes could be claimed by an individual shareholder who does not itemize deductions. In certain circumstances, a shareholder subject to U.S. federal income tax that (i) has held shares of a fund for less than a specified minimum period during which it is not protected from risk of loss or (ii) is obligated to make payments related to the dividends will not be allowed a foreign tax credit for foreign taxes deemed imposed on dividends paid on such shares. Additionally, a fund must also meet this holding period requirement with respect to its foreign stocks and securities in order for "creditable" taxes to flow-through. Each shareholder should consult his or her own tax adviser regarding the potential availability of foreign tax credits or deductions relating to the shareholder's interest in a fund.

 

Investments in Municipal or Other Tax-Exempt Funds. It is anticipated that substantially all of the ordinary dividends to be paid by municipal or other tax-exempt funds that invest substantially all of their assets in U.S. municipal securities will constitute "exempt-interest dividends." Such exempt-interest dividends generally are excluded from a shareholder's gross income for federal income tax purposes. Additionally, it is possible that a portion of the income dividends from such funds will not be exempt from federal income taxes. Municipal or other tax-exempt funds may realize capital gains from the sale or other disposition of municipal securities or other securities. Distributions by such funds of capital gains will be treated in the same manner as capital gains as described under "Taxation of U.S. Shareholders—Fund Distributions." Recipients of Social Security and/or certain railroad retirement benefits who receive dividends from municipal bond or other tax-exempt funds may have to pay taxes on a portion of their benefits. Shareholders will receive a Form 1099-DIV, Form 1099-INT or other IRS forms, as required, reporting the taxability of all dividends.

 

Because the ordinary dividends of municipal or other tax-exempt funds are expected to be exempt-interest dividends, any interest on money a shareholder of such a fund borrows that is directly or indirectly used to purchase shares in the fund will not be deductible. Further, entities or persons that are "substantial users" (or persons related to "substantial users") of facilities financed by private activity bonds or industrial development bonds should consult their tax advisers before purchasing shares of these funds. The income from such bonds may not be tax-exempt for such substantial users. There also may be collateral federal income tax consequences regarding the receipt of exempt-interest dividends by certain types of shareholders such as S corporations, financial institutions and property and casualty insurance companies. A shareholder falling into any such category should consult its tax adviser concerning its investment in a fund that is intended to generate exempt-interest dividends.

 

As a general rule, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares in a municipal or other tax-exempt fund that have been held for six months or less will be disallowed to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. This loss disallowance rule, however, does not apply with respect to a regular dividend paid by a RIC which declares exempt-interest dividends on a daily basis in an amount equal to at least 90% of its net tax-exempt interest and distributes such dividends on a monthly or more frequent basis.

 

If at least 50% of the value of a fund's total assets at the close of each quarter of its taxable year is represented by interests in other RICs (such as a "fund of funds"), the fund may pass through to its shareholders its exempt interest income in the form of dividends that are exempt from federal income tax.

 

Proposals have been and may be introduced before Congress that would restrict or eliminate the federal income tax exemption of interest on municipal securities. If such a proposal were enacted, the availability of such securities for investment by a fund that would otherwise invest in tax-exempt securities and the value of such a fund's portfolio

 

 

would be affected. In that event, the fund would reevaluate its investment objective and policies.

 

The treatment under state and local tax law of dividends from a fund that invests in municipal securities may differ from the federal income tax treatment of such dividends under the Code.

 

State Municipal Funds. The exempt-interest dividends paid by State Municipal Funds will generally be excluded from gross income for income tax purposes of the relevant state (or, in the case of funds that invest at least 80% of their net assets in New York Municipal Bonds or New York Municipal Obligations, personal income tax imposed by New York City). It should be noted that this treatment may change if, among other reasons: a fund fails to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes; the exempt-interest dividends paid by a fund are not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes; or if the fund fails to meet certain reporting and filing requirements under the applicable state laws and regulations. Fund shares and fund distributions may be subject to other state and local taxes. In addition, fund distributions not attributable to State Municipal Bonds or State Municipal Obligations generally are subject to all state income taxes, except that, under certain circumstances, many states provide exemptions for distributions attributable to interest on certain U.S. Government obligations. Additionally, a shareholder may be subject to state income tax to the extent the shareholder sells or exchanges fund shares and realizes a capital gain on the transaction.

 

Taxation of U.S. Shareholders

 

Fund Distributions. Distributions by a fund generally are taxable to U.S. shareholders as ordinary income or long term capital gain. Distributions by the fund will not qualify for the deduction under Section 199A of the Code. Distributions of a fund's investment company taxable income (which is, generally, the fund's U.S. federal taxable income excluding net capital gain subject to certain statutory adjustments) will be taxable as ordinary income to U.S. shareholders to the extent of the fund's current and accumulated earnings and profits, whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the fund. Distributions of the fund's net capital gain (which generally is the excess of the fund's net long term capital gain over its net short term capital loss) properly reported by the fund as "capital gain dividends" will be taxable to U.S. shareholders as long term capital gains (which, under current law, are taxed at preferential rates in the case of individuals, trusts or estates). This is true regardless of U.S. shareholders' holding periods for their shares and regardless of whether the dividend is paid in cash or reinvested in additional shares. Distributions in excess of the fund's earnings and profits first will reduce U.S. shareholders' adjusted tax basis in such their shares and, after the adjusted tax basis is reduced to zero, will constitute capital gain to such U.S. shareholder.

 

Although each fund currently intends to distribute any of its net capital gain for each taxable year on a timely basis, the fund may in the future decide to retain some or all of its net capital gain, and may designate the retained amount as a "deemed distribution." In that case, among other consequences, the fund will pay tax on the retained amount, each U.S. shareholder will be required to include such shareholder's share of the deemed distribution in income as if it had been actually distributed to the U.S. shareholder, and the U.S. shareholder will be entitled to claim a credit equal to such shareholder's allocable share of the tax paid thereon by the fund. The amount of the deemed distribution net of such tax will be added to the U.S. shareholder's adjusted tax basis for such shareholder's shares.

 

Each fund may in certain years use "equalization accounting" in determining the portion of its net investment income and net realized capital gains that have been distributed. A fund that elects to use equalization accounting in a year will allocate a portion of its investment income and capital gains to redemptions of fund shares, which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income and gains that the fund is required to distribute to shareholders in order for the fund to avoid federal income tax and excise tax and also may defer the recognition of taxable income by shareholders. Since the amount of any undistributed income and/or gains will be reflected in the value of the fund's shares, the total return on a shareholder's investment will not be reduced as a result of the fund's distribution policy. The IRS has not published any guidance concerning the methods to be used in allocating investment income and capital gain to redemptions of shares. In the event that the IRS determines that a fund is using an improper method of allocation and has under-distributed its net investment income or net realized capital gains for any taxable year, such fund may be liable for additional federal income or excise tax or may jeopardize its treatment as a RIC.

 

In general, dividends (other than capital gain dividends) paid by a fund to U.S. individual shareholders may be eligible for preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gain to the extent that the fund's income consists of dividends paid by U.S. corporations and certain "qualified foreign corporations" on shares that have been held by the

 

 

fund for at least 61 days during the 121-day period commencing 60 days before the shares become ex-dividend. Dividends paid on shares held by a fund will not be taken into account in determining the applicability of the preferential maximum tax rate to the extent that the fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Dividends paid by REITs are not generally eligible for this preferential maximum tax rate. Further, a "qualified foreign corporation" does not include any foreign corporation which, for its taxable year in which its dividend was paid, or the preceding taxable year, is a PFIC (discussed above). In order to be eligible for the preferential rate, a U.S. shareholder in a fund must have held his or her shares in the fund for at least 61 days during the 121-day period commencing 60 days before the fund shares become ex-dividend. Additional restrictions on a U.S. shareholder's qualification for the preferential rate may apply.

 

In general, dividends (other than capital gain dividends) paid by a fund to U.S. shareholders that are taxable as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be eligible for the dividends received deduction to the extent that the fund's income consists of dividends paid by U.S. corporations (other than REITs) on shares that have been held by the fund for at least 46 days during the 91-day period commencing 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend. Dividends paid on shares held by a fund generally will not be taken into account for this purpose to the extent the stock on which the dividend is paid is considered to be "debt-financed" (generally, acquired with borrowed funds), or to the extent that the fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends received deduction may be disallowed or reduced if the corporate U.S. shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing holding period and other requirements with respect to its shares of a fund or by application of the Code.

 

Sale, Exchange or Redemption of Shares. A U.S. shareholder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss if the U.S. shareholder sells or otherwise disposes of such shareholder's shares of a fund. The amount of gain or loss will be measured by the difference between such shareholder's adjusted tax basis in the shares sold and the amount of the proceeds received in exchange. Any gain arising from such sale or disposition generally will be treated as long term capital gain or loss if the shareholder has held such shares for more than one year. Otherwise, such gain or loss will be classified as short term capital gain or loss. However, any capital loss arising from the sale or disposition of fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of capital gain dividends received, or undistributed capital gain deemed received, with respect to such shares. In addition, all or a portion of any loss recognized upon a disposition of the fund's shares may be disallowed if substantially identical stock or securities are purchased (whether through reinvestment of distributions or otherwise) within 30 days before or after the disposition.

 

Further, except in the context of an Institutional MMF, or shareholders employing the NAV Method (defined below) in respect of the applicable fund, all or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of fund shares will be disallowed under applicable "wash sale" rules if other substantially identical shares of the fund are purchased (including by means of a dividend reinvestment plan) within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

 

As discussed above under "Taxation of the Funds—Other Fund Investments and Activities—Investments in Municipal or Other Tax-Exempt Funds," any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares in a municipal or other tax-exempt fund that have been held for six months or less will be disallowed to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. This loss disallowance rule, however, does not apply with respect to a regular dividend paid by a fund which declares exempt-interest dividends on a daily basis in an amount equal to at least 90% of its net tax-exempt interest and distributes such dividends on a monthly or more frequent basis.

 

Generally, if a shareholder sells or redeems shares of a fund within 90 days of their original acquisition, the shareholder cannot claim a loss on the original shares attributable to the amount of a sales charge if the sales charge is reduced or waived on a future purchase of shares of any fund (on account of the prior load charge). Instead, the shareholder is required to reduce the basis of the original shares by the amount of their sales charge and carry over that amount to increase the basis of the newly acquired fund shares. This rule applies only if the acquisition of the new fund shares occurs on or before January 31^st of the calendar year following the year in which the original shares were sold or redeemed.

 

The repurchase of shares by a fund generally will be a taxable transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes,

 

 

either as a sale or exchange or, under certain circumstances, as a dividend. A repurchase of shares generally will be treated as a sale or exchange if the receipt of cash by the shareholder results in a "complete redemption" of the shareholder's interest in a fund or is "substantially disproportionate" or "not essentially equivalent to a dividend" with respect to the shareholder. In determining whether any of these tests have been met, shares actually owned and shares considered to be owned by the U.S. shareholder by reason of certain constructive ownership rules generally must be taken into account. If any of the tests for sale or exchange treatment is met, a U.S. shareholder generally will recognize capital gain or loss (which will be treated in the same manner as described above) equal to the difference between the amount of cash received by the U.S. shareholder and the adjusted tax basis of the shares repurchased.

 

If none of the tests for sale or exchange treatment is met, the amount received by a U.S. shareholder on a purchase of shares by a fund will be taxable to the U.S. shareholder as a dividend to the extent of such U.S. shareholder's allocable share of the fund's current and accumulated earnings and profits. The excess of such amount received over the portion that is taxable as a dividend would constitute a non-taxable return of capital (to the extent of the U.S. shareholder's adjusted tax basis in the shares sold), and any amount in excess of the U.S. shareholder's adjusted tax basis would constitute taxable capital gain. Any remaining tax basis in the shares repurchased by the fund will be transferred to any remaining shares held by such U.S. shareholder. In addition, if a repurchase of shares is treated as a dividend to the tendering U.S. shareholder, a constructive dividend may result to a non-tendering U.S. shareholder whose proportionate interest in the earnings and assets of a fund has been increased by such repurchase.

 

If a shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to a fund's shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but, under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer's treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of the relevant regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

 

Computing Gains and Losses. Absent the application of a specific exemption, the funds (or their administrative agent) are required to report to the IRS and furnish to fund shareholders the cost basis information and holding period for fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and redeemed on or after that date. The funds will permit fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election by a shareholder, the funds will use the average cost method with respect to that shareholder. The cost basis method a shareholder elects may not be changed with respect to a redemption of shares after the settlement date of the redemption. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisers to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how the cost basis reporting rules apply to them.

 

NAV Method of Accounting (money market funds only). Shareholders in money market funds may elect to use a simplified method of accounting for computing gains and losses (the "NAV Method") in respect of their money market funds. Under the NAV Method, rather than computing gain or loss separately for each taxable disposition of shares in a fund as described above, the shareholder would determine gain or loss annually based on the changes in the aggregate value of the shareholder's shares in the fund during the "computation period(s)" comprising the shareholder's taxable year, reduced by the shareholder's net investment for the applicable computation period(s). Generally, a shareholder's net investment for a computation period, which may be positive or negative, represents the cost or value of shares in the fund acquired by the shareholder during the applicable computation period(s), minus amounts received upon redemption of shares in the fund (or otherwise representing the value of shares redeemed) during the applicable computation period(s) (taking into account the effect of liquidity fees, if any), in all cases determined under prescribed computation rules. A computation period could be the shareholder's taxable year or certain shorter periods, provided that, if the shareholder has more than one computation period comprising its taxable year, the shareholder's net gain or loss for the taxable year in respect of the applicable fund will be the sum of the net gains or loss separately computed for such fund under the NAV Method for each computation period comprising its taxable year.

 

Gains and losses recognized under the NAV Method with respect to shares in a money market fund will be treated as short-term capital gains and losses if gain or loss with respect to a disposition of one or more of the shares would

 

 

have been treated as capital gain or loss had the shareholder not elected to use the NAV Method. Otherwise, such gains and losses will be treated as ordinary income. If a shareholder holds shares in a particular money market fund in more than one account, it must treat its holdings in each account as a separate fund for purposes of applying the NAV Method. Additionally, a change to or from the use of the NAV Method is considered a change in accounting method, which generally would require the shareholder to obtain the consent of the IRS to make such change using automatic change procedures and a short Form 3115 "Application for Change in Accounting Method." A shareholder generally may elect to use the NAV Method in respect of a particular Government MMF or Retail MMF without the need to file a Form 3115 if (i) the shareholder has never used the NAV Method for that fund, and (ii) either the shareholder's basis in all its shares in that fund has at all times equaled $1.00 per share, or the shareholder has not realized any gain or loss with respect to its shares in that fund.

 

All shareholders in money market funds should discuss with their own tax advisers whether to apply the NAV Method in respect of any given money market fund, the manner of obtaining any requisite consent of the IRS to use the NAV Method, and the manner in which gains and losses are computed under the NAV Method under the shareholder's particular circumstances. As noted above, the wash sale rules that restrict the use of certain losses upon a taxable disposition of shares do not apply in respect of shares that are subject to the NAV Method or to shares in an Institutional MMF.

 

The election of the NAV Method does not affect a shareholder's computation of income from fund distributions.

 

3.8% Surtax. An additional 3.8% surtax is imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from a RIC and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of RIC shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts. The tax applies to the lesser of (i) such net investment income (or, in the case of an estate or trust, its undistributed net investment income), and (ii) the excess, if any, of such person's "modified adjusted gross income" (or, in the case of an estate or trust, its "adjusted gross income") over a threshold amount.

 

Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders

 

Fund Distributions. Distributions of a fund's investment company taxable income to non-U.S. shareholders generally will be subject to U.S. withholding tax (unless lowered or eliminated by an applicable income tax treaty) to the extent payable from a fund's current and accumulated earnings and profits unless an exception applies. A fund that traces the source of interest related dividends or short-term equity gains may, in certain circumstances, pay such dividends without withholding. Interest related dividends generally are that portion of the dividends paid by a fund that are derived from U.S. source interest or indebtedness for U.S. federal income tax purposes and which, if paid directly by the issuer of such indebtedness to a non-U.S. shareholder, would qualify for the exemption for U.S. withholding tax generally applicable to portfolio interest, as defined in the Code. Short term capital gains dividends generally mean any dividend or part thereof which is reported by the fund as a short term capital gain dividend in a written statement furnished to its shareholders subject to certain adjustments. However, no fund provides any assurances that it may be able to obtain the information necessary to employ tracing, and, therefore, non-U.S. shareholders may not be able to avoid withholding in this circumstance.

 

If a non-U.S. shareholder receives distributions and such distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. shareholder and, if an income tax treaty applies, attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States of such non-U.S. shareholder, such distributions generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. persons. In that case, a fund will not be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax if the non-U.S. shareholder complies with applicable certification and disclosure requirements. Special certification requirements apply to a non-U.S. shareholder that is a foreign trust, and such entities are urged to consult their own tax advisers.

 

Actual or deemed distributions of a fund's net capital gain (which generally is the excess of a fund's net long term capital gain over a fund's net short term capital loss) to a non-U.S. shareholder, and gains recognized by a non-U.S. shareholder upon the sale of the shares, will not be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax and generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless (a) the distributions or gains, as the case may be, are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. shareholder and, if an income tax treaty applies, are attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the non-U.S. shareholder in the United States (as discussed above) or (b) the non-U.S. shareholder is an individual, has been present in the United States for 183 days or more

 

 

during the taxable year, and certain other conditions are satisfied. For a corporate non-U.S. shareholder, distributions, including deemed distributions, and gains recognized upon the sale of the shares that are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business may, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional "branch profits tax" (unless lowered or eliminated by an applicable income tax treaty). Non-U.S. shareholders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisers as to the applicability of an income tax treaty in their individual circumstances.

 

If a fund distributes its net capital gain in the form of deemed rather than actual distributions (which a fund may do in the future), a non-U.S. shareholder will be entitled to U.S. federal income tax credit or tax refund equal to the non-U.S. shareholder's allocable share of the tax the fund pays on the capital gain deemed to have been distributed. In order to obtain the refund, the non-U.S. shareholder must obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number (if one has not been previously obtained) and timely file a U.S. federal income tax return even if the non-U.S. shareholder would not otherwise be required to obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number or file a U.S. federal income tax return.

 

Tax Withholding. A non-U.S. shareholder who is otherwise subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding of U.S. federal income tax on dividends unless the non-U.S. shareholder provides a fund or the dividend paying agent with an IRS Form W 8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or an acceptable substitute form) or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing that it is a non-U.S. shareholder or otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding.

 

Pursuant to Sections 1471 to 1474 of the Code and Treasury regulations thereunder, the relevant withholding agent generally will be required to withhold 30% of any dividends paid on the shares and, after December 31, 2018, 30% of the gross proceeds from a sale of the shares to (i) a foreign financial institution unless such foreign financial institution agrees to verify, report and disclose its U.S. owners and meets certain other specified requirements or (ii) a non-financial foreign entity that is the beneficial owner of the payment unless such entity certifies that it does not have any substantial U.S. owners or provides the name, address and taxpayer identification number of each substantial U.S. owner and such entity meets certain other specified requirements. If payment of this withholding tax is made, non-U.S. shareholders that are otherwise eligible for an exemption from, or reduction of, U.S. federal withholding taxes with respect to such dividends or proceeds will be required to seek a credit or refund from the IRS to obtain the benefit of such exemption or reduction. In certain cases, the relevant foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity may qualify for an exemption from, or be deemed to be in compliance with, these rules. Certain jurisdictions have entered into agreements with the United States that may supplement or modify these rules.

 

State and Local Taxes

 

Generally, unlike the federal individual income tax, state income taxes do not provide beneficial treatment of long-term capital gains, including capital gain dividends from a fund. Further, most states restrict deductions for capital losses.

 

Ownership of shares in a fund could result in other state and local income tax consequences to certain taxpayers. For example, interest expense incurred or continued to purchase or carry shares of a fund, if the fund distributes dividends exempt from a particular state income tax, generally is not deductible for purposes of that income tax. For tax years beginning in 2018 and before January 1, 2026, the deductibility of state and local taxes by individual investors against their U.S. federal taxable income may be significantly limited.

 

Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers with respect to all state and local tax issues related to the ownership of shares in a State Municipal Fund and the receipt of distributions from the fund.

 

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS

 

This section does not apply to the Funds of Funds' investments in Underlying Funds. The Funds of Funds will not pay brokerage commissions or sales loads to buy and sell shares of Underlying Funds.

 

The Manager assumes general supervision over the placement of securities purchase and sale orders on behalf of the funds. The funds, except for the money market funds and the Dreyfus International Equity Fund, are managed by dual employees of the Manager and an Affiliated Entity or employ a Sub-Adviser. Those funds use the research facilities, and are subject to the internal policies and procedures, of the applicable Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser

 

 

and execute portfolio transactions through the trading desk of the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser, as applicable (collectively with Dreyfus' trading desk (for the money market funds only), the "Trading Desk"). All portfolio transactions of the money market funds and the Dreyfus International Equity Fund are placed on behalf of each fund by the Manager.

 

Trading the Funds' Portfolio Securities

 

In managing money market funds, the Manager will draw upon BNY Mellon Cash Investment Strategies ("CIS"). CIS is a division of the Manager that provides investment and credit risk management services and approves all money market fund eligible securities for the fund and for other investment companies and accounts managed by the Manager or its affiliates that invest primarily in money market instruments. CIS, through a team of professionals who contribute a combination of industry analysis and fund-specific expertise, monitors all issuers approved for investment by such investment companies and other accounts by analyzing third party inputs, such as financial statements and media sources, ratings releases and company meetings, as well as internal research. CIS investment and credit professionals also utilize inputs and guidance from BNY Mellon's central Risk Management Department (the "Risk Department") as part of the investment process. These inputs and guidance focus primarily on concentration levels and market and credit risks and are based upon independent analysis done by the Risk Department relating to fundamental characteristics such as the sector, sovereign, tenor and rating of investments or potential investment. The Risk Department also may perform stress and scenario testing on various money market type portfolios advised by CIS or BNY Mellon and its other affiliates, and provides various periodic and ad-hoc reporting to the investment and credit professionals at CIS. In the event a security is removed from the "approved" credit list after being purchased by the fund, the fund is not required to sell that security.

 

Debt securities purchased and sold by a fund generally are traded on a net basis (i.e., without a commission) through dealers acting for their own account and not as brokers, or otherwise involve transactions directly with the issuer of the instrument. This means that a dealer makes a market for securities by offering to buy at one price and sell at a slightly higher price. The difference between the prices is known as a "spread." Other portfolio transactions may be executed through brokers acting as agents, which are typically paid a commission.

 

The Trading Desk generally has the authority to select brokers (for equity securities) or dealers (for fixed-income securities) and the commission rates or spreads to be paid. Allocation of brokerage transactions is made in the best judgment of the Trading Desk and in a manner deemed fair and reasonable. In choosing brokers or dealers, the Trading Desk evaluates the ability of the broker or dealer to execute the transaction at the best combination of price and quality of execution.

 

In general, brokers or dealers involved in the execution of portfolio transactions on behalf of a fund are selected on the basis of their professional capability and the value and quality of their services. The Trading Desk seeks to obtain best execution by choosing brokers or dealers to execute transactions based on a variety of factors, which may include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) price; (ii) liquidity; (iii) the nature and character of the relevant market for the security to be purchased or sold; (iv) the quality and efficiency of the broker's or dealer's execution; (v) the broker's or dealer's willingness to commit capital; (vi) the reliability of the broker or dealer in trade settlement and clearance; (vii) the level of counterparty risk (i.e., the broker's or dealer's financial condition); (viii) the commission rate or the spread; (ix) the value of research provided; (x) the availability of electronic trade entry and reporting links; and (xi) the size and type of order (e.g., foreign or domestic security, large block, illiquid security). In selecting brokers or dealers no factor is necessarily determinative; however, at various times and for various reasons, certain factors will be more important than others in determining which broker or dealer to use. Seeking to obtain best execution for all trades takes precedence over all other considerations.

 

Investment decisions for one fund or account are made independently from those for other funds or accounts managed by the portfolio managers. Under the Trading Desk's procedures, portfolio managers and their corresponding Trading Desks may, but are not required to, seek to aggregate (or "bunch") orders that are placed or received concurrently for more than one fund or account, and available investments or opportunities for sales will be allocated equitably to each. In some cases, this policy may adversely affect the size of the position obtained or sold or the price paid or received by a fund. When transactions are aggregated, but it is not possible to receive the same price or execution on the entire volume of securities purchased or sold, the various prices may be averaged, and the fund will be charged or credited with the average price.

 

 

The portfolio managers will make investment decisions for the funds as they believe are in the best interests of the funds. Investment decisions made for a fund may differ from, and may conflict with, investment decisions made for other funds and accounts advised by the Manager and its Affiliated Entities or a Sub-Adviser. Actions taken with respect to such other funds or accounts may adversely impact a fund, and actions taken by a fund may benefit the Manager or its Affiliated Entities or a Sub-Adviser or other funds or accounts advised by the Manager or an Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser. Funds and accounts managed by the Manager, an Affiliated Entity or a Sub-Adviser may own significant positions in an issuer of securities which, depending on market conditions, may affect adversely the ability to dispose of some or all of such positions. Regulatory restrictions (including, but not limited to, those related to the aggregation of positions among other funds and accounts or those restricting trading while in possession of material non-public information, such as may be deemed to be received by a fund's portfolio manager by virtue of the portfolio manager's position or other relationship with a fund's portfolio company) and internal BNY Mellon policies, guidance or limitations (including, but not limited to, those related to the aggregation of positions among all fiduciary accounts managed or advised by BNY Mellon and all its affiliates (including the Manager and its Affiliated Entities) and the aggregate exposure of such accounts) may restrict investment activities of the funds. While the allocation of investment opportunities among a fund and other funds and accounts advised by the Manager and its Affiliated Entities may raise potential conflicts because of financial, investment or other interests of BNY Mellon or its personnel (or, with respect to a fund advised by a Sub-Adviser, the Sub-Adviser and its affiliates), the portfolio managers will make allocation decisions consistent with the interests of the fund and other funds and accounts and not solely based on such other interests.

 

Portfolio managers may deem it appropriate for one fund or account they manage to sell a security while another fund or account they manage is purchasing the same security. Under such circumstances, the portfolio managers may arrange to have the purchase and sale transactions effected directly between the funds and/or accounts ("cross transactions"). Cross transactions will be effected in accordance with procedures adopted pursuant to Rule 17a-7 under the 1940 Act.

 

The Manager, an Affiliated Entity or a Sub-Adviser may buy for a fund securities of issuers in which other funds or accounts advised by the Manager, the Affiliated Entity or the Sub-Adviser may have, or are making, an investment in the same issuer that are subordinate or senior to the securities purchased for the fund. For example, a fund may invest in debt securities of an issuer at the same time that other funds or accounts are investing, or currently have an investment, in equity securities of the same issuer. To the extent that the issuer experiences financial or operational challenges which may impact the price of its securities and its ability to meet its obligations, decisions by the Manager, an Affiliated Entity or a Sub-Adviser relating to what actions are to be taken may raise conflicts of interests, and the Manager, the Affiliated Entity or the Sub-Adviser, as applicable, may take actions for certain funds or accounts that have negative impacts on other funds or accounts.

 

Portfolio turnover may vary from year to year as well as within a year. In periods in which extraordinary market conditions prevail, portfolio managers will not be deterred from changing a fund's investment strategy as rapidly as needed, in which case higher turnover rates can be anticipated which would result in greater brokerage expenses. The overall reasonableness of brokerage commissions paid is evaluated by the Trading Desk based upon its knowledge of available information as to the general level of commissions paid by other institutional investors for comparable services. Higher portfolio turnover rates usually generate additional brokerage commissions and transaction costs, and any short-term gains realized from these transactions are taxable to shareholders as ordinary income.

 

To the extent that a fund invests in foreign securities, certain of such fund's transactions in those securities may not benefit from the negotiated commission rates available to funds for transactions in securities of domestic issuers. For funds that permit foreign exchange transactions, such transactions are made with banks or institutions in the interbank market at prices reflecting a mark-up or mark-down and/or commission.

 

The Manager (and, where applicable, an Affiliated Entity or a Sub-Adviser) may utilize the services of an affiliate to effect certain client transactions when it determines that the use of such affiliate is consistent with its fiduciary obligations, including its obligation to obtain best execution, and the transactions are in the best interests of its clients. Procedures have been adopted in conformity with Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act to provide that all brokerage commissions paid by the funds to the Manager (or, where applicable, an Affiliated Entity or a Sub-Adviser) are reasonable and fair.

 

 

For funds that invest in municipal securities, portfolio securities are purchased from and sold to parties acting as either principal or agent. Newly-issued securities ordinarily are purchased directly from the issuer or from an underwriter; other purchases and sales usually are placed with those dealers from which it appears that the best price or execution will be obtained. Usually no brokerage commissions as such are paid by a fund for such purchases and sales, although the price paid usually includes an undisclosed compensation to the dealer acting as agent. The prices paid to underwriters of newly-issued securities usually include a concession paid by the issuer to the underwriter and purchases of after-market securities from dealers ordinarily are executed at a price between the bid and asked price.

 

Soft Dollars

 

The term "soft dollars" is commonly understood to refer to arrangements where an investment adviser uses client (or fund) brokerage commissions to pay for research and brokerage services to be used by the investment adviser. Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act provides a "safe harbor" that permits investment advisers to enter into soft dollar arrangements if the investment adviser determines in good faith that the amount of the commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided. Eligible products and services under Section 28(e) include those that provide lawful and appropriate assistance to the investment adviser in the performance of its investment decision-making responsibilities.

 

Subject to the policy of seeking best execution, the funds may execute transactions with brokerage firms that provide research services and products, as defined in Section 28(e). Any and all research products and services received in connection with brokerage commissions will be used to assist the applicable Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser in its investment decision-making responsibilities, as contemplated under Section 28(e). Under certain conditions, higher brokerage commissions may be paid in connection with certain transactions in return for research products and services.

 

The products and services provided under these arrangements permit the Trading Desk to supplement its own research and analysis activities, and provide it with information from individuals and research staff of many securities firms. Such services and products may include, but are not limited to, the following: fundamental research reports (which may discuss, among other things, the value of securities, or the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, or the availability of securities or the purchasers or sellers of securities, or issuers, industries, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy and performance); current market data and news; statistical data; technical and portfolio analyses; economic forecasting and interest rate projections; and historical information on securities and companies. The Trading Desk also may use client brokerage commission arrangements to defray the costs of certain services and communication systems that facilitate trade execution (such as on-line quotation systems, direct data feeds from stock exchanges and on-line trading systems) or functions related thereto (such as clearance and settlement). Some of the research products or services received by the Trading Desk may have both a research function and a non-research or administrative function (a "mixed use"). If the Trading Desk determines that any research product or service has a mixed use, the Trading Desk will allocate in good faith the cost of such service or product accordingly. The portion of the product or service that the Trading Desk determines will assist it in the investment decision-making process may be paid for in soft dollars. The non-research portion is paid for by the Trading Desk in hard dollars.

 

The Trading Desk generally considers the amount and nature of research, execution and other services provided by brokerage firms, as well as the extent to which such services are relied on, and attempts to allocate a portion of the brokerage business of its clients on the basis of that consideration. Neither the services nor the amount of brokerage given to a particular brokerage firm are made pursuant to any agreement or commitment with any of the selected firms that would bind the Trading Desk to compensate the selected brokerage firm for research provided. The Trading Desk endeavors, but is not legally obligated, to direct sufficient commissions to broker/dealers that have provided it with research and other services to ensure continued receipt of research the Trading Desk believes is useful. Actual commissions received by a brokerage firm may be more or less than the suggested allocations.

 

There may be no correlation between the amount of brokerage commissions generated by a particular fund or account and the indirect benefits received by that fund or client. The Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser may receive a benefit from the research services and products that is not passed on to a fund in the form of a direct monetary benefit. Further, research services and products may be useful to the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser in providing investment advice to any of the funds or other accounts it advises. Information made available to the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser from brokerage firms effecting securities transactions for another fund or account may be

 

 

utilized on behalf of a fund. Thus, there may be no correlation between the amount of brokerage commissions generated by a particular fund and the indirect benefits received by that fund. Information so received is in addition to, and not in lieu of, services required to be performed by the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser and fees are not reduced as a consequence of the receipt of such supplemental information. Although the receipt of such research services does not reduce the normal independent research activities of the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser, it enables it to avoid the additional expenses that might otherwise be incurred if it were to attempt to develop comparable information through its own staff.

 

IPO Allocations

 

Certain funds may participate in IPOs. In deciding whether to purchase an IPO, a fund's portfolio manager(s) generally consider the capitalization characteristics of the security, as well as other characteristics of the security, and identifies funds and accounts with investment objectives and strategies consistent with such a purchase. Generally, as more IPOs involve small- and mid-cap companies, the funds and accounts with a small- and mid-cap focus may participate in more IPOs than funds and accounts with a large-cap focus. The Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser (as applicable), when consistent with the fund's and/or account's investment guidelines, generally will allocate shares of an IPO on a pro rata basis. In the case of "hot" IPOs, where the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser only receives a partial allocation of the total amount requested, those shares will be distributed fairly and equitably among participating funds or accounts managed by the Affiliated Entity or Sub-Adviser. "Hot" IPOs raise special allocation concerns because opportunities to invest in such issues are limited as they are often oversubscribed. The distribution of the partial allocation among funds and/or accounts will be based on relative NAVs. Shares will be allocated on a pro rata basis to all appropriate funds and accounts, subject to a minimum allocation based on trading, custody and other associated costs. International hot IPOs may not be allocated on a pro rata basis due to transaction costs, market liquidity and other factors unique to international markets.

 

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS

 

Policy

 

The funds have adopted policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of fund portfolio holdings. It is the policy of each fund to protect the confidentiality of material, non-public information about the fund's portfolio holdings and prevent the selective disclosure of non-public information about such holdings. Subject to the exceptions provided below, non-public information about a fund's portfolio holdings will not be distributed, including to employees of the Manager or its affiliates or a fund's Sub-Adviser(s), unless there is a legitimate business purpose for doing so and disclosure is made in accordance with the funds' policy. No fund or affiliated person (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the fund may receive compensation or consideration of any type in connection with the disclosure of information about a fund's portfolio holdings.

 

Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings. Each fund, or its duly authorized service providers, will publicly disclose the fund's portfolio holdings in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, such as periodic portfolio holdings disclosure in Form N-CSR and Form N-Q filings with the SEC. Generally, each non-money market fund will disclose: (1) complete portfolio holdings monthly with a one month lag and as of each calendar quarter end with a 15-day lag; (2) top 10 holdings monthly with a 10-day lag; and (3) from time to time, certain security-specific performance attribution data as of a month end, with a 10-day lag. Each of Dreyfus Floating Rate Income Fund and Dreyfus High Yield Fund shall disclose its respective portfolio holdings as of each calendar month-end with a one-month lag. Each money market fund shall disclose its complete schedule of holdings daily, and each such posting will remain on the website for five months. A fund's portfolio holdings and any security-specific performance attribution data will remain on the website, www.dreyfus.com, under "Products and Performance," for varying periods up to six months, provided that complete portfolio holdings will remain at least until the fund files its Form N-Q or Form N-CSR for the period that includes the dates of the posted holdings.

 

Disclosure of Portfolio Characteristics. From time to time a fund may make available certain portfolio characteristics (aggregated, statistical-type information that does not identify, directly or indirectly, specific portfolio holdings or subsets of holdings and therefore are not considered "portfolio holdings" as described in this section), such as allocations, performance- and risk-related statistics, portfolio-level statistics and non-security specific

 

 

attribution analyses, on request, provided that the distribution of such information is otherwise in accordance with the general principles of the funds' disclosure policy. Such information, if provided, will be made available to any person upon request. Other information with respect to a fund may be deemed not to be portfolio holdings information, and may be disclosed without restriction, if, in the reasonable belief of the funds' CCO, the release of such information would not present risks of dilution, arbitrage, market timing, insider trading or other inappropriate trading with respect to the fund.

 

Distribution of Portfolio Holdings. Non-public information about a fund's portfolio holdings may be disclosed on a regular basis to the funds' board and its counsel, outside legal counsel for the fund and service providers who generally need access to such information in the performance of their contractual duties and responsibilities to the fund where each such person is subject to duties of confidentiality, including a duty not to share such information with an unauthorized person or trade on such information.

 

Funds or their service providers may distribute portfolio holdings to mutual fund evaluation services and due diligence departments of broker-dealers and wirehouses that regularly analyze the portfolio holdings of mutual funds in order to monitor and report on certain attributes, provided that: (a) the recipient does not distribute some or all of the portfolio holdings to persons who are likely to use the information for purposes of purchasing or selling fund shares or fund portfolio holdings before the portfolio holdings become public information; and (b) the recipient signs a written confidentiality agreement. The confidentiality agreement must be in form and substance approved by the funds' CCO. Subject to such modifications as the funds' CCO believes reasonable and consistent with reasonably protecting the confidentiality of a fund's portfolio holdings information, such confidentiality agreement generally shall provide, among other things, that:

 

(1)

portfolio holdings information is the confidential property of the fund and may not be shared or used, directly or indirectly, for any purpose except as expressly provided in the confidentiality agreement; and

 

(2)

the recipient of portfolio holdings information agrees to limit access to such information to its employees (and agents) who, on a need to know basis, are (i) authorized to have access to the portfolio holdings and (ii) subject to confidentiality obligations, including duties not to trade on non-public information, no less restrictive than the confidentiality obligations contained in the confidentiality agreement.

 

The trading desks of a fund's Adviser(s), including any investment advisory affiliate of Dreyfus that is the primary employer of the fund's portfolio manager(s) under a dual employee arrangement with Dreyfus, as the case may be, periodically may distribute to counterparties and others involved in trade transactions (i.e., brokers and custodians) lists of applicable investments held by their clients (including the funds) for the purpose of facilitating efficient trading of such investments and receipt of relevant research. In addition, such trading desks may distribute to third parties a list of the issuers and securities which are covered by their respective research departments as of a particular date, which may include securities that are held by a fund as of that date and/or securities that a fund may purchase or sell in the future; however, in no case will the list specifically identify that a particular issuer or security is currently held by a fund or that a fund may purchase or sell an issuer or security in the future.

 

Service providers and other parties to whom portfolio holdings are provided currently include the funds' Adviser(s), administrator, Custodian, Transfer Agent, auditors, legal counsel, pricing vendors, proxy voting services, financial printers and each of their respective affiliates and advisors, as well as FactSet, Barra LLC and RiskMetrics Group, Inc. Such parties receive holdings information at a frequency appropriate to their services, which may be as frequently as daily.

 

A fund may also disclose non-public information concerning a fund's portfolio holdings to persons employed by the fund, the Manager, the Distributor, investment advisory affiliates of Dreyfus that provide services to a fund, or to attorneys in the Dreyfus legal department, for legitimate business purposes, which is subject to the prior written approval of a member of Dreyfus senior management that is delivered in advance to the funds' CCO. All such recipients of portfolio holdings information shall be subject to a code of ethics and a code of conduct that prohibit disclosing, and trading on, material, non-public information.

 

 

CCO Approvals; Board Reporting

 

The CCO may approve other instances where portfolio holdings can be provided to a third party where there is a legitimate business purpose and the conditions (a) and (b) under "Distribution of Portfolio Holdings" are met. At least annually, the funds' CCO will provide a list of all new instances of making available portfolio holdings to the funds' board for review, except for service providers, which includes, but is not limited to, the Adviser(s), the Custodian and the Transfer Agent, as well as administrators, auditors, proxy voting service providers, rating and ranking organizations, financial printers, pricing service vendors, and third parties that provide analytical, statistical, or consulting services. The approval of the funds' CCO must be obtained before entering into any new ongoing arrangement or materially altering any existing arrangement to make available portfolio holdings.

 

Disclosure of portfolio holdings may be authorized only by the CCO for the fund, and any exceptions to this policy are reported quarterly to the board. Each violation of the funds' disclosure policy must be reported to the funds' CCO. If the CCO, in the exercise of the CCO's duties, deems that such violation constitutes a "material compliance matter" within the meaning of Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act, the CCO will report the violation to the board, as required by Rule 38a-1.

 

SUMMARY OF THE PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES OF THE DREYFUS FAMILY OF FUNDS

 

The boards have delegated to Dreyfus the authority to vote proxies of companies held in a fund's portfolio, except that (i) the boards have delegated to Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. ("ISS") the sole authority to vote proxies of Designated BHCs (defined below) for certain funds as described below and (ii) the board of The Dreyfus Sustainable U.S. Equity Fund, Inc. (the "Sustainable Equity Fund") has delegated the sole authority to vote proxies of the fund to its Sub-Adviser, Newton, as described below.

 

Information regarding how a fund's proxies were voted during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30^th is available on Dreyfus' website, by the following August 31^st, at http://www.dreyfus.com and on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov on a fund's Form N-PX.

 

Proxy Voting By Dreyfus

 

Dreyfus, through its participation in BNY Mellon's Proxy Voting and Governance Committee (the "Proxy Voting Committee"), applies detailed, pre-determined, written proxy voting guidelines for specific types of proposals and matters commonly submitted to shareholders (the "BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines," described below). There are separate guidelines for securities of non-U.S. companies, with respect to which the Proxy Voting Committee seeks to vote proxies through application of the ISS Global Voting Principles and Regional Policies/Principles (the "ISS Guidelines" and, collectively with the BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines and the Newton Guidelines (as defined below), each as in effect from time-to-time, the "Voting Guidelines").

 

Securities of Non-U.S. Companies and Securities Out on Loan. It is Dreyfus' policy to seek to vote all proxies for securities held in the funds' portfolios for which Dreyfus has voting authority. However, situations may arise in which the Proxy Voting Committee cannot, or has adopted a policy not to, vote certain proxies, such as refraining from voting certain non-U.S. securities or securities out on loan in instances in which the costs are believed to outweigh the benefits, such as when share blocking (discussed below) is required, the matters presented are not likely to have a material impact on shareholder value or clients' voting will not impact the outcome of the vote.

 

Securities of Non-U.S. Companies. With regard to voting proxies with respect to shares of non-U.S. companies, Dreyfus weighs the cost of voting, and potential inability to sell, the shares against the benefit of voting the shares to determine whether or not to vote. However, corporate governance practices, disclosure requirements and voting operations vary significantly among the markets in which the funds may invest. In these markets, the Proxy Voting Committee seeks to submit proxy votes in a manner consistent with the ISS Voting Guidelines, while taking into account the different legal and regulatory requirements. For example, proxy voting in certain countries requires "share blocking" pursuant to which a fund must deposit before the meeting date its holdings of securities with a designated depositary in order to vote proxies with respect to such securities. During this time, the shares cannot be sold until the meeting has taken place and the shares are returned to the fund's custodian bank. Dreyfus generally

 

 

believes that the benefit of exercising the vote in these countries is outweighed by the cost of voting (i.e., the funds' portfolio managers not being able to sell the funds' shares of such securities while the shares are blocked). Therefore, if share blocking is required, the Proxy Voting Committee typically elects not to vote the shares. Voting proxies of issuers in non-U.S. markets also raises administrative issues that may prevent voting such proxies. For example, meeting notices may be received with insufficient time to fully consider the proposal(s) or after the deadline for voting has passed. Other markets require the provision of local agents with a power of attorney before acting on the voting instructions. In some cases the power of attorney may be unavailable prior to the meeting date or rejected by the local agent on a technical basis. Additionally, the costs of voting in certain non-U.S. markets may be substantially higher than in the United States.

 

Securities Out on Loan. For securities that a fund has loaned to another party, any voting rights that accompany the loaned securities generally pass to the borrower of the securities, but the fund retains the right to recall a security and may then exercise the security's voting rights. In order to vote the proxies of securities out on loan, the securities must be recalled prior to the established record date. A fund may recall the loan to vote proxies if a material issue affecting the fund's investment is to be voted upon.

 

Material Conflicts of Interest. Dreyfus seeks to avoid material conflicts of interest between a fund and fund shareholders, on the one hand, and Dreyfus, the Distributor, or any affiliated person of the fund, Dreyfus or the Distributor, on the other, through its participation in the Proxy Voting Committee. The Proxy Voting Policy of the Proxy Voting Committee (the "Voting Policy") states that the Proxy Voting Committee seeks to avoid material conflicts of interest through the establishment of the committee structure, which applies detailed, pre-determined proxy voting guidelines (the applicable Voting Guidelines) in an objective and consistent manner across client accounts, based on, as applicable, internal and external research and recommendations provided by third party proxy advisory services (including ISS and Glass Lewis & Co., LLC (together with ISS, the "Proxy Advisers")) and without consideration of any client relationship factors. In addition, the Proxy Voting Policy states that the Proxy Voting Committee engages a third party as an independent fiduciary to vote all proxies for securities of BNY Mellon or any fund, and may engage an independent fiduciary to vote proxies of other issuers at the Proxy Voting Committee's discretion.

 

Voting Proxies of Designated BHCs

 

BNYM is subject to the requirements of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "BHCA"). Among other things, the BHCA prohibits BNYM, funds that BNYM "controls" by virtue of share ownership ("Bank Controlled Funds"), and any fund or other investment account over which BNYM exercises sole voting discretion (collectively, the "BNYM Entities"), in the aggregate, from owning or controlling or holding sole voting discretion with respect to 5% or more of any class of voting stock of certain U.S. bank holding companies, savings and loan holding companies, insured depository institutions and companies that control an insured depository institution (collectively, "BHCs"), without the prior approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "BHCA Rules").

 

For all funds except Bank Controlled Funds and the Sustainable Equity Fund, the boards have delegated to ISS the sole authority to vote proxies of BHCs for which one or more funds or other investment accounts over which BNYM Entities, in the aggregate, exercise sole voting discretion with respect to 5% or more of any class of voting stock of the BHC (collectively, the "Designated BHCs"). Because ISS has sole voting authority over voting securities issued by the Designated BHCs, the holdings of such securities by the funds (other than Bank Controlled Funds) are excluded from the 5% aggregate computation under the BHCA Rules and the funds (other than Bank Controlled Funds) are permitted to purchase and hold securities of BHCs without limits imposed by the BHCA. (Voting securities of BHCs held by funds that are Bank Controlled Funds, however, continue to be aggregated with the holdings of other BNYM Entities because of BNYM's share ownership in those funds.)

 

An issuer that is a BHC will be identified as a Designated BHC (and voting authority over its voting securities will be delegated to ISS) when BNYM Entities in the aggregate own, control or hold sole voting discretion with respect to 4.9% of any class of voting securities issued by the BHC. If such aggregate level of ownership, control or voting discretion decreases to 3%, the issuer will no longer be considered a Designated BHC and Dreyfus will be redelegated sole voting authority over the BHC's voting securities held by a fund.

 

 

ISS votes proxies delegated by the boards in accordance with the ISS Guidelines, described below.

 

Material Conflicts of Interest. ISS has policies and procedures in place to manage potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of work that ISS's subsidiary performs for a corporate governance client and any voting of proxies relating to such client's securities that ISS performs on behalf of the funds. Such policies and procedures include separate staffs for the work performed for corporate governance clients and ISS's proxy voting services; a firewall that includes legal, physical and technological separations of the two businesses; and the employment of a blackout period on work performed with a corporate governance client during the pendency of a live voting issue in respect of securities of such client.

 

Proxy Voting by Newton

 

Newton's responsible investment team votes proxies in respect of securities held by the Sustainable Equity Fund in accordance with Newton's Responsible Investment Policies and Principles (the "Newton Guidelines"). Newton supports key codes and principles of various recognized regional and international organizations which provide a framework for best practice when considering environmental, social and governance issues, but avoids a prescriptive or "box ticking" approach by applying these to each company's circumstances and Newton's underlying investment case for the security. In addition, these codes and principles change and develop to reflect changing market views. Newton employs the services of Proxy Advisers to inform its voting intentions.

 

Material Conflicts of Interest. When a potential conflict of interest exists between Newton, the company with respect to which a proxy is to be voted, the Sustainable Equity Fund and/or another Newton client, the recommendations of a Proxy Adviser will take precedence.

 

Operation of Newton's Policies and Procedures. Newton's voting policy and procedures have been formulated and approved by Newton's Responsible and Ethical Investment Oversight Group, which reports to the Investment Oversight Committee and oversees Newton's strategic approach to responsible investment. Implementation of the policies and procedures involves Newton's head of corporate governance, head of responsible investment and responsible investment analysts in collaboration with the global sector analysts and portfolio managers.

 

Newton's responsible investment team reviews all resolutions for contentious issues, aided by advice from Proxy Advisers. Contentious issues may be referred to the appropriate global sector analyst or portfolio manager for comment. Where an issue remains contentious, Newton may decide to confer with the company or other interested parties for further clarification. Newton believes that voting against a resolution proposed by company management is the ultimate sanction of the shareholder or agent, short of selling the company's securities.

 

Securities of Non-U.S. Companies. With regard to voting proxies with respect to shares of non-U.S. companies, Newton weighs the cost of voting, and potential inability to sell, the shares against the benefit of voting the shares to determine whether or not to vote the shares. However, corporate governance practices, disclosure requirements and voting operations vary significantly among the markets in which the Sustainable Equity Fund may invest. In these markets, Newton seeks to submit proxy votes in a manner consistent with the Newton Guidelines, while taking into account the different legal and regulatory requirements. For example, proxy voting in certain countries requires "share blocking" pursuant to which the Sustainable Equity Fund must deposit before the meeting date its holdings of securities with a designated depositary in order to vote proxies with respect to such securities. During this time, the shares cannot be sold freely until the meeting has taken place and the shares are returned to the Sustainable Equity Fund's custodian bank. Newton generally believes that the benefit of exercising the vote in these countries is outweighed by the cost of voting (i.e., Sustainable Equity Fund's portfolio managers not being able to sell the Sustainable Equity Fund's shares of such securities while the shares are blocked). Therefore, if share blocking is required, Newton typically elects not to vote the shares. Voting proxies of issuers in non-U.S. markets also raises further potential administrative issues that may prevent voting such proxies. For example, meeting notices may be received with insufficient time to fully consider the proposal(s) or after the deadline for voting has passed. Other markets require the provision of local agents with a power of attorney before acting on the voting instructions. In some cases the power of attorney may be unavailable prior to the meeting date or rejected by the local agent on a technical basis. Additionally, the costs of voting in certain non-U.S. markets may be substantially higher than in the United States.

 

 

Voting Shares of Certain Registered Investment Companies

 

Under certain circumstances, when a fund owns shares of another registered investment company (an "Acquired Fund"), the fund may be required by the 1940 Act or the rules thereunder, or exemptive relief from the 1940 Act and/or the rules thereunder, to vote such Acquired Fund shares in a certain manner, such as voting the Acquired Fund shares in the same proportion as the vote of all other holders of the same type of such Acquired Fund shares.

 

SUMMARIES OF THE VOTING GUIDELINES

 

Summary of the BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines

 

The Proxy Voting Committee consists of representatives from certain investment advisory, banking, trust company and other fiduciary business units (each, a "Member Firm") affiliated with BNY Mellon. The Proxy Voting Committee recognizes that the responsibility for the daily management of a company's operations and strategic planning is entrusted to the company's management team, subject to oversight by the company's board of directors. As a general matter, Member Firms invest in companies believed to be led by competent management and the Proxy Voting Committee customarily votes in support of management proposals and consistent with management's recommendations. However, the Proxy Voting Committee believes that Member Firms, in their role as fiduciaries, must express their view on the performance of the directors and officers of the companies in which clients are invested and how these clients' interests as shareholders are being represented. Accordingly, the Proxy Voting Committee will vote against those proposals that it believes would negatively impact the economic value of clients' investments – even if those proposals are supported or recommended by company management.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee seeks to make proxy voting decisions that are in the best interest of the clients of its Member Firms. For this purpose, the Proxy Voting Committee has established the BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines. Viewed broadly, the BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines seek to maximize shareholder value by promoting sound corporate governance policies through the support of proposals that are consistent with four key objectives:

 

·

The alignment of the interests of a company's management and board of directors with those of the company's shareholders;

·

To promote the accountability of a company's management to its board of directors, as well as the accountability of the board of directors to the company's shareholders;

·

To uphold the rights of a company's shareholders to affect change by voting on those matters submitted to shareholders for approval; and

·

To promote adequate disclosure about a company's business operations and financial performance in a timely manner.

 

The following are summaries of how the Proxy Voting Committee generally views certain matters that are brought before the Proxy Voting Committee in connection with the voting of proxies by those Member Firms who exercise voting discretion as a fiduciary for their clients. These summaries and the views reflected below by their nature are not intended to be complete and are not detailed explanations of all the guidelines and rule sets that the Proxy Voting Committee uses to assist with the proxy voting process. The summaries below are published by the Proxy Voting Committee to provide public company issuers and investors with a broad view of how the Proxy Voting Committee approaches certain topics and proposals in the context of voting proxies for its Member Firms' fiduciary clients; and such summaries are not intended to limit in any way the Proxy Voting Committee's or any Member Firm's actions with respect to its activities regarding the voting of proxies of any particular proposal or on shareholder voting matters generally.

 

1.

Boards and Directors

 

A.

Election of Directors

 

The Proxy Voting Committee believes that a majority of a company's board members should be independent of management.

 

 

i)

Incumbent / Nominee Directors

 

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR incumbent and nominee directors. However, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes to WITHHOLD support in cases when individual directors (or the board, as applicable): (1) adopt, amend or renew a poison pill without shareholder approval or commitment to obtain shareholder approval within 12 months (applied to incumbent directors up for re-election at annual or special meeting which follows such action), (2) attend less than 75% of meetings for two consecutive years, (3) serve on more than six boards, (4) are CEOs of a public company and serve on more than 3 boards, or (5) fail to respond to approved shareholder proposals.

 

ii)

Compensation Committee Members

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR incumbent members of the compensation committee. However, the Proxy Voting Committee will generally consider the proposal on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in situations where: (1) there are excise tax gross-ups, excise tax indemnification or "make whole" provisions in recent change-in-control or severance agreements, (2) the company's stock performance is poor relative to peers and its compensation arrangements or pay practices is deemed excessive relative to peers, or (3) there appears to be an imbalance in a company's long term incentive compensation plans between the performance-based and time-based awards for the executive officers.

 

iii)

Audit Committee

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR independent incumbent members of an audit committee. However, the Proxy Voting Committee will generally vote AGAINST proposals when audit fees are either undisclosed or insufficiently disclosed such that the amount paid to the auditor for non-audit services cannot be determined and will generally consider the proposal on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in situations where: (1) a material weakness is disclosed and not remediated timely, or (2) non-audit fees exceed the sum of audit, audit-related and tax compliance/preparation fees.

 

iv)

Management Nominees

 

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR management nominees for board or committee membership unless they are the current CFO, COO, CIO, CHRO, CAO, CTO, CSO or PDIV, in which case the Proxy Voting Committee will generally WITHHOLD its support (unless such person has equity ownership of 5% or above, in which case the Proxy Voting Committee will consider the proposal on a CASE-BY-CASE basis). In exceptional cases, such as severe governance concerns or when a Proxy Adviser recommends to withhold, the Proxy Voting Committee will generally consider the proposal on a CASE-BY-CASE basis. If a nominee received less than majority support at the prior election and the board has not addressed the cause of that low support, the Proxy Voting Committee will generally WITHHOLD its support. The Proxy Voting Committee also considers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis any other members of the management team, except the CEO or Executive Chair.

 

B.

Board Governance

 

i)

Classified Board

 

The Proxy Voting Committee believes shareholders should annually vote for all members on a company's board of directors. The Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR requests to declassify the board and will generally vote AGAINST proposals to adopt or continue a classified board structure.

 

ii)

Board Independence

 

The Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR management proposals for the election of independent directors that meet listing standards and generally favors an independent chairperson. Conversely,

 

 

the Proxy Voting Committee votes AGAINST shareholder proposals that are more or less restrictive than listing standards with respect to director "independence."

 

iii)

Board Size

 

The Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR management requests to configure the size of the board of directors with appropriate rationale, absent evidence of entrenchment or a disadvantage to shareholders. However, the Proxy Voting Committee votes AGAINST proposals that remove the shareholders' right to vote on board configuration matters, or that would give the board sole discretion to set the number of members.

 

iv)

Vote Majority and Removal

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee supports the practice of one share, one vote. As such, we vote FOR proposals to elect director nominees by the affirmative vote of the majority of votes cast at the annual or special meeting. The same practice is applied to proposals mandating the removal of a director upon a simple majority vote, such that the Proxy Voting Committee votes AGAINST management proposals that require a supermajority vote for removal.

 

v)

Separate Chairman and CEO

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR management proposals that propose to separate the positions of Chairman and CEO. However, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST shareholder proposals to separate the Chairman and CEO positions if a lead or presiding director with appropriate authority is appointed, but is likely to vote FOR such a proposal if a lead or presiding director with appropriate authority has not been appointed. When considering the sufficiency of a lead or presiding director's authority, the Proxy Voting Committee will consider: whether the director: (1) presides at all meetings of the board (and executive sessions of the independent directors) at which the Chairman is not present, (2) serves as a liaison between the Chairman and the independent directors, (3) approves board meeting agendas, (4) has the authority to call meetings of the independent directors, and (5) if requested by major shareholders, ensures that s/he is available for consultation and direct communication.

 

2.

Accounting and Audit

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR the ratification of the board's selection of an auditor for the company. The Proxy Voting Committee will vote AGAINST the ratification of the auditors if there are concerns of negligence due to issuance of an inaccurate audit opinion. The Proxy Voting Committee typically votes AGAINST shareholder proposals for auditor rotation arrangements that are more restrictive than regulatory requirements.

 

3.

Anti-Takeover Measures

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee opposes proposals that seem designed to insulate management unnecessarily from the wishes of a majority of the shareholders and that would lead to a determination of a company's future by a minority of its shareholders. However, the Proxy Voting Committee generally supports proposals that seem to have as their primary purpose providing management with temporary or short-term insulation from outside influences so as to enable management to bargain effectively with potential suitors and otherwise achieve identified long-term goals to the extent such proposals are discrete and not bundled with other proposals.

 

A.

Shareholder Rights Plan or "Poison Pill"

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR proposals to rescind a "poison pill" or proposals that require shareholder approval to implement a "pill." Further, the Proxy Voting Committee will consider on a CASE-BY-CASE basis the election of directors following the adoption or renewal of a poison pill without shareholder approval, unless the fund was not a holder when the original or amended poison pill was enacted.

 

 

B.

Non-Net Operating Loss Shareholder Rights Plan

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR non-net operating loss shareholder rights plans if all the following are in place: (1) a plan trigger that is 20% or greater, (2) a term not exceeding 3 years, (3) the plan terminates if not ratified by shareholder majority, (4) there are no "dead hand" or "modified dead hand" provisions, and (5) the plan has a qualified offer clause. The Proxy Voting Committee generally reviews these plans on a CASE-BY-CASE basis outside of these prescribed requirements.

 

C.

Special Meetings and Majority Vote

 

The Proxy Voting Committee believes the rights to call a special meeting and to approve an action with a simple majority vote are powerful tools for shareholders. As such, we generally support proposals that uphold these rights. More specifically, with respect to calling a special meeting, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR proposals that would allow shareholders to call a special meeting if a reasonably high proportion of shareholders (typically of at least 10-15%, depending on the company's market capitalization, but no more than 25%, of the company's outstanding stock) are required to agree before such a meeting is called.

 

For companies that currently permit shareholders of 25% or less of outstanding stock to call a special meeting (or no such right exists), the Proxy Voting Committee may vote AGAINST proposals that would effectively lower (or initially establish) the minimum ownership threshold to less than 10% (for large cap companies) or 15% (for small cap companies). However, for companies that currently permit shareholders of greater than 25% of outstanding stock to call a special meeting (or no such right exists), the Proxy Voting Committee is likely to consider on a CASE-BY-CASE basis those proposals that would effectively lower (or initially establish) the minimum ownership threshold to less than 10% (for large cap companies) or 15% (for small cap companies).

 

D.

Written Consent

 

The Proxy Voting Committee will generally vote FOR proposals to permit shareholders to act by written consent if the company does not currently permit shareholders to call for a special meeting or to act by written consent. The Proxy Voting Committee will generally vote AGAINST proposals on written consent if the company permits shareholders the right to call for a special meeting.

 

4.

Capital Structure, Mergers, Sales and Transactions

 

A.

Mergers

 

The Proxy Voting Committee is likely to consider on a CASE-BY-CASE basis those proposals to merge, reincorporate or to affect some other type of corporate reorganization. In making these decisions, the Proxy Voting Committee's primary concern is the long-term economic interests of shareholders, and it will consider Member Firm opinions, the fairness opinion, and the vote recommendations of two independent proxy advisors retained by the Proxy Voting Committee to provide comprehensive research, analysis and voting recommendations (the "Proxy Advisors") when determining a vote decision on these or similar proposals.

 

B.

Capital Structure

 

In assessing asset sales, reorganizations, bankruptcy or other capital structure changes, the Proxy Voting Committee looks to the economic and strategic rationale behind the transaction and supports those proposals that reasonably can be expected to uphold or enhance the shareholders' long-term economic interest.

 

i)

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR stock split proposals if the purpose is to: (1) increase liquidity and/or (2) adjust for a significant increase in stock price.

 

 

ii)

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR reverse stock split proposals if the purpose is to avoid stock exchange de-listing. The Proxy Voting Committee also generally votes FOR proposals to decrease the number of common stock shares outstanding following reverse stock splits and proposals to eliminate unissued blank check preferred stock or a class of common stock with voting rights greater than the class held in client accounts.

 

C.

Authorized Stock Increases

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR proposals for the authorization to issue additional shares of common or preferred stock if it determines that the increase is: (1) not excessive relative to the industry's average rate or otherwise harmful to the long-term economic interests of shareholders, or (2) necessary to avoid bankruptcy or to comply with regulatory requirements or other legally binding matters. The Proxy Voting Committee will generally vote AGAINST such proposals that would exceed the industry's average rate and/or the business purpose is not articulated sufficiently.

 

D.

Preferred Stock Authorization

 

Where the voting power of the new issuance is specified as equal to or less than existing common stock shares, and the Proxy Advisors and the fairness opinion agree, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR proposals to issue preferred stock. When the voting power of the new issuance is either unspecified or exceeds that of the existing shares of common stock, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST proposals to issue preferred stock.

 

5.

Corporate Governance

 

A.

Cumulative Voting

 

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST proposals to continue or to adopt cumulative voting.

 

B.

Amend Bylaw, Charter or Certificate

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR management proposals when the focus is administrative in nature or compliance driven and there is no evidence of negative impact to shareholder rights. If evidence suggests that proposals would result in a reduction of shareholder rights or lead to entrenchment, the Proxy Voting Committee votes AGAINST such proposals.

 

C.

Indemnity Liability Protection

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR proposals to limit directors' liability or expand indemnification on behalf of their service to the company. However, the Proxy Voting Committee votes AGAINST proposals that support indemnification for director actions conducted in bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of duties.

 

D.

Adjourn Meeting

 

In cases where the Proxy Voting Committee is supportive of the underlying transaction or proposal and the purpose of the adjournment is to obtain additional votes, the Proxy Voting Committee will vote FOR the adjournment.

 

6.

Proxy Contests

 

In the case of proxy contests, the Proxy Voting Committee will endeavor to provide both parties an opportunity to present their case and arguments before determining a course of action.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee's general policy is to consider: (1) the long-term economic impact of the decision, (2)

 

 

the company's record and management's ability to achieve our reasonable expectations for shareholder return, (3) overall compensation for officers and directors and share price performance relative to industry peers, (4) whether the offer fully realizes the future prospects of the company in question with the likelihood of the challenger achieving their stated goals, and (5) the relevant experience of all board nominees.

 

7.

Social, Ethical and Environmental

 

The Proxy Voting Committee reviews all management sponsored social, ethical and environmental responsibility proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis. Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee considers various factors in voting decisions, including: (1) the long-term economic impact including implementation cost-to-benefit considerations, (2) the company's current legal and regulatory compliance status, (3) the binding or advisory nature of the request, and (4) whether the proposal's underlying objective is within the scope of the company's influence and control.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR shareholder sponsored proposals when the proposal reasonably can be expected to enhance long-term shareholder value and when management fails to respond meaningfully to the proposal. The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST shareholder proposals when management has responded meaningfully and there is no evidence of: (1) shareholder value creation, (2) regulatory non-compliance, (3) failed oversight from the board and management for the subject activity, (4) the company is operating outside of industry standard practice, or (5) the proposal request is vague or overly restrictive and unlikely to achieve the underlying intent.

 

8.

Compensation and Benefits

 

A.

Equity Compensation

 

The Proxy Voting Committee employs a shareholder value transfer model and a burn rate model to measure the value transfer from shareholders to employees and directors when considering equity compensation proposals.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR proposals relating to equity compensation plans that: (1) pass the Proxy Voting Committee's shareholder value transfer model, (2) seek 162(m) approval only or (3) require an issuance of stock or options as equal payment in lieu of cash to directors.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST compensation plans that: (1) fail the Proxy Voting Committee's shareholder value transfer model, (2) allow for repricing or cash buyout without shareholder approval, (3) include an evergreen provision, or (4) include a "look-back" feature.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee reviews on a CASE-BY-CASE basis those proposals that (1) are 162(m) plans and are administered by directors who are non-independent by listing standards, (2) fail the Proxy Voting Committee's shareholder value transfer model but are required for completion of a merger or acquisition supported by or referred to the Proxy Voting Committee, (3) fail the Proxy Voting Committee's shareholder value transfer model, but have extenuating or unique circumstances, or (4) permit accelerated vesting without consummation of a change-in-control transaction.

 

B.

Say on Pay

 

If the ballot seeks an advisory vote on the frequency of say-on-pay proposals, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR proposals that call for say-on-pay on an ANNUAL basis.

 

The Proxy Voting Committee will generally vote FOR management proposals on say-on-pay. However, the Proxy Voting Committee will generally consider the proposal on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in situations where: (1) there are excise tax gross-ups, excise tax indemnification or "make whole" provisions in recent change-in-control or severance agreements, (2) the company's stock performance is poor relative to peers and its compensation arrangements or pay practices is deemed excessive relative to peers, (3) the company fails to address compensation issues identified in prior meetings when adequate opportunity to address has passed, or (4) there appears to be an imbalance in a company's long term incentive compensation plans between the performance-based and time-based awards for the executive

 

 

officers.

 

C.

Option Re-pricing or Exchange

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee believes that stock compensation aligns managements' and shareholders' interests based on fair-market value grants.

 

In cases where management is proposing to address a compensation misalignment, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR such proposals that: (1) seek exchanges that are value-for-value, (2) exclude executives, directors and consultants, (3) do not recycle exercised options, and/or (4) involve current options that are significantly under water and the new exercise price is reasonable. The Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR proposals that require stock option exchange and re-pricing programs to be put to shareholder vote.

 

In cases of proposals where the exchange and/or re-pricing requests do not meet these criteria, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST the management proposal.

 

D.

Golden Parachute Plans

 

In reviewing management compensation agreements, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR those that: (1) involve payments that do not exceed three times the executive's total compensation (salary plus bonus), (2) have a double trigger, and (3) do not provide for a tax gross-up in the contract. Conversely, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST compensation agreements that do not adhere to these requirements. As a facet of a capital structure change, the Proxy Voting Committee will consider these compensation agreements on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.

 

In reviewing shareholder proposals, we generally support those that require the company to submit compensation agreements to a vote.

 

E.

Clawbacks

 

When determining the effectiveness of a company's clawback/recoupment policy, the Proxy Voting Committee will consider: (1) the amount of information the company provides in its proxy statement on the circumstances under which the company recoups incentive or equity compensation, (2) whether the company's policy extends to named executive officers and other senior executive officers (and not simply the CEO and chief financial officer), (3) if the policy requires recoupment of incentive and equity compensation received and subsequently determined to have been "unearned" during the prior 3-year period, and (4) if the policy considers performance-based compensation to be "unearned" if the corresponding performance target(s) are later determined to have not been achieved for any reason (rather than first requiring evidence of "misconduct" or fraudulent activity and/or a formal restatement of financial results).

 

F.

Other Compensation Requests

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR stock purchase plans that allow a broad group of employees to purchase shares and limit the discount to 15% or less. Conversely, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST proposals that are limited to senior executives and/or provides for a discount that is greater than 15%.

 

Generally, the Proxy Voting Committee votes FOR proposals that seek management and director retention of stock awards for no more than one year post-employment and/or 50% of stock awarded. Conversely, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes AGAINST proposals that seek retention of stock awards for greater than one year post-employment and 75% of stock awarded.

 

 

9.

Mutual Fund Shares

 

With regard to voting proxies with respect to mutual fund shares, the Proxy Voting Committee generally follows the guidelines described above for operating companies. For proposals that are specific to mutual funds, the Proxy Voting Committee generally votes FOR proposals, with certain exceptions, including a making a mutual fund's fundamental investment policy nonfundamental or eliminating it when an outside proxy advisor recommends against (referred to Proxy Voting Committee); making a change to a mutual fund's fundamental policy on lending that an outside proxy advisor recommends against (referred to Proxy Voting Committee); proposals to eliminate a mutual fund's fundamental or nonfundamental investment restriction on margin (referred to Proxy Voting Committee); proposals to grant a proxy for "other business" (vote AGAINST); and fee increases (referred to Proxy Voting Committee).

 

10.

Other Matters

 

For those proposals for which the BNY Mellon Voting Guidelines do not provide determinative guidance (e.g., new proposals arising from emerging economic or regulatory issues), they are referred to the Proxy Voting Committee for discussion and vote. In these instances, the Proxy Voting Committee votes based upon its principle of maximizing shareholder value.

 

Summary of the ISS Guidelines (excerpted from ISS materials)

 

ISS Global Voting Principles

 

ISS' Principles provide for four key tenets on accountability, stewardship, independence and transparency, which underlie our approach to developing recommendations on management and shareholder proposals at publicly traded companies. The principles guide our work to assist institutional investors in meeting their fiduciary requirements, with respect to voting, by promoting long-term shareholder value creation and risk mitigation at their portfolio firms through support of responsible global corporate governance practices.

 

Accountability. Boards should be accountable to shareholders, the owners of the companies, by holding regular board elections, by providing sufficient information for shareholders to be able to assess directors and board composition, and by providing shareholders with the ability to remove directors.

 

Directors should respond to investor input such as that expressed through vote results on management and shareholder proposals and other shareholder communications.

 

Shareholders should have meaningful rights on structural provisions, such as approval of or amendments to the corporate governing documents and a vote on takeover defenses. In addition, shareholders' voting rights should be proportional to their economic interest in the company; each share should have one vote. In general, a simple majority vote should be required to change a company's governance provisions or to approve transactions.

 

Stewardship. A company's governance, social, and environmental practices should meet or exceed the standards of its market regulations and general practices and should take into account relevant factors that may impact significantly the company's long-term value creation. Issuers and investors should recognize constructive engagement as both a right and responsibility.

 

 

Independence. Boards should be sufficiently independent so as to ensure that they are able and motivated to effectively supervise management's performance and remuneration, for the benefit of all shareholders. Boards should include an effective independent leadership position and sufficiently independent committees that focus on key governance concerns such as audit, compensation, and the selection and evaluation of directors.

 

Transparency. Companies should provide sufficient and timely information that enables shareholders to understand key issues, make informed vote decisions and effectively engage with companies on substantive matters that impact shareholders' long-term interests in the company.

 

Regional Policy and Principles – Americas

 

Principles that apply generally for the region (U.S., Canada and Latin America) are as follows:

 

Board

 

Boards should be substantially independent, fully accountable, and open to appropriate diversity in the backgrounds and expertise of members.

 

U.S. and Canada. Key voting policy guidelines address the following:

 

1.

The establishment of key board committees (as required by regulation and/or, in Canada, by a combination of regulation and best practice recommendations outlined in the National Policy 58-201 Corporate Governance Guidelines): Audit, Compensation, and Nominating.

2.

The independence of the board as a whole (which should exceed 50 percent) and of the key committees (which should be 100 percent independent). Shareholder proposals seeking the independence of the chairman and his or her separation from the CEO role are key evaluations in the U.S. and Canadian markets, where ISS generally supports independent board leadership. Directors should not sit on more than five public company boards or, if they are the CEO of a public company, sit on the board of more than two public companies besides their own. (ISS has developed specific standards to determine the independence of each director; these generally align with listing exchange independence standards but are more stringent in some respects.)

3.

The accountability of individual directors, relevant committees and/or the board as a whole for problematic issues related to financial reporting/auditing, risk, executive compensation, board composition, directors' meeting attendance and over-boarding, and/or any other actions or circumstances determined to be egregious from a shareholder value perspective.

4.

The responsiveness of the board to shareholder input through majority voting support for a shareholder proposal or substantial opposition to a management proposal.

 

Americas Regional and Brazil. ISS' vote recommendations for board elections in Latin America primarily address disclosure of director nominees. As a result of regulation enacted in late 2009, Brazil is currently the only market in the region in which timely disclosure of director nominees represents market practice. As a result, ISS policy for Brazil takes board independence into account, in accordance to each issuer's stock market listing segment. Majority-independent boards remain very rare across the region; however, Argentinian, Chilean, Colombian, Mexican and Peruvian companies must abide by market legal requirements for minimum board independence, or have at least one independent board member, whichever is higher.

 

Although Brazilian law requires disclosure of management nominees prior to the meeting, minority shareholders are able to present the names of their nominees up to the time of the meeting. While these rules were designed to minimize restrictions on minority shareholders, they end up having a negative impact on international institutional investors, who must often submit voting instructions in the absence of complete nominee information. ISS recommends an abstain vote on the election of directors and fiscal council members nominated by non-controlling shareholders presented as a separate voting item if the nominee names are not disclosed in a timely manner prior to the meeting.

 

Most Latin American markets (except Brazil and Peru) require issuers to establish audit committees, with varying

 

 

independence requirements. The idea that specific oversight functions should be assigned to specific board subcommittees is still foreign to most Brazilian issuers, and even those companies that are listed in the NYSE will often not have an audit committee. This is because the SEC grants exemptions to foreign issuers and considers the Brazilian fiscal council, a corporate body lying outside of the board of directors, to be a valid substitute for an audit committee for the purposes of requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

For foreign private issuers ("FPIs"), ISS takes into account the level of disclosure and board independence (which should be a majority) as well as the independence of key board committees. Also, slate ballots or bundled director elections are generally not deemed to be in shareholders' best interests.

 

Compensation

 

The U.S. and Canada. Key voting policy guidelines address the following:

 

1.

Clarity and completeness of disclosures, both for actual payments and awards to named executive officers and with respect to the nature and rationale for the programs and awards. Incomplete or unclear disclosure may result in negative recommendations if an analyst cannot conclude that the programs are operating in shareholders' interests.

2.

Reasonable alignment of pay and performance among top executives. U.S. and Canadian compensation policies rely on both quantitative screens to measure CEO pay-for-performance alignment on both an absolute (pay relative to total shareholder return) and relative (pay and performance relative to peers) basis over periods that include one, three, and five years for different tests. Companies identified as outliers receive a further in-depth qualitative review to identify likely reasons for the perceived disconnect, or mitigating factors that either explain and/or justify it in a particular circumstance or time period. The qualitative review investigates factors such as the proportion of pay tied to performance conditions (strength of those conditions), a company's pay benchmarking practices, the existence of measures that discourage excessive risk taking, the extent and appropriateness of non-performance-based pay elements (e.g., severance packages), and the compensation committee's responsiveness to shareholder input on pay issues.

3.

Equity-based compensation proposals are evaluated with respect to several factors, including cost (measured by Shareholder Value Transfer ("SVT") as calculated by ISS' proprietary model) and historical (average) grant, or "burn," rate, and the presence of problematic plan provisions such as ability to reprice stock options without specific shareholder approval.

 

An "equity plan scorecard" is used that analyzes a broad range of plan features and grant practices that reflect shareholders' embrace of performance-conditioned awards, risk-mitigated mechanisms, and reasonable plan duration. While some highly egregious features will result in negative recommendations regardless of other factors (e.g., authority to reprice options without seeking shareholder approval), recommendations will largely be based on a combination of factors related to (1) cost, (2) plan feature, and (3) grant practices. ISS will generally vote against the plan proposal if the combination of the above factors indicates that the plan is not, overall, in the shareholders' interests.

 

Americas Regional and Brazil. In most Latin American countries, shareholders are traditionally able to vote on the compensation of board and audit committee members, which generally represent non-contentious proposals. In Brazil, however, shareholders are granted a binding vote on executive and board compensation.

 

While there have been some improvements in the disclosure of Brazilian remuneration figures over past few proxy seasons, inconsistencies remain, particularly regarding long-term equity pay. The debate surrounding the disclosure of individualized compensation remains unresolved since the Brazilian Institute of Finance Executives filed an injunction in 2010 allowing companies to withhold this information. Currently, more than 20 percent of Brazilian issuers use this injunction as a way to circumvent the Brazilian Securities Regulator's requirement that companies disclose the total compensation of their highest-paid executive. Some companies also continue to pay their executives through subsidiaries, a practice that tends to obscure compensation disclosure.

 

For FPI/tax haven companies, oppose stock incentive plans or amended plans if the maximum number of shares to

 

 

be issued is not disclosed and/or the company has not disclosed any information regarding the key terms of the proposed plan. If sufficient information is disclosed, the plan proposal will be evaluated similarly to plan at U.S. companies.

 

Audit

 

U.S. and Canada. U.S. companies are required to report comprehensive and accurate financial information according to General Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"). Canadian issuers report under International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"). In the U.S., companies have discretion to include a non-binding auditor ratification proposal on annual general meeting ballots. In Canada, issuers are required to provide shareholders with the ability to appoint one or more auditors to hold office until the next annual meeting.

 

In both markets, external auditors are expected to be both fully qualified and independent—i.e., should not have any financial interests, including excessive fees from the company for non-audit services—that could compromise their independence. ISS categorizes four types of fees reported by all companies for their external auditors: Audit Fees, Audit-Related Fees, Tax Fees and All Other Fees. Specific ratios that would trigger negative recommendations on an auditor ratification proposal are detailed in respective policies.

 

Americas Regional and Brazil. Most Latin American markets have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, IFRS.

 

While shareholders in all Latin American countries must approve annual financial statements, only a few markets grant shareholders the ability to ratify auditors. Brazilian companies that install a permanent audit committee may now extend the term for the mandatory rotation of their independent auditors to 10 years.

 

Shareholder Rights/Takeover Defenses

 

ISS policy is aimed at protecting the ability of shareholders to (1) consider and approve legitimate bids for the company, and (2) effect change on the board, when appropriate. Protection of minority shareholder rights is also considered when dual class capital structures with multiple-voting share instruments give voting control to a minority equity ownership position—approximately 10 percent of Russell 3000 index companies and approximately 14 percent of issuers on the S&P/TSX Composite Index have some form of unequal voting structure.

 

U.S. Shareholder rights and takeover defenses in the U.S. are driven largely by state law. Within that framework, ISS policy is designed to ensure the ability of shareholders to:

 

·

Evaluate and approve shareholder rights plans ("poison pills") that may discourage takeover bids;

·

Evaluate and approve amendments to the company's governing documents, as well as proposed mergers, by a simple majority vote;

·

Call special meetings and act by written consent, within reasonable parameters;

·

Amend the bylaws of the company (e.g., ISS will vote against restrictions on the submission of binding shareholder proposals or share ownership or time holding requirements in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8).

 

Canada. Shareholder rights and takeover defenses in Canada are generally determined by regulation and exchange rules. In this context, ISS policy undertakes to:

 

·

Evaluate and approve shareholder rights plans ("poison pills") taking into account whether it conforms to "new generation" rights plan best practices guidelines and if the scope of the plan is limited to: i) providing the board with more time to find an alternative value enhancing transaction; and ii) to ensuring the equal treatment of all shareholders;

·

Review "advance notice requirements" or other policies and recommend on a case-by-case to adopt or amend an advance notice bylaw or board policy, taking into consideration any feature or provision that may negatively impact shareholders' interests and that goes beyond the stated purpose of advance notice requirements, including but not limited to certain identified problematic features;

·

Evaluate proposed amendments to the company's governing documents to ensure that shareholders' rights are effectively protected with respect to adequate and independent representation at shareholders' and

 

 

directors' meetings;

·

Determine that shareholder rights, including remedies, powers, and duties will not be negatively impacted by reincorporation proposals.

 

Americas Regional and Brazil. The voting rights of international institutional investors are often limited in Latin America. Mexican companies may divide their capital into several classes of shares with special rights for each of the shares, and voting rights for certain classes are restricted to Mexican nationals. With the exception of companies listed in the Novo Mercado, which are required to maintain a single class of shares, most Brazilian companies divide their share capital between common and preferred shares. Typically, common shares confer voting rights and preferred shares do not, although preferred shareholders have the right to vote on specific matters and under certain conditions.

 

A number of Brazilian issuers have adopted mandatory bid provisions, with ownership triggers ranging from 15-35 percent. The Sao Paulo Stock Exchange has recommended that companies in the Novo Mercado listing segment adopt provisions with a 30-percent ownership trigger.

 

Environmental & Social Issue Shareholder Proposals

 

While governance related shareholder proposals are generally evaluated in the context of ISS policies related to management sponsored proposals on those issues, in some markets shareholder proposals seek changes with respect to social and/or environmental issues.

 

U.S. In the U.S., approximately 200 environmental and social shareholder proposals come to a vote each year, primarily at large cap companies. Many request increased disclosure on certain issues or company policies, such as corporate political contributions or lobbying expenditures, board diversity, human rights, animal welfare or animal welfare-related risks, and numerous environmental and "sustainability" topics. ISS evaluates most environmental and social proposals on a case-by-case basis, considering the extent to which the request would or may have an impact on shareholder value (positive or negative), and how that relates to the perceived cost to the company of implementing the proposal.

 

Canada. In Canada, very few environmental and social proposals are filed, and the majority of these are withdrawn prior to shareholders' vote, usually after discussions between the proponent and the company. The most prevalent proposals in recent years relate to gender diversity on boards and in senior management in Canada.

 

Latin America. In Latin America, shareholders have yet to file any environmental and social proposals and such proposals are rarely filed at companies that are subject only to tax haven market regulations.

 

ISS voting guidelines for environmental and social shareholder proposals consider the following:

 

·

Whether the proposal would enhance or protect shareholder value, especially from a long-term value perspective;

·

To what extent the company's current practices and policies align in an appropriate and sufficient manner to the issue(s) raised in the proposal;

·

Whether the issues raised in the proposal are more appropriately or effectively dealt with through legislation or regulation;

·

Whether the proposal's request is unduly burdensome in scope, timeframe, or cost, or is overly prescriptive;

·

How the company's current practices and policies compare with any industry-wide standards; practices for addressing the related issue(s); and

·

If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, the extent that reasonable and sufficient information is currently available to investors, and whether or not implementation would reveal proprietary or confidential information that could place the company at a competitive disadvantage.

 

Merger & Acquisition & Capital Related Proposals

 

U.S. and Canada. ISS generally supports company proposals to repurchase shares or to undertake other actions

 

 

deemed not to arbitrarily diminish or dilute shareholder value or voting interests. Other pure economic proposals, including capital changes and mergers, are evaluated on a case-by-case basis, weighing the merits and drawbacks of the proposal from the perspective of a long-term shareowner and balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors.

 

Unlike in some jurisdictions (e.g., the U.K.), in the U.S. and Canada, shareholders only have preemptive rights if they are accorded in a company's governing documents, which is rare. Share issuances that represent less than 20 percent of outstanding capital do not require shareholder approval.

 

Americas Regional and Brazil. Shareholders of Latin American companies are often asked to vote on share issuances, mergers and non-contentious administrative items such as the absorption of subsidiaries. Merger proposals in Brazil are subject to a higher quorum requirement (50 percent of shares entitled to vote).

 

ISS generally supports share issuances requests in Latin America up to 100 percent over currently issued capital with preemptive rights and up to 20 percent without preemptive rights.

 

Regional Policy and Principles – Europe, Middle East and Africa

 

ISS European Policy

 

·

Covers most of continental Europe. Coverage is broadly in line with European Union membership, but including Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein and excluding the U.K. and Ireland.

·

Most markets covered by ISS European Policy are developed markets with reasonably high governance standards and expectations, often driven by European Union regulation. However, even European Union legislation can vary widely in its implementation across member states.

·

The approach taken by ISS European Policy is to apply the principles of the Policy to all markets covered, but to take relevant market-specific factors into account. Therefore European Policy has a number of areas that are specific to particular markets (for example, taking into account when assessing board independence, legal requirements in Germany for employee representatives on supervisory boards).

·

Governance standards and best practices are often (but not always) on a comply-or-explain basis, with best practice recommendations set by different local corporate governance codes or guidelines. Where relevant, ISS takes into account in its analysis the explanations given by companies for any non-compliance.

 

U.K. and Ireland - NAPF Corporate Governance Policy and Voting Guidelines

 

·

Covers the U.K., Ireland and a number of associated markets (such as the U.K. Channel Islands).

·

Uniquely for the U.K., ISS uses the policy and voting guidelines of the National Association of Pension Funds ("NAPF"), the voice of workplace pensions in the U.K., and representing the views of pension funds, other asset owners and their asset managers. It is based on the U.K. Corporate Governance Code and on internationally accepted best practice principles of corporate governance, and is developed by the NAPF and its members specifically for the U.K. market.

·

The corporate governance regime in the U.K. largely operates on a comply-or-explain basis rather than being wholly founded in corporate law. This approach underlies both the U.K. Corporate Governance Code, which is widely accepted by companies as well as supported by investors.

 

ISS South Africa Policy:

 

·

Covers South Africa only

·

Based on EMEA Regional Policy (described below), with additional approaches for voting items and issues that are specific to the South African market.

 

ISS Russia and Kazakhstan Policy:

 

·

Covers Russia and Kazakhstan only.

·

Based on EMEA Regional Policy with additional approaches for voting items and issues that are specific to these two markets.

 

ISS EMEA Regional Policy:

 

·

Covers all countries in the EMEA region that are not covered by a specific policy. Includes many markets in the Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Europe.

·

The countries currently covered include, but are not limited to, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Georgia, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malawi, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Serbia, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

·

Poor disclosure is common in many of these markets and can be particularly problematic for issues related to director elections, approval of related-party transactions, remuneration, ratification of charitable donations, and capital issuances.

·

For countries currently covered by the ISS EMEA Regional Policy, opportunities for developing standalone market-specific ISS policies are regularly reviewed and specific policies are developed as opportunities to do so are identified from any significant developments in local governance practices, company disclosure practices and relevant legislation.

 

Regional Policy and Principles – Asia-Pacific

 

While ISS global principles apply to markets in Asia-Pacific (notably Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, China, Taiwan, India and Australia), because of diversity in laws, customs and best practice codes of each market, ISS' voting policies in each market take into account such factors to promote sustainable shareholder value creation through support of responsible corporate practices.

 

Board

 

Boards should be substantially independent, fully accountable, and open to appropriate diversity in the backgrounds and expertise of members.

 

Japan. In Japan, there was no obligation to appoint outsiders to the board of directors at the 98 percent of Japanese companies that retain Japan's traditional board system (featuring two tiers, with a statutory auditor board). However, beginning in 2016 companies with a statutory auditor structure are required to have at least two outside directors. A nominee who is voted down may not be replaced, and the board may end up losing one outsider. However, ISS recommends a vote against a company's top executive if the board after the shareholder meeting will have no outside directors or if the top executive has failed to achieve an average return on equity of at least 5 percent over the previous five years, subject to certain exceptions. ISS also recommends voting against amendments to articles of incorporation to create new advisory positions such as "sodanyaku" or "komon" unless the advisors will serve on the board of directors and thus be accountable to shareholders. For meetings on or after February 1, 2019, ISS will recommend voting against top executives in a U.S.-type three committee structure or audit committee structure if, after the shareholder meeting, at least one-third of the board does not consist of outside directors.

 

Hong Kong. ISS recommends voting against executive directors who hold positions on a company's key board committees, namely audit, remuneration, and nomination committees, if such committee is not majority independent. In addition, ISS recommends against directors who have attended less than 75 percent of board meetings in the most recent fiscal year. Furthermore, ISS recommends against all non-independent directors (other than a CEO/managing director, executive chairman, or company founder who is deemed integral to the company) where independent directors represent less than one-third of the board. ISS also generally recommends against an independent director nominee who fails to meet the ISS criteria for independence. In making any of the above recommendations on the election of directors, ISS generally will not recommend against the election of a CEO, managing director, executive chairman, or founder whose removal from the board would be expected to have a material negative impact on shareholder value.

 

Korea. Most Korean companies present proposals to elect directors as a bundled resolution, requiring shareholders to vote for or against the entire slate of nominees, instead of allowing shareholders to vote on each individual nominee. Accordingly, where there are reasons to recommend a vote against one or more nominees, ISS considers

 

 

recommending votes against all nominees included in such resolution.

 

Under Korean law, large company boards must have a majority of outside directors and small companies are required to have a board on which one-fourth of directors are outsiders. Where independent non-executive directors (per ISS' classification of directors) represent less than a majority of the board at large companies, ISS recommends against inside/executive directors who are neither CEO nor a member of the founding family, and/or the most recently appointed non-independent non-executive director (per ISS' classification of directors) who represents a substantial shareholder, where the percentage of board seats held by representatives of the substantial shareholder are disproportionate to its holdings in the company.

 

Singapore. ISS recommends voting against executive directors who hold positions on a company's key board committees, namely audit, remuneration and nomination committees, specifically if the nominee is a member of the nomination committee and the board does not have a lead/senior independent director and/or the board is not at least one-half independent. In addition, ISS recommends voting against directors who have attended less than 75 percent of board meetings in the most recent fiscal year or who sit on more than six public company boards. Furthermore, ISS recommends against all non-independent directors (other than a CEO/managing director, executive chairman, or company founder who is deemed integral to the company) where independent directors represent less than one-third of the board. In making any of the above recommendations on the election of directors, ISS generally will not recommend against the election of a CEO, managing director, executive chairman or founder whose removal from the board would be expected to have a material negative impact on shareholder value.

 

China. Peoples' Republic of China Company Law requires a company's board to have five to 19 directors, whilst a 2001 China Securities Regulatory Commission ("CSRC") guidance document requires that independent directors should represent at least one-third of the board, of which at least one independent director must be an accounting professional. When the board meets the one-third independence requirement, ISS generally supports the election of the candidates unless any independent director candidate fails to meet the ISS criteria for independence.

 

Taiwan. The nomination system is mandatory only for the election of independent directors in Taiwan. Many companies are using a "non-nomination" system for the election of non-independent directors, which means that shareholders can vote for any person of legal age and companies are not obliged to provide a roster of candidates and their profiles before the meeting. The non-nomination system poses great challenges for making an informed voting decision, particularly for overseas investors who must cast their votes well in advance of the meeting. This system acts to disenfranchise minority shareholders, who have limited visibility into the nominees chosen by the controlling shareholder and/or incumbent management team. ISS recommends voting AGAINST all nominees for elections via the "non-nomination" system. These negative recommendations are intended to protest the poor disclosure and disenfranchisement, and to push companies to adopt a system for electing directors akin to that used in most of the world; and which is already used in Taiwan for the election of independent directors. When the company employs the nomination system, ISS recommends generally voting for all non-independent director and supervisor candidates and independent director nominees, unless the nominee is deemed non-independent under ISS's classification, is a legal entity or a representative of a legal entity, has attended less than 75 percent of board and key committee meetings over the most recent fiscal year without a satisfactory explanation, sits on more than six public company boards, or has been a partner of the company's auditor within the last three years and serves on the audit committee.

 

Under extraordinary circumstances, ISS recommends voting against directors or supervisors, members of a committee, or the entire board due to material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight or fiduciary responsibility at the company, failure to replace management as appropriate, or egregious actions related to a director's or supervisor's service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders. In general, when making any nominations on the election of directors, ISS will not recommend against the election of a CEO, managing directors, executive chairman or founder whose removal from the board would be expected to have a material negative impact on shareholder value.

 

When a director election is contested, ISS recommends voting on a case-by-case basis, but shareholder nominees have the persuasive burden to show they are better suited to serve on the board than management's nominees.

 

 

India. ISS recommends voting against executive directors who hold positions on a company's key board committees, namely audit, remuneration, and nomination committees. In addition, ISS recommends voting against directors who have attended less than 75 percent of board meetings in the most recent fiscal year or who sit on more than six public company boards. Furthermore, ISS recommends against all non-independent directors (other than a CEO/managing director, executive chairman, or company founder who is deemed integral to the company) where independent directors represent less than one-third of the board (if the chairman is a non-executive) or one-half of the board (if the chairman is an executive director or a promoter director).

 

Australia. A unitary board structure, combining executive and non-executive directors, retiring by rotation every three years is the norm in Australia. In some cases, the CEO will be excluded from retiring by rotation once appointed to the board by shareholders. It is common and best practice for a board to have subcommittees, namely the audit, remuneration and nomination committees. Listing Rule 12.7 requires members of the All Ordinaries Index to have established an audit committee, with additional guidance on structure and role for the largest 300 companies. As in many developed markets, diversity has come to the fore in recent years. Guidance released by the Australian Securities Exchange on diversity requires companies to disclose information on gender diversity and a focus exists on building a culture of diversity within the company. With a comply-or-explain approach to governance, companies are allowed to deviate from what is considered to be best practice with regard to board structure although solid explanations are expected. Best practice supports majority independent boards, with an independent chairman. In addition, the roles of chairman and CEO should not be combined. ISS generally supports director elections in Australia but may recommend against directors when deviations from best practice are not fully justified.

 

Compensation

 

Japan. Unlike the U.S., Australia and certain European markets, the Japanese market does not require companies to submit say-on-pay proposals for a shareholder vote. Combined with a general perception that Japanese executive pay is not high, as compared to foreign counterparts, and the lack of disclosure rules shedding light on it, Japanese executive pay had long been left unflagged by shareholders. However, compensation disclosure requirements reveal that the problem of Japanese pay is not the amount, but the lack of a link to shareholder wealth creation. Accordingly, ISS policy for Japan's compensation proposals is generally intended to prompt companies to increase performance-based cash compensation as well as equity-based compensation.

 

Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, companies typically seek shareholder approval to set directors' fees and to approve stock option plans, but executive compensation does not require shareholder review. ISS generally supports resolutions regarding directors' fees unless they are excessive relative to fees paid by other companies of similar size.

 

ISS generally recommends voting against an option scheme if the maximum dilution level for the stock option plan exceeds 5 percent of issued capital for a mature company and 10 percent for a growth company. However, ISS supports plans at mature companies with dilution levels up to 10 percent if the plan includes other positive features such as challenging performance criteria and meaningful vesting periods as these features partially offset dilution concerns by reducing the likelihood that options will become exercisable unless there is a clear improvement in shareholder value. Additionally, ISS generally recommends against plans if directors eligible to receive options under the plan are involved in the administration of the scheme and the administrator has discretion over their awards.

 

Korea. In Korea, companies annually seek shareholder approval to set the remuneration cap for directors. These proposals seek to set an upper limit on director pay in aggregate, but individual pay limits as well as the actual amounts paid are almost never disclosed. ISS generally recommends voting for proposals to set directors' remuneration cap unless there is a material disparity between director remuneration and the firm's dividend payout practice or financial performance, the proposed remuneration cap is excessive relative to the company's peers, or the company fails to provide justification for a substantial increase in the remuneration limit.

 

Singapore. In Singapore, companies typically seek shareholder approval to set directors' fees and to approve stock option plans, performance share plans and other equity-based incentives, but executive compensation does not require shareholder approval. ISS generally supports resolutions regarding directors' fees unless they are excessive

 

 

relative to fees paid by other companies of similar size.

 

ISS generally recommends voting against an option scheme if the maximum dilution level for the stock option plan exceeds 5 percent of issued capital for a mature company and 10 percent for a growth company or if the plan permits options to be issued with an exercise price at a discount to the current market price. However, ISS supports plans at mature companies with dilution levels up to 10 percent if the plan includes other positive features such as challenging performance criteria and meaningful vesting periods as these features partially offset dilution concerns by reducing the likelihood that options will become exercisable unless there is a clear improvement in shareholder value. Additionally, ISS generally recommends against plans if directors eligible to receive options under the plan are involved in the administration of the scheme and the administrator has discretion over their awards.

 

China. Stock option plans and restricted stock schemes have become increasingly popular in China in recent years, with companies employing increasingly sophisticated schemes. Companies are required to provide detailed information regarding these schemes under the relevant laws and regulations. When reviewing these proposals, ISS examines the key plan features including the performance hurdles, plan participants, resulting dilution, and vesting period.

 

Taiwan. Restricted stock awards ("RSAs") were first introduced in Taiwan in 2012. The amount of restricted stock to be issued is capped at 5 percent of the number of shares outstanding under the law, and the restricted shares can be granted free of charge. ISS reviews RSA proposals on a case-by-case basis taking into account the following features: whether existing substantial shareholders are restricted in participation; presence of challenging performance hurdles if restricted shares are issued for free or at a deep discount; and whether a reasonable vesting period (at least two years) is set.

 

India. Currently, ISS does not have market-specific policies on compensation. However, shareholders are often asked to approve commissions for non-executive directors. Companies also routinely seek shareholder approval for compensation packages of executive directors. ISS recommends voting for these proposals unless there is a clear indication that directors are being rewarded for poor performance or the fees are excessive.

 

Companies establish employee stock option plans to reward and retain key employees. ISS generally recommends voting against an option plan if the maximum dilution level for the plan exceeds ISS guidelines of 5 percent of issued share capital for a mature company and 10 percent for a growth company or the plan permits options to be issued with an exercise price at a discount to the current market price.

 

Australia. Investors are given an annual say-on-pay, with the potential of forcing all directors to seek reelection if dissent exceeds 25 percent of the vote for two years running. In addition, investors can vote on individual long-term incentive grants. In general, packages are made up of a basic salary and a combination of short- and long-term incentives making up the rump of the potential award. Awards generally have pre-set performance targets with long-term awards generally vesting after a three year performance period. As with other elements of company practice, guidelines in the market exist with regard to remuneration. ISS looks for a strong link between the level of pay received and company performance. In addition, ISS expects company disclosure to be transparent enabling an informed voting decision to be made.

 

Audit

 

Japan. Shareholders are asked to approve the external auditor only when auditors are initially appointed or changed. ISS recommends a vote for the appointment of audit firms unless there are serious concerns about the accounts presented or the audit procedures used or the auditors are being changed without explanation; in which case ISS evaluates the proposal on a case-by-case basis.

 

Hong Kong, Singapore and India. In Hong Kong, Singapore and India, companies are required to seek shareholder approval annually for the appointment of the auditor and to authorize the board to set the auditor's fees. Auditors often provide other services in addition to audit services, which could threaten to compromise the auditor's ability to remain objective and independent. While ISS will consider the nature and scope of non-audit fees when assessing their magnitude, where non-audit fees have constituted more than 50 percent of total auditor compensation during the fiscal year, ISS will ordinarily not recommend support for the reelection of the audit firm. Non-audit fees,

 

 

however, do not include fees related to significant one-time transactional fees that were accrued due to special projects or capital structure events where the company discloses those fees.

 

Korea and Taiwan. The appointment of the external auditor is not an item that requires shareholder review.

 

China. While it is acknowledged that the practice of auditors providing non-audit services to companies is problematic, the disclosure of non-audit fees is not mandatory in this market. As such, ISS generally supports the appointment of an external auditor unless there are any known negative issues against the auditor.

 

Australia. Shareholders are generally asked to approve the external auditor only when auditors are initially appointed or changed. ISS recommends a vote for the appointment of audit firms unless there are serious concerns about the accounts presented or the audit procedures used or the auditors are being changed without explanation.

 

Shareholder Rights/Takeover Defenses

 

Japan. ISS evaluates poison pill proposals on a case-by-case basis, but the guidelines specify a number of conditions which must ALL be met before ISS will even consider supporting a takeover defense. Those conditions are composed of five components: 1) plan features, 2) board practices, 3) creation of a special committee to evaluate takeover bids, 4) other defenses and 5) information disclosure. Only when each of these threshold conditions is met will ISS proceed to a discussion of the company's actual vulnerability to a hostile takeover, and the plans (if any) it has announced to increase its valuation and thus reduce its vulnerability. The total duration of a poison pill may not exceed three years.

 

In evaluating poison pill renewals, ISS will examine the company's share price performance, relative to its peers, since the pill was first put in place. Where the company has underperformed the market, it will be difficult to argue that shareholders have benefited from the pill, or that they should support its renewal. Starting in 2016 the current poison pill policy became more stringent by requiring as necessary conditions for support of a poison pill that 1) the policy provides the board a higher degree of independence, 2) all members of the special committee are either directors or statutory auditors of the company and thus directly accountable to shareholders, and, 3) the proxy circular is posted on the stock exchange website at least four weeks prior to the meeting.

 

Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and India. Poison pills and dual-class shares with different voting rights are not allowed. If any antitakeover measure is proposed, ISS generally recommends against such a proposal unless it is structured in such a way that it gives shareholders the ultimate decision on any proposal or offer.

 

Korea. Poison pills are not allowed in Korea, although it is possible to utilize redeemable convertible preferred shares to serve a similar purpose. ISS generally recommends against proposals to create classes of shares that could be utilized as an antitakeover measure.

 

ISS recommends against proposals to adopt a supermajority voting requirement for removal of directors or internal auditors as it will make it difficult for shareholders to dismiss directors or internal auditors, which could reduce board accountability.

 

Golden parachutes are allowed in Korea, and ISS generally recommends a vote against a proposal to introduce such a clause.

 

China. The adoption of antitakeover measures in China is regulated by the Management Approach on Acquisition of Listed Companies (the "Approach"), published by CSRC in 2006. The Approach effectively forbids the employment of poison pills, scorched earth and other common shark repellent defenses during the event of a hostile takeover. However, what can be done before the event is not regulated. As a result, Chinese companies have increasingly been adopting preemptive measures designed to discourage and inhibit takeover attempts by placing restrictions in the company's Articles of Association. One of the most common restrictions placed in a company's Articles of Association relates to the right of shareholders to nominate directors. ISS generally recommends voting against such restrictive articles.

 

Australia. Poison pills and dual-class shares with different voting rights are not allowed. If any antitakeover

 

 

measure is proposed, ISS generally recommends against such a proposal unless it is structured in such a way that it gives shareholders the ultimate decision on any proposal or offer.

 

Environmental & Social Issue Shareholder Proposals

 

Most proposals of this type require shareholders to apply subjective criteria in making their voting decision. While broader issues are of concern to everyone, institutional shareholders acting as representatives of their beneficiaries are required to consider only the ultimate interests of their direct beneficiaries. Relating the interests of their beneficiaries to the greater good can be a difficult process and a matter for individual determination. For this reason, ISS focuses on the financial aspects of social and environmental proposals. If a proposal would have a negative impact on the company's financial position or adversely affect important operations, ISS recommends opposing the resolution. Conversely, if a proposal would have a clear and beneficial impact on the company's finances or operations, ISS recommends supporting the proposal.

 

Japan. In evaluating social and environmental proposals, ISS first determines whether or not the issue in question should be addressed on a company-specific basis. Some social and environmental issues are beyond the scope of any one company and are more properly the province of government and broader regulatory action. If this is the case, ISS recommends voting against the proposal.

 

Hong Kong, Singapore, China, Taiwan and India. Shareholder proposals on environmental and social issues are not common in these markets. ISS reviews these proposals on case-by-case basis, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value.

 

Korea. Environmental & Social Issues are not items that shareholders can vote on under the current legal framework in Korea.

 

Australia. Shareholder proposals on environmental and social issues are not common in Australia, with engagement carried out behind closed doors. ISS reviews these proposals on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value.

 

Merger & Acquisition /Economic Proposals

 

Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, Taiwan, India and Australia. For every Merger & Acquisition and Third-Party Placement analysis, ISS reviews publicly available information as of the date of the report and evaluates the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors including: valuation, market reaction, strategic rationale, negotiations and process, conflicts of interest and governance.

 

Korea. The company-level transactions that require shareholders' approval include sale/acquisition of a company's assets or business unit; merger agreements; and formation of a holding company. For every analysis, ISS reviews publicly available information as of the date of the report and evaluates the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors, including valuation, market reaction, strategic rationale, conflicts of interest, governance, and trading opportunity from the dissident's right.

 

Newton Guidelines

 

Newton's responsible investment team conducts research on environmental, social and governance ("ESG") issues and undertakes engagement consistent with Newton's views on ESG issues.

 

Boards. Newton believes it is essential to have an appropriate balance between executive and independent non-executive directors to ensure that the interests of shareholders are represented. A company's board should have an effective structure, have access to adequate training, undertake suitable recruitment to ensure the maintenance of appropriate skills and breadth of experience, and have planned succession. It should undertake its own annual evaluation and assess the suitability of an external evaluation. The board should review the effectiveness of the company's internal controls and appropriateness of its risk profile at least annually. Directors should be available to meet with investors when required.

 

 

Independence. Newton believes it is important that a board maintains an appropriate level of independence. Newton looks unfavorably on directors having a recent relationship with the company, involved in related-party transactions, receiving performance-based remuneration, or where a non-executive director's length of service suggests that the board lacks fresh experience, insight and judgment.

 

Chairman and CEO. Newton believes it is in the best interests of shareholders for the roles of CEO and chair to be separate and defined. Newton is opposed to a CEO becoming chair of the same company and has a preference for the chair to be considered independent at the time of appointment.

 

Senior Independent Director. Newton expects a senior independent director or lead director to act as a conduit between the non-executive directors and the shareholders to ensure that the views of the independent non-executive directors play a prominent role in board deliberations.

 

Board Committees. Newton favors the establishment of key board committees with oversight of a board's audit, risk, remuneration and nomination functions, as well as a separate board committee charged with oversight of the company's environmental and social policies, where applicable. Each committee should consist of a majority of independent directors, with the audit committee and remuneration committee consisting solely of independent directors.

 

Succession Planning. Newton believes a fundamental role of the board is the establishment of an effective succession planning policy. Newton believes an engaged nomination committee should ensure that it has identified at least one suitable candidate to succeed individuals employed in key roles within the company and should be able to react swiftly in the event of an individual suddenly departing from the company.

 

Board Diversity. Newton believes a board should contain a wide variety of experience and skills and consideration of board diversity should include, but not be limited to, gender, age, nationality, race, religion, skill, experience and knowledge. A board's nomination committee should be charged with the responsibility of ensuring that a good balance of board diversity is achieved.

 

Risk Management and Internal Controls. Newton believes a company should have a clear policy in relation to assessing the appropriateness of its risk profile and communication how it is responding to material business risks via a clear risk register. The board should have formal responsibility for risk management and the internal control functions. Newton expects companies to report publicly on their policy and position in relation to these areas.

 

Auditors. Remuneration of auditors for non-audit services should be kept under review by the audit committee and should not be excessive. Newton expects non-audit fees to be disclosed and justified in the auditor's remuneration section of a company's annual report and accounts. Newton would be concerned if a company accepts a monetary cap on its auditor's liability and would expect to see a detailed explanation should any other type of liability limitation be adopted.

 

Remuneration. Variable remuneration should be structured so that it does not reward individuals for poor performance. If performance metrics governing the vesting of variable remuneration awards are not representative of the underlying performance of a business, Newton would expect an independent remuneration committee to exercise discretion.

 

Dividend Policies. Newton is cautious of companies with a consistently low dividend pay-out ratio that have not identified suitable investment opportunities or developed a strategic investment plan.

 

Share Buy-Backs. Newton believes a decision to buy back shares should be considered in the context of alternative uses of capital, such as acquisitions or a special dividend.

 

Related-Party Transactions. Newton expects companies to explain the necessity for a related-party transaction together with justification that the decision to enter into such an arrangement was taken independently of the related party.

 

 

Voting Rights. Newton is unfavorably disposed towards companies that give disproportionate influence to selected investors.

 

Schemes of Arrangement and Amendments to Articles of Association. A wide range of events may be covered by these proposals, including mergers, acquisitions and change of domicile. As each proposal must be considered on its own merits, Newton will exercise voting rights in line with its investment rationale and in the best interests of its clients.

 

Anti-Takeover Mechanisms/Poison Pills (Anti-Takeover Defense). Newton is unlikely to support arguments for approving the introduction or continuation of an anti-takeover mechanism because this may lead to the entrenchment of a poorly performing management team and inhibit the creation of shareholder value.

 

Shareholder Rights. Newton acknowledges that shareholders should not necessarily be involved in the detail of company management but will not support companies seeking to reduce shareholder rights and will support sensible shareholder proposals that seek to strengthen shareholder rights.

 

Capital Structure Alterations. Newton expects companies to communicate their intentions clearly and provide rationale for any changes to their capital structure.

 

Controlling and Influential Shareholders. Companies should disclose the detail behind any special relationships or agreements that are in place with such shareholders. Newton will seek to understand the investment expectations of these investors and place greater emphasis on the company conforming to corporate governance best practice in an effort to limit the possibility of Newton's clients being disadvantaged by the situation.

 

Political Donations. Generally, Newton will not support a company that seeks to make director donations to any political party or political organization.

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS' STRUCTURE; FUND SHARES AND VOTING RIGHTS

 

Massachusetts Business Trusts

 

If a fund is a series of a fund company organized as an unincorporated business trust under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, shareholders of the fund could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. However, the fund company's Agreement and Declaration of Trust (the "Trust Agreement") disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the fund company and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by the fund company or a board member. The Trust Agreement provides for indemnification from a fund's property for all losses and expenses of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the fund itself would be unable to meet its obligations, a possibility which management believes is remote. Upon payment of any liability incurred by a fund, the shareholder paying such liability will be entitled to reimbursement from the general assets of the fund. The fund companies intend to conduct their operations in such a way so as to avoid, as far as possible, ultimate liability of the shareholders for liabilities of a fund.

 

Fund Shares and Voting Rights

 

Fund shares have equal rights as to dividends and in liquidation. Shares have no preemptive, subscription rights or, except as described in the prospectus or this SAI, conversion rights and are freely transferable. Each fund share has one vote and, when issued and paid for in accordance with the terms of its offering, is fully paid and non-assessable.

 

Unless otherwise required by the 1940 Act, ordinarily it will not be necessary for a fund to hold annual meetings of shareholders. As a result, shareholders may not consider each year the election of board members or the appointment of an independent registered public accounting firm. However, for a fund that is organized as a

 

 

Massachusetts business trust or a series of a Massachusetts business trust, the holders of at least 30% of shares outstanding and entitled to vote may require a special meeting of shareholders to be held, including for purposes of removing a board member from office. For a fund that is organized as a Maryland corporation or a series of a Maryland corporation, the holders of shares entitled to at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at a special meeting of shareholders may require such a meeting to be held, including for purposes of removing a board member from office. In addition, the board will call a meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing board members if, at any time, less than a majority of the board members then holding office have been elected by shareholders.

 

Rule 18f-2 under the 1940 Act provides that any matter required to be submitted under the provisions of the 1940 Act or applicable state law or otherwise to the holders of the outstanding voting securities of an investment company will not be deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series, if any, affected by such matter. Rule 18f-2 further provides that a series shall be deemed to be affected by a matter unless it is clear that the interests of each series in the matter are identical or that the matter does not affect any interest of such series. Rule 18f-2 exempts the selection of the independent registered public accounting firm and the election of board members from the separate voting requirements of the rule.

 

GLOSSARY

 

Term	Meaning
12b-1 Plan	A Plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act
1940 Act	Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended
ACH	Automated Clearing House
Acquired Fund	Former series of The Bear Stearns Funds
ADRs	American Depositary Receipts and American Depositary Shares
Adviser	The Manager and/or one or more Sub-Advisers, as applicable to the relevant fund or funds
Affiliated Broker	A broker that is (1) an affiliate of a fund, or an affiliated person of such person or (2) an affiliated person of which is an affiliated person of a fund, its Adviser or the Distributor.
Affiliated Entity	An affiliate of Dreyfus that, along with Dreyfus, employs fund portfolio managers who are dual employees of the Dreyfus and such affiliate; for the Dreyfus International Equity Fund, references to an Affiliated Entity shall be deemed to refer to BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation as Manager of the Dreyfus International Equity Fund
Alcentra	Alcentra NY, LLC
Amherst Capital	Amherst Capital Management LLC
AMT	Federal alternative minimum tax
Authorized Entity	A bank, broker-dealer, financial adviser or Retirement Plan that has entered into an agreement with the Distributor to receive orders to buy and sell fund shares by the close of trading on the NYSE and transmit such orders to the Distributor or its designee in accordance with the agreement with the Distributor
BNYM	BNY Mellon and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including Dreyfus
BNY Hamilton Funds	The BNY Hamilton Funds, Inc.
BNY Mellon	The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation; BNY

 

 

Term	Meaning
	Mellon is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation.
BNYMAM Japan	BNY Mellon Asset Management Japan Limited
Cash Management Funds	Dreyfus AMT-Free Municipal Cash Management Plus, Dreyfus AMT-Free New York Municipal Cash Management, Dreyfus AMT-Free Tax Exempt Cash Management, Dreyfus Cash Management, Dreyfus Government Cash Management, Dreyfus Government Securities Cash Management, Dreyfus Treasury & Agency Cash Management and Dreyfus Treasury Securities Cash Management
CCO	Chief Compliance Officer
CDSC	Contingent deferred sales charge
CEA	Commodities Exchange Act
CenterSquare	CenterSquare Investment Management LLC
CEO	Chief Executive Officer
CFTC	Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Channing	Channing Capital Management, LLC
Citizens	Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its affiliates
Code	Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
CPO	Commodity pool operator
CPO Funds	Dynamic Total Return Fund, BNY Mellon Absolute Insight Multi-Strategy Fund and BNY Mellon Insight Broad Opportunities Fund
CRM	Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn, LLC
Custodian	The Bank of New York Mellon
Dalton	Dalton Investments LLC
Distributor	MBSC Securities Corporation
Dodd-Frank Act	Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Dreyfus	The Dreyfus Corporation
Dreyfus-sponsored	An IRA or Retirement Plan sponsored by Dreyfus or its affiliates, including MBSC Securities Corporation
EACM	EACM Advisors LLC
EAM	EAM Investors, LLC
Eastern Shore	Eastern Shore Capital Management
EDRs	European Depositary Receipts
Effective Date	March 13, 2012
Eligible Shares	Shares of a Multi-Class Fund or shares of other funds advised by the Manager that are subject to a front-end sales load or a CDSC, or shares acquired by a previous exchange of such shares
ETFs	Exchange-traded funds and similar exchange-traded products
ETNs	Exchange-traded notes
Exchange Account	A special account in Dreyfus Class shares of the General Government Fund created solely for the purpose of purchasing shares by exchange from Class A or Class C shares of a Multi-Class Fund that are subject to a CDSC
Exchange Act	Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Funds	Monies of member banks within the Federal Reserve

 

 

Term	Meaning
	System which are held on deposit at a Federal Reserve Bank
FINRA	Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
Fitch	Fitch Ratings
FNMA	Federal National Mortgage Association
Fund of Funds	Dreyfus Diversified International Fund and Dreyfus Diversified Large Cap Fund, each of which invests all or substantially all of its investable assets in Underlying Funds, and Dreyfus Alternative Diversifier Strategies Fund, Dreyfus Diversified Emerging Markets Fund and Dreyfus Yield Enhancement Strategy Fund, each of which invests significantly in Underlying Funds
GCM	Geneva Capital Management LLC (formerly known as Henderson Geneva Capital Management) d/b/a Geneva Capital Management
GDRs	Global Depositary Receipts
General Fund	General Money Market Fund, Inc., a money market fund advised by the Manager into which certain fund shares may be exchanged
General Funds	General California Municipal Money Market Fund, General Government Securities Money Market Fund, General Money Market Fund, Inc. General Municipal Money Market Fund, General New Jersey Municipal Money Market Fund, Inc., General New York Municipal Money Market Fund, General Treasury and Agency Money Market Fund and General Treasury Securities Money Market Fund
General Government Fund	General Government Securities Money Market Fund, a money market fund managed by the Manager into which certain fund shares may be exchanged
Ginnie Maes	GNMA Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
GNMA	Government National Mortgage Association
Gotham	Gotham Asset Management, LLC
Government MMFs	Dreyfus Government Cash Management, Dreyfus Government Securities Cash Management, Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Government Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Government Plus Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Treasury Securities Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Treasury and Agency Cash Advantage Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Treasury Securities Cash Advantage Fund, Dreyfus Treasury & Agency Cash Management, Dreyfus Treasury and Agency Liquidity Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Treasury Securities Cash Management, General Government Securities Money Market Fund, General Treasury and Agency Money Market Fund and General Treasury Securities Money Market Fund
Granite	Granite Investment Partners, LLC
Insight	Insight Investment International Limited
Insight NA	Insight North America LLC
Independent Board Member	A board member who is not an "interested person" (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the relevant fund

 

 

Term	Meaning
Index	The benchmark index of an Index Fund
Index Funds	Dreyfus International Stock Index Fund, Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Inc., Dreyfus S&P 500 Index Fund and Dreyfus Smallcap Stock Index Fund
Index Manager	BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation
Institutional Money Funds	Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Government Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Government Plus Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Treasury Securities Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Institutional Treasury and Agency Cash Advantage Fund and Dreyfus Institutional Treasury Securities Cash Advantage Fund
Interested Board Member	A board member who is considered to be an "interested person" (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the relevant fund
Institutional MMFs	Dreyfus AMT-Free Tax Exempt Cash Management, Dreyfus Cash Management and Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Money Market Fund
Institutional Liquidity Funds	Dreyfus Treasury and Agency Liquidity Money Market Fund
IPO	Initial public offering
IRAs	Individual retirement accounts (including, without limitation, traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, IRA "Rollover Accounts" or IRAs set up under Simplified Employee Pension Plans (SEP-IRAs), Salary Reduction Simplified Employee Pension Plans (SARSEPs) or Savings Incentive Match Plans for Employees (SIMPLE IRAs))
IRS	Internal Revenue Service
Janus Henderson	Janus Henderson Group Plc
Kayne	Kayne Anderson Rudnick Investment Management, LLC
Lending Agent	The Bank of New York Mellon
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
Manager	The Dreyfus Corporation; when used for the Dreyfus International Equity Fund only, the Manager refers to BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation
Mellon Capital	Mellon Capital Management Corporation, a predecessor company of BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation
MLP	Master limited partnership
Moody's	Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
Multi-Class Fund	A fund that issues multiple classes of shares, one or more of which is subject to a sales load
Municipal Bonds Municipal Obligations	Debt obligations or other securities issued by states, territories and possessions of the United States and the District of Columbia and their political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities, including cities, counties, municipalities, municipal

 

 

Term	Meaning
	agencies and regional districts, or multi-state agencies or authorities, and certain other specified securities, the interest from which is, in the opinion of bond counsel to the issuer, exempt from federal income tax
NASDAQ	The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc.
NAV	Net asset value
Neuberger Berman	Neuberger Berman Investment Advisers LLC
Newton	Newton Investment Management (North America) Limited
NFA	National Futures Association
Nicholas	Nicholas Investment Partners, L.P.
NYSE	New York Stock Exchange
Old Class T shares	Class T shares offered by certain funds prior to February 4, 2009
Plans	Distribution Plans, Service Plans and Shareholder Services Plans as described in "Distribution Plans, Service Plans and Shareholder Services Plans" in Part II of this SAI
Purchaser	An individual and/or spouse purchasing securities for his, her or their own account or for the account of any minor children, or a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing securities for a single trust estate or a single fiduciary account although more than one beneficiary is involved; or a group of accounts established by or on behalf of the employees of an employer or affiliated employers pursuant to a Retirement Plan
Ramius	Ramius Advisors, LLC
Rating Agencies	S&P, Moody's, Fitch and, with respect to money market funds, DBRS
Redwood	Redwood Investments, LLC
REIT	Real estate investment trust
REMIC	Real estate mortgage investment conduit
Retirement Plans	Qualified or non-qualified employee benefit plans, such as 401(k), 403(b)(7), Keogh, pension, profit-sharing and other deferred compensation plans, whether established by corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, non-profit entities, trade or labor unions, or state and local governments, but not including IRAs
Retail MMFs	Dreyfus AMT-Free Municipal Cash Management Plus, Dreyfus AMT-Free New York Municipal Cash Management, Dreyfus BASIC Money Market Fund, Dreyfus Liquid Assets, Dreyfus Prime Money Market Fund, General California Municipal Money Market Fund, General Money Market Fund, General Municipal Money Market Fund, General New Jersey Municipal Money Market Fund and General New York AMT-Free Municipal Money Market Fund
RHJ	Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC
RIC	Regulated investment company, as defined in the Code
S&P	Standard & Poor's Ratings Services
Sarofim & Co.	Fayez Sarofim & Co.

 

 

Term	Meaning
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
Sirios	Sirios Capital Management, L.P.
Securities Act	Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Service Agents	Certain financial intermediaries (which may include banks), securities dealers and other industry professionals that have entered into an agreement with the Distributor
Standish	Standish Mellon Asset Management Company LLC, a predecessor company of BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation
State Municipal Bonds	Municipal Bonds of the state after which the relevant fund is named that provide income exempt from federal and such state's personal income taxes (also referred to as "New York Municipal Bonds," "New Jersey Municipal Bonds," etc., depending on the state in the name of the relevant fund); New York Municipal Bonds also are exempt from New York City personal income taxes
State Municipal Funds	A fund that normally invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus borrowings for investment purposes, in State Municipal Bonds or State Municipal Obligations
State Municipal Obligations	Municipal Obligations of the state after which the relevant fund is named, and the state's political subdivisions, authorities and corporations, and certain other specified securities, that provide income exempt from federal and such state's personal income taxes (also referred to as "New York Municipal Obligations," "New Jersey Municipal Obligations," etc., depending on the state in the name of the relevant fund); New York Municipal Obligations also are exempt from New York City personal income taxes
Sub-Adviser	A fund's sub-investment adviser, if any, as described in the prospectus; certain funds have more than one Sub-Adviser
Subsidiary	DTR Commodity Fund Ltd., a company (1) organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands, (2) whose registered office is located at Maples Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands and (3) which is wholly-owned and controlled by Dynamic Total Retun Fund
TBCAM	The Boston Company Asset Management, LLC, a predecessor company of BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation
Three Bridges	Three Bridges Capital, LP
TIPS	Treasury Inflation-Protection Securities
Transfer Agent	Dreyfus Transfer, Inc.
Treasury	U.S. Department of the Treasury
TSW	Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC
Underlying Funds	Dreyfus funds (or other funds as may be permitted by a Fund of Funds' prospectus) in which a Fund of Funds invests

 

 

Term	Meaning
USA PATRIOT Act	Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001
Walter Scott	Walter Scott & Partners Limited
Walthausen	Walthausen & Co., LLC
Weekly Liquid Assets	(i) Cash; (ii) direct obligations of the U.S. government; (iii)  securities issued by U.S. government agencies at a discount and have a remaining maturity of 60 days or less; (iv) securities that will mature or are subject to a demand feature that is exercisable and payable within five business days; and (v) amounts receivable and due unconditionally within five business days on pending sales of portfolio securities

 

 

 

 

ADVANTAGE FUNDS, INC.

 

PART C. OTHER INFORMATION

 

  

Item 28.

Exhibits.

 

(a)(1)		Registrant's Articles of Incorporation and Articles of Amendment are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (1) of Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on December 22, 1993.
(a)(2)		Articles of Amendment, dated September 28, 1995, (name change) are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (1)(b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on September 27, 1995.
(a)(3)		Articles of Amendment, dated March 30, 2001, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on April 2, 2001.
(a)(4)		Articles of Amendment, dated May 2, 2006, (name change) are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 71 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on April 27, 2006 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 71").
(a)(5)		Articles of Amendment, dated May 27, 2008, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 80 to the Registration Statement of Form N-1A, filed on May 27, 2008 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 80").
(a)(6)		Articles of Amendment, dated December 2, 2008, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 84 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 27, 2009.
(a)(7)		Articles of Amendment, dated February 9, 2010, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 91 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 25, 2010 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 91").
(a)(8)		Articles of Amendment, dated September 8, 2016, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(8) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 131 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on September 29, 2016 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 131").
(a)(9)		Articles Supplementary, dated May 2, 2006, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 71.
(a)(10)		Articles Supplementary, dated December 14, 2007, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 76 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on December 13, 2007.
(a)(11)		Articles Supplementary, dated May 27, 2008, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 80.
(a)(12)		Articles Supplementary, dated March 22, 2010, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(11) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on April 28, 2010.
(a)(13)		Articles Supplementary, dated December 16, 2010, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(12) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 95 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 11, 2011.

 

 

(a)(14)		Articles Supplementary, dated December 22, 2011, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(13) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 101 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on December 14, 2011 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 101").
(a)(15)		Articles Supplementary, dated June 24, 2013, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(14) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 111 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on June 25, 2013.
(a)(16)		Articles Supplementary, dated September 30, 2016, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(16) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 131.
(a)(17)		Articles Supplementary, dated March 15, 2017, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(17) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 139 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on March 28, 2017 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 139").
(a)(18)		Articles Supplementary, dated October 18, 2017, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(18) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 143 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on November 28, 2017 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 143").
(b)		Registrant's By-Laws, amended and restated as of July 1, 2011, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 103 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on December 28, 2011 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 103").
(d)(1)		Management Agreement between the Registrant and The Dreyfus Corporation, dated August 24, 1994, amended as of July 18, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 143.
(d)(2)		Sub-Investment Advisory Agreement between The Dreyfus Corporation and BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation, dated April 24, 2006, amended as of January 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 28, 2018.
(d)(3)		Sub-Investment Advisory Agreement between The Dreyfus Corporation and Newton Investment Management (North America) Limited, dated March 2, 2010, amended as of July 18, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 143.
(d)(4)		Management Agreement for DTR Commodity Fund Ltd., dated August 1, 2016, amended as of January 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on December 28, 2018 ("Post-Effective Amendment No. 151").
(d)(5)		Sub-Investment Advisory for DTR Commodity Fund Ltd. between The Dreyfus Corporation and BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation, dated August 1, 2016, amended as of January 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151.
(e)(1)		Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement between the Registrant and MBSC Securities Corporation, dated September 6, 2018, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (e)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151.
(e)(2)		Forms of Broker-Dealer Selling Agreement and Bank Selling Agreement are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (e)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151.
(e)(3)		Forms of Supplemental Service Agreements are incorporated by reference to Exhibit (e)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 74 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 28, 2007.

 

 

 

(e)(4)		Form of Service Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (e)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 137 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 28, 2017.
(g)(1)		Custody Agreement between the Registrant and The Bank New York Mellon, dated January, 1, 2011, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (g)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 97 to the Registration Statement on Form N1-A, filed on February 28, 2011.
(g)(2)		Amendment to Custody Agreement between the Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon, dated October 1, 2013, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (g)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 113 to the Registration Statement on Form N1-A, filed on December 26, 2013.
(g)(3)		Second Amendment to Custody Agreement between the Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon, dated December 22, 2016, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (g)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 135 to the Registration Statement on Form N1-A, filed on December 28, 2016.
(h)(1)		Shareholder Services Plan, dated March 16, 1995, revised as of November 7, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (h) (1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 143.
(h)(2)		Amended and Restated Transfer Agency Agreement, between the Registrant and Dreyfus Transfer, Inc., dated May 29, 2012,  is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (h)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 107 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on December 28, 2012.
(i)(1)		Opinion and consent of Registrant's counsel is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 28 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A, filed on February 25, 2000.
(i)(2)		Opinion and consent of Venable LLP (relating to Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund), dated November 28, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (i)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 143.
(j)		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.*
(m)(1)		Rule 12b-1 Service Plan, dated February 25, 1999, revised as of November 7, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (m)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 143.
(m)(2)		Rule 12b-1 Service Plan, with respect to Class T Shares, dated March 31, 2017, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (m)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 139.
(n)(1)		Rule 18f-3 Plan, as amended, June 11, 2018 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (n)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151.
(p)(1)		Revised Code of Ethics adopted by the Registrant, The Dreyfus Corporation, BNY Mellon, BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation and Newton Investment Management (North America) Limited, which became effective June 8, 2018, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (p)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151.
(p)(2)		Code of Ethics for the Nonmanagement Board Members of the Dreyfus Family of Funds, revised as of November 3, 2014, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit (p)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 124 to Registration Statement on Form N1-A, filed on December 28, 2015.

 

Other Exhibits.

 

	(1)	Power of Attorney, dated March 30, 2018, is incorporated by reference to Other Exhibit (1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 151.
	(2)	Certificate of Secretary is incorporated by reference to Other Exhibit (b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 91.

 

* To be filed by amendment.

 

 

Item 29.         Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with Registrant.

 

Not Applicable.

 

Item 30.         Indemnification.

 

The Registrant's charter documents set forth the circumstances under which indemnification shall be provided to any past or present Board member or officer of the Registrant. The Registrant also has entered into a separate agreement with each of its Board members that describes the conditions and manner in which the Registrant indemnifies each of its Board members against all liabilities incurred by them (including attorney's fees and other litigation expenses, settlements, fines and penalties), or which may be threatened against them, as a result of being or having been a Board member of the Registrant. These indemnification provisions are subject to applicable state law and to the limitation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, that no board member or officer of a fund may be protected against liability for willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard for the duties of his or her office. Reference is hereby made to the following: Article VII of the Registrant's Articles of Incorporation and any amendments thereto, Article VIII of the Registrant's Amended and Restated Bylaws, Section 2-418 of the Maryland General Corporation Law and Section 1.10 of the Distribution Agreement.

 

Item 31(a).    Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser.

 

The Dreyfus Corporation ("Dreyfus") and subsidiary companies comprise a financial service organization whose business consists primarily of providing investment management services as the investment adviser, manager and distributor for sponsored investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and as an investment adviser to institutional and individual accounts. Dreyfus also serves as sub-investment adviser to and/or administrator of other investment companies. MBSC Securities Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dreyfus, serves primarily as a registered broker-dealer of shares of investment companies sponsored by Dreyfus and of other investment companies for which Dreyfus acts as investment adviser, sub-investment adviser or administrator.

 

Item 31(b).    Business and Other Connections of Sub-Investment Advisers.

 

With respect to the Dreyfus Structured Midcap Fund and Dynamic Total Return Fund, the Registrant is fulfilling the requirement of this Item 31(b) to provide a list of the officers and directors of BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation ("BNY Mellon AMNA"), the sub-investment adviser of the Registrant, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by BNY Mellon AMNA, or those of its officers and directors during the past two years, by incorporating by reference the information contained in the Form ADV filed with the SEC pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 by BNY Mellon AMNA (SEC File No. 801-19785).

 

With respect to the Dreyfus Global Dynamic Bond Income Fund, Dreyfus Global Multi-Asset Income Fund and Dreyfus Global Real Return Fund, the Registrant is fulfilling the requirement of this Item 31(b) to provide a list of the officers and directors of Newton Investment Management (North America) Limited (Newton), the sub-investment adviser of the Registrant, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by Newton, or those of its officers and directors during the past two years, by incorporating by reference the information contained in the Form ADV filed with the SEC pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 by Newton (SEC File No. 801-42114).

 

 

Item 31.        Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser (continued)

 

Officers and Directors of Investment Adviser

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
Renee LaRoche-Morris President and Director		The Dreyfus Corporation++		President		1/18 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management*******		Chief Operating Officer		1/18 - Present
		BNY Mellon Wealth Management++		Chief Financial Officer		5/14-12/17
Bradley J. Skapyak Chief Operating Officer and Director		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Chief Executive Officer Director		8/16 – Present 8/16 - Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Executive Vice President		6/07 – 8/16
		The Bank of New York Mellon***		Senior Vice President		4/07 - Present
		The Dreyfus Family of Funds++		President		1/10 - Present
		Dreyfus Transfer, Inc. ++		Chairman Director		5/11- Present 5/10 - Present
Gregory Brisk Director		Alcentra Asset Management Limited		Director		3/18 - Present
		Alcentra Limited^		Director		9/12 - Present
		Alcentra NY LLC++		Director		10/15 - Present
		Alcentra US, Inc. ††††		Director		10/15 - Present
		Alternative Holdings I, LLC*******		Director		7/16 - Present
		Alternative Holdings II, LLC*******		Director		3/16 - Present
		BNY Alcentra Group Holdings, Inc. ††††††		Director		7/16 - Present
		BNYM CSIM Funding LLC+++		Managing Director		8/17 – 9/18
		BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation*		Director		1/18 - Present
		BNY Mellon Fund Managers Limited^		Director		10/02 - Present
		BNY Mellon Fund Management (Luxembourg) S.A.^^^^		Director		3/16 - Present
		BNY Mellon Global Funds PLC^^^^^		Director		2/03 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Mellon Global Management Limited^^^^^^		Director		11/02 - Present
		BNY Mellon International Asset Management (Holdings) Limited^		Director		10/12 - Present
		BNY Mellon International Asset Management (Holdings) No. 1 Limited^		Director		10/12 - Present
		BNY Mellon International Asset Management Group Limited^		Director		5/10 - Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management (APAC) Holdings Ltd^		Director		9/03 - Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management EMEA Limited^		Director		12/15 - Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management (Europe) Limited^		Director		11/12 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management (Jersey) Limited. ^^^^^^^		Director		11/12 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management Europe Holdings Limited^		Director		11/12 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management Holdings (Germany) Limited^		Director		9/12 - Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management Seed Capital Limited^		Director		11/13 - Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management (Shanghai) Limited^^^^^^^^		Director		6/17 - Present
		BNY Mellon Liquidity Funds PLC^^^^^^^^^		Director		12/02 - Present
		BNY MFM Nominees Limited^		Director		5/02 - Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management Holdings, Inc. +++		Director and Managing Director		7/16 - Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management, Inc. +++		Director and Managing Director		7/16 – 1/18
		CenterSquare Global Securities Management Inc. +++		Managing Director		8/17 - Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management LLC +++		Director		1/18 - Present
		EACM Advisors LLC^^		Director		7/16 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		IIFIG Investment Solutions ICAV		Director		5/18 - Present
		Insight Investment International Limited^		Director		2/18 – Present
		Insight Investment Management Limited^		Director		4/16 - Present
		Insight Investment Management (Global) Limited^		Director		4/16 - Present
		Insight Investment Funds Management Limited^		Director		4/16 - Present
		Insight Investment Management (Europe) Limited^^^^^^^^^^		Director		9/18 – Present
		Insight North America LLC++		Director		11/17 - Present
		Absolute Insight Funds PLC^^^^^^^^^^		Director		3/17 - Present
		Insight Global Funds II PLC^^^^^^^^^^		Director		3/17 - Present
		Insight Liquidity Funds PLC^^^^^^^^^^		Director		3/17 - Present
		LDI Solutions Plus PLC^^^^^^^^^^		Director		3/17 - Present
		MBC Investment Corporation#		Director		2/17 - Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Director		3/18 - Present
		Mellon Capital Management Corporation**		Director		7/16 – 1/18
		Mellon Europe Pension (Nominees) Limited^		Director		12/00 - Present
		Mellon Global Investing Corp+		Director		8/10 - Present
		Mellon JV Limited Company^		Director		1/06 - Present
		Mellon Overseas Investment Corporation*******		Director		4/08 - Present
		Newton Investment Management Limited^		Director		5/16 - Present
		Newton Investment Management (North America) Limited^		Director		5/16 - Present
		Newton Management Limited^		Director		8/16 - Present
		NWK Multi-Strategy Funds PLC^^^^^^		Director		5/07 - Present
		Pareto Investment Management Limited^		Director		4/16 – 1/18
		Standish Mellon Asset Management Company LLC*******		Director		6/16 – 1/18

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		The Boston Company Asset Management, LLC*		Director		7/16 – 1/18
		XBK LLC^^^		Director		11/17 - Present
		The Fordham Trust++++++++		Director		3/15 - Present
		The St. Nicholas Cole Abbey Centre for Workplace Ministry Limited†††††††		Director		9/11 - Present
		Distaff Lane Coffee Limited†††††††		Director		9/17 - Present
		ABF Brazil Fund, SPC^^		Director		7/08 – 8/18
		BNY Mellon Advantage Series^^^^^^^		Director		11/13 – 6/17
		BNY Mellon Asset Management Operations LLC^^^		Director		11/17 – 8/18
		BNY Mellon Compass Fund SICAV#########		Director		11/11 – 1/16
		BNY Mellon Term Investment Portfolios PLC ^^^^^^^		Director		8/13 – 7/16
		Cutwater Asset Management Corp++		Director		1/15 – 7/18
		Cutwater Holdings LLC++		Director		1/15 – 7/18
		Cutwater Investor Services Corp++		Director		1/15 – 7/18
		Mellon Global Alternative Investment Fund PLC********		Director		2/06 – 12/16
		Insight Investment Management (Ireland) Limited^^^^^^^^^^		Director		3/17 – 9/18
		MAM (MA) Holding Trust*		Director		7/16 – 3/16
		MAM (MA) Holdings LLC*		Director		12/16 – 4/16
Joseph W. Connolly Chief Compliance Officer		The Dreyfus Family of Funds++		Chief Compliance Officer		10/04 - Present
		BNY Mellon Funds Trust++		Chief Compliance Officer		10/04 - Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Chief Compliance Officer		1/06 - 1/16
Christopher O'Connor Chief Administrative Officer		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Executive Vice President		12/11 – Present
Bennett A. MacDougall Chief Legal Officer		The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation ++		Associate General Counsel		6/15 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
Alban J. Miranda Chief Financial Officer		Resources Global Professionals 7 Times Square, Suite 2600 New York, NY 10036		Senior Program Manager/Consultant		10/15 - 5/16
Katherine Scott Chief Risk Officer		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Chief Risk Officer		2/14-Present
Peter Arcabascio Vice President – Distribution		BNY Mellon Investment Management*		Senior Vice President		7/06-Present
		BNY Investment Strategy and Solutions Group, LLC*		Manager		6/15- Present
Charles Doumar Vice President – Tax		Alcentra NY LLC ++		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		9/14 - Present
		Alcentra US. Inc. ††††		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		9/14 - Present
		Alternative Holdings I, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		1/14 - Present
		Alternative Holdings II, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		1/14 - Present
		Asset Recovery II, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		9/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery IV, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		9/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery V, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		9/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery XIII, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		3/13 – 3/16
		Asset Recovery XIV, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		3/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery XIX, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery XVI, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		3/13 – 6/16
		Asset Recovery XX, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery XXII, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/13 – Present
		Asset Recovery XXIII, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/13 – 6/16
		BNY Alcentra Group Holdings, Inc. ††††††		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		3/13 - Present
		BNY Capital Funding LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 - Present
		BNY Investment Strategy and Solutions Group, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/15 - Present
		BNY Mellon Community Development Corporation ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 - Present
		BNY Mellon Distributors Holdings Inc. #		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/14 – Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Mellon Investments CTA, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer		9/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. +		Assistant Treasurer		3/14 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Servicing Trust Company #		Assistant Treasurer		3/14 – Present
		BNY Mellon Trust of Delaware#		Assistant Treasurer		11/13 – Present
		IVY Asset Management LLC +		Assistant Treasurer		9/13 – Present
		Mellon Hedge Advisors, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer		10/13 – Present
		MUNB Loan Holdings, LLC***		Assistant Treasurer		10/13 – Present
		484Wall Capital Management LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 – 5/16
		Albridge Solutions, Inc. ††††		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		Allomon Corporation †		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/13 – Present
		AP Residential Realty, Inc. †††††		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/13 – Present
		APT Holdings Corporation #		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/13 – Present
		B.I.E. Corporation +		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		12/13 – Present
		B.N.Y. Holdings (Delaware) Corporation #		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		4/13 – Present
		BNY Capital Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		BNY Capital Markets Holdings, Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		BNY Capital Resources Corporation #######		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/13 – Present
		BNYM CSIM Funding LLC +++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/14 – Present
		BNY Falcon Three Holding Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Foreign Holdings, Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 – Present
		BNY Lease Equities (Cap Funding) LLC ########		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Lease Partners LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Leasing Edge Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Alternative Investments Holdings LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 – 5/16
		BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation *		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/18 – Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Clearing, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/16 – Present
		BNY Mellon Clearing Holding Company, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Fixed Income Securities, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Trust Company of Illinois *****		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/13 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine Funding LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/13 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine Holdings LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/13 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine Non NY Funding LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/13 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine NY Funding LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/13 – Present
		BNY Partnership Funding LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		BNY Recap I, LLC #		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		BNY Salvage Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/13 – Present
		BNYM GIS Funding I LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		BNYM GIS Funding III LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		Amherst Capital Management, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/14 – Present
		BNYM RECAP Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/14 – Present
		BNY-N.J. I Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		4/13 – Present
		BNY-N.J. II Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		4/13 – Present
		Boston Safe Deposit Finance Company, Inc. *		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management Holdings, Inc. +++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		12/13 – Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management, Inc. +++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		12/13 – 1/18
		Coates Holding LLC#		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/15 – 6/16
		Colson Services Corp. ^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/14 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		CenterSquare Investment Management LLC+++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/18 – Present
		Cutwater Asset Management Corp. +++++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/15 - Present
		Cutwater Holdings LLC +++++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1//15 - Present
		Cutwater Investor Services Corp. +++++		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		1/15 - Present
		Dreyfus Service Organization, Inc. ++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/14 - Present
		EACM Advisors LLC ^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 - Present
		Eagle Access LLC ^^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 - Present
		Eagle Investment Systems LLC ^^^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 - Present
		ECM DE. LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 - Present
		Hamilton Floating Rate Fund Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/13 – 3/16
		HedgeMark International, LLC ##		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/14 – Present
		iNautix (USA) LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/13 – Present
		IRE-1, Inc. †††		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		Island Waterworks, Inc. †††		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		JRHC 1998A LLC  ####		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		12/13 – Present
		Lockwood Advisors, Inc. ######		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/14 - Present
		Lockwood Insurance, Inc. ######		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/14 - Present
		Lockwood Solutions, Inc. ######		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/14 - Present
		Lease Equities (Texas) Corporation #####		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		Madison Pershing LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		MAM (MA) Holding Trust *		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/13 – Present
		MBC Investments Corporation #		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/13 – Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation ++		Vice President – Tax		2/14 - Present
		MCDI (Holdings) LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		Mellon Capital Management Corporation **		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 – 1/18
		Mellon Holdings LLC++		Assistant Treasurer		2/15 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		Mellon EFT Services†††††		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		10/15 - Present
		MELDEL Leasing Corporation Number 2, Inc. #		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		Mellon Financial Services Corporation #1+		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		Mellon Financial Services Corporation #4 +		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		Mellon Funding Corporation +		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/14 - Present
		Mellon Global Investing Corp. +		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		5/14 - Present
		Mellon Investor Services Holdings LLC +++++++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/16 – Present
		Mellon Leasing Corporation+		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		Mellon Life Insurance Company+		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 – Present
		Mellon Overseas Investment Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		12/13 - Present
		Mellon Properties Company ****		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/13 – Present
		Mellon Residential Funding Corporation ++++		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		4/14 – 3/16
		National Residential Assets Corp.***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		4/13 – Present
		Newton Capital Management LLC.***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/14 - Present
		NY CRE Asset Holdings, LLC. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 - Present
		NY CRE Asset Holdings II, LLC. ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/14 - Present
		One Wall Street Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/13 – Present
		Pareto New York LLC++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/13 – Present
		PAS Holdings LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		Pershing Advisor Solutions LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		Pershing Group LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		Pershing Investments LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present
		Pershing LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		Standish Mellon Asset Management Company LLC*		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		11/14 – 1/18
		TBC Securities Co., Inc.*		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		6/13 – Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		TBCAM, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 – Present
		Technology Services Group, Inc. ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		Tennessee Processing Center LLC ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		9/13 – Present
		The Bank of New York Consumer Leasing Corporation***		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		7/13 – Present
		The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association +		Assistant Treasurer		10/13 - Present
		The Boston Company Asset Management, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/13 – 1/18
		Tiber Capital Management LLC++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		8/15 – 7/16
		USPLP, Inc. *******		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		10/13 – 5/16
		MBNA Institutional PA Services LLC +		Treasurer		7/13 – Present
		MBNA PW PA Services LLC +		Treasurer		7/13 – Present
		Stanwich Insurance Agency, Inc. ***		Treasurer		12/13 – Present
		BNY Aurora Holding Corp. ***		Vice President		11/13 – Present
		Agency Brokerage Holding LLC***		Vice President – Tax		6/13 – Present
Tracy A. Hopkins Vice President - Cash Strategies		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Executive Vice President		2/14 – Present
Anthony Mayo Vice President – Information Systems		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Chief Technology Officer		4/14 – Present
Kathleen Geis Vice President		BNY Mellon International Operations (India) Private Limited		Director		5/05 - Present
		BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation*		Vice President - Real Estate		1/18 – Present
		Albridge Solutions, Inc.		Managing Director		7/11 - Present
		BNY Mellon Distributors Holdings, Inc. #		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management Services LLC #		Vice President - Real Estate		10/11 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. +		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		BNY Mellon Performance & Risk Analytics, LLC +		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		BNY Mellon Trust Company of Illinois *****		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		BNY Mellon Trust of Delaware#		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management Holdings, Inc. +++		Vice President - Real Estate		10/12 – Present
		Eagle Investment Systems LLC ^^^^		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		Ivy Asset Management LLC +		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation ++		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		Mellon Capital Management Corporation**		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – 1/18
		Mellon Financial Services Corporation #1+		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		Mellon Holdings LLC++		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		Mellon Investor Services Holdings LLC+++++++		Vice President - Real Estate		8/16 - Present
		Pareto New York LLC ++		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		Technology Services Group, Inc. ^^^^^		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 – Present
		Tennessee Processing Center LLC ^^^^^		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association+		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		Alcentra US, Inc. ††††		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Mellon Capital Markets LLC^^^^^		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		Pershing LLC ###		Vice President - Real Estate		7/11 - Present
		The Bank of New York Mellon+		Managing Director		7/09 - Present
Claudine Orloski Vice President – Tax		Dreyfus Service Organization++		Vice President – Tax		8/14 – Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Vice President – Tax		2/12 - Present
		Asset Recovery II, LLC***		Assistant Treasurer		9/11 - Present
		Asset Recovery IV, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		9/11 – Present
		Asset Recovery V, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		9/11 – Present
		Asset Recovery XIII, LLC***		Assistant Treasurer		3/11 – 3/16
		Asset Recovery XIV, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		3/11 – Present
		Asset Recovery XIX, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/11 – Present
		Asset Recovery XVI, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		3/11 – 6/16
		Asset Recovery XX, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/11 – Present
		Asset Recovery XXII, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/11 – Present
		Asset Recovery XXIII, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		7/11 – 6/16
		BNY Mellon Asset Management North America Corporation *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/18 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investments CTA, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer		9/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Trust of Delaware #		Assistant Treasurer		11/11 – Present
		Mellon Hedge Advisors, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer		10/11 – Present
		Mellon Holdings LLC ++		Assistant Treasurer		12/11 – Present
		MUNB Loan Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer		10/11 – Present
		484 Wall Capital Management LLC		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		10/13 – 5/16

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		Albridge Solutions, Inc. ††††		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		6/11 – Present
		Alcentra NY, LLC ++		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		10/12 – Present
		Alcentra US, Inc. ††††		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		10/11 – Present
		Allomon Corporation †		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		5/12 – Present
		Alternative Holdings I, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		1/13 – Present
		Alternative Holdings II, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		1/13 – Present
		AP Residential Realty, Inc. †††††		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		8/11 – Present
		APT Holdings Corporation #		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		12/11 – Present
		B.N.Y. Holdings (Delaware) Corporation #		Assistant Treasurer -Tax		4/12 – Present
		BNY Administrative Services LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		12/11 – Present
		BNY Alcentra Group Holdings, Inc. ††††††		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/13 – Present
		BNY Capital Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		BNY Capital Funding LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Capital Markets Holdings, Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		BNY Capital Resources Corporation #######		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Falcon Three Holding Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Foreign Holdings, Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		9/11 – Present
		BNY Investment Strategy and Solutions Group LLC *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/15 – Present
		BNY Investment Management Services LLC #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/11 – Present
		BNY ITC Leasing, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Lease Equities (Cap Funding) LLC ########		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Lease Partners LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		9/11 – Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Leasing Edge Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Alternative Investments Holdings LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Clearing Holding Company, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Clearing, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Community Development Corporation ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Distributors Holdings Inc. #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/12 – Present
		BNY Mellon Fixed Income Securities, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/12 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Servicing Trust Company #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Performance & Risk Analytics, Inc. (US) ^^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Performance & Risk Analytics, LLC +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Transition Management Advisors, LLC **		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/13 – Present
		BNY Mellon Trust Company of Illinois *****		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine Funding LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		BNY Mezzanine Holdings LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/11 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine Non NY Funding LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – Present
		BNY Mezzanine NY Funding LLC ******		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – Present
		BNY Partnership Funding LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY Real Estate Holdings LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/11 – Present
		BNY Recap I, LLC #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		BNY Salvage Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		BNY Wings, Inc. †††		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		BNY XYZ Holdings LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/11 – Present
		BNYM CSIM Funding LLC +++		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/14 – Present
		BNYM GIS Funding I LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/12 – Present
		BNYM GIS Funding III LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/12 – Present
		Amherst Capital Management LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/14 – Present
		BNYM RECAP Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/14 – Present
		BNY-N.J. I Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/11 – Present
		BNY-N.J. II Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/11 – Present
		Boston Safe Deposit Finance Company, Inc. *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management Holdings, Inc. +++		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		2/13 – Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management, Inc. +++		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		2/13 – 1/18
		Coates Holding LLC#		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		3/15 - Present
		Colson Services Corp. ^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		2/11 – Present
		CenterSquare Investment Management LLC+++		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/18 – Present
		Cutwater Asset Management Corp. +++++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1/15 - Present
		Cutwater Holdings LLC +++++		Assistant Treasurer – Tax		1//15 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		Cutwater Investor Services Corp. +++++		Assistant Treasurer - Tax		1/15 - Present
		EACM Advisors LLC  ^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/14 – Present
		Eagle Access LLC ^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/12 – Present
		Eagle Investment Systems LLC ^^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/12 – Present
		ECM DE, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		Hamilton Floating Rate Fund Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/11 – 3/16
		HedgeMark International, LLC ##		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/14 – Present
		iNautix (USA) LLC  ###		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/12 – Present
		IRE-1, Inc. †††		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		Island Waterworks, Inc. †††		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		JRHC 1998A LLC ####		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		12/11 – Present
		Lease Equities (Texas) Corporation#####		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		Lockwood Advisors, Inc. ######		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		Lockwood Insurance Inc. ######		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/14 – Present
		Lockwood Solutions, Inc. ######		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		3/11 – Present
		Madison Pershing LLC  ###		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/11 – Present
		MAM (MA) Holding Trust *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/11 – Present
		MBC Investments Corporation #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		MBNA Institutional PA Services LLC +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/12 – Present
		MBNA PW PA Services LLC +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/12 – Present
		MCDI (Holdings) LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/11 – Present
		MELDEL Leasing Corporation Number 2, Inc. #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/11 – Present
		Mellon Capital Management Corporation **		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/13 – 1/18

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		Mellon EFT Services Corporation †††††		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		2/11 – Present
		Mellon Financial Services Corporation #1 +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		Mellon Financial Services Corporation #4 +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		12/11 – Present
		Mellon Funding Corporation +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		12/11 – Present
		Mellon Global Investing Corp. +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/11 – Present
		Mellon International Leasing Company #		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		Mellon Investor Services Holdings LLC		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/16 – Present
		+++++++
		Mellon Leasing Corporation +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		9/11 – Present
		Mellon Life Insurance Company +		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/12 – Present
		Mellon Overseas Investment Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		Mellon Properties Company ****		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/12 – Present
		Mellon Residential Funding Corporation ****		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/14 – 3/16
		National Residential Assets Corp. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/12 – Present
		Newton Capital Management LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/11 – Present
		NY CRE Asset Holdings II, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/12 – Present
		NY CRE Asset Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/12 – Present
		One Wall Street Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		Pareto New York LLC ++		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/11 – Present
		PAS Holdings LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – Present
		Pershing Advisor Solutions LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – Present
		Pershing Group LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/11 – Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		Pershing Investments LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		2/11 – Present
		Pershing LLC ###		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		4/11 – Present
		PFS Holdings, LLC ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		1/12 – Present
		Standish Mellon Asset Management Company LLC*		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		11/14 – 1/18
		Stanwich Insurance Agency, Inc. ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		12/11 – Present
		TBC Securities Co., Inc. *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		7/11 – Present
		TBCAM, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/13 – Present
		Technology Services Group, Inc. ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/11 – Present
		Tennessee Processing Center LLC ^^^^^		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		9/11 – Present
		The Bank of New York Consumer Leasing Corporation ***		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		5/11 – Present
		The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association +		Assistant Treasurer		10/13 - Present
		The Boston Company Asset Management, LLC *		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		6/11 – 1/18
		Tiber Capital Management LLC++		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		8/15 – 7/16
		USPLP, Inc. *******		Assistant Treasurer –Tax		10/11 – Present
		BNY Mellon Investment Management Holdings LLC #		Assistant Vice President –Tax		12/12 – Present
		BNY Aurora Holding Corp. ***		Vice President		10/11 – Present
		Agency Brokerage Holding LLC ***		Vice President –Tax		2/11 – Present
		MBSC Securities Corporation ++		Vice President –Tax		2/12 – Present
James Bitetto Secretary		The Dreyfus Family of Funds++		Vice President and Secretary		2/18 - Present
				Vice President and Assistant Secretary		8/05 – 2/18
		MBSC Securities Corporation++		Assistant Secretary		1/06 - Present

 

 

Name and Position With Dreyfus		Other Businesses		Position Held		Dates
		Dreyfus Service Organization, Inc.++		Secretary		8/05 – Present
Natalya Zelensky Assistant Secretary		The Dreyfus Family of Funds++		Vice President and Assistant Secretary		4/17 - Present
		Dreyfus Transfer, Inc. ++		Secretary		6/17 - Present

 

*	The address of the business so indicated is One Boston Place, Boston, MA, 02108.
**	The address of the business so indicated is 50 Fremont Street, Suite 3900, San Francisco, CA 94105.
***	The address of the business so indicated is One Wall Street, New York, NY 10286.
****	The address of the business so indicated is 3601 N. I-10 Service Road, Suite 102, Metairie, LA 70002.
*****	The address of the business so indicated is 2 North LaSalle Street, Suite 1020, Chicago, IL, 60602
******	The address of the business so indicated is 445 Park Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10022.
*******	The address of the business so indicated is 225 Liberty Street, New York, NY 10286.
********	The address of the business so indicated is Grand Canal House, 1 Upper Grand Canal Street, Dublin, 4 Ireland.
^	The address of the business so indicated is BNY Mellon Centre 160 Queen Victoria Street, London  EC4V 4LA.
^^	The address of the business so indicated is 87 Mary Street, George Town,  KY1-9005, Cayman Islands.
^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 201 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02108.
^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 2-4, rue Eugène Ruppert, L-2453 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is One Dockland Central, Guild Street, IFSC, Dublin 1.
^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 33 Sir John Rogersons Quay, Dublin 2.
^^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is Ogier House, The Esplanade, St Helier, Jersey, JE4 9WG.
^^^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is Room 6053, Level 6, 21st Century Building, No.210, Century Avenue, China, (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone.
^^^^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 6th Floor, 2 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland.
^^^^^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 32 Molesworth Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
+	The address of the business so indicated is One Mellon Bank Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15258.
++	The address of the business so indicated is 200 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10166.
+++	The address of the business so indicated is 630 West Germantown Pike, Suite 300, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462.
++++	The address of the business so indicated is 500 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15258.
+++++	The address of the business so indicated is 113 King Street, Armonk, NY 10504.
++++++	The address of the business so indicated is 320 Bay Street, Toronto,  ON M5H 4A6.
+++++++	The address of the business so indicated is 480 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ 07310.
++++++++	The address of the business so indicated is Hartpiece, Lamarsh, Bures, Suffolk, CO8 5EP..
†	The address of the business so indicated is Two Mellon Center, Suite 329, Pittsburgh, PA 15259.
††	The address of the business so indicated is 100 White Clay Center, Newark, DE 19711.
†††	The address of the business so indicated is 1633 Broadway, New York, NY, 10019.
††††	The address of the business so indicated is 10877 Wilshire Blvd, #1550, Los Angeles, CA, 90024.
†††††	The address of the business so indicated is 1735 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19103.
††††††	The address of the business so indicated is 10 Gresham Street, London, EC2V 7JD.
†††††††	The address of the business so indicated is 114 Queen Victoria Street, London, EC4V 4BJ.
^	The address of the business so indicated is 4 New York Plaza, New York, NY, 10004.
^^	The address of the business so indicated is 200 Connecticut Avenue, Norwalk, CT, 06854-1940.
^^^	The address of the business so indicated is One Wells Avenue, Newton, MA, 02459.
^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 65 LaSalle Road, Suite 305, West Hartford, CT, 06107.
^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 240 Greenwich Street, New York, NY, 10286.
^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is 1313 Broadway Plaza, Tacoma, WA, 98402.
^^^^^^^	The address of the business so indicated is David M. Breen & Co. Suite 4, Wallace House, Maritana Gate, Canada Street, Waterford.
#	The address of the business so indicated is 301 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, DE, 19809.
##	The address of the business so indicated is 780, Third Avenue, 44th Floor, New York, NY, 10017.
###	The address of the business so indicated is One Pershing Plaza, Jersey City, NJ, 07399.
####	The address of the business so indicated is 601 Travis Street, 17th Floor, Houston, TX, 77002.
#####	The address of the business so indicated is 1201 Louisiana, Suite 3160, Houston, TX, 77002.
######	The address of the business so indicated is 760 Moore Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406-1212.
#######	The address of the business so indicated is 8400 E. Prentice Ave, Greenwood Village, CO, 80111.
########	The address of the business so indicated is 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10104.
#########	The address of the business so indicated is 6 C, route de Trèves, L-2633 Senningerberg, Luxembourg.

 

 

Item 32.       Principal Underwriters

 

(a)       Other investment companies for which Registrant's principal underwriter (exclusive distributor) acts as principal underwriter or exclusive distributor: 

 

1.	BNY Mellon Absolute Insight Funds, Inc.
2.	BNY Mellon Funds Trust
3.	CitizensSelect Funds
4.	Dreyfus Alcentra Global Credit Income 2024 Target Term Fund, Inc.
5.	Dreyfus AMT-Free Municipal Cash Management Plus
6.	Dreyfus AMT-Free New York Municipal Cash Management
7.	Dreyfus Appreciation Fund, Inc.
8.	Dreyfus BASIC Money Market Fund, Inc.
9.	Dreyfus BNY Mellon Funds, Inc.
10.	Dreyfus Bond Funds, Inc.
11.	Dreyfus Cash Management
12.	The Dreyfus Fund Incorporated
13.	Dreyfus Government Cash Management Funds
14.	Dreyfus Growth and Income Fund, Inc.
15.	Dreyfus Index Funds, Inc.
16.	Dreyfus Institutional Liquidity Funds
17.	Dreyfus Institutional Preferred Money Market Funds
18.	Dreyfus Institutional Reserves Funds
19.	Dreyfus Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.
20.	Dreyfus International Funds, Inc.
21.	Dreyfus Investment Funds
22.	Dreyfus Investment Grade Funds, Inc.
23.	Dreyfus Investment Portfolios

 

 

24.	The Dreyfus/Laurel Funds, Inc.
25.	The Dreyfus/Laurel Funds Trust
26.	Dreyfus Liquid Assets, Inc.
27.	Dreyfus Manager Funds II
28.	Dreyfus Midcap Index Fund, Inc.
29.	Dreyfus Municipal Bond Opportunity Fund
30.	Dreyfus Municipal Funds, Inc.
31.	Dreyfus New Jersey Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.
32.	Dreyfus New York AMT-Free Municipal Bond Fund
33.	Dreyfus New York Tax Exempt Bond Fund, Inc.
34.	Dreyfus Opportunity Funds
35.	Dreyfus Premier California AMT-Free Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.
36.	Dreyfus Premier GNMA Fund, Inc.
37.	Dreyfus Premier Investment Funds, Inc.
38.	Dreyfus Premier Short-Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund
39.	Dreyfus Premier Worldwide Growth Fund, Inc.
40.	Dreyfus Research Growth Fund, Inc.
41.	Dreyfus State Municipal Bond Funds
42.	Dreyfus Stock Funds
43.	Dreyfus Stock Index Fund, Inc.
44.	Dreyfus Sustainable U.S. Equity Fund, Inc.
45.	Dreyfus Sustainable U.S. Equity Portfolio, Inc.
46.	Dreyfus Tax Exempt Cash Management Funds
47.	Dreyfus Treasury & Agency Cash Management
48.	Dreyfus Treasury Securities Cash Management
49.	Dreyfus Ultra Short Income Fund
50.	Dreyfus Variable Investment Fund
51.	General California Municipal Money Market Fund
52.	General Government Securities Money Market Funds, Inc.

 

53.	General Money Market Fund, Inc.

 

 

54.	General Municipal Money Market Funds, Inc.
55.	General New Jersey Municipal Money Market Fund, Inc.
56.	General New York AMT-Free Municipal Money Market Fund
57.	Strategic Funds, Inc.

 

(b)
Name and principal Business address		Positions and offices with the Distributor		Positions and Offices with Registrant
Bradley J. Skapyak*		Chief Executive Officer and Director		President
Kenneth Bradle**		President and Director		None
Gregory Brisk††††		Director		None
Sue Ann Cormack†		Executive Vice President		None
Renee LaRoche-Morris†††		Executive Vice President		None
Tracy Hopkins*		Executive Vice President and Director		None
William H. Maresca**		Executive Vice President and Director		None
Christopher D. O'Connor†††		Executive Vice President		None
Irene Papadoulis**		Executive Vice President		None
Matthew Perrone*****		Executive Vice President		None
Susan Verbil Goldgraben****		Executive Vice President		None
Alban J. Miranda†††		Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer		None
Brie A. Steingarten****		Chief Legal Officer and Secretary		None
John Squillace*		Chief Compliance Officer (Investment Advisory Business)		None
William Kennedy†††		Chief Compliance Officer (Broker-Dealer Business)		None
Katherine M. Scott*		Chief Risk Officer		None
Anthony Mayo*		Chief Technology Officer		None
Timothy I. Barrett**		Senior Vice President		None
Eric P. Cola*		Senior Vice President		None
John Ragusa*		Senior Vice President		None
Christopher A. Stallone**		Senior Vice President		None
John Cimino*		Vice President		None
Christopher Donoghue**		Vice President		None
Tina Rizzo**		Vice President and Privacy Officer		None
James Windels*****		Vice President		Treasurer
Caridad M. Carosella**		Vice President – Compliance/Anti-Money Laundering Officer		Anti-Money Laundering Officer
Donna M. Impagliazzo**		Vice President – Compliance		None
John Shea†††		Vice President – Finance		None
Sandra Hatter***		Vice President – Human Resources		None
Marianne Thomas+		Vice President – Human Resources		None
Kathleen J. Geis††		Vice President – Real Estate		None
Charles Doumar****		Vice President – Tax		None
Claudine Orloski***		Vice President – Tax		None
Paul V. Mazziotti**		Anti-Money Laundering Officer		None
James Bitetto****		Assistant Secretary		Vice President and Secretary
Alice Helscher***		Assistant Secretary		None
Susan K. Maroni***		Assistant Secretary		None
Cristina Rice***		Assistant Secretary		None

 

 

*	Principal business address is 200 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10166.
**	Principal business address is 144 Glenn Curtiss Blvd., Uniondale, NY 11556-0144.
***	Principal business address is BNY Mellon Center, 500 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15258.
****	Principal business address is 240 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10286.
*****	Principal business address is 2 Hanson Place, Brooklyn, NY 11217
†	Principal business address is 100 Saint Paul Street Denver, CO 80206
††	Principal business address is 500 Ross Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15262-0001
†††	Principal business address is 225 Liberty Street, New York, NY 10286
††††	Principal business address is 160 Queen Victoria Street, London, England, Greater London EC4V4LA
+	Principal business address is 19 Vreeland Road Florham Park, NJ 07932
++	Principal business address is 1 Boston Place, Boston, MA 02108-4407

 

Item 33.        Location of Accounts and Records

 

	1.	The Bank of New York Mellon
		225 Liberty Street
		New York, New York 10286
	2.	BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US), Inc.
		4400 Computer Drive
		Westborough, Massachusetts 01581
	3.	The Dreyfus Corporation
		200 Park Avenue
		New York, New York 10166
	4.	The Dreyfus Corporation
		2 Hanson Place
		Brooklyn, New York 11217

 

Item 34.        Management Services

 

Not Applicable

 

Item 35.       Undertakings

 

None

 

 

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this Amendment to the Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of New York, and State of New York on the 28th day of December, 2018.

 

		Advantage Funds, Inc.
	BY:	/s/ Bradley J. Skapyak*
		Bradley J. Skapyak, PRESIDENT

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated on December 28, 2018.

 

Signature		Title
/s/ Bradley J. Skapyak*		President (Principal Executive Officer)
Bradley J. Skapyak
/s/ James Windels*		Treasurer (Principal Financial
James Windels		and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Joseph S. DiMartino*		Chairman of the Board
Joseph S. DiMartino
/s/ Peggy C. Davis*		Board Member
Peggy C. Davis
/s/ David P. Feldman*		Board Member
David P. Feldman
/s/ Joan L. Gulley*		Board Member
Joan L. Gulley
/s/ Ehud Houminer*		Board Member
Ehud Houminer
/s/ Lynn Martin*		Board Member
Lynn Martin
/s/ Robin A. Melvin*		Board Member
Robin A. Melvin
/s/ Martin Peretz*		Board Member
Martin Peretz

 

*BY:	/s/ Sonalee Cross
	Sonalee Cross
	Attorney-in-Fact